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Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease
... DNA ile etkileşimleri sonucu pürin ve pirimidin hasarına neden olarak hücre yapısının bozulmasına, apoptoza, mutasyonlara, kansere ve yaşlanmaya neden olabilirler. 3,4 Sistemsel olarak oksidatif stres, vücudu bütünüyle etkiler ve birçok patofizyolojinin temelinde yer alır. Ateroskleroz gibi kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, kanser, nörolojik hastalıklar, diyabet, romatoid artrit, gastrointestinal bozukluklar, iskemi/reperfüzyon gibi pek çok patofizyolojik duruma yol açabilir. ...
... Ateroskleroz gibi kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, kanser, nörolojik hastalıklar, diyabet, romatoid artrit, gastrointestinal bozukluklar, iskemi/reperfüzyon gibi pek çok patofizyolojik duruma yol açabilir. 4 Bu nedenle serbest radikallerin oluşumunun engellenmesi ve oluşan serbest radikallerin daha az zararlı hâle getirilmesi oldukça önemlidir. ...
... Bu nedenle bu radikallerin temizlenmesi için evrimsel aşamada bazı hücresel antioksidan mekanizmalar bulunmaktadır. 1,4 ROS'lerin oluşumunu engelleyen ve meydana getirdikleri hasarları önleyen maddelere "antioksidan" adı verilir. Antioksidanlar, diğer kimyasalların oksidasyonunu geciktirerek veya önleyerek etki ederler. ...
... cancer, cardio-vascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases including depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder due to high oxygen consumption and damage to lipid-rich structure of nerve cells. A prolonged OS (i.e. an imbalance in generation of free radicals and adequate levels of antioxidants) followed by pro-inammatory changes and systemic chronic inammation (SCI) is considered a pathogenic event that contributes to development of common types of NCDs (3)(4)(5). SCI and loss of antioxidants is considered to be an evil axis that creates risk of developing metabolic syndrome and morbidity during entire life span (4,6,7). ...
... A prolonged OS (i.e. an imbalance in generation of free radicals and adequate levels of antioxidants) followed by pro-inammatory changes and systemic chronic inammation (SCI) is considered a pathogenic event that contributes to development of common types of NCDs (3)(4)(5). SCI and loss of antioxidants is considered to be an evil axis that creates risk of developing metabolic syndrome and morbidity during entire life span (4,6,7). Mitochondrial dysfunction is also advocated in development of metabolic syndrome and is considered a basic change in inammation related NCDs (8). ...
Purpose: The incidences of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are increasing globally and are major contributors of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Their incidence is considered to be linked to imbalance in intracellular generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and adequate level of antioxidants that leads consecutively to development of intracellular Oxidative Stress (OS), pro-inammatory changes followed by systemic inammation. In view of this concept the level of antioxidants namely the Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) was determined in blood serum of newly diagnosed NCD subjects. Methods: Serum samples were obtained from OPD of a tertiary care hospital in district Barabanki Uttar Pradesh. Test subjects were categorized to explore gender or age related changes. Central tendencies of sTAA data viz. mean, median, and mode values were calculated. Results: Mean sTAAvalue in NCD subjects was found to be signicantly low compared to mean value of sTAAin healthy subjects. Mode value was found to be low in male compared to female subjects; moreover, age wise decrease in mean, median and mode values of sTAAwas also noticed. Conclusion: Conclusively, sTAAis found to be decreased in newly diagnosed NCD subjects. (word counts 182)
... Mitochondria, ER, and peroxisomes produce ROS in normal cellular metabolism, but 90% of cellular ROS are produced in mitochondria. An HFD increases the amount of substrate available for oxidation and the production of free radicals and damages the antioxidant defense [16]. An imbalance between the production of ROS and the antioxidant activities leads to oxidative stress. ...
... Excessive ROS production causes mitochondrial damage and activation of Kupffer cells, which then produce cytokines and cause inflammation. ROS activates hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to produce extracellular matrix, leading to fibrosis [8,16,17]. ...
Citation: Filipovic, B.; Marjanovic-Haljilji, M.; Mijac, D.; Lukic, S.; Kapor, S.; Kapor, S.; Starcevic, A.; Popovic, D.; Djokovic, A. Molecular Aspects of MAFLD-New Insights on Pathogenesis and Treatment. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45, 9132-9148. Abstract: Metabolic-associated liver disease (MAFLD) affects up to 70% of overweight and more than 90% of morbidly obese people, and its pathogenesis is rather complex and multifactorial. The criteria for MAFLD include the presence of hepatic steatosis in addition to one of the following three criteria: overweight or obesity, presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), or evidence of metabolic dysregulation. If the specific criteria are present, the diagnosis of MAFLD can be made regardless of alcohol consumption and previous liver disease. The pathophysiological mechanisms of MAFLD, including inflammation, lipotoxicity, mitochondrial disfunction, and oxidative stress, as well as the impact of intestinal gut microbiota, are constantly being elucidated. Treatment strategies that are continually emerging are based on different key points in MAFLD pathogenesis. Yet, the ideal therapeutic option has still not been found and future research is of great importance, as MAFLD represents a multisystemic disease with numerous complications.
... Major essencial characteristics of antioxidative casein fractions Antioxidants can inhibit oxidation by different mechanisms such as scavenging of free radicals, cheltion of metal ions etc (valko et al., 2007;Welch et al., 2002) [39][40] . Antioxidant activity of milk proteins depends on physicochemical properties of the amino acid. ...
... Major essencial characteristics of antioxidative casein fractions Antioxidants can inhibit oxidation by different mechanisms such as scavenging of free radicals, cheltion of metal ions etc (valko et al., 2007;Welch et al., 2002) [39][40] . Antioxidant activity of milk proteins depends on physicochemical properties of the amino acid. ...
Enzymatic hydrolysis is a process in which enzymes directly cleave the bond in molecules and leads to formation of degraded products. Careful selection of enzymes and evaluation of parameters are essential to maximize the desired products. Much of the bioactivity in milk is attributed by milk proteins and their constituent peptides. These peptides are inactive within the sequence of the native protein but hydrolysis can release active peptides. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death globally, 80% of which occurs in lower and middle income countries with an estimated 23.6 million people likely to die of CVDs, mainly heart disease and stroke, by 2030. So there is need for natural biological antioxidants for reduction of oxidative stress without themselves being destroyed, repairing damage and preventing chronic diseases.
... Paint solvent toxicity is shown by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause cell damage by increasing lipid peroxidation, lowering antioxidant enzyme activity, and producing free radicals (51). Breaking single and double strands of DNA, as well as base changes, may be caused by oxygen-free radicals (52). ...
... The occurrence of oxidative stress also shows DNA damage with genotoxic effects. Some chemical compounds or interactions between chemicals may create reactive oxygen species (ROS), which increases lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and damages cell and intracellular membranes, potentially leading to cell death (51). Furthermore, Maksoud (13) also found significant changes in several biochemical parameters that showed DNA damage. ...
Paint contains various complex chemical mixtures, such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons (primarily toluene), ketones, and benzene as reported at previous studies. Toxicity from some chemicals can cause early DNA damage with various factors. A scoping review was conducted via literature review on relevant studies on the effect of paint exposure on paint workers and DNA damage. A systematic search was conducted in October 2021 via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The key terms used were paint, solvent-based paint, organic solvent, mixed organic solvent, occupational exposure and DNA damage, oxidative stress, genotoxicity on a painter, paint worker. From 561 articles, only 13 articles were finally selected based on the inclusion, exclusion criteria, and eligibility criteria. The literature showed that biomonitoring studies on painters were consistently reporting positive and significant DNA damage due to exposure to different types of compounds mixed in a paint. However, there were fewer studies on paint manufacturing factory workers compared to painters while paint manufacturing workers exposed various chemical everyday during the paint production which potentially susceptible to occupational toxicity. In conclusion, this review suggests that exposure to paints could induce early DNA damage among paint workers and further investigations on paint exposure among paint manufacturing factory workers and the DNA damage were needed in order to improve occupational health among paint workers in the future.
