The Implications of Interdisciplinarity to the Development of Romanian Experimental Psychology

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance of multi, inter and transdisciplinarity, in the emergence and evolution of various sciences, especially in the field of experimental psychology. Some of the contributions of two great Romanian scientists to the development of psychology as a science are brought to the forefront, namely: the “structural system of temperaments” put forth by Gheorghe Zapan and the “consonantist psychology”, introduced by Ştefan Odobleja, in which he used, for the first time, the concept of “reverse connection”, later known as feed-back.

Full text

Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000103
Clin Exp Psychol
ISSN: 2471-2701 an open access journal
Research Article Open Access
Elena Osiceanu, Clin Exp Psychol 2015, 1:1
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2471-2701.1000103
Research Article Open Access
Clinical and Experimental
Psychology
The Implications of Interdisciplinarity to the Development of Romanian
Experimental Psychology
Maria-Elena Osiceanu*
Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, Lacul Tei Bvd, no. 122–124, Bucharest, Romania
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance of multi, inter and transdisciplinarity, in the emergence
and evolution of various sciences, especially in the eld of experimental psychology. Some of the contributions of two
great Romanian scientists to the development of psychology as a science are brought to the forefront, namely: the
“structural system of temperaments” put forth by Gheorghe Zapan and the “consonantist psychology”, introduced by
Ştefan Odobleja, in which he used, for the rst time, the concept of “reverse connection”, later known as feed-back.
Keywords:Pluridisciplinarity; Interdisciplinarity; Transdisciplinarity;
Gheorghe Zapan; Ştefan Odobleja
Introduction
We live in the era of a multidisciplinary “big-bang” and of excessive
specialization... Undoubtedly, there are now hundreds, thousands elds
of specialization... Extreme specialization may lead, for example, to
the situation where a specialist in a particular eld has diculties in
understanding the speech of another specialist in the same eld. And,
then the justied question arises: if two specialists from the same eld
“cannot understand one another”, how can two experts from dierent
hold a genuine and meaningful discussion, which doesn’t just border
on general topics, more or less banal?, say a physicist specializing in
quantum physics and a neurologist, a mathematician and a poet, a
politician and an IT scientist, a biologist and an economist? e multi,
inter and transdisciplinary language runs the risk of becoming an
obstacle, an apparently unsurpassable one for a novice. And we all, for
that matter, run the risk of becoming permanent neophytes in search
of “the right way”, always attempting not to stray in a tower of Babel...
is “babelization” process cannot continue without endangering
knowledge itself. e major challenges of our time require increasingly
more “competences”. Yet the amount of the best specialists in dierent
elds does not necessarily lead to generalized competence, because the
sum of competences does not mean competence, but on the contrary,
the intercrossing of dierent elds of knowledge can sometimes
result in an empty set. e need to create “bridges” between dierent
disciplines led to the emergence, halfway through the 20th century, of
multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity.
Multidisciplinarity lies at the intersection of themes common to
several researchers from dierent elds, in which everyone “preserves”
their specic concepts and methods. It deals especially with parallel
approaches having a common purpose, beneting from the addition
of specic contributions from dierent elds. Multidisciplinarity is a
combination of disciplines with a common goal or project; it refers
therefore, to studying an object from a discipline, through several
disciplines simultaneously. e resulting object will be enriched by the
intercrossing of several disciplines. Multidisciplinary research accrues
the discipline in question; this “accrued benet” serves exclusively that
discipline. In other words, the pluridisciplinary approach transgresses
the limits of disciplines, but its nality still remains within the initial
research framework.
