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Static and Dynamic Acute Stretching Effect on Gymnasts’ Speed in Vaulting
Abstract
Although warm-up and stretching exercises are routinely performed by gymnasts, it is suggested that stretching immediately prior to an activity might affect negatively the athletic performance. The focus of this investigation was on the acute effect of a protocol, including warm-up and static and dynamic stretching exercises, on speed during vaulting in gymnastics. Eleven boys were asked to perform three different protocols consisting of warm-up, warm-up and static stretching and warm-up and dynamic stretching, on three nonconsecutive days. Each protocol was followed by a "handspring" vault. One-way analysis of variance for repeated-measures showed a significant difference in gymnasts' speed, following the different protocols. Tukey's post hoc analysis revealed that gymnasts mean speed during the run of vault was significantly decreased after the application of the static stretching protocol. The findings of the present study indicate the inhibitory role of an acute static stretching in running speed in young gymnasts.
... In the context of gymnastics warm-up protocols, the choice between static stretching (SS) and dynamic stretching (DS) methods induces various benefits and disadvantages (Siatras et al., 2003). Several studies indicated that SS may provide benefits such as enhanced muscle flexibility and joint range of motion (Behm and Chaouachi, 2011). ...
... Several studies indicated that SS may provide benefits such as enhanced muscle flexibility and joint range of motion (Behm and Chaouachi, 2011). However, SS might also impair neuromuscular activation (Chaabene et al., 2019), potentially worsening the dynamic and explosive movements included into gymnastic routines (Siatras et al., 2003). Meanwhile, dynamic warm-ups, particularly when incorporating sport-specific exercises, are likely to induce a more comprehensive physiological and neural preparatory response (Ahmadabadi et al., 2015). ...
... The literature lacks comprehensive systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating the effects of various warm-up strategies for gymnasts (Siatras et al., 2003;Guidetti et al., 2009). The lack of a synthesized overview makes it challenging to draw definitive conclusions about the most effective warm-up protocols for gymnastics. ...
The primary objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis is to methodically discern and compare the impact of diverse warm-up strategies, including both static and dynamic stretching, as well as post-activation potentiation techniques, on the immediate performance of gymnasts. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this paper evaluated studies that examined the gym-nasts' performance after different warm-up strategies namely stretching (static [SS] or dynamic), vibration platforms (VP) or post-activation, in comparison to control conditions (e.g., mixed warm-up routines; no warm-up). The principal outcomes were centered on technical performance metrics (e.g., split, gymnastic jumps) and physical performance metrics (e.g., squat jump, coun-termovement jump, drop jump, balance, range of motion). Meth-odological assessments of the included studies were conducted using the Downs and Black Checklist. From the initial search across PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science databases, a total of 591 titles were retrieved, and 19 articles were ultimately incorporated in the analysis. The results revealed a non-significant differences (p > 0.05) between the SS condition and control conditions in squat jump performance, countermovement jump and gymnastic technical performance (e.g., split; split jump). Despite the difference in warm-up strategies and outcomes analyzed, the results suggest that there is no significant impairment of lower-limb power after SS. Additionally, technical elements dependent on flexibility appear to be enhanced by SS. Conversely, dynamic stretching and VP seem to be more effective for augmenting power-related and dynamic performance in gymnasts.
... To overcome the negative effects of SS, it has been recommended to replace SS with dynamic warm up in the warm up period. It is asserted by some researchers that the deliberate contractions to be made from a moderate level towards higher intensity such as dynamic warm up before the sportive performance activate the nerve-muscle function and may increase the power production and performance [2,16,29]. The dynamic warm up exercises are including the jumping and skipping on the lower and upper extremity. ...
... The dynamic warm up exercises are including the jumping and skipping on the lower and upper extremity. It has been asserted by the previous studies that the deliberate contraction to be made from a moderate level towards higher intensities such as dynamic warm up before the performance of an athletic activity activate the nerve-muscle function and the power production and performance will increase [4,17,29,36,38]. ...
... The most striking result of this study in which different warm up methods have been applied is that static stretching applied together with the dynamic warm up by the taekwondo practitioners is more efficient on the isokinetic leg strength. In the study, statistically meaningful results could not be found although an improvement has specified in the conducted studies that the deliberate contractions to be made from a moderate level towards higher intensity such as dynamic warm up activate the nerve-muscle function and may increase the power production and performance [29,35]. Thompsen et.al. ...
Performance in taekwondo sports depends on such factors as strength, speed, flexibility, technical as well as technical and tactical factors such as neuromuscular functions. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different warm up methods and static stretching performed with warm up on the lower extremity isokinetic strength. Twenty-six women taekwondo athletes (20.8±1.08years, 168.3 ±0.06 cm, 57.1±6.29 kg,) participated in the study. Three different warm up protocols were applied to the subjects in the study. First one is 10 min. Jogging (A). Second is dynamic warm up (B). Lastly dynamic warm up and static stretching exercises were applied (C). The Bonferroni multiple comparison test was applied as a statistical method to compare the data obtained during the study. A statistically significant difference in the Q (Quadriceps) values between at least two warming protocols was observed in comparing the mean values of the participants H (Hamstring), Q and R (Ratio) after different warm up protocols [F (2-81) = 5.56, p <0.05]. The effect size calculated as a result of the test (ƞ2 = 0.12) shows that this difference is at low level. Repeated-measures analyses of variance have been used as the statistical method in the conduction of the comparisons between the warm up protocols with the data attained from the study. It is seen that the most efficient method among the warm up protocols applied to the female taekwondo practitioners is static stretching combined with dynamic actions.
... To our knowledge, no other authors have examined the effects of different stretching volume on fitness performance of young basketball players. The decrease in motor performance skills linked to static and PNF stretching has been shown in a number of times in adults [6,7,10,15,18,21,23,24,25] and in children and adolescents [8,9,16,22]. However, the effects of different stretching volume involved in these studies have not been examined. ...
... The results of this study demonstrate a reduction in vertical jump performance following an acute bout of static and PNF stretching. Our results are consistent with those of other investigators who found negative effects of static and PNF stretching on vertical jump performance in children [13,16,22] and adults [4,6,7,23,25]. ...
... Also, the high-volume protocols showed a significantly greater impact than the low-volume protocols. Previously, it has been shown that sprint time (acceleration and velocity) decreased when the warm-up included static stretching [11,18,21,22]. Andrejić [2] studied the effects of static stretching on subsequent repeated sprint ability (RSA) and change of direction speed (CODS) performance. ...
The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of low-and high-volume static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching on fitness performance in young basketball players. Twenty-three healthy male basketball players (age, 13.6 ± 0.5 years old; weight, 60 ± 8.4 kg; height, 174.7 ± 7.5 cm; BMI, 19.6 ± 1.6; and basketball training experience 2.5 ± 0.5 years) performed 5 different warm-up protocols in randomly assigned order: (a) no stretching (NS), (b) low-volume static stretching (LVSS), (c) high-volume static stretching (HVSS), (d) low-volume PNF stretching (LVPNF), and (d) high-volume PNF stretching (HVPNF). The low-and high-volume protocols were completed with 2 and 4 sets of stretches respectively. Analysis of the data revealed that vertical jump, long jump and 4x15m standing start running performance declined significantly following LVSS, HVSS, LVPNF, HVPNF as compared to NS (p<0.05). Also, vertical jump, long jump and 4 x 15m standing start running performance were significantly reduced following HVSS as compared to LVSS (p<0.05). Vertical jump and 4 x 15m standing start running performance were significantly reduced following HVPNF as compared to LVPNF (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in flexibility following the 5 warm-up treatments. It appears that pre-performance static and PNF stretches (especially if they are high in volume) may negatively affect motor performance skills in young basketball players.
... As static stretching exercises are used during warm-up activities, they may cause different acute effects on certain conditional and coordinative capabilities. For example, certain studies have indicated that the effects of stretching exercises are detrimental to the isometric and isotonic strength performance, running speed, jump height, and muscular strength endurance of athletes (Cramer et al., 2004(Cramer et al., , 2005McNeal and Sands, 2003;Siatras et al., 2003). In addition, stretching exercises can negatively affect balance, reaction and movement time (Behm et al., 2004), and these effects were shown to last for up to 1 hour depending on various neurological (Cramer et al., 2004(Cramer et al., , 2005Fowles et al., 2000) and mechanical (Fowles et al., 2000) factors. ...
... Our results are in line with the findings of other studies in that no reductions were observed related to strength and power (Alpkaya and Koceja, 2007;Egan et al., 2006, Handrakis et al., 2010, Unick et al., 2005, Winke et al., 2010, Yamaguchi et al., 2006, balance (Behm et al., 2004), speed (Little andWilliams, 2006) and reaction time (Alpkaya and Koceja, 2007) at the acute stage following the application of static stretching exercises. On the other hand, the results of our study differ from the findings of other studies, which have reported that static stretching creates negative acute effects on muscle performance (Behm et al., 2004, Cramer et al., 2004McNeal and, Sands, 2003;Siatras et al., 2003). However, it should be noted that, to our knowledge, the present study was the first to be performed in water. ...
... However, there are conflicting results concerning their use, particularly during the warm-up process. Researchers have suggested that these stretches decrease (Behm et al., 2004, Cramer et al., 2004McNeal and, Sands, 2003;Siatras et al., 2003) or do not change (Alpkaya and Koceja, 2007;Egan et al., 2006, Handrakis et al., 2010, Unick et al., 2005, Winke et al., 2010, Yamaguchi et al., 2006 balance or muscular and athletic performance on dry land. These conflicting results demonstrate the need for further studies examining the relationship between stretching duration and performance. ...
... Athletic trainers and rehabilitation professionals may recommend that their athletes or patients stretch before performing strengthening exercises or strength assessment tests. However, authors of systematic reviews (46,42) and many original studies have suggested that pre-exercise stretching may temporarily compromise a muscle's ability to produce force (29,40). Numerous studies have demonstrated that traditional static stretching actually decreases performance in activities that require strength, speed, and power (1,14,24,32,34,42,50). ...
... However, authors of systematic reviews (46,42) and many original studies have suggested that pre-exercise stretching may temporarily compromise a muscle's ability to produce force (29,40). Numerous studies have demonstrated that traditional static stretching actually decreases performance in activities that require strength, speed, and power (1,14,24,32,34,42,50). Depth-jump performance, a good indicator of power output, has been shown to be significantly reduced after static stretching (9,24) as has vertical-jump height (50). ...
... In terms of dynamic movement, Nelson et al. (32) found that after acute three different stretching exercises of the quadriceps muscle, decreases in isokinetic knee extension peak torque of 7,2% and 4,5% occurred at 1,05 and 1,57 rad × s -1 , respectively, with no significant effects at higher velocities. Siatras et al. (42) found that gymnasts mean speed during the run of vault significantly decreased after the application of the SS protocol. They revealed the inhibitory role of an acute SS on running speed in young gymnasts. ...
The purpose of this case study was to describe the acute
effects of contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
(CRPNF) and static stretching (SS) on hamstring flexibility,
vertical jump performance and electromyography (EMG) of
vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM) and gastrocnemius
(GAS) in two sedantary males. Each participant completed 8
activities: warm-up, pre-stretching range of motion (ROM) of hip,
pre-stretching countermovement jump (CMJ), pre-stretching
EMG recording, CRPNF or SS procedure, post-stretching ROM
of hip, post-stretching CMJ and post-stretching EMG recording.