... The main probability of the effect of ionizing radiation could be represented in the shape of the disturbance of the sequence of the molecules in the living system [8]. Exposure to low levels of a chronic dose of TE-NORM may lead to some stochastic effects that result in delaying the development of some forms of cancer such as stomach, bone, leukemia, esophagus, and cancer of lungs [9]. Recent literature still scopes the radiobiological effects of TE-NORM [10]. ...
... ROS are highly reactive molecules that can harm and change cell structures like carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. Free radicals derived from oxygen have a number of negative effects, including membrane lipid peroxidation, enzyme inactivation, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis activation (Valko et al., 2007). ...
... [59,60] Cyanobacterial metabolite-induced oxidative stress can also lead to the formation of binucleated cells. These metabolites include swinholide A, lyngbyabellin and symplostatin 1, which induce apoptosis in several cancer cells by breaking down the nucleus and forming binucleated and/or multinucleated cells [32,96,135] The human body uses multiple antioxidants to overcome the harmful effects of free radicals and oxidative damage. These antioxidants can be either exogenous or endogenous (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, catalase, peroxidases, lipoic acid, l-arginine and coenzyme Q10). ...
Cancer is a group of illness that collectively are the second highest cause of death globally after cardiac disease. They can also affect the social, psychological, physical and economic well-being of individuals, families and societies. Novel drug discovery for new cancer chemotherapeutics is a lengthy, complex, and costly process. Cancer drugs that are currently in clinical use have several drawbacks, including serious undesirable side-effects and the development of resistance to anticancer drugs. Thus, the development of novel effective and low toxicity cancer drugs is a priority for medical science. In recent decades, natural products-derived cancer drug discovery has become a promising avenue for drug development and an increasing number of studies have been published. Cyanobacteria have potential as a source for novel drug discovery. Cyanobacterial bioactive metabolites have a large diversity of chemical structures, modes of action and therapeutic targets. Multiple cyanobacteria-derived compounds have successfully reached clinical trials, and some have already been approved by regulatory authorities including the FDA as anticancer drugs. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of cyanobacteria in cancer drug discovery and summarizes the cyanobacterial compounds already used as cancer chemotherapies. The review aims to highlight cyanobacteria as sources of potential new drugs and focus future research on this field.
... The role of medicinal plants in disease prevention isattributed to its antioxidant properties due to the presence of bioactive constituents. Antioxidants are capable of stabilizing the deactivating free radicals (Valko et al. 2007). In the present study, the bioactive compounds, anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities of ethanolic leaf extract of P. (Arka kiran) were investigated. ...
In the present study the presence of phytochemicals, and in vitro antioxidant activities of ethanolic leaves extract of Psidium guajava Linn variety namely Arka kiran was investigated.The ethanolic leaf extract of Arka kiran was found to processes secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, phenols and glycosides. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) study revealed the presence of therapeutic compounds like octadecenoic acid methyl ester, deoxyspergualin and eicosatrienoicacid. The extract assessed for its α–amylase and α–glucosidase inhibition inhibition at a dose of 20 - 100 µg/ml, at 5% level of significance on both antidiabetic activities were observed. Further the results of in vitro antioxidants (DPPH radical, superoxide and nitricoxide radical) scavenging activities confirmed their antioxidant potentials with the IC50 values of 326, 345 and 248 µg/ml, respectively. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(3): 783-789, 2023 (September)
... An overactivation of calciumdependent neurotransmission leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as peroxynitrite, i.e. to oxidative stress. Chronic oxidative stress has a toxic effect on organisms, e.g., by blocking the respiratory chain, damaging mitochondria, misactivating the immune system and increasing the mutation rate [43,44]. ...
Worldwide, insects are declining at an alarming rate. Among other causes, the use of pesticides and modern agricultural practices play a major role in this. Cumulative effects of multiple low-dose toxins and the distribution of toxicants in nature have only started to be investigated in a methodical way. Existing research indicates another factor of anthropogenic origin that could have subtle harmful effects: the increasingly frequent use of electromagnetic fields (EMF) from man-made technologies. This systematic review summarizes the results of studies investigating the toxicity of electromagnetic fields in insects. The main objective of this review is to weigh the evidence regarding detrimental effects on insects from the increasing technological infrastructure, with a particular focus on power lines and the cellular network. The next generation of mobile communication technologies, 5G, is being deployed – without having been tested in respect of potential toxic effects. With humanity’s quest for pervasiveness of technology, even modest effects of electromagnetic fields on organisms could eventually reach a saturation level that can no longer be ignored. An overview of reported effects and biological mechanisms of exposure to electromagnetic fields, which addresses new findings in cell biology, is included. Biological effects of non-thermal EMF on insects are clearly proven in the laboratory, but only partly in the field, thus the wider ecological implications are still unknown. There is a need for more field studies, but extrapolating from the laboratory, as is common practice in ecotoxicology, already warrants increasing the threat level of environmental EMF impact on insects.
... Penggunaan sediaan topikal yang mengandung antioksidan dapat membantu proses penetralan radikal bebas pada kulit. Antioksidan dapat melindungi kulit dari serangan radikal bebas sehingga menghambat proses penuaan pada kulit (Valko et al., 2007;Pandel et al., 2013). ...
Pemakaian produk topikal yang mengandung antioksidan merupakan salah satu cara untuk mencegah kerusakan kulit karena antioksidan dapat mencegah efek radikal bebas. Kulit kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmannii) mengandung senyawa antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan formula terbaik sediaan lotion mengandung ekstrak kering kulit kayu manis. Sediaan lotion dibuat menggunakan metode safonifikasi. Lotion dibuat dalam tiga formula dengan perbedaan konsentrasi trietanolamin. Uji stabilitas fisik (organoleptis, pH, viskositas), uji iritasi dan uji kesukaan dilakukan untuk menentukan formula terbaik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sediaan lotion memiliki warna coklat, kental, bau khas, homogen dengan viskositas dan pH yang memenuhi persyaratan serta tidak mengiritasi kulit. Semua formula lotion tetap stabil setelah desman selama 1 bulan pada suhu kamar. Formula terbaik berdasarkan uji stabilitas fisik dan uji kesukaan adalah F1.
... 26,27 Thus, in individuals with diets that lackfruit and vegetables,free radicals can damage cell components,including DNA, protein, and cell membranes. 28 Conversely,a healthy and well-maintained nutritional status can boost the immune system to counteract this. ...
Cervical cancer is a notable cause of mortality and morbidity among women of reproductive age. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer among women. Among 170 types of HPV; HPV-16 and -18 are responsible for cervical cancer. The overexpression of oncoproteins E6 and E7 are predominantly responsible for causing neoplasia. The presence of koilocytosis/koilocytotic atypia is the diagnostic point of HPV infection in pap smears. To identify the circulating types of HPV and determine the various risk factors associated with HPV infection, 100 vaginal biopsies or swabs were taken from patients suspected with cervical cancer, and qualitative and semi-quantitative real-time PCR were performed. PCR primers (GP5+/GP6+) based on a conserved region of the HPV-L1open reading frame(ORF) gene were used for the detection of HPV strains, while another set of primers was used for detecting the E6 gene (HPV-16) and E7 gene (HPV-18). The results showed an HPV infection rate of 23%. Furthermore, the prevalent genotype was found to be HPV-16 (73.91%), followed by HPV-18 (26.1%), while mixed infections of both HPV-16 and -18 accounted for 21.74%. In addition, an age of above 45 years, multiple pregnancies, low socioeconomic status, postmenopausal state, anemia, and early coitarche were significantly associated with HPV infection. These results provide the basis for the formulation of an appropriate strategy for disease monitoring to determine the frequency and distribution pattern of HPV infection.