Interdisciplinarity is dierent from multidisciplinarity. It refers to the
transfer of methods from one discipline to another. Interdisciplinarity
*Corresponding author: Maria-Elena Osiceanu, Technical University of Civil
Engineering of Bucharest, Lacul Tei Bvd, no. 122–124, Bucharest, Romania,
E-mail: osiceanum@gmail.com
Received: September 21, 2015; Accepted: September 23, 2015; Published:
November 15, 2015
Citation: Elena Osiceanu M (2015) The Implications of Interdisciplinarity to the
Development of Romanian Experimental Psychology. Clin Exp Psychol 1: 103.
doi:10.4172/cep.1000103
Copyright: © 2015 Elena Osiceanu M. This is an open-access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.
implies a dialogue and an exchange of knowledge, analyses and methods
between two or more disciplines. It involves mutual interaction and
exchange between several specialists from dierent elds, with the
purpose of enriching the knowledge of each. Consequently, it is noted
that, while interdisciplinarity establishes connections between dierent
sciences and disciplines [1-6], pluridisciplinarity refers simultaneously
to several disciplines.
Basarab Nicolescu [2] distinguishes three degrees of
interdisciplinarity: a) an applicative degree (for example, some methods
from nuclear physics can be transferred to medicine, leading to new
treatments for cancer); b) an epistemological degree (the transfer of the
methods of formal logic to the eld of law, generates interesting analyses
in the epistemology of law); c) a degree generative of new disciplines (the
transfer of mathematical methods to the eld of physics resulted in a new
discipline: physical mathematics or by that of informatics science to art
in generative art). Same as with pluridisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity
exceeds the limits of one discipline, but its nality remains within the
interdisciplinary research.
As far as transdisciplinarity is concerned, it frequently involves
cognitive schemata that can cross disciplines, with an unusual “virulence”
(oen engendering a state similar to the trance). Transdisciplinarity
designates a certain kind of knowledge that intersperses various
sciences, transgressing every limit [7]. Transdisciplinarity is concerned
with – as is indicated by the prex “trans” – what is simultaneously
at the limit between disciplines, within the various disciplines and
beyond any discipline, its purpose being the unity of knowledge.
Transdisciplinary research is not antagonistic, but complementary to
multi and interdisciplinary research. e fact that transdisciplinarity
is so oen mistaken for interdisciplinarity and multidisciplinarity (as,
moreover, interdisciplinarity is oen mistaken for multidisciplinarity),

Page 2 of 5
Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000103
Clin Exp Psychol
ISSN: 2471-2701 an open access journal
Citation: Elena Osiceanu M (2015) The Implications of Interdisciplinarity to the Development of Romanian Experimental Psychology. Clin Exp Psychol 1:
103. doi: 10.4172/2471-2701.1000103
order to complement his psychological studies on human nature, he
graduates from the Institute of eatrical Art, where he takes the classes
of professors like Herman and Petersen. A Herder Prize laureate, doctor
of science and philosophy at the University of Berlin and member
of the Academy of Sciences in New York, Zapan was the founder of
many scientic disciplines, such as taxiology or the science of the
organization of human activities according to progress factors and
structural pedagogy. A less known fact is that Zapan was the founder
of qualitative cybernetics at the world level, developing cybernetics
of human activities and of qualitative evolutionary systems with
preferential events (biological, psychological, educational, economic,
social), pedagogical cybernetics, a type of cybernetics with applicability,
especially in the natural systems.
George Zapan is the creator of some original scientic theories,
highly inuential and important for fundamental and applied research:
the theory of professional orientation and selection, a new theory of
the exercise and of learning, the theory of the relativity of psycho-
physical systems, the theory of psychological space and time, put forth
within the hypothesis of non-homogeneous somatic elds (a sort of
theory of the relativity of the psychic universe similar to that developed
by A. Einstein for the physical universe), the theory of mathematical
and psychological modeling of professionals and human activities,
the theory of taxiological and structural negentropy, the theory of the
psychological process of mathematical invention. His interdisciplinary
scientic thinking progressed from German structuralism (gestaltism)
to a complex approach, systemic-evolving and cybernetic of
psychological phenomena and human activities.
In the eld of psychology, Zapan developed and tested methods
of knowledge and education of mental activity, such as: the method
of objective assessment and the method of taxiological programming,
he built a system of temperaments, using his own methodology of
diagnosis, he discovered the fundamental laws of psychical functioning
(the law of intensity in biophysics, a new law of memorization, the law
of negentropy, the law of the organization of stereotypical dynamic).