The results of this study revealed that there were no significant
increases in ROM of hip (25,34% and 24,19%) and no significant
decreases in CMJ (-8,67% and -8,17%), EMG activities of VL
(-12,52% and -29,34%), VM (-13,02% and -32,80%) and GAS
(-20,63% and -24,81%) following CRPNF and SS. There were no
significant differences were found between both experimental
groups for all variables (p > 0,05). It was concluded that CRPNF
ans SS resulted in similar changes of ROM of the hip joint, CMJ
and EMG activities of VL, VM and GAS muscles in sedantary
males.
... However, there is limited evidence regarding the effects of acute stretching or long-term flexibility training with prolonged single or repeated stretches on ROM in young athletes [13,18]. Moreover, it is unknown whether the negative acute effects of static stretching on vertical jumping performance (CMJ) in preadolescent and adolescent athletes [19,20] can be modified by long-term flexibility training. ...
... Notably, the improvements of ROM and CMJ were maintained into detraining.Although a substantial body of research demonstrated that prolonged static stretching generally induces moderate (~5%) performance impairments in adults[3], evidence is sparse in developing athletes[10,13,24] and there is little information, regarding the effects of stretching variables on subsequent performance. The limited number of previous studies in youth athletes have reported a decrease in CMJ measured immediately after static stretching[19,20]. However, the results of the present study indicated that there was no decrease in single-leg CMJ, in the stretched compared to the non-stretched limb, 2 min post-stretching, irrespective of stretching protocol. ...
This study examined the acute and long-term effects of two static stretching protocols of equal duration, performed either as a single stretch or multiple shorter duration repetitions on hip hyperextension range of motion (ROM) and single leg countermovement jump height (CMJ). Thirty female gymnasts were randomly assigned to stretching (SG) or control groups (CG). The SG performed two different protocols of static
stretching, three times per week for 9 weeks. One leg performed repeated stretching (3 × 30 s with 30 s rest) while the other leg performed a single stretch (90 s). The CG continued regular training. ROM and CMJ were measured pre- and 2 min post-stretching on weeks 0, 3, 6, 9, and 3 weeks into detraining. CMJ height increased over time irrespective of group (main effect time, p = 0.001), with no statistical difference between groups (main effect group, p = 0.272). Three-way ANOVA showed that, CMJ height after stretching was not affected by either stretching protocol at any time point (p = 0.503 to 0.996). Both stretching protocols equally increased ROM on weeks 6 (10.9 ± 13.4%, p < 0.001, d = 0.42), and 9 (21.5 ± 13.4%, p < 0.001, d = 0.78), and this increase was maintained during detraining (17.0 ± 15.0%, p < 0.001, d = 0.68). No increase in ROM
was observed in the CG (p > 0.874). Static stretching of long duration applied either as single or multiple bouts of equal duration, results in similar acute and long-term improvements in ROM. Furthermore, both stretching protocols do not acutely affect subsequent CMJ performance, and this effect is not influenced by the large increase in ROM and CMJ overtime.
... Mesmo diante deste fato, esta prática ainda permanece extremamente popular no cotidiano de inúmeras modalidades esportivas, com destaque para o futebol. Característica importante para determinadas ações dentro dessa modalidade [6], o desempenho de força explosiva, expresso por meio de corridas de alta intensidade e curta distância (sprint), também parece ser reduzido como conseqüência da aplicação dos exercícios de alongamento estático [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Algumas dessas investigações [7,9,12] [15], as variáveis que expressam valores de confi abilidade absoluta, tais como erro típico da medida (ETM) e os limites de concordância de Bland-Altman, são mais apropriadas para determinar a precisão das medidas e, consequentemente, para interpretação de achados associados a elas. ...
... De fato, as rotinas aplicadas na maior parte dos estudos apresentados anteriormente são muito semelhantes àquelas adotadas no cotidiano de diferentes práticas esportivas. Séries simples e múltiplas de exercícios de alongamento com duração de 20 s [8,14] e 30 s [10,11,13] parecem exercer efeitos discretos, contudo signifi cativos, sobre o desempenho do sprint. ...
O presente estudo investigou os efeitos de duas rotinas de alongamento estático de curta duração – 15 s e 30 s – sobre o desempenho do sprint de jogadores de futebol profissional. Vinte e cinco atletas, alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos, foram submetidos ao teste de velocidade de 50 metros (TV50) em duas condições. Na condição CON, o TV50 foi determinado logo após uma rotina de aquecimento típica da prática do futebol. Na condição AE, além do aquecimento específico, o TV50 foi precedido por rotinas de alongamento estático com duração de 15 s (Gr15) ou 30 s (Gr30). O TV50 demonstrou alta confiabilidade com CCI de 0,960 (P = 0,000), erro técnico da medida de 0,10 s e 1,62 % e ausência de erro heterocedástico. Uma ANOVA com medidas repetidas não identificou interação grupo x teste, porém, encontrou aumentos significativos no TV50 de ambos os grupos (Gr15: ↑7,5 %, p = 0,000; Gr30: ↑6,8%, p = 0,000). Os resultados sugerem que rotinas de alongamento, mesmo de curta duração, realizadas antes de uma corrida de velocidade, promovem uma diminuição no desempenho. Sendo assim, da mesma maneira como nas tarefas nas quais a força/potência são variáveis determinantes do desempenho, o alongamento estático não deve preceder atividades em que a velocidade é uma das variáveis principais ao desempenho de excelência.Palavras-chave: exercícios de alongamento muscular, flexibilidade, potência, esportes
... In the first one they performed 5 min general warm-up and static stretching in the legs, in the second program they executed 5 min general warm and active stretches and in the third program they executed only general warm-up 5 min. The results showed a significant decrease in the performance when static stretching was preceded, while no inhibitory effect was observed with active stretching 6 . Fletcher and Jones examined the effect of four different stretching methods on the performance of free running speed to amateur rugby athletes. ...
... However, Kokkonen et al. measured an improvement in flexibility and 20 m sprint performance after the application of a chronic 10-week intervention program of static stretching of lower extremities 10 . It is clear that acute stretching negatively affects sprint performance [6][7][8][9] , while a chronic static stretching protocol maybe beneficial 10 . Considering the fact that the aforementioned stretching protocols have duration of 45 sec up to 1 hour for each muscle group and, though, are not used i.e. by football players before their sport activity 11,12 , it would be of interest to examine whether the duration of stretching plays a role in the performance of free running speed. ...
Introduction:
Athletic performance is the result ofthe interaction of various factors. The flexibility ofthe joints plays an important role in athletic per-formance. The effect of static and dynamicstretching on physical performance has beenstudied, but with no mention to variable duration.This study aims to examine the effect of durationof acute static and dynamic stretching on sprintperformance, in terms of speed and flexibility.
Methods: Seventeen football players (mean age15.9±0.8 years) participated in the study. All per-formed three static stretching protocols and threedynamic stretching protocols with variant duration,in six different training days with random order.The static and dynamic stretching protocols, last-ing 20 seconds each, were performed in three dif-ferent sets of repetition: 1x20 sec (volume 20 s),2x20 sec (volume 40 s) and 3x20 sec (volume 60 s).Range of motion was determined during hip flexion,extension and abduction, knee flexion and ankledorsiflexion using a goniometer. Five pairs of pho-tocells at various distances (0 m, 5 m, 10 m, 20 mand 30 m) were used for speed evaluation. Results: Sprint performance remained unchangedat the whole distance of 30 m after dynamicstretching for 20, 40 and 60 s. Static stretching for40 and 60 s the sprint performance decreased(p<0.05), while it remained unchanged for the first20 meters (m) and decreased in the last 10 m,when the stretching duration was 20 s. Indepen-dently from duration static and dynamic stretch-ing increased joint flexibility. Conclusion: The findings indicate that dynamicstretching does not influence sprint performance,independently of the duration (20-60 s). However,static stretching performed for more than 20 s(40-60 s) seems to decrease sprint speed. Bothstatic and dynamic stretching improves joint flexi-bility, in a way irrelevant to duration. Level of evidence: IIa.KEY WORDS: static stretching, dynamic stretching,duration, range of motion, sprint performance, footballplayers.
... There are some studies that show that static stretching decreases the strength and speed performance in non-disabled athletes as an acute effect. [28][29][30][31] Conclusions These results show that there is no acute effect of static stretching to free kick performance after low intensity runs in amputee athletes. Although static stretching has no effect on free kick performance, dynamic warm-up exercises should be useful to increase free kick performance. ...
... Un ulteriore risultato importante di questa ricerca è che lo stretching statico non produce alcun effetto sulla velocità dei calci piazzati dei giocatori amputati. Esistono studi che dimostrano come lo stretching statico, come effetto acuto, diminuisca le prestazioni di resistenza e velocità degli atleti non disabili [28][29][30][31] . ...
BACKGROUND: There are studies documenting the detrimental effects of static stretching and useful effects of dynamic exercises. However, there is no study which has researched the acute effects of different warm-up exercises on free kick performances in amputee soccer. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of static stretching and dynamic warm-up exercise on free kick performance in amputee soccer players.
METHODS: Twelve amputee soccer players playing for the national team (mean age 28±7 years) were investigated in our study. This study was designed to determine the acute effects of 3 different warm-up (WU) methods static stretching (SS), dynamic exercises (DYN) and control (NS) on anaerobic performance (free kick speed performance).
RESULTS: Although significant differences (P<0.001) were found for DYN and NS when the free kick speed levels of the soccer players were compared pre and post-test; no obvious difference (P>0.05) was found for SS. The data shows that there is a significant increase in free kick speed for DYN and NS according to pre and post-tests results.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that it may be desirable for amputee soccer players to perform dynamic exercises before performing activities that require a high power output.
KEY WORDS: Amputees - Football - Muscle stretching exercises - Warm-up exercise
... In the first one they performed 5 min general warm-up and static stretching in the legs, in the second program they executed 5 min general warm and active stretches and in the third program they executed only general warm-up 5 min. The results showed a significant decrease in the performance when static stretching was preceded, while no inhibitory effect was observed with active stretching 6 . Fletcher and Jones examined the effect of four different stretching methods on the performance of free running speed to amateur rugby athletes. ...
... However, Kokkonen et al. measured an improvement in flexibility and 20 m sprint performance after the application of a chronic 10-week intervention program of static stretching of lower extremities 10 . It is clear that acute stretching negatively affects sprint performance [6][7][8][9] , while a chronic static stretching protocol maybe beneficial 10 . Considering the fact that the aforementioned stretching protocols have duration of 45 sec up to 1 hour for each muscle group and, though, are not used i.e. by football players before their sport activity 11,12 , it would be of interest to examine whether the duration of stretching plays a role in the performance of free running speed. ...
Introduction: Athletic performance is the result of the interaction of various factors. The flexibility of the joints plays an important role in athletic performance. The effect of static and dynamic stretching on physical performance has been studied, but with no mention to variable duration. This study aims to examine the effect of duration of acute static and dynamic stretching on sprint performance, in terms of speed and flexibility. Methods: Seventeen football players (mean age 15.9±0.8 years) participated in the study. All performed three static stretching protocols and three dynamic stretching protocols with variant duration, in six different training days with random order. The static and dynamic stretching protocols, lasting 20 seconds each, were performed in three different sets of repetition: 1x20 sec (volume 20 s), 2x20 sec (volume 40 s) and 3x20 sec (volume 60 s). Range of motion was determined during hip flexion, extension and abduction, knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion using a goniometer. Five pairs of photocells at various distances (0 m, 5 m, 10 m, 20 m and 30 m) were used for speed evaluation. Results: Sprint performance remained unchanged at the whole distance of 30 m after dynamic stretching for 20, 40 and 60 s. Static stretching for 40 and 60 s the sprint performance decreased (p<0.05), while it remained unchanged for the first 20 meters (m) and decreased in the last 10 m, when the stretching duration was 20 s. Independently from duration static and dynamic stretching increased joint flexibility. Conclusion: The findings indicate that dynamic stretching does not influence sprint performance, independently of the duration (20-60 s). However, static stretching performed for more than 20 s (40-60 s) seems to decrease sprint speed. Both static and dynamic stretching improves joint flexibility, in a way irrelevant to duration. Level of evidence: IIa. © 2018, CIC Edizioni Internazionali s.r.l. All rights reserved.