... Studies have revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated endogenously or exogenously triggers oxidative stress [2]. Under homeostatic conditions, ROS plays an important role in such physiological cellular processes as proliferation, differentiation, and growth through signaling [3]. In contrast, excess cellular levels of ROS can cause damage to membranes and macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which is closely related to numerous pathological conditions including cancer, inflammatory diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases [4][5][6]. ...
Sedanolide is a bioactive compound with anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. Although it has been recently suggested that sedanolide activates the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway, there is little research on its effects on cellular resistance to oxidative stress. The objective of the present study was to investigate the function of sedanolide in suppressing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage and the underlying molecular mechanisms in human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 cells. We found that sedanolide activated the antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent transcription mediated by the nuclear translocation of NRF2. Pathway enrichment analysis of RNA sequencing data revealed that sedanolide upregulated the transcription of antioxidant enzymes involved in the NRF2 pathway and glutathione metabolism. Then, we further investigated whether sedanolide exerts cytoprotective effects against H2O2-induced cell death. We showed that sedanolide significantly attenuated cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by exposure to H2O2. Furthermore, we demonstrated that pretreatment with sedanolide conferred a significant cytoprotective effect against H2O2-induced cell death probably due to preventing the decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and the increase in caspase-3/7 activity. Our study demonstrated that sedanolide enhanced cellular resistance to oxidative damage via the activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)–NRF2 pathway.
... neutralize free radicals. Thus, antioxidants are capable of stabilizing the deactivating free radicals before they attack cells (Valko et al., 2007). ...
... This developed multi-drug resistance leads to major risk and a higher mortality and morbidity rate, which requires more effective alternative therapies and drugs with new and different modes of action de Lastours et al., 2020). Moreover, oxidative stress (OS) induced by the excessive production of free radicals during cellular metabolism leads to oxidative cellular damage to biological macromolecules (Ray et al., 2012;Valko et al., 2007). ...
... glutathione, alpha-tocopherol, vitamins A and C) also help in eliminating generated ROS. Moreover, most disease conditions have also been linked to the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species 15 and antioxidants have been reported to play prominent roles in the prevention of ROS generation 16 . Specifically, antioxidant vitamins A, C and E have been reported to play a role in the protection against cardiovascular and malignant diseases 17 . ...
Testosterone has been identified to play a role in the metabolism of paracetamol in the CD 1 mouse, resulting in differences in renal presentations of male and female mice. Moreover, alterations have been observed in the serum levels of vitamins in male Wistar rats administered with paracetamol/methionine. The aim of this study is to determine if the sex of an animal plays a role in serum vitamin presentation in the Wistar strain after paracetamol/methionine administration. This will be achieved by comparing observation made from this study with an earlier one on male Wistar rats. Moreover, comparison of presentations at the 4 th & 16 th hours will be carried out, so as to establish how earlier in the course of exposure to paracetamol/methionine vitamin alteration takes place. Female Wistar Rats consisting of eight rats per group were administered with different doses of paracetamol & paracetamol/methionine (5:1) ranging from 350-5000 mg/kg. Results indicate that significant alterations (p<0.05) in the levels of all the vitamins commenced as early as the 4 th hour in both paracetamol & paracetamol/methionine administered groups. Moreover, significant alterations in the female rats parallel those of male rats obtained from an earlier study. Evidence from this study when compared with an earlier one indicates that sex probable plays no role on the impact of paracetamol on serum vitamins in Wistar rats.
... Free radicals can be made up of other molecules that need oxygen, such as thiols and catecholamines. They can be produced by oxidizing enzymes such as dehydrogenase and oxidase peroxidase, cyclo-oxygenase, lipo-oxygenase, and others (74,75) . ...
... eactive oxygen species play important roles in degenerative or pathological processes, such as aging, cancer, coronary heart disease, alzheimer's disease. The human body has a complex system of natural enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses which counteract the harmful effects of free radicals and other oxidants by Badarinath et al., 2010. Valko et al., 2007 reported that the free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd number of electrons (highly reactive oxygen species) and can be formed through exogenous chemicals or endogenous metabolic processes in the human body. Free radicals are formed naturally in the body and https://jazindia.com nline at: le o b ila Ava -2115 -play an i ...
Our traditional treatises on medicine have shown references to number of rare medicinal herbs prescribed to treat various ailments in human. An herbal plant preferred to treat fever, inflammation, rheumatic pain and wounds prevalently in the villages of the delta districts of Tamilnadu by name Mollugo cerviana was chosen for this research. The Ethanol extract of Mollugo cerviana was analysed for its in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activity through standard procedures. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol ethanolic extracts of varying concentrations were evaluated under HRBC (Human Red Blood Cell) Membrane Stabilization and Protein denaturation studies. Diclofenac sodium a nonsterioidal anti-inflammatory drug was the reference standard. The results revealed a concentration dependent increase in the percentage of membrane stabilization activity with increase in concentration of the test extract and a concentration dependent inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation activity. Antioxidant studies revealed a significant free radical scavenging activity by the extract upon evaluation by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide assay and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity assay. The studies on liver cancer cell lines using MTT assay revealed the anticancer activity exhibited by the ethanol extract of Mollugo cerviana. The studies as a whole reveals the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activity possessed by the herbal extract of Mollugo cerviana which invites attention to proceed with further research towards development of novel herbal drugs from Mollugo cerviana to treat inflammation and cancer.
... The highest increase in these parameters recorded for the group treated with the combination of (200mg vitamin E, 5g Nigella Sativa seed and 5g green tea/100g diet), followed by the groups which were treated with diet containing 5g green tea/100g diet and 5g Nigella Sativa seed/100g diet, respectively. Valko et al. (2007) reported that, antioxidants play a crucial role in providing defense against oxidative stress, an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and the endogenous antioxidant status. The antioxidant defense system can be broadly classified as enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase), and nonenzymatic (vitamins, enzyme constituents such as zinc and selenium, and other biomolecules, such as, albumin, ceruloplasmin, uric acid, and bilirubin) present in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. ...
This thesis focuses on creating concentrated Dibbs from dates, serving as a sweetener and flavoring agent for both fresh cow's milk and camel milk. The objective of the study was to analyze the physiochemical and sensory attributes of milk-based beverages infused with natural date syrup (Dibbs). Four variations of Dibbs-flavored milk drinks were examined: cow's milk with 15% (w/w) Sukkari date Dibbs, cow's milk with 10% (w/w) Khlass date Dibbs, camel milk with 15% (w/w) Sukkari date Dibbs, and camel milk with 10% (w/w) Khlass date Dibbs.
At room temperature, the mean values for moisture content, water activity, total soluble solids, and pH of the four Dibbs-flavored milk drinks ranged from 77.134 to 80.831% (w.b.), 0.963 to 0.982, 12.61 to 16.09 °Brix, and 6.353 to 6.663, respectively. Density values of the flavored milk drinks decreased with temperature, ranging from 1.030 to 1.079 g cm-3. Predictive equations for density as a function of temperature accurately represented the experimental data, showing high correlation coefficients (R2).
Basic color parameters L*, a*, and b*, as well as derived color parameters (Chroma, hue angle, and browning index), exhibited similar mean values for all tested drinks. The parameters L*, a*, and b* varied within the range of 85.133 to 88.667, -0.075 to 0.418, and 13.383 to 15.267, respectively. In terms of sensory evaluation, the study identified cow's milk flavored with 10% (w/w) Khlass date Dibbs as the preferred sample among the four Dibbs-flavored milk drinks.
... [45] It participates in numerous cellular processes, including ROS scavenging, electrophile detoxification, thiol-disulfide status maintenance and signal transduction in oxidant and antioxidant pathways. [46,47] GSH levels can be reduced by NPs. [48] GSH depletion was observed to be severe in the previous studies by Ahamed et al., 2010 [49] and Akhtar et al., 2012. ...