He also proved to be a promoter of the use of statistical-mathematical
calculus in the human sciences, establishing numerous formulas and
biometric anthropometric and statistical coecients, (the structural
formula, the social formula, the formula of the degree of mental
development etc.).
I will present, in what follows, one of Gheorghe Zapan’s most
interesting contributions, “e systematization in the theory of
temperaments”. e paper was published in the Journal of Pedagogy, in
1940. e study concerning “the system of temperaments” proposes a
new mathematical formula for the approach of temperament. Zapan
postulates a three-dimensional model whose factors are: motricity
or activity, aectivity or emotivity and representation or imagination,
intuition. Every individual can display either one dominant dimension,
or two-three dierent dominant ones or even none of them [5]. We
can distinguish some basic types of temperaments in the multitude
of temperament formulas. Assigning each of these three dimensions
of temperament a positive (+) or negative (-) evaluation, Zapan
distinguishes 8 basic temperamental types (corresponding to those
identied in the typology of Heymans and Wiersma), as in next Table 1.
Systematic theory of temperaments might be liable to both a
mathematical interpretation and to a geometric representation. Taking
into account the table of basic temperamental types, the 8 types of
temperaments can be graphically represented, placing them in the 8
corners of a cube, as in the Figure 1.
From Figure 1, we might infer that the three coordinates are:
is largely due to the fact that all three of them transgress the limits of
disciplines. Inasmuch as it “obscures” the dierent nalities of the three
types of approach, this confusion proves to be extremely damaging. In
fact, these “compounds” of inter, pluri and transdisciplinarity played a
huge role in the history of science; it should be recalled that the key-
concepts involved herein are: the cooperation and the articulation, the
common objective and the common project.
We can conclude that terms like multidisciplinarity,
interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity are dicult to dene, due
to their polysemantic and elusive nature. One thing is certain, though:
pluridisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity are as
many “arrows” of one and the same bow: that of knowledge.
e Experimental Psychology at the Junction Between
Sciences
Koch S [8] shows that psychology is not a coherent and integrated
science, but it is fundamentally non-cohesive, unable to be homogenized
into a unied discipline. In the evolution of psychology there is an equal
occurrence of both the tendency towards a diversication of concepts,
theories, psychological orientations, and the unication and integration
of concepts. Situated at the junction of human sciences, social sciences
and natural sciences, the branches of psychology are the result of pluri,
inter and transdisciplinarity. At the junction of all these sciences,
general psychology dened its own applicative elds, among other
things, experimental psychology.
Perhaps more than any other discipline, experimental psychology
proves its pluri, inter and transdisciplinary character. It is well known
fact that psychic phenomena are preceded and accompanied by
material, physical, mechanical, chemical, biological, neurological
processes. Consequently, the researcher also needs knowledge from
other elds than psychology alone in order to “successfully” work in
the eld of psychology.
Under these circumstances, there is no wonder that, more than any
other eld of knowledge, the development of Romanian experimental
psychology as a science needed a fundamental, extremely valuable
contribution from professional whose fundamental scientic education
had no direct rapports with psychology. Suce it to recall names like:
George Zapan, Ştefan Odobleja, Mihai Ralea, Victor Săhleanu to realize
to what extent, original ideas or paradigms from other disciplines were
“generating principles” in the eld of psychology.
roughout this article, I will conne myself to the presentation
of some of the studies and research of two Romanian scientists:
Gheorghe Zapan and Ştefan Odobleja, who essentially contributed to
the “consolidation” of psychology as a science per se.
e mathematical model of system of temperaments -
Gheorghe Zapan’s contribution in the area of experimental
psychology
A scientist of pluri and interdisciplinary formation (psychologist,
mathematician, cyberneticist, educationalist, philosopher, jurist,
gunner), Gheorghe Zapan is one of the most important representatives
of experimental psychology and cybernetics in Romania.