... Gerdirme egzersizleri de spora katılım ve hazırlık için ısınma formlarından biri olduğundan dolayı, bu egzersizlerin sportif performansa etkileri antrenörler ve sporcular için önemli bir düşünce olmuştur (13). Isınma ve gerdirme egzersizlerinin, sporcuların fiziksel aktiviteden önce kas iskelet sistemlerini aktiviteye hazırlama aracı olarak kabul edildiği (14), aynı zamanda sakatlanma ve performans üzerine muhtemel etkileri nedeniyle de fitnes ve egzersiz ısınmalarının önemli bir parçası olduğu ifade edilmektedir (15). Shelloc ve Prentice (5), ısınma ve gerdirme egzersizlerinin kas tendon ve bağların vizkositesini azaltabildiği, bunun sonucu olarak da eklem hareket genişliğini artırarak kas ve eklem yaralanmalarının kısıtlandığını belirtmişlerdir. ...
... Shelloc ve Prentice (5), ısınma ve gerdirme egzersizlerinin kas tendon ve bağların vizkositesini azaltabildiği, bunun sonucu olarak da eklem hareket genişliğini artırarak kas ve eklem yaralanmalarının kısıtlandığını belirtmişlerdir. Statik, dinamik yada PNF germe teknikleri kullanılarak yapılan gerdirme egzersizlerinin eklem hareketliliğini arttırmaya pozitif etkilerinin olduğunu (16)(17)(18)(19), hareketlilik artışının kas sakatlıklarının azalmasıyla sonuçlandığını (5,20), ve daha iyi bir sportif performansa (14) neden olduğunu destekleyen çalışmalar mevcuttur. ...
This study aims to find out the effects of 4 different warm up cycles on women's flexibility and the joint range of motion. Forty-one healthy students from the School of Physical Education at Gazi University have voluntarily participated in this study. Participants were divided into four different groups and their heart rate (HR), hip flexion, knee flexion and flexibility test values were measured.
In statistical analysis, SPSS Version 13,0 was used. Paired sample t- test was used in individual group evaluations and One-Way-Anova test was conducted for intergroup evaluations. HR and knee flexion values in group A (Dynamic Exercise) and group B (Dynamic Exercise and Jumping) showed significant difference in pre-test and post-test measurements. Similarly, flexibility, knee and hip flexion values of Group C (Stretching) were significant in pretest and post-test measurements. In group D (Massage) statistically significant results were found only in the flexibility values. Comparing groups, statistically significant differences in post-test were found between groups A-B, B-C, A-C, A-D and B-D in terms of HR values; between A-C, B-C and C-D in terms of hip flexion and finally between A-D, B-D and C-D in terms of knee flexion. As a result, of four different warm-up protocols, stretching for 15 seconds following a five-minute jogging was found to be the most effective on joint range of motion.
... During sprint running, velocity or agility, most studies reported performance enhancements [39, 44, 55, 57, 59, 64-66, 69, 70, 72, 81-83] or no adverse effects [29,116,122,123]. Nevertheless, some have reported an impairment of the 20-m sprint velocity [42,57,88]. ...
... Additionally, dynamic warm-up (DWU) includes single joint dynamic stretching (like flexion and extension of the hip), often paired with multiple joint dynamic stretches (like squat or lunge), running drills [66], agility and plyometric activities, and specific motor pattern movements [102]. Standing upright stretching has shown neutral [29,55,61,79,80,84,89,92,99,114,116,119,121,123,124] or positive [52,53,56,61,62,67,70,71,74] effects on subsequent performance. While walking, dynamic stretching has mainly demonstrated positive effects [39,45,50,55,57,59,60,63,64,68,69,72,87,100]. ...
Stretching has long been used in many physical activities to increase range of motion (ROM) around a joint. Stretching also has other acute effects on the neuromuscular system. For instance, significant reductions in maximal voluntary strength, muscle power or evoked contractile properties have been recorded immediately after a single bout of static stretching, raising interest in other stretching modalities. Thus, the effects of dynamic stretching on subsequent muscular performance have been questioned. This review aimed to investigate performance and physiological alterations following dynamic stretching. There is a substantial amount of evidence pointing out the positive effects on ROM and subsequent performance (force, power, sprint and jump). The larger ROM would be mainly attributable to reduced stiffness of the muscle-tendon unit, while the improved muscular performance to temperature and potentiation-related mechanisms caused by the voluntary contraction associated with dynamic stretching. Therefore, if the goal of a warm-up is to increase joint ROM and to enhance muscle force and/or power, dynamic stretching seems to be a suitable alternative to static stretching. Nevertheless, numerous studies reporting no alteration or even performance impairment have highlighted possible mitigating factors (such as stretch duration, amplitude or velocity). Accordingly, ballistic stretching, a form of dynamic stretching with greater velocities, would be less beneficial than controlled dynamic stretching. Notwithstanding, the literature shows that inconsistent description of stretch procedures has been an important deterrent to reaching a clear consensus. In this review, we highlight the need for future studies reporting homogeneous, clearly described stretching protocols, and propose a clarified stretching terminology and methodology.
... Vault is also one of the abilities of gymnastics in which several factors such as sprinting, motion control and balance are important and a significant relationship exists between these factors and better performance on vault (9). Siatras et al., (2003) reported that speed performance before jump on the vault is significantly reduced by static stretching (10). ...
... Vault is also one of the abilities of gymnastics in which several factors such as sprinting, motion control and balance are important and a significant relationship exists between these factors and better performance on vault (9). Siatras et al., (2003) reported that speed performance before jump on the vault is significantly reduced by static stretching (10). ...
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate between sway parameters of center of pressure in
static and dynamic balance indices with eyes closed after four weeks static warm up in skilled gymnast
athletes.
Material and Methods: In this study, 16 skilled female gymnasts (with mean age 9.62±1.45 years) were
randomly categorized into two groups: general warm-up (control), general warm-up and static stretching.
The first protocol included a 10 minute jogging, and the other group was tested for static stretch (SS) during
4 weeks and three times a week. Before and after four weeks the activity, the indicators of the equilibrium
of anterior-posterior and internal-external pressure fluctuations range, and track length of the anteriorposterior
and
internal-external
pressure
center
in
four
static
and
dynamic
situations
(both
with
one
leg,
and
with
two
legs)
were
investigated
using
a
dynamometer
system
equipped
with
7
cameras
and
Kistler
force
plate.
Results:
The
results
showed
a significant
increase
in
static
balance
with
both
feet
and
a
feet
by
removing
visual
input
in
a
state
of
equilibrium
with
static
warm-up
protocol
after
four
weeks
(P=0.001),
But
dynamic
balance
on
two
legs
and
one
foot
with
static
warm-up
protocol
was
significantly
decreased
after
four
weeks
(P=0.001,
P=0.005,
respectively).
Conclusion:
The results may indicate that long duration static stretch exercises can improve static
balance with both feet and a foot in gymnast athletes, but long duration static stretch exercises may disturb
the function of the dynamic balance and so may cause sport injuries in athletics.
Key Words: Warm up Exercise, Postural Balance, Athletes, Athletic injuries
... Vault is also one of the abilities of gymnastics in which several factors such as sprinting, motion control and balance are important and a significant relationship exists between these factors and better performance on vault (9). Siatras et al., (2003) reported that speed performance before jump on the vault is significantly reduced by static stretching (10). ...
... Vault is also one of the abilities of gymnastics in which several factors such as sprinting, motion control and balance are important and a significant relationship exists between these factors and better performance on vault (9). Siatras et al., (2003) reported that speed performance before jump on the vault is significantly reduced by static stretching (10). ...
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short and long-term static warm up protocol on static and dynamic balance and motor performance of gymnast athletes. Methods: In this study, 16 skilled female gymnasts (with mean age of 9.62 ± 1.45 years) were randomly categorized to two groups (general warm-up (control), general warm-up and static stretching). The first protocol included a 10-minute jogging, and the other group was tested for Static Stretch (SS) during four weeks, three times a week. The stretched body parts were the hamstrings, the gluteus, the quadriceps and hip flexors, and the lower back and shoulder. Each body part was stretched two times to the point of slightly painful yet tolerable muscle discomfort, for the duration of 15 seconds. Before and after acute protocol and also after four weeks, the indicators of the equilibrium of anterior-posterior and internal-external pressure fluctuations range, and track length of the anterior-posterior and internal-external pressure center were evaluated by a force plate in four static and dynamic unilateral and bilateral standing positions. Results: Results of this study showed that static stretching has a significant effect on decreasing in performance of balance the vault in the chronic compared to acute phase (P = 0.001). The results also revealed that there was no significant difference in static and dynamic balance with both legs in the SS group in the acute phase compared to the chronic phase (P ≥ 0.05). However, dynamic balance on single leg with SS was significantly decreased after four weeks (P = 0.001). Conclusions: The results may indicate that long duration static stretch exercises can improve static balance with both legs and a single leg in gymnast athletes, yet on the other hand, long duration static stretch exercises may disturb the function of the dynamic balance and so may cause sport injuries in athletics.
... Second, ballistic stretching is performed with rhythmic bouncing, bobbing, and rebounding movements that repeatedly produce high levels of tension very rapidly. Because muscletendon unit injuries can be caused by a high rate of tension development (136,176), ballistic stretching maneuvers may cause injury to the muscles, tendons, or ligaments being stretched (1, 33, 67); however, this has not been demonstrated in the literature and is still used in some studies (131,156,167) for comparative purposes. Finally, ballistic stretching is known to elicit the myotatic reflex to a greater degree than other modes of stretching (33,58), which further increases the magnitude and rate of tension within the muscle-tendon unit. ...
... Indeed, Shrier (153) pointed out that 7 studies (34,62,75,79,88,179,180) have indicated that regular stretching increases performance and that 6 of these studies (34,75,79,88,179,180) included static stretching. However, many studies (7,12,13,23,25,26,41,45,46,116,123,129,130,141,153,156,182,184) have reported decreases in performance as a result of static stretching performed before performance testing, whereas other studies (92,93,97,167,181) have indicated that preactivity stretching may have no effect on performance. Furthermore, running economy seems to be inversely proportional to flexibility (24,54), indicating that runners who are less flexible are more economical, yet chronic flexibility training with static stretching has been shown to have no impact on running economy (132). ...
summary: This column will discuss the efficacy of flexibility training to gain a better understanding of how flexibility affects athletic performance and injury rates.
... Hence, optimal and proper exercise training plans for children are essential. Before gymnastics training or competition for children, coaches, trainers, or physical educators ask and encourage them to perform some type of warm-up program since warm-up is one of the activities that has been shown to enhance skill performance and prevent injury (4)(5)(6)(7). ...