... The antioxidant defense system, used by the organism to overcome oxidative stress caused by increased ROS, consists of enzymes and small molecules. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) play a direct role in detoxifying ROS (Valko, 2006;Valko, 2007). In general, aerobic organisms constantly produce ROS (Perez Campo, 1993;Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1999). ...
Obesity is a chronic disorder with increasing prevalence worldwide and occurs when energy intake is more than energy expenditure. Obesity is one of the factors that cause oxidative stress and arises from an imbalance between the reactive oxygen species ROS and the cell's antioxidant defense system. Increasing ROS in obesity, influencing the hypothalamic neurons, affect hunger and satiety control, so correspondingly on body weight control. When ROS amount increases, through DNA, protein, and lipid oxidation, cell damage, necrosis, and apoptosis take place. Oxidative stress increment in adipose tissue causes the development of metabolic syndrome in obese people. Also, weight loss due to calorie restriction or exercise reduces oxidative stress. Mitochondria is the essential source for ROS formation. In the electron transfer system, reactive oxygen species forming due to oxidative phosphorylation reactions are involved in various physiological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genes encode enzymes that have oxidant-scavenging activities. Deletion polymorphisms in these genes cause the absence of their corresponding enzymes. In this study, we investigated the parameters associated with obesity such as body mass index (BMI), TSH, glucose, satiety blood glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels, and deletion polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in 152 patients diagnosed with obesity in a Turkish population. No statistically significant relationship was found between the parameters studied in obese patients and GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms. More studies are needed to elucidate the relationship of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms with obesity. Bariatrik Cerrahi Olmuş Obezite Hastalarında GSTM1 ve GSTT1 Polimorfizmlerinin Araştırılması ÖZ Obezite, alınan enerjinin, harcanan enerjiden fazla olmasından kaynaklanan, tüm dünyada prevalansı endişe verici şekilde artan kronik bir hastalıktır. Obezite, oksidatif strese neden olan faktörlerden biridir ve oksidatif stres, reaktif oksijen türleri (ROT) ile hücrenin antioksidan savunma sistemi arasındaki dengesizlikten kaynaklanır. Obezitede artış gösteren ROT hipotalamik nöronlar üzerinde etkili olarak, açlık ve tokluğun kontrolünde ve buna bağlı olarak vücut ağırlığının kontrolünde etkili olurlar. ROT arttığında, DNA, protein ve lipitlerin oksidasyonu yoluyla hücre zedelenmesi, nekroz ve apopitoz oluşur. Adipoz dokuda oksidatif stresin artışı obez kişilerde metabolik sendrom gelişmesine neden olur. Diğer yandan kalori kısıtlaması veya egzersiz nedeniyle kilo kaybı oksidatif stresi azaltır. Mitokondri ROT oluşumunun en önemli kaynağıdır. Elektron transfer sisteminde, oksidatif fosforilasyon tepkimeleri sonucu oluşan ROT'lar, hücre sinyal mekanizması, hücre çoğalması ve farklılaşması gibi çeşitli fizyolojik olaylarda rol alırlar. Glutatyon S transferaz M1 ve T1 genleri, oksidan süpürücü aktivitelere sahip enzimleri kodlar. Bu genlerdeki delesyon polimorfizmleri, karşılık gelen enzimlerinin olmamasına neden olur. Bu çalışmada, Türk toplumunda obezite tanısı almış 152 hastada vücut kitle indeksi (VKİ), TSH, glikoz, tokluk kan şekeri, trigliserit ve kolesterol düzeyleri gibi obezite ile ilişki parametreler ile GSTM1 ve GSTT1 polimorfizmleri arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır. Obezite hastalarında çalışılan parametreler ile GSTM1 ve GSTT1 polimorfizmleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki bulunamamıştır. GSTM1 ve GSTT1 polimorfizimlerinin obezite ile ilişkisinin aydınlatılması açısından daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.
... Their excessive generation causes oxidative stress, leading to inflammation, diabetes, cancer, and other degenerative diseases [56,57]. Excessive reactive oxygen species causes freeradical production, lipid peroxidation, genotoxicity, and apoptosis [58]. Nanoparticles accumulate in various organs and have overall systemic effects [59]. ...
The ongoing battle against viral infections highlighted so recently by the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates the need to develop new approaches using nanotechnology in antiviral strategies. Nanoparticles have emerged as promising tools in the fight against viral outbreaks, offering various options for application such as biosensors, vaccine nanoparticles, disinfectants, and functionalized nanoparticles. In this comprehensive review, we evaluate the role of nanoparticles in pandemic control, exploring their potential applications, benefits, and associated risks. We first discuss the importance of nanotechnology in viral outbreak management, particularly in vaccine development. Although lipid nanoparticles play a crucial role in mRNA vaccines, there are concerns about their potential side effects. Although functionalization of protective face masks using metallic nanoparticles has emerged as a sustainable alternative to disposable masks, reducing waste production and enhancing virus filtration, improper disposal of such masks leads to environmental contamination and potential ecological harm. Second, we address the potential adverse effects associated with nanoparticle-based vaccines containing polyethylene glycol and other vaccine components, which trigger autoimmune diseases and alter menstrual cycles. To manage outbreaks effectively, we must minimize such potential risks and environmental impacts. Thus, when developing effective strategies for future pandemic control, it is crucial to understand the advantages and challenges associated with nanoparticle usage.
... Oxidative stress involves a wide variety of physiological and physiopathological processes, both endogenous and exogenous, that affect cellular homeostasis [1] and occur when reactive oxygen species (ROS) production exceeds the antioxidant defense systems [2]. ROS are by-products of the oxidative phosphorylation process and are mainly represented by superoxide anion (O 2 − ), hydroxyl radical (OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) [3], which generate oxidative alteration of biological macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids [4,5]. To face these harmful substances, intrinsic antioxidant response mechanisms have been developed [6]. ...
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway activation promotes the expression of antioxidant enzymes in response to rising oxidative stress, resulting in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification and playing a central role in the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis and regulation of inflammation. Moreover, the biological effects of Nrf2 pathway activation contribute to reducing apoptosis and enhancing cell survival. The activity of Nrf2 is negatively regulated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Prompted by the recent results reporting the impact of xanthone metabolites on oxidative stress, cancer, and inflammation, the antioxidant properties of xanthones isolated from Garcinia mangostana (γ-mangostin, α-mangostin, 8-deoxygartanin, demethylcalabaxanthone, garcinone D) were assessed. In particular, the capability of these natural products to disrupt the interaction between Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), triggering the activation of the Nrf2-mediated pathway, was evaluated using molecular docking experiments and in vitro tests. The modulation of some key Nrf2-related mediators like glutathione (GSH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to highlight a possible direct antioxidant effect was investigated. Among the tested compounds, demethylcalabaxanthone showed an indirect antioxidant effect, as corroborated by a Western blot assay, displaying a significant increase in the translocated protein upon its administration.
... The body can make enough antioxidants or absorb them as food supplements to detoxify free radical species produced, as well as oxygen free radicals. Total antioxidant status in the body regularly demonstrated the dynamic equilibrium between the body's antioxidant defense and pro-oxidants (Ghiselli et al., 2000;Valko et al., 2007). Elaeagnus parvifolia has shown considerable antioxidant activity in vitro, most likely because of the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds as active secondary metabolites (Riaz et al., 2016). ...
The goal of this study was to see how albino mice responded to a hydroethanolic extract of Elaeagnus parvifolia fruits. Phytochemical analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and HPLC, findings confirmed the existence of functional groups and a wide spectrum of phenolic compounds, respectively. Furthermore, extract did not cause significant hemolysis (5.39±0.176%) when compared to PBS (0.103±0.15%) as a negative control; however, it did have significant clot lysis (21.20 ± 2.25%) potential, as well as antioxidant DPPH scavenging (37.023±0.204%), H2O2 scavenging (11.27±0.18%) and reducing power (81.47±0.24%). In vivo experiments in albino mice demonstrated that for 28 days giving extract dosages orally, after CCl4 intoxication significantly (P<0.05) recovered liver enzymes, renal profiles, lipid profile, serum electrolytes and stress markers, additionally the dosage group (200 mg/Kg b.w.) substantially (P<0.05) improved the structural architecture of liver tissue. Elaeagnus parvifolia has a substantial therapeutic response to treat medical difficulties, notably liver disorders, according to the findings.