George Zapan attends courses in mathematics and philosophy and
in 1923 becomes a graduate from the University of Iasi. In 1934, he is
appointed lecturer at the Department of Psychology at the University
of Bucharest. Since 1930, he starts studying in Germany, experimental
psychology with W. Köler, work psychology with H. Rupp, mathematics
with R. von Wrises, physics with A. Einstein and E. Schrödinger. In

Page 3 of 5
Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000103
Clin Exp Psychol
ISSN: 2471-2701 an open access journal
Citation: Elena Osiceanu M (2015) The Implications of Interdisciplinarity to the Development of Romanian Experimental Psychology. Clin Exp Psychol 1:
103. doi: 10.4172/2471-2701.1000103
structure and the importance of each, as well as the degree of mutual
connection between determinants is determined in the structure of
temperament. e numerical value of the structural exponents is
determined by a numerical method of approximation.
e systematization proposed by Zapan includes temperaments in
all their possible nuances and leads to a practical and reliable method
of diagnosis of temperament. Furthermore, this systematization, as a
simple, fast and accurate means of diagnosis of temperament, proves to
be extremely useful in research carried out in the elds of psychology,
pedagogy and sociology, which studies: a) the temperament at dierent
ages; b) the temperament by sex; c) temperament and aptitudes; d)
temperament and areas of professional specialization; e) temperament
in dierent peoples.
Gheorghe Zapan has a fundamental contribution to the development
of cybernetics and psychology, and his visionary and interdisciplinary
spirit helped initiate new directions of research in the human sciences.
e “Consonantist Psychology” – the role of Stefan Odobleja’s
Cybernetics theories in the eld of experimental psychology
A major contribution to the establishment of psychology as a
science based on laws and able to conceptualize discoveries was that of
a Romanian scientist, physician, psychologist and logician, called Ştefan
Odobleja. Science, philosophy and poetry are the three dimensions of
Odobleja’s scientic and cultural activity.
Ştefan Odobleja studied in Bucharest, as a student of the Faculty
of Medicine and scholar of the Military Medical Institute. He defends
his PhD thesis in 1928. In 1929 he publishes the study “e thoracic
transonance method”, where he mentions for the rst time the law of
reversibility. He receives the “Doctor Papiu General Alexander” award
for a paper entitled “e phonoscopy”, published in Paris in 1935.
e principles of compliance and reversibility which lie at the basis of
cybernetics are both summarized in this work.
While attending the International Congress of Military Medicine
in Bucharest, he announces the publication of his capital work e
Consonantist Psychology, where he popularizes the rst version of the
concept of generalized cybernetics and demonstrates its interdisciplinary
and multidisciplinary character. Given the fact that the concepts of
“reversibility” and “consonatist psychology” were introduced in the
paper e Consonantist Psychology, ten years before the publication
of Norbert Wiener’s Cybernetics, we can say that Odobleja may be
considered the “precursor of cybernetics”. e cybernetic model, which
he proposes in 1938-1939, from observation, intuition and rationality
will circulate 10 years later in the American specialized literature, and
then in the European one, being used and applied to a variety of areas.
Originally entitled Psychologie consonantiste (in French), the
fundamental work of the Romanian scientist was printed in French in
Lugoj, in two volumes, during 1938-1939 and distributed by “Librairie
Maloine”, in Paris [4]. It had only two reviews: the rst in 1939, in
English edition, and the second, by S.M. Strong, in the U.S. journal
Psychological Abstracts aer which it was ignored for a long time. It is
not translated into Romanian until late, in 1982. e work comes as
a huge dictionary containing, in a condensed way, all the terms of a
treaty of modern experimental psychology, with tendencies towards
schematization, in the continuous search of a possibly unifying
principle, namely: consonance. e author himself said that this work
was written with the view of achieving a maximum of synthesis (unity)
and analysis (plurality). e sociogenetic problematics of the psyche,
its subjective specicity, constructivism and the conscience eect are
Figure 1: The three-dimensional model of the system of temperaments.