Background: Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a novel warm-up method shown to improve sports performance. This study aimed to investigate the acute impact of this method on semi-dynamic balance while walking on the balance beam among female gymnasts aged 9–12 in Kerman city. Methods: Twenty healthy gymnasts volunteered to participate (height: 138.1±5.04 cm; mass: 40.7±3.12 kg) and were randomly divided into two equal sub-groups. The two groups attended the laboratory on two separate days, 48 hours apart. On the first day, the first sub-group performed a general warm-up (GWU), while the second sub-group performed a PAP warm-up. On the second day, the first sub-group switched to a PAP warm-up, and the second sub-group switched to a GWU. After the warm-up, the subjects took a two-minute rest, and then they walked on the balance beam while their movements were recorded using six motion analyzer cameras that captured the kinematic data of the shoulder, thigh, knee, and ankle joints. The data were processed using a low-pass Butterworth filter and analyzed using one-way ANOVA and paired t tests. Results: The results showed significant differences in shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle joint positions in proximal-distal movements following GWU and PAP warm-ups (P≤0.001). In addition, PAP caused a significant decrease in shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle joint positions in medial-lateral movements compared to GWU (P≤0.001, P≤0.001, P≤0.038, P≤0.001, respectively). Conclusion: PAP warm-up positively affects semi-dynamic balance factors in gymnasts. Given the importance of balance in gymnastics, PAP warm-up is recommended to improve sports performance.
... those lacking pre-post comparisons (e.g., 15,16,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. Moreover, while Simic et al. 13 highlighted how previous literature reviews did not use an appropriate statistical tool to quantify the effects, the authors neither accounted for multiple study outcomes by using multilevel calculation models nor considered unknown origins of variance by using robust variance estimation calculation models. ...
When recommending avoidance of static stretching prior to athletic performance, authors and practitioners commonly refer to available systematic reviews. However, effect sizes in previous reviews were in major parts extracted from studies lacking control conditions and/or pre-post testing designs. Also, currently available reviews conducted the calculations without accounting for multiple study outcomes, with effect sizes (ES)=-0.03 – 0.1 that would commonly be classified trivial. Since new meta-analytical software and controlled research articles arose since 2013, we revisited the available literature and performed a multilevel meta-analysis using robust variance estimation of controlled pre-post trials to provide updated evidence of the current state of literature. Furthermore, previous research described reduced EMG activity – also attributable to fatiguing training routines – as being responsible for decreased subsequent performance. The second part of this study opposed stretching and alternative interventions sufficient to induce general fatigue to examine if static stretching induces higher performance losses compared to other exercise routines. Including n=83 studies with more than 400 effect sizes from 2012 participants, our results indicate a significant, small ES for a static stretch-induced maximal strength loss (ES=-0.21, p=0.003), with high magnitude ES (ES=-0.84, p=0.004) for ≥60s stretching durations per bout when compared to passive controls. When opposed to active controls, the maximal strength loss ranges between ES=-0.17 – -0.28, p<0.001 – 0.04 with mostly no to small heterogeneity. However, stretching did not negatively influence athletic performance in general – neither when compared to passive nor active controls – while even a positive effect on subsequent jumping performance (ES=0.15, p=0.006) was found in adults. Regarding strength testing of isolated muscles (e.g., leg extensions or calf raises), our results confirm previous findings. Nevertheless, since no (or even positive) effects could be found for athletic performance, our results do not support previous recommendations to exclude static stretching from warm-up routines prior to, e.g., jumping or sprinting.
... Sport-specific performance tests were applied in only 38 trials (12.7%) across 17 sports: archery [334], artistic gymnastics [53, 166,209,243,313], badminton [229], baseball [190], Brazilian jiu-jitsu [115], handball [239,258], fencing [331], ice hockey [288] [199], tennis [184,238], track and field [283], and volleyball [114,132,[279][280][281]. Figure 6 shows the EGM that synthesizes the patterns and gaps that were previously identified. Beyond visually conveying the information in a user-friendly manner, some data are shown with a slightly different perspective to avoid redundancy with the previously presented figures. ...
Background
Stretching has garnered significant attention in sports sciences, resulting in numerous studies. However, there is no comprehensive overview on investigation of stretching in healthy athletes.
Objectives
To perform a systematic scoping review with an evidence gap map of stretching studies in healthy athletes, identify current gaps in the literature, and provide stakeholders with priorities for future research.
Methods
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 and PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed. We included studies comprising healthy athletes exposed to acute and/or chronic stretching interventions. Six databases were searched (CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) until 1 January 2023. The relevant data were narratively synthesized; quantitative data summaries were provided for key data items. An evidence gap map was developed to offer an overview of the existing research and relevant gaps.
Results
Of ~ 220,000 screened records, we included 300 trials involving 7080 athletes [mostly males (~ 65% versus ~ 20% female, and ~ 15% unreported) under 36 years of age; tiers 2 and 3 of the Participant Classification Framework] across 43 sports. Sports requiring extreme range of motion (e.g., gymnastics) were underrepresented. Most trials assessed the acute effects of stretching, with chronic effects being scrutinized in less than 20% of trials. Chronic interventions averaged 7.4 ± 5.1 weeks and never exceeded 6 months. Most trials (~ 85%) implemented stretching within the warm-up, with other application timings (e.g., post-exercise) being under-researched. Most trials examined static active stretching (62.3%), followed by dynamic stretching (38.3%) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching (12.0%), with scarce research on alternative methods (e.g., ballistic stretching). Comparators were mostly limited to passive controls, with ~ 25% of trials including active controls (e.g., strength training). The lower limbs were primarily targeted by interventions (~ 75%). Reporting of dose was heterogeneous in style (e.g., 10 repetitions versus 10 s for dynamic stretching) and completeness of information (i.e., with disparities in the comprehensiveness of the provided information). Most trials (~ 90%) reported performance-related outcomes (mainly strength/power and range of motion); sport-specific outcomes were collected in less than 15% of trials. Biomechanical, physiological, and neural/psychological outcomes were assessed sparsely and heterogeneously; only five trials investigated injury-related outcomes.
Conclusions
There is room for improvement, with many areas of research on stretching being underexplored and others currently too heterogeneous for reliable comparisons between studies. There is limited representation of elite-level athletes (~ 5% tier 4 and no tier 5) and underpowered sample sizes (≤ 20 participants). Research was biased toward adult male athletes of sports not requiring extreme ranges of motion, and mostly assessed the acute effects of static active stretching and dynamic stretching during the warm-up. Dose–response relationships remain largely underexplored. Outcomes were mostly limited to general performance testing. Injury prevention and other effects of stretching remain poorly investigated. These relevant research gaps should be prioritized by funding policies.
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... Özellikle servikal hareket açıklığı bize boyun fonksiyonunu ölçen bir başka yaygın olarak kullanılan ve önemli klinik bir sonuç ölçüsü sağladığı bilinen bir unsur olarak bilinmektedir (Howell, 2011). Genel sağlığın yanında sporcularda EHA'nın arttırılmasıyla pozitif etkiler sağlanabileceği ve daha iyi bir sportif performansın elde edilebileceği vurgulanmıştır (Siatras, 2003;Menek, 2021). EHA, performansın ve hareket genişliğinin artırılmasının yanı sıra yaralanmaların önlenmesinde de önemlidir (Marek, 2005;Bieze, 2006 ...
Eklem hareket açıklığı (EHA) eklem etrafında gerçekleşen hareketlerin ölçümü olarak bilinmektedir. EHA’nın hem genel sağlık için hem de fiziksel performans için önemli bir yere sahip olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Genel sağlığı, yaşam kalitesini ve fiziksel performansı bu kadar yakından ilgilendiren EHA’nın hangi faktörlerden etkilendiği, nasıl ölçüldüğü, nasıl geliştirilebileceği ve sportif performansta sahip olduğu özel konumunun irdelenip açıklanması bu derleme çalışmasının araştırma konusu olmuştur. Çalışmada herhangi bir yayın yılı kısıtlamasına gidilmeden, ‘’EHA, EHA geliştirme, EHA ve sağlık, EHA ve performans’’ anahtar kelimeleri Türkçe ve İngilizce olarak kullanılarak; Scopus, PubMed ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarından gerekli literatür taranmıştır. Ulaşılan çalışma sonuçlarından hareketle EHA’nın yaş, cinsiyet, obezite ve bazı hastalık durumlarından etkilendiği, EHA’yı geliştirmek için uygulanan ve geliştirilmeye devam edilen farklı stratejilerin olduğu görülmektedir. EHA’nın geliştirilmesinin bireylerin günlük yaşam aktivitelerini yerine getirebilmeleri ve yaşam kalitelerinin arttırılması için önemli bir unsur olduğu söylenebilir. Bunun yanı sıra sporcularda performansı arttırmak ve sakatlıklardan korunmak için göz ardı edilmemesi gereken bir bileşen olduğu da aşikardır. Bununla birlikte en etkili EHA stratejilerinin hangileri olduğu ve spor branşlarına göre optimal EHA uygulamalarının neler olduğuna yönelik daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
... Se ha comprobado así, que la velocidad de carrera, también se reduce luego de estiramientos estáticos mantenidos (Siatras et al. 2003), reduciéndose incluso el rendimiento en ejercicios anaeróbicos y ejercicios aeróbicos de larga duración (Wilson et al. 2010). ...
- El sistema nervioso se divide estructuralmente en dos partes
- Neuronas aferentes y eferentes
- El Sistema nervioso se divide Funcionalmente en dos partes
- CÉLULAS DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO
- SISTEMA NERVIOSO AUTÓNOMO
- SISTEMA NERVIOSO CENTRAL
- Médula espinal
- Movimiento Automatizado o Hábito Motor
- SISTEMA NERVIOSO PERIFÉRICO
- RESPUESTAS REFLEJAS
- Reflejo miotático, tendinoso o de estiramiento
- Reflejo miotático inverso o de inhibición autogénica
- SISTEMA PROPIOCEPTIVO
- Sentido Kinestésico
- Entrenamiento propioceptivo
- Lesión articular y propiocepción
- El reflejo miotático en el entrenamiento pliométrico
- Ley de inhibición recíproca o inervación recíproca (Sherrington)
- Facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva (FNP)
- UNIDAD MOTORA
- Principio del “todo o nada”
- Ley de Henneman o principio de tamaño
- GENERACIÓN Y TRANSMISIÓN DEL IMPULSO NERVIOSO
- Fisiología de la sinapsis química
- ANATOMÍA Y FISIOLOGÍA DE LA MICROESTRUCTURA
MUSCULAR
- Fisiología de la contracción muscular
- Longitud del sarcómero y producción de fuerza
- Insuficiencia Activa
- HIPONATREMIA
- ADAPTACIONES NEUROLÓGICAS AL ENTRENAMIENTO
- Tono muscular
- Pérdida de fuerza
... Looking at the literature, some researchers found that there was a decrease in sprint speed after applying static stretching between 6 sprint repetitions in their study with 12 male team athletes (Beckett et al., 2009). In a study, acute effects on 15 m running speed before jumping were investigated static and dynamic stretching exercises performed in gymnasts and as a result, it has been reported that static stretching negatively affects running speed especially in 5-10 m and 10-15 m (Siatras et al., 2003). Little & Williams (2005) found that static stretching exercises did not affect the 10 m speed and agility performance negatively in their study with 106 professional football players, and Saoulidis et al. (2010) also found that static stretching exercises did not affect the 20 m sprint performance in their study with handball players. ...