... Oxidative stress is defined as a phenomenon that results from an imbalance between the production and accumulation of reactive/free radical's species such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and others in cells and tissues and the ability of the biological system to detoxify these reactive products [1,2].Free radical species can play many physiological roles and are typically synthesized as by-products of oxygen from both endogenous and exogenous sources. The endogenous production includes Immune cell activation, inflammation, ischemia, infection, cancer, excessive exercise, mental stress, and aging [3,4,5,6]. Environmental pollutants, heavy metals and ionizing radiations, xenobiotics/certain drugs, chemical solvents, cigarette smoke, alcohol and cooking foods (smoked, grilling and deep-fat frying) are all responsible for endogenous free radical production [4] [7][8][9][10]. When these exogenous compounds penetrate the body, they are degraded or metabolized, and free radicals are generated as by-products which lead to an imbalance that causes damage to cells and tissues in what is known as oxidative stress. ...
... The proportion of DPPH that dropped in comparison to the control was used to calculate the inhibitory activity. 43 ...
The characteristics of phytocompounds and essential oils have undergone extensive research in the medical and pharmaceutical sectors due to their extensive usage. In spite of the fact that these molecules are widely used, terpenes, terpenoids, and their derivatives have not yet been well characterized. This study intends to evaluate the prospective activity of incensole acetate (IA), a compound identified and isolated from Catharanthus roseus essential oil by GC/MS analysis and column chromatography, and to analyze the anticancer effect of an IA biosynthesized nanoemulsion against breast cancer. The in silico activity of IA against breast cancer targets was observed by molecular docking, ADMET assessment and molecular dynamics simulations. The IA-mediated nanoformulation exhibited cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines at an effective concentration when analyzed by MTT and crystal violet assay. The increased interleukin serum indicators were significantly improved as a result of nanoemulsion treatment in a DMBA-induced rat model. In addition, the anticancer properties of IA biosynthesized nanoemulsion are supported due to their potential effects on biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers, proinflammatory cytokines, and upon tumor growth profiling in cancer-induced rats.
... The imbalance between the formation and destruction of ROS and RNS contributes to the excessive accumulation of these reactive free radicals. Although ROS and RNS act as signaling molecules under physiological concentrations, under oxidative conditions, excessive amounts of ROS and RNS exert cellular damage through their deleterious reactions with proteins, lipids, and DNA, thereby leading to the pathogenesis of various oxidative stress-related diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) [11][12][13]. ...
Oxidative stress, resulting from the excessive intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and other free radical species, contributes to the onset and progression of various diseases, including diabetes, obesity, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Oxidative stress is also implicated in cardiovascular disease and cancer. Exacerbated oxidative stress leads to the accelerated formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), a complex mixture of crosslinked proteins and protein modifications. Relatively high levels of AGEs are generated in diabetes, obesity, AD, and other I neurological diseases. AGEs such as Ne-carboxymethyllysine (CML) serve as markers for disease progression. AGEs, through interaction with receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), initiate a cascade of deleterious signaling events to form inflammatory cytokines, and thereby further exacerbate oxidative stress in a vicious cycle. AGE inhibitors, AGE breakers, and RAGE inhibitors are therefore potential therapeutic agents for multiple diseases, including diabetes and AD. The complexity of the AGEs and the lack of well-established mechanisms for AGE formation are largely responsible for the lack of effective therapeutics targeting oxidative stress and AGE-related diseases. This review addresses the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AGE-related chronic diseases, including diabetes and neurological disorders, and recent progress in the development of therapeutics based on antioxidants, AGE breakers and RAGE inhibitors. Furthermore, this review outlines therapeutic strategies based on single-atom nanozymes that attenuate oxidative stress through the sequestering of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS).
... Diseases triggered by oxidative stress are notably linked with an extensive variety of severe health issues, encompassing cardiovascular ailments and various forms of cancer, consequently presenting a considerable menace to human health [5]. Within the rich molecules of U. laetevirens, bioactive constituents have been discovered to act as free radical inhibitors or scavengers, engaging actively with free radicals [6]. ...
Urtica laetevirens Maxim. is used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for its potent antioxidative properties. In this study, three antioxidants were purified from U. laetevirens. using HSCCC guided by online DPPH-HPLC analysis. Firstly, the online DPPH-HPLC analysis was performed to profile out the antioxidant active molecules in U. laetevirens. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology and the results showed the targeted antioxidant active molecules could be well enriched under the optimized extraction conditions. Then, the antioxidant active molecules were separated by high-speed countercurrent chromatography ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water (2:3:5, v/v/v) as the solvent system. Finally, the three targets including 16.8 mg of Isovitexin, 9.8 mg of Isoorientin, and 26.7 mg of Apigenin-6,8-di-C-β-d-glucopyranoside were obtained from 100 mg of sample. Their structures were identified by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
... Environmental factors such as visible and ultraviolet light, ozone, and particulate matter can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the skin [10,11]. ROS damage proteins, lipids, and DNA, the major components of cells, and cause oxidative stress, which further damages cellular structures, causes a variety of diseases, and is an essential mediator of aging [12,13]. ...
Horned turban (Turbo cornutus) is an edible gastropod that occurs along the intertidal zone and basalt coastline, and is an important marine resource in Jeju, Korea. However, T. cornutus viscera are mostly discarded following processing. In this study, the antioxidant activity of viscera and muscle extracts was compared. In addition, the protective effect of T. cornutus viscera ethanol extract (TVEE) against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) was investigated. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of the viscera (IC50 = 0.64 ± 0.64 and 0.76 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively) showed higher activity than that in muscle. TVEE increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging effect and cell viability in H2O2-induced HDFs without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity of HDFs was high in those from H2O2-induced intracellular ROS production, but TVEE treatment decreased ROS production. H2O2 activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) in HDFs. However, MMP2 expression was confirmed to be reduced via MAPK (ERK, JNK, and p38) signaling phosphorylation. In conclusion, various antioxidant effects were confirmed in T. cornutus viscera, which instead of being discarded as marine by-products, can be applied as nutraceuticals in various industries.
... 33 Valko et al opined that oxidative stress have been implicated to play a major role in pathogenesis of several vascular disorders, such as hypertension, diabetes and atherosclerosis. 34 The endogenous antioxidant glutathione peroxidase showed negative correlation with SBP and DBP although the findings were not statistically significant (Table 4). A study conducted by Madazli et al found that GPX decreased significantly with increments in diastolic pressure. ...
Background: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder that affects 10% of all pregnancies which contributes heavily to maternal mortality and perinatal morbidity. Several studies have shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. However, the association has not been proven indisputably. So, the study was done with the view to determine serum malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase levels in pregnant women with and without preeclampsia and to compare the levels between the two groups of participants. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Biochemistry and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, RIMS. 55 preeclamptic patients and 55 pregnant women without preeclampsia were recruited as cases and controls respectively. Results: Serum malondialdehyde was found to be significantly higher in cases (1280.02±619.55ng/ml) than the controls (826.51±599.84ng/ml) and glutathione peroxidase levels were found to be significantly decreased in the preeclamptic women (224.49±201.29pg/ml) when compared to the normal healthy pregnant women (448±350.54 pg/ml. Serum malondialdehyde levels were found to be positively correlated with blood pressure. Conclusions: Serum malondialdehyde was increased in preeclampsia and serum glutathione levels was decreased in preeclamptic pregnant women when compared to the pregnant women without preeclampsia. Serum malondialdehyde levels were significantly correlated with high blood pressure. The oxidant-antioxidant system may be involved in the etiology of preeclampsia, however the cause and effect relation needs further evaluation.