Type of
temperament Motricity Affectivity Representations
Sentimental - + +
Nervous - + -
Choleric + + -
Sanguineous + - -
Phlegmatic +-+
Apathetic - - +
Passionate +++
Amorphous ---
Table 1: The table of basic temperament types.
X=motricity, Y=aectivity and Z=representations. e “amorphous”
temperament, with the formula (− − −) is located near the origin of
the axis. e “passionate” temperament, with the formula (+ + +) is
placed in the corner opposite to “amorphous.” Each of the other
temperamental basic ranks is dened by those coordinates. e cube
of temperaments is constructed based on the assumption that each of
the three determinants: motricity, aectivity and representations, are
equally important in the structure of the temperament (Figure 2). e
types represented in the cube corners are ideal types. e intermediate
temperament lies at a certain point inside the cube. e extreme cases,
generally abnormal, dened by the signs (+) and (−) may lie outside
the cube. e mathematical formula of temperament will be expressed
in terms of the 8 temperamental determinants: x; x’; x”; y; y’; y”; z and
z’, where: 1. x = motricity; x’ = rapidity of the motric reaction; and
x” = latency of the motric reaction; 2. y=aectivity; y’=direction of
aectivity (external world or internal world of the subject); and y” =
attitude toward self and attitude to others (optimism-pessimism); 3.
z=representation and z’=communicative or reserved. We notice that,
if one of these determinants becomes nil, then the temperament tends
towards nil as well.
e structural formula of temperament is given according to the
8 temperamental determinants: T = xa • x’b • x”
c • yd • y’
e • y”f • zg • z’h ,
where the numerical value of the determinants is calculated in deciles,
depending on the signs of determinant13. e exponents: a, b, c, d, e, f,
g, h of the mathematical formula of temperament are exponents of the
1Between the sign of determinant and the numerical value is the next
correspondence: +  10; + 7,5; (+ −)  5; (− +)  5; −  2,5; −  0,5.

Page 4 of 5
Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000103
Clin Exp Psychol
ISSN: 2471-2701 an open access journal
Citation: Elena Osiceanu M (2015) The Implications of Interdisciplinarity to the Development of Romanian Experimental Psychology. Clin Exp Psychol 1:
103. doi: 10.4172/2471-2701.1000103
less represented in Odobleja work. e author creates a psychological
logic rather than a psychology of physical procesuality. For Odobleja
“psychology is a pivotal science or a so-called relay (in cybernetic terms)
or an interdisciplinary knot” (in M Drăgănescu, P. Golu, introductory
study to e Consonantist Psychology [3].
Odobleja developed a new conception of psychology as a science
that integrates all disciplines in the human and the technical area.
Pondering on the development of experimental psychology, the author
mentions, from the very beginning of the work that it occurred in two
directions: that of conception and that of method. In terms of conception,
psychology evolves from animism and mysticism to realism and
materialism, from transcendental explanation to positivist explanation,
based on biology, physics and mechanics; as far as the method goes,
psychology shied from subjective introspection to objective
observation, and from the latter to experiment, from descriptions and
speculations to systematization and applications, from the empirical to
laws and classications.
Ştefan Odobleja conceives a psychology that is in close
communication with the other sciences, from mechanics and physics,
going through biology and reaching ethics and logics. e human
psyche is presented as “a vicious circle of energies, a reversibility,
a power transformer in the double sense, an association of convex
and concave lenses, focusing or dispersing energy or the physical”,
performing, therefore, functions of reception and reaction.
e Consonatist Psychology expresses an original, energy-based
concept, intended to replace associative philosophy that was prevalent
in the eld of psychology. Odobleja states that the mechanism of the
triggering and the operation of mental phenomena indicates that
the latter “are not, in any event, bound by wire or strings”, as the
associationists believed, but are based on resonance. Mental phenomena
are related and bound in time, they enter “in consonance” determining
each other, causing each other, and substituting and equating each other
“through distant action, like the radio processes”. is combination
on the principle of resonance and overlapping is a synonymous with
synthesis, with the creation of similarities, with consonance. For
example, two ideas that evoke each other are consonants. Similarly, two
totally dierent things, can, on account of resonance, obtain similarities
through their juxtaposition in time, by means of simultaneous and
successive evocation.