Objective: to investigate the acute effects of five different stretching protocols applied during the warm-up on speed and agility. Method: the sample group consisted of 30 male participants. Participants performed five different stretching models during the warm-up on five non-consecutive days. Performance tests were performed without stretching (NS) and as static (SG), dynamic (DG), static+dynamic (SDG) and dynamic+static (DSG) after 5 minutes of jogging. Sprint and agility tests were applied after each stretching exercise. Repeated Measures ANOVA test was performed to determine the effect of five different stretching exercises on speed and agility. Results: the differences between the protocols were as follows NS with DS, SS with DS, DS with SDS, DS with DSS, SDS with DSS in 10 m (p<0,05). Besides, there appears to be a statistical difference between NS with DS, SS with DS, DS with SDS, DS with DSS in 20 m (p<0,05). There is a statistical difference between NS with DS, SS with DS, DS with SDS, DS with DSS, SDS with DSS in Illinois agility test (p<0,05). There is a statistically significant between NS with DS, SS with DS, DS with SDS, DS with DSS in Reactive agility test (p<0,05). Conclusion: dynamic stretching types should be preferred more before activities that require speed and strength. Therefore, in order to increase the speed and agility performance of the athlete, sports branch-specific warm-up method combined with the dynamic stretching model after static stretching can be recommended.
... It is stated that warm-up and stretching exercises are considered as a means of preparing musculoskeletal systems for activity before physical activity, and this is also an important part of fitness and exercise warming due to their possible effects on injury and performance (3,13). ...
Objective: This study was carried out to determine the differences between exercises of women in different age groups. Material and Methods: Aerobic exercise was administered to 20 exercise and control groups each at ages ranging between 17-24 and 3045. Before and after the study, Sit and Reach Test, Shuttle test, BMI measure were carried out. Results: In terms of BMI, there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test and there was no difference in BMI between middle-age exercise and young age exercise and young age control group. When all age groups were evaluated in terms of shuttle movement, no difference was found between exercise groups, and there was a significant difference between exercise and control groups. It was observed that there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test in terms of the length of the long jump and double leg sit length test and there was a significant increase in the elasticity values of the exercise groups in the scale score. Conclusion: This study showed that the flexibility of join to movement of the individuals can be improved with the appropriate stretching exercises after warming, and that these exercises can be applied in every age group.
Key words: Aerobic Exercise, Flexibility, Women
... When the literature examined there are studies with different results with the present study (Siatras et al., 2003;Turan and Çilli 2016). In the studies exploring the acute effects on the speed performance of different warm-up protocols has led to the conclusion that dynamic stretching before activities requiring power, such as speeding, may be beneficial in terms of achieving efficiency (Gelen et al., 2010;Turan and Çilli 2016). ...
This study aimed to examine the effect of different stretching exercises on vertical jump performance. A total of 14 national male athletes sporting in the elite level took part in the study. The age average of the participants was 20.25±1.03 year, the average height was 1.80±.08 m, the average body weight was 77.14±18.91 kg, average of sporting age was 9.87±3.31 year and the average number of participation in international games was 10.0±3.31. As stretching protocol: Method 1 (5 minutes of jogging and 2 minutes of active rest) followed by Method 2 (static stretching for 4 different muscle groups 3 repetitions for 15 seconds of static stretching, rest for 10 seconds between groups) and then consecutively, Method 3 (Dynamic stretching exercises with 3 repetitions for 15 seconds and 10 seconds rest between different muscle groups) were applied in the study. The vertical jump performance before and after different stretching exercises of the participants was determined by means of the vertical jump test using the smart speed lite system. Before and after the training of all athletes, HR was recorded with a heart rate monitor (RS 800, Polar Vantage NV, Polar Electro Oy, Finland) with 5 seconds intervals. Before the study, the chest band of the heartbeat monitor was placed on the chest of the athlete and the HR was recorded from the monitor. SPSS 15.0 statistical package program was used for evaluation and calculation of the data. In this study in addition to descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) paired samples t-test was used to determine the difference between the vertical jump performance of the participants before and after different stretching exercises. As a result, this study showed that; applying the dynamic and static stretching exercises consecutively affected the vertical jump performance 4.5 cm positively (p<.05). It is suggested that different dynamic and static stretching exercises should be included in the vertical jump.
... When the literature examined there are studies with different results with the present study (Siatras et al., 2003;Turan and Çilli 2016). In the studies exploring the acute effects on the speed performance of different warm-up protocols has led to the conclusion that dynamic stretching before activities requiring power, such as speeding, may be beneficial in terms of achieving efficiency (Gelen et al., 2010;Turan and Çilli 2016). ...
This study aimed to examine the effect of different stretching exercises on vertical jump performance. A total of 14 national male athletes sporting in the elite level took part in the study. The age average of the participants was 20.25±1.03 year, the average height was 1.80±.08 m, the average body weight was 77.14±18.91 kg, average of sporting age was 9.87±3.31 year and the average number of participation in international games was 10.0±3.31. As stretching protocol: Method 1 (5 minutes of jogging and 2 minutes of active rest) followed by Method 2 (static stretching for 4 different muscle groups 3 repetitions for 15 seconds of static stretching, rest for 10 seconds between groups) and then consecutively, Method 3 (Dynamic stretching exercises with 3 repetitions for 15 seconds and 10 seconds rest between different muscle groups) were applied in the study. The vertical jump performance before and after different stretching exercises of the participants was determined by means of the vertical jump test using the smart speed lite system. Before and after the training of all athletes, HR was recorded with a heart rate monitor (RS 800, Polar Vantage NV, Polar Electro Oy, Finland) with 5 seconds intervals. Before the study, the chest band of the heartbeat monitor was placed on the chest of the athlete and the HR was recorded from the monitor. SPSS 15.0 statistical package program was used for evaluation and calculation of the data. In this study in addition to descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) paired samples t-test was used to determine the difference between the vertical jump performance of the participants before and after different stretching exercises. As a result, this study showed that; applying the dynamic and static stretching exercises consecutively affected the vertical jump performance 4.5 cm positively (p<.05). It is suggested that different dynamic and static stretching exercises should be included in the vertical jump.
... The SS protocol consisted of low-intensity aerobic running for five minutes combined with five static stretching exercises for the muscles of the lower extremities. Static stretching was performed by slightly stretching the muscle (active stretching) to the point of warm sensation (with slight discomfort) and holding that position for 20 seconds; two cycles of stretching were performed at 20 second intervals (1:1) [27][28][29] . The static stretching method was performed for the following muscle groups (calf, quadriceps, adductor, hamstring and hip rotator) 30 . ...
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of static stretching and the application of massage
on flexibility and jump performance. Methods: Thirty-five athletes studying Physical Education at University (mean age
23.6±1.3 years, mean height 177.8±6.3 cm and mean weight 72.2±6.7 kg) performed one of three different warmup protocols on non-consecutive days. Protocols included static stretching [SS], combined static stretching and massage
[SSM], and neither stretching nor massage [CONT]. The athletes performed flexibility, countermovement jump (CMJ) and
squat jump (SJ) tests. Results: SS and SSM protocols demonstrated 12% (p<0.05) and 16% (p<0.05) respectively greater
flexibility than the CONT protocol. SJ and CMJ performances were significantly decreased 10.4% (p<0.05) and 5.5%
(p<0.05) respectively after the SS protocol. There was no significant difference between SSM and CONT protocol in terms
of SJ and CMJ performance. Conclusion: This research indicates that whereas static stretching increases the flexibility it
decreases the jumping performance of the athletes. On the other hand, the application of massage immediately following
static stretching increases flexibility but does not reduce jumping performance. Considering the known negative acute
effects of static stretching on performance, the application of massage is thought to be beneficial in alleviating such effects.
Keywords: Warm-Up, Stretching, Massage, Flexibility, Jumping
... The acute and chronic effect of SS on ROM is well stablished (Donti et al., 2018;Guissard & Duchateau, 2004;Knudson, 2006;Siatras, Papadopoulos, Mameletzi, Gerodimos, & Kellis, 2003;Yuktasir & Kaya, 2009). The acute effects of SS on ROM are primarily atributed to an increased stretch tolerance (Magnusson, 1998), as well as to changes in the passive stiffness of the musculotendinous unit. ...
The aim of this study was to determine the long term effect of dynamic range of motion (DROM) stretching technique and static stretching (SS) on hip range of motion (ROM), hip isometric strength and vertical jump performance in female gymnasts. In a randomized controlled trial eighteen gymnasts (age 13 ± 2 years) were assigned to a DROM group (n= 9) or SS group (n=9). Participants were assessed at baseline and again at completion of the intervention on: hip extensión (HE), hip flexion (HF), 1RM isometric HF strength, squat jump (SJ) and split leap (SL). Results: DROM group improved statistically from pre-to post-test in right leg HE ROM (13.67 4.7 vs. 21.22 5.2), right leg HF ROM (129.9 9.9 vs. 139.0 10.4), hip isometric strength for the right leg (2.0 1.1 vs. 4.7 1.6) and the left leg (1.7 0.7 vs. 4.1 1.6). Jump performance was not affected by type of stretching. Significance was set at 0.05 (2-tailed) for all analyses. DROM was more effective in improving gymnastic performance variables than SS. Such information may assist in determining the applications of various stretching techniques in flexibility-trained female athletes.
... When the literature examined there are studies with different results with the present study (Siatras et al., 2003;Turan and Çilli 2016). In the studies exploring the acute effects on the speed performance of different warm-up protocols has led to the conclusion that dynamic stretching before activities requiring power, such as speeding, may be beneficial in terms of achieving efficiency (Gelen et al., 2010;Turan and Çilli 2016). ...
This study aimed to examine the effect of different stretching exercises on vertical jump performance. A total of 14 national male athletes sporting in the elite level took part in the study. The age average of the participants was 20.25±1.03 year, the average height was 1.80±.08 m, the average body weight was 77.14±18.91 kg, average of sporting age was 9.87±3.31 year and the average number of participation in international games was 10.0±3.31. As stretching protocol: Method 1 (5 minutes of jogging and 2 minutes of active rest) followed by Method 2 (static stretching for 4 different muscle groups 3 repetitions for 15 seconds of static stretching, rest for 10 seconds between groups) and then consecutively, Method 3 (Dynamic stretching exercises with 3 repetitions for 15 seconds and 10 seconds rest between different muscle groups) were applied in the study. The vertical jump performance before and after different stretching exercises of the participants was determined by means of the vertical jump test using the smart speed lite system. Before and after the training of all athletes, HR was recorded with a heart rate monitor (RS 800, Polar Vantage NV, Polar Electro Oy, Finland) with 5 seconds intervals. Before the study, the chest band of the heartbeat monitor was placed on the chest of the athlete and the HR was recorded from the monitor. SPSS 15.0 statistical package program was used for evaluation and calculation of the data. In this study in addition to descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) paired samples t-test was used to determine the difference between the vertical jump performance of the participants before and after different stretching exercises. As a result, this study showed that; applying the dynamic and static stretching exercises consecutively affected the vertical jump performance 4.5 cm positively (p<.05). It is suggested that different dynamic and static stretching exercises should be included in the vertical jump.
... When the literature is examined, it is thought that the different types, intensities and periods of warming are caused by the different warming methods used in these studies (Devries & Housh, 1994;Colak & Çetin, 2010;Turan & Çilli, 2016;Harmanci et al., 2017). Siatras et al. (2003) compared 3 different warming methods (warming, static stretching, and dynamic stretching) on Gymnasts and found a statistically significant difference in warming and dynamic stretching methods while finding no significant difference in static stretching method. Çoknaz et al. (2008) they found that the group performing 15-second, 10-repeat, and 30-second static stretching exercises on non-consecutive days with 15-second, 10-repeat stretching exercises with two different programs applied on 15-second, 10-repeat stretching exercises had more significant increases in flexibility values. ...