... The importance of maintaining iron homeostasis is reflected by the normal regulatory mechanisms for limiting free radical formation and controlling iron elimination. Some examples of components involved in this process include superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, thioredoxin, and ferritin [7]. While antioxidants work to reduce ROS, iron chelators reduce iron availability [1]. ...
... Oxidative stress, defined as the disruption of the balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants [1], has been implicated in the etiology and pathophysiology of several chronic diseases, which in turn act as leading contributors to mortality [1,2]. Oxidative stress is influenced by intrinsic factors, such as oxidative phosphorylation [3], intracellular antioxidant enzyme activity [4], macromolecular damage [5], and extrinsic factors. It has been suggested that smoking [6], alcohol consumption [7], and iron excess [8] may act as exogenous oxidative enhancers and increase oxidative stress. ...
The oxidative balance score (OBS), wherein higher OBSs indicate lower oxidative stress, was designed to assess a composite measure of multiple pro-oxidant and antioxidant effects on an individual’s oxidative stress status. This study aimed to evaluate whether OBSs were inversely associated with urinary levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)–an oxidative stress marker–among Japanese adults. This cross-sectional study was based on data obtained during 2010–2012. Overall, 7552 participants from the J-MICC Study Saga who answered a self-administered food frequency questionnaire were recruited for the final analysis. OBSs were calculated from 11 pro-oxidant and antioxidant lifestyle factors, including dietary intake, physical activity, and alcohol and smoking status. Urinary 8-OHdG values were corrected by creatinine level (ng/mg creatinine). Our findings revealed a higher total OBS was significantly associated with lower urinary 8-OHdG/creatinine levels after adjustment for covariates in men and women (p for trend < 0.01 in both sexes). We performed a multiple regression analysis of the association between OBSs and urinary 8-OHdG/creatinine levels stratified by age, body mass index (BMI), and menopausal status and found consistent negative associations in most groups for both sexes. No significant differences in the 60–64 age group for women (standardized β = −0.09, p = 0.13) or BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 for men (standardized β = −0.18, p = 0.17) were observed. A higher OBS had a strong inverse association with urinary 8-OHdG/creatinine levels in men and women among Japanese adults. The OBS might be a useful tool for evaluating the roles of oxidative stress-related lifestyle factors, including diet.
... Metabolic, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, mitochondrial diseases and even cancer, are among the most frequent [26] & [27] .Numerous studies have been investigating the underlying triggering factors, in order to understand the mechanisms of action of free radicals, as well as to discover effective substances towards preventing and even reversing the occurrence of oxidative damages [28] & [29]. Antioxidants, both from natural and synthetic sources, have proved to be highly effective to control the magnitude of free radicals production, to prevent its undesirable effects, as well as to support the organism's antioxidant and detoxifying mechanisms [30], [31] & [32] . Phenolic compounds have shown promising antioxidant properties, with its potentia being directly related to the type of solvent used in the extraction, but also with plant origin, growing conditions, harvesting time, and storage conditions [33] & [34]. ...
Ayurveda is the Indian traditional system of medicine which focuses on the medical potential of plants. Catharanthus roseus is one plant recognized well in Ayurveda. It is an evergreen plant first originated from islands of Madagascar. The flowers may vary in colour from pink to purple and leaves are arranged in opposite pairs. It produces nearly 130 alkaloids mainly ajmalicine, vincamine, reserpine, vincristine, vinblastine and raubasin. Vincristine and vinblastine are used for the treatment of various types of cancer such as Hodgkin's disease, breast cancer, skin cancer and lymphoblastic leukemia. It is an endangered species and need to be conserved using techniques like micropropagation. It has many pharmacological properties such as anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, wound healing, anti-ulcer, hypotensive, antidiarrhoeal, hypolipidemic and memory enhancement. The purpose of the current study is to document updated data about its traditional uses, isolated bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities reported. keywords: Catharanthus roseus, phytochemicals, vincristine, vinblastine. INTRODUCTION: Therapeutic plants have a long history of utilization in customary medication. Ethno-herbal data on therapeutic plants and their utilization by indigenous societies is valuable in the preservation of conventional societies, biodiversity, network medicinal services and medication advancement. Catharanthus roseus. (G.) Don, is a significant therapeutic plant having a place with the Apocynaceae family; this plant is a dicotyledonous angiosperm and integrates two terpene indole alkaloids: vinblastine and vincristine that are utilized to battle disease [1] Vinca alkaloids are a material of a class of natural mixes comprised of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen that is regularly gotten from plants is named alkaloid. Numerous alkaloids with having harmful qualities have physiological impacts excessively that make them helpful as medicines [2] Medicinal plants have a long history of usage in traditional medicine. Ethno-botanical information on medicinal plants and their usage by indigenous cultures is useful in the conservation of traditional cultures, biodiversity, community health care and drug development. Catharanthus roseus, the plant contains about 130 alkaloids of the indole group out of which 25 are dimeric in nature. Two dimeric alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine mainly present in the aerial parts, that are
... The analysis of fruits demonstrated that pomegranate contains a very high concentration of antioxidants. Other fruits with high antioxidant content included grapes, oranges, plum, pineapple, lemon and grapefruits [9] . Sri Lanka is an agricultural country with a tropical climate, blessed with plenty of plant food such as fresh fruits, vegetables and green leaves. ...
Background: Regular consumption of antioxidant rich diet is associated with a myriad of health benefits. At present there are no consistent perspectives about plant-based antioxidant rich diet being associated with a change of serum antioxidants status/oxidative stress in Sri Lankan healthy adults. Objective: The present study aimed to assess the association between plant-based dietary antioxidant intake and the oxidative stress in a group of healthy adults (n=80) in Bope-Poddala health unit area, Galle, Sri Lanka. Method: The concentration of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was estimated as a marker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. The information on the plant based antioxidant rich food intake of the participants of the study were obtained using a pre tested food frequency questionnaire. Using the questionnaire, amount of each food consumed over a month was determined based on intake of individual food types. The consumption of vitamin E, vitamin C and carotene levels were calculated using food composition tables. The average daily intake of vitamin C, vitamin E and carotene content in selected food were considered in assessing dietary antioxidant intake. Results: The serum malondialdehyde concentration was in the range of 0.012-0.360 nmol/mg in the study sample. There was a weak, non-significant negative correlation (-0.156) between daily antioxidant intake and malondialdehyde concentration/lipid peroxidation (p=0.166). Conclusion: The results failed to reveal an association between plant-based dietary antioxidant intake and the oxidative stress in healthy adults in health unit area of Bope-Poddala, Sri Lanka.
... From the nutritional point of view, it was previously reported that millet grains are rich sources of phytochemicals and micronutrients with high antioxidant effects [42][43][44] which can protect against the oxidative stress related to various chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, arthritis, and diabetes [45]. These findings have increased interest in using millet grains as a portion of food sources due to their potential to produce healthy value-added products. ...