e consonance is an interaction with regulatory character:
“consonance is a physical phenomenon characterized by similarity,
selection and movement (resonance)” and consonatism is a general
principle of organization which shows a tendency, specic to dierent
types of systems, towards a state of balance in their relations with
the environment [3]. e consonantism “restores the fundamental
character of thinking, which is dynamism – because the fundamental
property of psychological facts lies in that ideas evoke one another and
don’t establish connections among themselves.
A trail-blazer in science, a promoter of general cybernetics,
Odobleja was the rst scientist that had the great intuition about the
role of the “reversible loop” (the feed-back), stating it in the shape of the
general law that governs the mechanisms and the processes of natural
and articial systems. e cybernetic character of the “reversibility law”,
as Odobleja called the law of circuits with retroaction must be pointed
out, which he threw into relief in all natural and societal processes and
phenomena.
Perhaps, Stephen Odobleja’s the main merit is to have found the
general character of feedback, a fundamental structure that connects
man to nature, and that he tries to showcase in various processes and
phenomena: “life is not possible without feedback”, noted the author, and
even: “psychology is the science of reciprocal actions exercised through
stimulation, adaptation or adjustment and response, between an organic
structure and its environment” [3]. He wants to systematize psychology
around the concept of consonance, with the aim of reducing the
psychological to the physical.
e consonantist psychology is not a work of cybernetics or just
a theory on the “law of reversibility”, but a philosophy of mental
processes and of science, in general, since the author searches for a
number of general laws, that apply to all elds of psychology and to
economic-social life. Among the fundamental laws that govern the
psyche and the physical are the law of reversibility, also called the law
of inverse connection or feed-back. Odobleja develops a synthesis of
the sciences by establishing a comprehensive research of structures
and universal laws, applicable to most sciences. In e Consonantist
Psychology alongside the law of consonance and the law of reversibility
(feed-back), there are 8 other universal laws postulated: the law of
equivalence; the law of compensation (which became essential for the
dynamics of systemic organization); the law of balance (presupposing a
dynamic equilibrium); the law of reaction; the law of cyclical processes;
the law of transformation and of nality (which means the tendency
of the system to achieve an optimal balance). Together, they achieved
the most extensive integration of the sciences. Odobleja applies these
laws in psychology, medicine, biology, social science, political economy,
pedagogy, techniques. Related to the integration of sciences, the system
of the Romanian scientist is similar to that of physics, postulated by
Albert Einstein. Ştefan Odobleja admirably understood, not only
the idea of a system, but also the concept of a hierarchy of systems,
beginning from the general and ending with the basic ones, from
society to the mechanical-man system.
Ştefan Odobleja intuited the way human cognitive processes are
related to the exchange of information between the organism and
the environment. Moreover, he intuited the cybernetical unity of
forms of culture, when he demonstrated that creative imagination
plays a remarkable role in science and in the realm of art. e author
recommends that we think in essential, transdisciplinary ideas, which
serve mental processes and broaden the scope of associations and
dissociations, of the game of ideas, of “intelligence game” and “creative
game”.
Székely named Odobleja” the precursor of the fundamental
features of theory and practice of the current model of interdisciplinary
unication” [1]. e author notes: “e eorts to unify the elds of
science require a broader and deeper understanding of the methodology
that applies dierent types of measurements in a “consonantist” way and
under the control of generalized dimensional analysis. is explains why
Odobleja deals in detail with the problems of methodology, in fact those
of epistemology. At the same time, he explains why his consonantist
Figure 2: The model of consonance.