This study was planned to examine the effect of Gymnastics-specific stretching exercises on flexibility and balance parameters. A total of 28 (16 males, 12 females) volunteer students were involved in the study, who were educated at the School of Physical Education and Sports. For 12 Weeks, 2 days a week and 90 min. stretching exercises specific to the gymnastics branch were applied and flexibility (sit-lie down) and Y balance tests were applied before the study. Anova test analysis was used to determine the difference between pre-test and post-test. Although the SA (right foot anterior), SPL (right foot posterolateral), SPM (right foot posteromedial), SLA (left foot anterior), SLPL (left foot posterolateral), SLPM (left foot posteromedial) scores of male and female students in the study showed a positive increase compared to the preliminary test scores, there was no statistically significant difference (p > .05). As a result, gymnastic branch-specific stretching exercises increase the balance and flexibility parameters in a positive way; it is thought that the longer duration of training programs will have a positive effect on the athlete's performance.
... Dynamic warm-up protocols that require balance, coordination, power and speed have been shown to enhance performance in children and adolescents (Faigenbaum et al. 2005a;2006a;2006b;Siatras et al. 2003) whereas pre-event static stretching has been shown to reduce lower extremity power and isokinetic peak torque in youth (McNeal and For Review Purposes Only/Aux fins d'examen seulement Sands 2003; Zakas et al. 2006). Furthermore, dynamic warm-up procedures require participants to become immediately engaged in class activities and ready to listen to instruction (Graham 2001). ...
... Traditionally, static stretching is implemented during the pre-exercise warm-up, as it is believed that pre- exercise stretching prevents injuries during physical training. However, the use of static stretching in pre- exercise warm-ups has been questioned because several studies have demonstrated a negative association between static stretching and performance (Burkett, Phillips, & Ziuraitis, 2005;Fletcher & Jones, 2004;McNeal & Sands, 2003;Nelson et al., 2005;Papadopoulos, Siatras, & Kellis, 2005;Siatras, Papadopoulos, Mameletzi, Gerodimos, & Kellis, 2003;Wallmann, Mercer, & McWhorter, 2005). Since these studies, practitioners have started to use other forms of stretching in pre-exercise warm-up sessions. ...
This study examined the effect of dynamic and static (standard) stretching on hamstring flexibility. Twenty-five female volleyball players were randomly assigned to dynamic (n = 12) and standard (n = 13) stretching groups. The experimental group trained with repetitive dynamic stretching exercises, while the standard modality group trained with static stretching exercises. The stretching interventions were equivalent in the time at stretch and were performed three days a week for four weeks. Both stretching groups showed significant improvements (P <.001) in range of motion (ROM) during the intervention. However, no difference in gains in the range of motion between stretching groups was observed. It was concluded that both dynamic stretching and standard stretching are effective at increasing ROM.
... Previous research suggested that childhood is a key time frame to develop flexibility, with the age range between 6 to 11 years proposed as a sensitive period for morphological changes (Malina, Bouchard, & Bar-Or, 2004). However, with the exception of studies in physical education settings (Coledam, Arruda, & Oliveira, 2012;Mayorga-Vega, Merino-Marban, Sánchez-Rivas, & Viciana, 2014;Merino-Marban, Mayorga-Vega, Fernandez-Rodriguez, Estrada, & Viciana, 2015), few studies examined different stretching protocols in preadolescent female gymnasts and most of them examined acute stretching interventions (McNeal & Sands, 2003;Siatras, Papadopoulos, Mameletzi, Gerodimos, & Kellis, 2003). Longitudinal data on stretching interventions in growing children, and especially young athletes, are sparse (Sands, 2016). ...
This study compared the acute and long-term effects of intermittent and continuous static stretching training on straight leg raise range of motion (ROM). Seventy-seven preadolescent female gymnasts were divided into a stretching (n = 57), and a control group (n = 20). The stretching group performed static stretching of the hip extensors of both legs, three times per week for 15 weeks. One leg performed intermittent (3 × 30 s with 30 s rest) while the other leg performed continuous stretching (90 s). ROM pre- and post-stretching was measured at baseline, on weeks 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and after 2 weeks of detraining. ROM was increased during both intermittent and continuous stretching training, but remained unchanged in the control group. Intermittent stretching conferred a larger improvement in ROM compared to both continuous stretching and control from week 3, until the end of training, and following detraining (p = 0.045 to 0.001 and d = 0.80 to 1.41). During detraining, ROM after the intermittent protocol decreased (p = 0.001), while it was maintained after the continuous protocol (p = 0.36). Acute increases in ROM following the intermittent stretching were also larger than in the continuous (p = 0.038). Intermittent stretching was more effective than continuous, for both long-term and acute ROM enhancement in preadolescent female athletes.
... They indicated that that vertical-jump performance declined significantly following static stretching as compared to DY and DYJ, There were no significant differences in flexibility following the 3 warm-up treatments. They suggested that it may be desirable for children to perform moderate-to high-intensity dynamic exercises prior to the performance of activities that require a high power output Siatras et al. (2003) was to examine the acute effect of a protocol, including warmup and static and dynamic stretching exercises, on speed during vaulting in gymnastics. Thet reported that gymnasts mean speed during the run of vault was significantly decreased after the application of the static stretching protocol. ...
The aim of this study was to determine the acute effects of warm-ups procedures which was applied different days on slalom dribbling, 30m. sprint, vertical jump performance and flexibility in women futsal players. Ten women athletes who play futsal in Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, participated this study. Ten women athletes were assigned randomly to 3 different warm-up procedures (Warm up group I; 5 minutes jogging, W arm up group II; 5 minutes jogging and static streching, Warm-up group III; 5 minutes jogging and dynamic exercises) on non-consecutive days. After each warm-up session, all athletes were tested on slalom dribbling, 30m. sprint, vertical jump and flexibility performances. 30m. sprint and slalom dribbling test performances was measured wtih a stopwatch. For Flexibility, Sit and reach test was used. Vertical jump performance of athletes were measured by taking difference between the height that they can reach by standing and the height that they can reach by jumping. For the analysis of the data obtained from the study, SPSS 16.0 program was used. To find out whether there are any significant differences between the groups, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used and to find out which group cause the difference, Tukey HSD test was used. As a result of the study, significant differences were found 30m. sprint and slalom dribbling performance (p<0,05). Consequently, different warm up procedures may have different effect on slalom dribbling and 30m. sprint performance in women futsal players Bu çalışmanın amacı kadın futsal oyuncularında farklı günlerde uygulanan farklı ısınma prosedürlerinin top sürme, 30 metre sprint, dikey sıçrama ve esneklik özelliklerine akut etkisini incelemektir. Çalışmaya Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi kadın futsal takımından 10 sporcu katılmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan sporculara üç farklı ısınma protokolü (ısınma grubu I; 5 dk. Jogging, ısınma grubu II: 5 dk. Jogging ve statik egzersizler, ısınma grubu III; 5 dk. Jogging ve dinamik egzersizler) uygulanarak her protokolün top sürme, dikey sıçrama, esneklik, 30 metre sprint özellikleri üzerine akut etkileri incelenmiştir. 30 metre sprint, toplam 10 metre uzunluğundaki slalom testinde top sürme özellikleri kronometre ile ölçülmüştür. Esneklik için otur-uzan testi kullanılmıştır. Sporcuların dikey sıçrama performansları durarak ulaşabildiği yükseklik ile sıçrayarak ulaşabildiği yükseklik arasındaki fark alınarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen verilerin analizi için SPSS 16.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Gruplar arasındaki farklılıkların anlamlı olup olmadığının test etmek için Kruskal Wallis testi, gruplar arasındaki farklılıkların hangi gruptan kaynaklandığını test etmek için Tukey HSD uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda 30 metre sürat koşusu ve dripling değerlerinde anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur.(p<0,05).Sonuç olarak farklı ısınma protokollerinin kadın futsalcıların dripling ve 30 metre sürat koşusu değerleri üzerine farklı etkiler yapabileceği görülmektedir.
... Siatras et al (31). recommended that stretching exercises longer than 30 seconds should be avoided before performances that require maximal strength. ...
Aim:Static stretching (SS) is commonly performed by athletes prior to exercise and athletic events for many years. Its possible benefits are based on increases in joint Range of Motion (ROM) and/or decreases in muscle-tendon unit stiffness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of static stretching on concentric, isokinetic leg extension peak torque (PT) at 60 and 300°·s−1 and hip range of motion (ROM) in sedentary people and professional soccer players.Methods:This study was performed at Ankara University School of Medicine between June 2013 and October 2014. 30 male subjects; 15 sedentary subjects (aged 21.5 ± 3.7 years, body mass 72.6 ± 13.3 kg, height 177.8 ± 6.6 cm) and
15 soccer players (aged 18.7 ± 0.5 years, body mass 73.7 ± 4.7 kg, height 181.6 ± 4.2 cm) volunteered to participate in this study. Thigh extensor muscle strength was measured by isokinetic dynamometer at speeds of 60 and 180 degrees and hip ROM was measured with goniometer in both groups with and without stretching.Results:There were no significant differences pre- and post- stretching PT; both isokinetic velocities on the soccer players and sedentary subjects. However, ROM increased (p < 0.05) post-stretching compared with pre-stretching in both groups.Conclusion:We concluded that 30 seconds SS can not affect muscular performance but improved flexibility. Thirty second stretching exercises as part of a warm-up to be proposed to the coaches.
... Vault is also one of the abilities of gymnastics in which several factors such as sprinting, motion control and balance are important and a significant relationship exists between these factors and better performance on vault (9). Siatras et al., (2003) reported that speed performance before jump on the vault is significantly reduced by static stretching (10). ...
... Vault is also one of the abilities of gymnastics in which several factors such as sprinting, motion control and balance are important and a significant relationship exists between these factors and better performance on vault (9). Siatras et al., (2003) reported that speed performance before jump on the vault is significantly reduced by static stretching (10). ...
... Vault is also one of the abilities of gymnastics in which several factors such as sprinting, motion control and balance are important and a significant relationship exists between these factors and better performance on vault (9). Siatras et al., (2003) reported that speed performance before jump on the vault is significantly reduced by static stretching (10). ...
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short and long-term static warmupprotocol on static and dynamic balance and motor performance in gymnast athletes.
Methods: In this study, 16 skilled female gymnasts (mean age of 9.62 �1.45 years) were randomly categorized to two general warmup (control) and general warm-up plus static stretching groups. The warm-up protocol included a 10-minute jogging, and the Static Stretch (SS) protocol included stretching programs on the different parts of body during four weeks, three times a week. The
stretched body parts were the hamstrings, the gluteus, the quadriceps and hip flexors, and the lower back and shoulder. Each body
part was stretched two times to the point of slightly painful yet tolerable muscle discomfort, for the duration of 15 seconds. Before
and after acute protocol and also after four weeks, the indicators of the equilibrium of anterior-posterior and internal-external pressure fluctuations range, and track length of the anterior-posterior and internal-external pressure center were evaluated by a force plate in four static and dynamic unilateral and bilateral standing positions. Results: Results of this study showed that static stretching has a significant effect on decreasing in the performance of balance during vault activity in the chronic compared to acute phase (P = 0.001). The results also revealed that there was no significant difference in static and dynamic balance with double legs in the SW group in the acute phase compared to the chronic phase (P � 0.05). However, dynamic balance during unilateral standing in the SS group was significantly decreased after four weeks (P = 0.001).