Fermented dairy products not only have a long shelf-life but also have beneficial nutritional values. The products are deficient in dietary fiber and certain bioactive compounds. Adding grains to dairy products is a widespread practice to improve the nutritional and economic aspects. In this work, we studied the effect of fermented millet–milk beverages (FMBs) using pearl millet grains and three different dairy by-products (sweet whey, sweet buttermilk, and skimmed milk). A control treatment prepared with water was also manufactured for comparison. Samples were continuously prepared and fermented using a commercial yogurt starter culture (YC-381) containing L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and a pure strain of L. paracasei subsp. Paracasei. Four FMBs (water based: WB-FMB, whey based: WHB-FMB, buttermilk based: BMB-FMB, and skimmed milk based: SMB-FMB) were analyzed during cold storage at 4 °C for up to 15 days for chemical, microbiological properties, minerals content, antioxidant properties, glycemic index, and glycemic load on days 1, 8, and 15. The sensory characteristics of the FMBs were also evaluated during cold storage (4 °C/15 days). In general, the progression of acidity was slower in SMB-FMB and WHB-FMB samples during fermentation compared to in the BMB-FMB sample. The longest fermentation time was for the SMB-FBM sample (3 h), while the shortest was for the BMB-FMB sample (1.5 h). Reflecting the good manufacturing practices, all samples were free of coliform, mold, and yeast. No bacterial growth was detected in the WB-FMB sample at days 8 and 15 of storage, while the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and S. thermophilus was significantly higher (9.97 ± 0.01 and 9.48 ± 0.06, respectively) in the BMB-FMB sample compared to in the other three FMBs. The FMBs produced using dairy by-products had more antioxidant properties. All samples were better perceived during sensory evaluation by panelists than the water-based sample, except for the BMB-FMB sample, in which a bitter taste appeared. In the BMB-FMB sample, the proteolytic degree was significantly higher (4.8 ± 0.09) after 3 h of fermentation by about 460% than in the fresh sample. All samples had a low glycemic index and glycemic load. In addition, acidity progression was slower in SMB-FMB and WHB-FMB samples during fermentation and storage compared to the WB-FMB sample. Therefore, it could be recommended that it is more beneficial to prepare fermented millet–milk beverages using dairy by-products and suitable starter cultures under optimal fermentation conditions instead of using water to maximize the nutritional and economic aspects.
... From the nutritional point of view, it was previously reported that millet grains are rich sources of phytochemicals and micronutrients with high antioxidant effects [42][43][44] which can protect against the oxidative stress related to various chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, arthritis, and diabetes [45]. These findings have increased interest in using millet grains as a portion of food sources due to their potential to produce healthy value-added products. ...
... Oxidative stress reflects the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced and accumulated in cells and tissues and the body's anti-stress ability [3]. Excessive accumulation of free radicals in the body will not only damage macromolecules such as DNA and protein but also lead to lipid peroxidation [4]. Fish oil contains unsaturated fatty acids, which are essential for the growth and reproduction of aquatic animals [5]. ...
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which could be highly induced under the stimulation of oxidative stress, functions in reducing the damage caused by oxidative stress, and sulforaphane (SFN) is an antioxidant. This study aims to investigate whether HO-1 is involved in the repair of oxidative damage induced by oxidized fish oil (OFO) in Litopenaeus vannamei by sulforaphane (SFN). The oxidative stress model of L. vannamei was established by feeding OFO feed (OFO accounts for 6%), and they were divided into the following four groups: control group (injected with dsRNA-EGFP and fed with common feed), dsRNA-HO-1 group (dsRNA-HO-1, common feed), dsRNA-HO-1 + SFN group (dsRNA-HO-1, supplement 50 mg kg−1 SFN feed), and SFN group (dsRNA-EGFP, supplement 50 mg kg−1 SFN feed). The results showed that the expression level of HO-1 in the dsRNA-HO-1 + SFN group was significantly increased compared with the dsRNA-HO-1 group (p < 0.05). The activities of SOD in muscle and GPX in hepatopancreas and serum of the dsRNA-HO-1 group were significantly lower than those of the control group, and MDA content in the dsRNA-HO-1 group was the highest among the four groups. However, SFN treatment increased the activities of GPX and SOD in hepatopancreas, muscle, and serum and significantly reduced the content of MDA (p < 0.05). SFN activated HO-1, upregulated the expression of antioxidant-related genes (CAT, SOD, GST, GPX, Trx, HIF-1α, Nrf2, prx 2, Hsp 70), and autophagy genes (ATG 3, ATG 5), and stabilized the expression of apoptosis genes (caspase 2, caspase 3) in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05). In addition, knocking down HO-1 aggravated the vacuolation of hepatopancreas and increased the apoptosis of hepatopancreas, while the supplement of SFN could repair the vacuolation of hepatopancreas and reduce the apoptosis signal. In summary, HO-1 is involved in the repair of the oxidative damage induced by OFO in L. vannamei by SFN.
... These spices are also said to be therapeutically useful in the management of stomachache, leprosy, cough, and loss of appetite, rheumatoid pain, convulsion and inflammation [5]. ...
... Ce 3+ removes hydroxyl (·OH) through redox reactions, removes superoxide anion (·O 2 -) by stimulating the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), while Ce 4+ removes H 2 O 2 by stimulating the activity of catalase (CAT) [15]. It has been displayed that Ce 3+ ions are more important in scavenging ROS because they provide better removal of ·OH and ·O 2 which are related to cell death and inflammatory response [16,17]. The ratio of Ce 3+ to Ce 4+ can be adjusted by the doping ions to improve the performance of ROS scavenging [18][19][20]. ...
Background
Primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) is characterized by edema, heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidemia. Moreover, podocyte injury is the key pathological change of PNS. Even though the pathophysiological etiology of PNS has not been fully understood, the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in the development and progression of the disease. Glucocorticoids are the first-line medications for patients with PNS, but their clinical use is hampered by dose-dependent side effects. Herein, we accelerated the rate of conversion from Ce⁴⁺ to Ce³⁺ by doping Zr⁴⁺ in ceria-zirconia nanomedicines to treat the PNS rat model by removal of ROS.
Results
The engineered Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 (7CZ) nanomedicines significantly improved the ROS scavenging ability of podocytes at a very low dose, enabling effective inhibition of podocyte apoptosis and actin cytoskeleton depolymerization induced by adriamycin (ADR). Accordingly, podocyte injury was effectively alleviated in rat models of ADR-induced nephrotic syndrome, as confirmed by serum tests and renal tissue staining. Moreover, the mRNA sequencing assay revealed the protective molecular signaling pathways of 7CZ nanomedicines in podocytes.
Conclusion
7CZ nanomedicines were highly effective in protecting against ADR-induced podocyte injury in vitro and in vivo at a very low concentration.
Graphical Abstract
Introduction: Millions of people are suffering from pain worldwide and current therapy provides its symptomatic relief with experience of some adverse effects. The plant nathoquinone-Plumbagin (PL) obtained from plumbago plants and a phytolexin-Resveratrol (RSV) from the skin of berries and grapes being a pleiotropic phytoconstituents have therapeutic potential to reduce experimentally induced pain and inflammation. We designed this preclinical study to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of PL and RSV. Methods: Neuropathic pain (NP) was induced using chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve model followed by its assessment by thermal, mechanical and cold allodynia method. While, sub-plantar injection of 50µL 2.5% formalin induced nociception as well as inflammation. Evaluation of nociception and inflammation was done using nociceptive scoring and paw volume measurement using plethysmometer. NP and formalin induced animals were subjected for PL and RSV treatment following its evaluation. In vitro, and in-silico docking studies using Swiss-Dock web server were performed to correlate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Results: The CCI and formalin induced pain and inflammation were confirmed by parametric assessment. In provoked rats, PL 2mg/kg and RSV 50mg/kg alone, while RSV (25mg/kg) and PL (1 mg/kg) in combination had synergistic analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects with agreeable in-silico interaction with the oxidative parameters. Discussion: PL and RSV through exhibit strong analgesic effect, PL-RSV combination was found to be safe with synergistic effects owing to their multi-target interactions. Future study may be designed to investigate the molecular and clinical robustness.
Oshtoran Syndrome, also known as H63D Syndrome Type-3, is a multifaceted meta-syndromic condition characterized by an array of clinical manifestations. These manifestations include irregular iron homeostasis, micro-inflammatory events, neuropsychiatric disturbances, multi-organ pathology, and notably, autonomic dysfunctions that affect the Central Nervous System, the Autonomous Nervous System, and the innate immune system. A nuanced understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is crucial for precise diagnosis, evidence-based management, and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. Healthcare professionals are encouraged to employ an interdisciplinary framework in patient management, accentuating the imperative for early diagnostic efforts, timely interventions, and patient-focused educational initiatives. Future research should strategically focus on the employment of gene-editing technologies and the identification of novel therapeutic options to address the root genetic anomalies and the corresponding heterogeneous symptomatology.