Page 5 of 5
Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000103
Clin Exp Psychol
ISSN: 2471-2701 an open access journal
Citation: Elena Osiceanu M (2015) The Implications of Interdisciplinarity to the Development of Romanian Experimental Psychology. Clin Exp Psychol 1:
103. doi: 10.4172/2471-2701.1000103
psychology greatly exceeds the “normal” eld of psychology”. Odobleja
is the creator of a paradigm of interdisciplinarity, which may be ground
all other sciences. rough the concept of consonantism, he developed
a new vision of psychology as a science that integrates all disciplines of
the technical and human universe, a “science of sciences”.
Ştefan Odobleja’s work can be regarded as fundamental to the
architecture of science or a milestone for the ideas of the third
millennium, in which his synthetic thinking combines, in cybernetic
parlance, original interpretations from psychology, physics, biology,
anthropology and other humane applications. e Romanian scientist
built a system that shows that the world is unied by a metastructure
underlying diversity.
Conclusions
e nal goal of this theoretical research is to highlight the great
importance of the works of some scientists formed in interdisciplinary
elds to the development of Romanian experimental psychology.
e application of the methods and mathematical models or the
implementation of some cybernetics principles in the psychological
experiments had as a purpose, the enrichment and diversication of the
experimental psychology research eld. e special position occupied
by experimental psychology “at the crossroads” of several branches
of science, promote the translation of theories, models, methods and
principles, from one domain to another.
Hence, the idea that the “strict specialization”, without being
harmful is not the “supreme ideal”, nor the “absolute good”... Implicitly,
this article pleads for a comprehensive professional training as enabling
the connections between dierent research elds. Consequently, it
seems that, even more important than the clear-cut distinction between
sciences – is their cooperation, their multi, inter and transdisciplinarity.
References
1. Mânzat I (2007) Istoria psihologiei româneşti, Bucureşti, Ed. Univers
Enciclopedic, 2007, pp. 1025-1028.
2. Nicolescu B (1996) La Transdisciplinarite. Manifeste, Paris, Ed. du Rocher
1996.
3. Odobleja, Ş (1982) Psihologia consonantistă, Bucureşti, Ed. Ştiinţică şi
Enciclopedică. (introductory study by M. Drăgănescu & P. Golu).
4. Odobleja Ş. Psychologie consonantiste. Paris, Librairie Maloine, 1938-1939.
5. Zapan G (1992). Cunoaşterea personalităţii semenilor, Bucureşti, Ed. Militară.
(introductory study by P. Mureşan).
6. Le Petit Larousse Compact, Paris, Ed. Larousse, 1996.
7. http://www.agir.ro/buletine/83.pdf. Interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity,
factors to growth the quality of higher education; author: Jula, A.
8. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0103-066X.33.7.631. Wertheimer, M.;
Barclay, A. G.; Cook, S. W.; Kiesler, Charles A.; Koch, S.; Riegel, K. F. et al.
(1978) “Psychology and the future”. In American Psychologist, Vol 33(7), Jul
1978, pp. 631-647\
Citation: Elena Osiceanu M (2015) The Implications of Interdisciplinarity to the
Development of Romanian Experimental Psychology. Clin Exp Psychol 1: 103.
doi:10.4172/cep.1000103
OMICS International: Publication Benefits & Features
Unique features:
• Increasedglobalvisibilityofarticlesthroughworldwidedistributionandindexing
• Showcasingrecentresearchoutputinatimelyandupdatedmanner
• Specialissuesonthecurrenttrendsofscienticresearch
Special features:
• 700OpenAccessJournals
• 50,000editorialteam
• Rapidreviewprocess
• Qualityandquickeditorial,reviewandpublicationprocessing
• IndexingatPubMed(partial),Scopus,EBSCO,IndexCopernicusandGoogleScholaretc
• SharingOption:SocialNetworkingEnabled
• Authors,ReviewersandEditorsrewardedwithonlineScienticCredits
• Betterdiscountforyoursubsequentarticles
Submityourmanuscriptat:www.omicsonline.org/submission/