Conclusions: The results may indicate that long duration static stretch exercises can improve static balance during bilateral and unilateral standing in gymnast athletes, yet on the other hand, long duration static stretch exercises may disturb the function of the dynamic balance and so may cause sport injuries in athletics.
Keywords: Postural Balance, Static Stretching, Warm-Up Exercise
... Ballistic stretching includes bouncing movements which may increase muscle temperature greater than static stretching. Siatras et al. (33) investigated the effects of warm-up alone vs. dynamic and static stretching on speed in gymnasts and found no differences between warm-up alone and dynamic. However, there was a decrease in running speed at 5-10 m and 10-15 m after static stretching. ...
Stretching is used to increase joint range of motion, but the acute effects can decrease muscle strength. However, this may depend on the population or mode of stretching. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of static vs. ballistic stretching on strength and muscular fatigue between ballet dancers and resistance trained women. Fifteen resistance trained women (age 23.8 ± 1.80 yrs, mass 67.47 ± 7.77 kg, ht 168.30 ± 5.53 cm) and 12 ballet dancers (age 22.8 ± 3.04 yrs, mass 58.67 ± 5.65 kg, ht 168.00 ± 7.69 cm) performed 5 days of testing. The first day was control (no stretching) while the other four days were static or ballistic stretching in a counterbalanced order. Range of motion (ROM), strength and fatigue tests were also performed. Both groups demonstrated a significant decrease in hamstrings strength after static (102.71 ± 2.67 Nm) and ballistic stretching (99.49 ± 2.61 Nm) compared to control (113.059 ± 3.25 Nm), with no changes in quadriceps strength. For fatigue, only ballet dancers demonstrated a decrease from control (71.79 ± 4.88%) to ballistic (65.65 ± 8.19%), but no difference with static (65.01 ± 12.29%). These findings suggest that stretching decreases hamstrings strength similarly in ballet dancers and resistance trained women, with no differences between modes of stretching. However, ballistic stretching only decreased muscular fatigue in ballet dancers, but not in resistance trained women. Therefore, no stretching should be performed prior to strength performance. However, ballistic stretching may decrease acute muscular fatigue in ballet dancers.
... Considering that numerous studies clearly demonstrated non-existence of long-lasting effects of the stretching exercises on the resistance of muscle-tendon unit (Björklund, Hamberg, & Crenshaw, 2001;Halbertsma & Göeken, 1994;Halbertsma, Mulder, Göeken, & Eisma, 1999;Harvey et al., 2003;Magnusson, Aagard, Simonsen, & Bojsen-Moller, 1998), it could be said that this result was to be expected. It seems that static stretching produces acute negative effects, not only for vertical jump and speed (Behm & Chaouachi, 2011;Knudson, Bennett, Corn, Leick, & Smith, 2001;Little & Williams, 2006;Siatras, Papadopoulos, Mameletzi, Gerodimos, & Kellis, 2003), but for the free throws accuracy as well. Some research reports have stated that static stretching techniques decrease neuromuscular sensitivity and that might be one of the reasons for the acute decrease in performance (Avela et al., 1999;Ribot-Ciscar et al., 1991;Vujnovich & Dawson, 1994). ...
Background: Free throws are a very important element in modern basketball. There are many studies focused on different aspects ranging from variability in the mechanics of throwing at various skill levels to the influence of free throws on the results of games. Objective: Since the authors of the present study noticed that some players during a game apply static stretching of shooting arm as a preparation to perform the free throw, we wanted to question the justification of such procedure prior to the performance of free throws. The purpose of this study was to determine an effect of submaximal 15 seconds static stretching of the upper arm (m. triceps brachii) and forearm (m. flexor carpi radialis) on the accuracy of free throws in basketball. Methods: Participants of the present study were 100 basketball players; mean age was 18.2 ± 2.54 years. The sample was divided into two groups - players with higher (n = 70; 6.83 ± 1.83 hours/week) and lower number (n = 30; 4.17 ± 0.48 hours/week) of training sessions per week. Furthermore, we compared separately experienced (n = 47; 12.2 ± 0.55 years) and less experienced basketball players (n = 53; 6.4 ± 0.45 years). The procedure purported that every player performs five free throws without prior stretching, five free throws immediately after 15 seconds of static stretching of upper arm muscle (m. triceps brachii), and five free throws after 15 seconds of static stretching of the forearm (m. flexor carpi radialis). Results: Fifteen seconds of static stretching of the upper arm and forearm muscles had a negative influence on the accuracy of free throw shooting in basketball. Players with a higher number of training sessions per week showed better tolerance to this negative influence. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that is not useful to apply static stretching of the triceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis muscles just before the execution of free throws.
... There are also studies results in opposite direction of the results of this study. Siatres et al. (2003) performed 3 different stretching protocols for male gymnasts on separate days. They did not find a difference in flexibility values. ...
The aim of this paper was to research the effect of different static stretching time on some physical performance parameters. A total of 25 male volunteers who were actively involved in sports participated in the study. Flexibility, jumping, speed and agility performances of all the participants were measured after static stretching exercises on 5 different days and within different durations (no stretching, 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds, 40 seconds). After static stretching performed in all durations, the value of flexibility was discovered to be higher than the state in which no stretching is performed (p<0.01). The jumping height after static stretching exercises performed in different durations is lower than the state in which no stretching is performed (p<0.01). 20 m running time and agility performance did not differ among the five trials. It was found that the length of static stretching duration increased in flexibility. Also, static stretching decreased vertical jumping performance and did not affect speed and agility.
This study was conducted to determine the effects of various durations of dynamic warm-up exercise on different jump types in young male boxers. Fourteen young male athletes (mean age: 16.86±1.03 years, height: 172.57±11.34 cm, body weight: 65.21±16.42 kg) voluntarily participated in the study, which employed a pretest-posttest experimental research model, a quantitative method, without a control group. The athletes were instructed to run for 5 minutes at an average heart rate of 120 beats/min, followed by dynamic stretching consisting of 10 different exercises for durations of 5, 10, and 15 minutes on different days. After each period of different dynamic exercises, the participants performed drop jump, countermovement jump, and squat jump tests. The SPSS package program was used to analyze the data obtained from the research. Repeated Measures ANOVA and the Bonferroni test, a post-hoc test, were applied to normally distributed data. Examining the drop jump test results, a significant difference was detected between the various dynamic warm-up times (p < .05), with the distance measured after the 10-minute exercise period higher than those following the 5- and 15-minute warm-up periods. There were no significant differences between the dynamic warm-up times (p ˃ .05) for the countermovement jump and squat jump tests. As a result, dynamic warm-up exercises were determined to improve the drop jump performance of young male boxers, with the 10-minute exercise duration more positively affecting drop jump performance than either the 5- or 15-minute warm-up periods.
BACKGROUND
There are conflicting reports on the acute effects of stretching on muscle strength. Some studies report reduction in muscle strength however others report no change following stretching.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the acute effects of static stretching (SS) of different durations on the isometric maximum voluntary contraction force (MVCF) of the calf muscle.
METHODS
Pretest-posttest experimental design was used. Ten male participants (mean age 25.4 [Formula: see text] 2.11 years) participated in three experimental trials: SS for 2-minutes (SS[Formula: see text]), 4-minutes (SS[Formula: see text]), and 8-minutes (SS[Formula: see text]). MVCF was measured before, immediately after, at 10- and 20-minutes post-stretch intervals. Each SS trial involved varied repetitions of 30-seconds stretches and 20-seconds relaxation periods. The isometric maximum voluntary contraction force (MVCF) was the outcome measure.
RESULTS
SS[Formula: see text], SS[Formula: see text], and SS[Formula: see text] did not change the MVCF at 0-, 10- and 20-minutes post stretching intervals ([Formula: see text] 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
2-, 4-, and 8-minutes intermittent SS did not change the isometric muscle strength in the calf muscle up to 20-minutes after stretching and thus can safely be performed before those sporting events that require significant muscle strength.
Background:
Stretching is believed to decrease muscle strength. The aim of this paper was to examine the time course (immediate, and 10- and 20-minutes post-stretching) for the effects of 2, 4, and 8 minutes of static-stretching (SS) on the isometric maximum voluntary contraction force (MVCF) of hamstring muscles with a pretest-post-test experiment design.
Methods:
A total of 14 subjects with a mean age of 25 years participated in three experimental trials on three different days. Day I for static stretching for 2 minutes (SS 2 ), day II for 4 minutes (SS 4 ), and day III for 8 minutes (SS 8 ). Testing was conducted before (pre), immediately after (post), and at 10- and 20-minutes post-stretching. MVCF was measured using the strain gauze as the main outcome measure.
Results:
MVCF increased with SS 2 at 0 minutes (1.31%), 10 minutes (3.4%), and 20 minutes (4.1%) postintervention. MVCF increased with SS 4 at 0 minutes (1.13%), 10 minutes (9.6%) and 20 minutes (7.1%) postintervention. MVCF decreased with SS 8 at 0 minutes (2.9%), but increased at 10 minutes (1.86%) and 20 minutes (0.99%) postintervention. All these changes were not statistically significant (P>0.05).
Conclusions:
In hamstring stretching, 2, 4 and 8 minutes increased MVCF, but results were not statistically significant. Thus, 2 to 8 minutes long-duration stretching exercises could safely be performed before a strength-training session.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of different warm-up protocols
on static and dynamic balance indices and balance the vault in skilled female gymnast.
Materials and Methods: Twenty four skilled female gymnasts (mean age 9.66±1.43 years( were
selected. Subjects have been randomly divided into three groups: general warm-up (control), general warmup
and static stretching and general warm-up and dynamic stretching. The first protocol included a 10
minute general warming up, the second protocol involved general warm-up followed by the use of static
stretching and the third protocol included general warm-up followed by dynamic stretching the
muscles involved in performing the balance whip. Before and after the activity, the indicators of the
equilibrium of anterior-posterior and internal-external pressure fluctuations range, and track length of the
anterior-posterior and internal-external pressure center in four static and dynamic situations (both with one
leg, and with two legs) were investigated using a dynamometer system equipped with 7 cameras and
Kistler force plate.
Results: The whip balance performance with dynamic warm-up protocol was significantly higher than
general warm-up protocol (P=0.001) and static warm-up protocol (P=0.01). Also the whip balance
performance significantly decreased after the static warm-up protocol (P=0.005), but no significant
differences were observed in the control group (P ≥0.05). Static balance with both feet in the dynamic
warm-up protocol showed no significant difference in compare to general warm-up (P=0.07) and static
warm-up protocols (P=0.06) (P ≥0.05). Also between the static warm-up protocol and the control group no
significant difference was observed (P ≥0.05). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed
between the static balance with one foot, dynamic balance with two feet and dynamic balance with one foot
(P ≥0.05).
Conclusion: Our study showed that dynamic warm-up resulted in further improvement in whip balance
in compare to static and general warm-ups. Also, in clinical point of view, dynamic warm-up, in
comparison with static and general warm-ups, leaded to further improvement in dynamic and static balance
indices; although, these findings were not statically significant.