Several techniques have been used within the last decades to lighten discolored root-filled teeth. Internal bleaching or intracoronal whitening offers some advantages over more invasive treatments: (1) it is relatively easy to carry out; (2) it involves the removal of minimal tooth structure; and (3) the cost of treatment is low compared to that of other restorative options including full- and partial-coverage restorations.
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with a high mortality rate. Oxidative stress cascades play an important role in brain injury after ICH. Cannabidiol, a major non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids, has drawn increasing interest in recent years as a potential therapeutic intervention for various neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the potential therapeutic effects of cannabidiol in countering oxidative stress resulting from ICH. The review elaborates on the various sources of oxidative stress post-ICH, including mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, iron toxicity, inflammation, and also highlights cannabidiol’s ability to inhibit ROS/RNS generation from these sources. The article also delves into cannabidiol’s role in promoting ROS/RNS scavenging through the Nrf2/ARE pathway, detailing both extranuclear and intranuclear regulatory mechanisms. Overall, the review underscores cannabidiol’s promising antioxidant effects in the context of ICH and suggests its potential as a therapeutic option.
Genistein is a natural compound belonging to flavonoids, having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neoplastic properties. Genistein is considered a phytoestrogen. As such, genistein can bind estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), although with a lower affinity than that of estradiol. Despite considerable work, the effects of genistein are not well established yet. This review aims to clarify the role of genistein on female and male reproductive functions in mammals. In females, at a high dose, genistein diminishes the ovarian activity regulating several pathway molecules, such as topoisomerase isoform I and II, protein tyrosine kinases (v-src, Mek-4, ABL, PKC, Syk, EGFR, FGFR), ABC, CFTR, Glut1, Glut4, 5α-reductase, PPAR-γ, mitogen-activated protein kinase A, protein histidine kinase, and recently circulating RNA-miRNA. The effect of genistein on pregnancy is still controversial. In males, genistein exerts an estrogenic effect by inducing testosterone biosynthesis. The interaction of genistein with both natural and synthetic endocrine disruptors has a negative effect on testis function. The positive effect of genistein on sperm quality is still in debate. In conclusion, genistein has a potentially beneficial effect on the mechanisms regulating the reproduction of females and males. However, this is dependent on the dose, the species, the route, and the time of administration.
Background
The present research aimed to assess the relationship between free radical scavenging activity and oral hypoglycemic potential of methanol extract of the root of Cryptolepis buchanani in Albino Wistar rats.
Objective
The following research aimed to study and evaluate the antidiabetic efficacy of the natural plant extracts Cryptolepis buchanani.
Methods
Phytochemical screening was done to analyze, and in vitro, the antioxidant activity of plant root extract has been evaluated using DPPH assay and Fe+3 Reducing Power Assay. Streptozotocin at a 60 mg/kg dose was used to induce diabetes in albino Wistar rats, which was then treated with methanol extracts (125 and 250 mg/kg, PO) to evaluate antidiabetic activity.
Results
The results indicated that methanol extract of the root of Cryptolepis Buchanan had shown its promising antidiabetic potential at a dose of 250 mg/kg in experimental diabetic Wistar rats, which may be linked to its antioxidant property.
Conclusion
This experimental study revealed that the extract could potentially alleviate the augmented oxidative state correlated with diabetes. The marked reduction in blood glucose levels proves the hypoglycemic activity of the plant.
The lipidic extract of Undaria pinnatifida, one of the worst invasive species, was investigated for its potential exploitation in biotechnological applications. The antimicrobial activity of the lipidic extract in three different portions (blade, sporophyll, and holdfast) was assessed by using the Kirby–Bauer method, while the antioxidant activity was evaluated by the TEAC, ORAC, and Folin–Ciocalteu assays. NMR spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography were employed for the chemical characterization. The extracts showed antibacterial activity against several of the tested Vibrio species: V. aestuarinus, V. fischeri, V. furnisii, V. inusitatus, V. litoralis, and V. mediterranei, including some pathogens for farmed fish. Intriguing antioxidant activity was recorded, with the highest value in the blade (126.907 ± 28.993 mmol Trolox equivalent/g TEAC). Free, saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were highlighted by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The presence of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs indicates the importance of this algal species in the food industry. We suggest the employment of U. pinnatifida as source of new and safer therapeutic agents to control fish and shellfish diseases due to vibriosis, as well as a source of natural antioxidants that are useful for human health, considering the growing interest in the development of strategies for invasive seaweed control.
Oxidative stress is increasingly recognized as a central player in a range of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, as well as complications stemming from therapeutic interventions. This article presents an overview of the mechanisms of oxidative stress in GI conditions and highlights a link between oxidative insult and disruption to the enteric nervous system (ENS), which controls GI functions. The dysfunction of the ENS is characteristic of a spectrum of disorders, including neurointestinal diseases and conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diabetic gastroparesis, and chemotherapy-induced GI side effects. Neurons in the ENS, while essential for normal gut function, appear particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage. Mechanistically, oxidative stress in enteric neurons can result from intrinsic nitrosative injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, or inflammation-related pathways. Although antioxidant-based therapies have shown limited efficacy, recognizing the multifaceted role of oxidative stress in GI diseases offers a promising avenue for future interventions. This comprehensive review summarizes the literature to date implicating oxidative stress as a critical player in the pathophysiology of GI disorders, with a focus on its role in ENS injury and dysfunction, and highlights opportunities for the development of targeted therapeutics for these diseases.
The clinical relationship between diabetes and inflammation is well established. Evidence clearly indicates that disrupting oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium and elevated lipid peroxidation could be a potential mechanism for chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Under diabetic conditions, hyperglycemia, especially inflammation, and increased reactive oxygen species generation are bidirectionally associated. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage are believed to play a role in the development of diabetes. Although the exact mechanism underlying oxidative stress and its impact on diabetes progression remains uncertain, the hyperglycemia-inflammation-oxidative stress interaction clearly plays a significant role in the onset and progression of vascular disease, kidney disease, hepatic injury, and pancreas damage and, therefore, holds promise as a therapeutic target. Evidence strongly indicates that the use of multiple antidiabetic medications fails to achieve the normal range for glycated hemoglobin targets, signifying treatment-resistant diabetes. Antioxidants with polyphenols are considered useful as adjuvant therapy for their potential anti-inflammatory effect and antioxidant activity. We aimed to analyze the current major points reported in preclinical, in vivo, and clinical studies of antioxidants in the prevention or treatment of inflammation in T2DM. Then, we will share our speculative vision for future diabetes clinical trials.
Bergenia ligulata, locally known as “Pashanbheda,” belongs to the family Saxifragaceae and is a perennial herb with a short and thick stem. This plant has numerous medicinal properties including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The qualitative and quantitative analysis shows that the rhizome of this plant contains various phytochemical constituents. Qualitative analysis shows that it contains phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, carbohydrates, and glycosides. Thirty- two bioactive compounds were identifiedduring GC-MS analysis. Dihydro-3-methylene-5-methyl-2-furanon, Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, 9-Octadecenamide(Z), 6,9-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-, methyl compounds have antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The total phenol and flavonoid content from the quantitative analysis revealed a significant amount of phenol i.e., 67.1±0.02*6mg/g, and flavonoid content i.e., 89.11±0.01* mg/g. In vitro, antioxidant activities were estimated by diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay showing the highest % inhibition of 47.24±0.06* for plant extract and 41.63±0.057* for standard respectively. The in vitro, antidiabetic activitieswere estimated by alpha-amylase inhibition assay showing the highest % inhibition of 67.14±0.05* at 250 μg/ ml for methanolic plant extract and 61.42±0.01* at 250 μg/ ml for standard and in vitro antibacterial potential were detected by using Agar well diffusion process. The anti-bacterial action was found maximum in aqueous plant extract against staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
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