Keywords: Warm up exercise, Postural balance, Gymnastics
Abstract
t is also important to work on preserving existing performances as well as applied training methods to improve the performance of the athletes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of tennis training on ITN level and hand-foot speed for 8 weeks for young tennis athletes. 18 athletes (9 girls-9 boys) participated in the study. During our study for 8 weeks , basic tennis hits such as forehand, backhand, volley and service are run regularly and systematically for at least 3 days a week. When the ITN values applied as preliminary and final tests are examined; ITN Fastness Ratings and ITN Fastness Scores (p˂, 000), When the results of the forehand / backhand sensitivity test are examined (p <003), Forehand / backhand depth and forehand / backhand volley test results (p <0.00) and service test results (p <002) we can see that there are many differences between results. But; Hand speed (p <, 232) and foot agility (p <, 923) did not achieve a meaningful result.
The aim of doing the warm up before a physical activity is to make the performance the best. Elite athletes are keen
to perform to the best of their ability in any case of different stretching techniques used before training or
competition. The aim of this study was to research the acute effects of static or ballistic stretching on explosive
power in young football players. Thirteen male football players participated in this study. Each participator
performed both static and ballistic stretching (3 sets of 20 sec) on legs on separate days. Newtest Powertimer was
used to measure static jump and one step jump before and after different stretching methods. Datas were analysed by
using SPSS program. The result of this study suggest that ballistic stretching is done in the later stages of a general
warm up is more efficient than static stretching method for power produce
Sporcularda aktif statik germenin izokinetik bacak kuvveti üzerine akut etkisini ve bu etkinin germe sonrası dinlenmeye bağlı olarak değişimini araştırmaktır. Gazi Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesinden 19-23 yaş aralığında çeşitli branşlarda (22-futbol, 19-voleybol, 16-basketbol ve 4- atletizm) 23 erkek ve 38 kadın sporcu gönüllü olarak çalışmaya dahil edildi. Sağ taraf hamstring, kuadriseps ve dizin diğer kaslarına yönelik her biri altmış saniye süreli dört ayrı aktif statik germe egzersizi belirlendi.. Katılımcılara bu egzersizleri içeren dört farklı protokol [(a) ısınma, (b) ısınma + statik germe, (c) ısınma + statik germe + beş dakika dinlenme, (d) ısınma + statik germe + on beş dakika dinlenme] uygulandı ve her protokolden sonra İsomed 2000 izokinetik cihazı kullanılarak 60o/s açısal hızda hamstring ve kuadriseps izokinetik kuvveti ile hamstring/kuadriseps izokinetik kuvvet oranı H/K (R) değerleri kaydedildi. Analizler sonucunda a-b ve b-d ölçümleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı sonuçlar tespit edildi. Hem kadın hem erkek hem de toplam (T) analizlerde; (a) ya nazaran (b) ölçüm değerleri anlamlı olarak düşük (T; hamstring;a-b=+17.8 Nm, kuadriseps;a-b=+19.6 Nm) ve (b) ye nazaran (d) ölçüm değerleri anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur (T; hamstring; b-d=-13.7 Nm, kuadriseps; b-d=-14.3 Nm). Diğer ölçümler arasında ve kuvvet oranlarında (H/K) anlamlı bir değişiklik bulunmadı (p<0,05). Bulgular ışığında akut statik germenin kasın izokinetik kuvveti üzerinde negatif bir etki yarattığı, bu nedenle müsabakalardan en az on beş dakika öncesinde statik germenin sonlandırılması veya aktif statik germenin hemen sonrasında maksimum kontraksiyon gerektirecek aktivitelerden uzak durulması önerilebilir. Öbür yandan farklı germe süreleri, farklı kas grupları ve farklı açısal hızlarda yapılacak ileri çalışmaların gerekliliği göz ardı edilmemelidir.
There is seldom practical research on the science and effectiveness of warm-up in the area of our youth physical education. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a twelve-weeks functional dynamic warm-up (FDWU) intervention on the improvement of speed, power and core muscle endurance in the middle school students. The results of data indicated that applying FDWU in youth PF teaching area, instead of applying traditional regular warm-up, can significantly increase students’ skill and physical performance as well as prevent sports injury to some extent. Owing to its fresh and interesting style, rich and varied content, progressive difficulty level, scientific and effective training methods and flexible and convenient processing, FDWU could be inserted into any youth PE system as main course assistant complement.
The recovery behaviour of mechanically evoked stretch responses was investigated. Stimuli which promoted identical dorsiflexing movements around the ankle joint were applied to ten subjects in two positions, seated and upright. The experimental sets comprised single as well as double dorsiflexing displacements. In the latter the stimuli were elicited for durations of either 100, 200 or 400 ms. Stretch responses following the first displacements were related to the stretch velocity but not to the amplitude. The responses of the plantar flexors following the second mechanical dorsiflexion were reduced with respect to the delay time between the first and second displacement. In addition, the magnitudes of these responses depended on the functional task: the stretch responses recovered much faster in the standing position when the triceps surae muscle was only slightly activated, whereas in the relaxed sitting position the reflexes remained suppressed. Both reciprocal inhibition, as well as the time course of the reformation of intrafusal cross-bridge links, may help to explain the depression of the monosynaptic stretch reflex.
Competitive and recreational athletes typically perform warm-up and stretching activities to prepare for more strenuous exercise. These preliminary activities are used to enhance physical performance and to prevent sports-related injuries. Warm-up techniques are primarily used to increase body temperature and are classified in 3 major categories: (a) passive warm-up - increases temperature by some external means; (b) general warm-up - increases temperature by nonspecific body movements; and (c) specific warm-up - increases temperature using similar body parts that will be used in the subsequent, more strenuous activity. The best of these appears to be specific warm-up because this method provides a rehearsal of the activity or event. The intensity and duration of warm-up must be individualised according to the athlete's physical capabilities and in consideration of environmental factors which may alter the temperature response. The majority of the benefits of warm-up are related to temperature-dependent physiological processes. An elevation in body temperature produces an increase in the dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin and myoglobin, a lowering of the activation energy rates of metabolic chemical reactions, an increase in muscle blood flow, a reduction in muscle viscosity, an increase in the sensitivity of nerve receptors, and an increase in the speed of nervous impulses. Warm-up also appears to reduce the incidence and likelihood of sports-related musculoskeletal injuries. Improving flexibility through stretching is another important preparatory activity that has been advocated to improve physical performance. Maintaining good flexibility also aids in the prevention of injuries to the musculoskeletal system. Flexibility is defined as the range of motion possible around a specific joint or a series of articulations and is usually classified as either static or dynamic. Static flexibility refers to the degree to which a joint can be passively moved to the end-points in the range of motion. Dynamic flexibility refers to the degree which a joint can be moved as a result of a muscle contraction and may therefore not be a good indicator of stiffness or looseness of a joint. There are 3 basic categories of stretching techniques: (a) ballistic--which makes use of repetitive bouncing movements; (b) static--which stretches the muscle to the point of slight muscle discomfort and is held for an extended period; and (c) proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation - which uses alternating contractions and stretching of the muscles. Each of these stretching methods is based on the neurophysiological phenomenon involving the stretch reflex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Forty-eight players from four senior, male soccer teams were tested for ranges of motion (ROM) in the lower extremity before, immediately after, and 24 h after different forms of soccer training.
The players were tested after regular soccer training (A), after soccer training wih contract-relax stretching prior to beginning the session (B), and after soccer training with stretching added at the end of the program (C). Each training session lasted 1.5 h.
In group A all six ROMs were decreased 24 h after the training. In group B the only change in ROM noted was an increase in knee flexion directly after the training. In group C there was an increase in hip extension, hip flexion, and knee flexion directly after the training.
The sample for the study involved 12 volunteer male, active but not specially trained secondary school students. They averaged 15.33 years with a mean height of 168.20 cm, and a mean mass of 55.08 kg. Changes, if any, in the mechanical properties (MVC, half-relaxation time, fast isometric contraction, concentric contraction of the knee extensors) and flexibility of the hip joints were studied. The subjects executed passive, purely slow stretching as well as range-of-motion flexibility exercises for the knee extensors and the hip joints for 7 weeks three times a week. Pre- and post-measurements for flexibility and stride frequency on the spot showed significant improvement as did half-relaxation time, fast isometric force development, and speed of concentric contractions when low loads were to be overcome. In addition to studies in which improvements reported were attributed to and related to myoelectrical, reflex, and connective tissue changes, in the present study it was concluded that stretching exercises influence intrinsic muscle mechanical character along with a simultaneous improvement in range of motion of the joints exercised.
The effect of a combination of a warm-up, stretching exercises and massage on subjective scores for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and objective functional and biochemical measures was studied. Fifty people, randomly divided in a treatment and a control group, performed eccentric exercise with the forearm flexors for 30 min. The treatment group additionally performed a warm-up and underwent a stretching protocol before the eccentric exercise and massage afterwards. Functional and biochemical measures were obtained before, and 1, 24, 48, 72 and 96h after exercise. The median values at the five post-exercise time points differed significantly for DOMS measured when the arm was extended (p = 0.043). Significant main effects for treatment were found on the maximal force (p = 0.026), the flexion angle of the elbow (p = 0.014) and the creatine kinase activity in blood (p = 0.006). No time-by-treatment interactions were found. DOMS on pressure, extension angle and myoglobin concentration in blood did not differ between the groups. This combination of a warm-up, stretching and massage reduces some negative effects of eccentric exercise, but the results are inconsistent, since some parameters were significantly affected by the treatment whereas others were not, despite the expected efficacy of a combination of treatments. The objective measures did not yield more unequivocal results than the subjective DOMS scores.
To examine stiffness, energy, and passive torque in the dynamic and static phases of a stretch maneuver in the human hamstring muscle in vivo we used a test-retest protocol and a repeated stretches protocol. Resistance to stretch was defined as passive torque (in newton-meters) offered by the hamstring muscle group during passive knee extension as measured using an isokinetic dynamometer with a modified thigh pad. In 13 uninjured subjects, the knee was passively extended to a predetermined final position (0.0875 rad/ sec, dynamic phase) where it remained stationary for 90 seconds (static phase). The test-retest protocol included two tests administered 1 hour apart. On a separate occasion, five consecutive static stretches were administered separated by 30 seconds and followed by a sixth stretch 1 hour later. For the test-retest phase, stiffness and energy in the dynamic phase and passive torque in the static phase did not differ and yielded correlations of r = 0.91 to 0.99. During the static phase, passive torque declined in both tests (P < 0.0001). For the repeated stretches, decreases were observed for energy (P < 0.01) and stiffness (P < 0.05) in the dynamic phase and for passive torque (P < 0.0001) in the static phase. However, the decline in the variables returned to baseline within 1 hour. The data show that the method employed is a useful tool for measuring biomechanical variables during a stretch maneuver. This may provide a more detailed method to examine skeletal muscle flexibility.
This paper provides a survey on studies that analyze the macroeconomic effects of intellectual property rights (IPR). The first part of this paper introduces different patent-policy instruments and reviews their effects on R&D and economic growth. This part also discusses the distortionary effects and distributional consequences of IPR protection as well as empirical evidence on the effects of patent rights. Then, the second part considers the international aspects of IPR protection. In summary, this survey draws the following conclusions from the literature. Firstly, different patent-policy instruments have different effects on R&D and growth. Secondly, there is empirical evidence supporting a positive relationship between IPR protection and innovation, but the evidence is stronger for developed countries than for developing countries. Thirdly, the optimal level of IPR protection should tradeoff the social benefits of enhanced innovation against the social costs of multiple distortions and income inequality. Finally, in an open economy, achieving the globally optimal level of protection requires an international coordination (rather than the harmonization) of IPR protection.