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Innovative Energietechnologien in Österreich - Marktentwicklung 2010
... The yearly installed photovoltaic (PV) capacities of the past two years show high two-digit growth rates in the European market, with 42% in 2022 and 43 % in 2023 [1]. In the Austria market more than half of the cumulative capacity in 2023 were installed in those two years [2]. With the first time achieving 1 GWp of added capacity in 2022 and the highest growth rate in Europe in 2023 (+157.96%), ...
... The high installation capacities challenge not only the aspect of grid integration. It further saturates the predominant rooftop market in Austria (84% in 2022 and 86% in 2023 [2]). For yearly PV installations in the range of 1-2 GWp new potentials need to be tapped. ...
... As the correction methods described in IEC 60891 [36] * cannot be used for the STC correction, a simplified STC correction of the measured string I-V curves is carried out based on the influencing factors on the I-V curve given by (1) and (2). It considers the temperature dependency of the module's voltage and the linear influence of irradiation on the current. ...
The exploration of traffic areas as a novel photovoltaic integration opportunity within the traffic sector, specifically in road surfaces, has been demonstrated in various projects. Limited data and publications about the performance and failure modes of these innovative road-integrated modules highlights the need for a comprehensive failure analysis. This study focuses on first time assessing failure modes of road-integrated photovoltaic modules installed at Austria's first road-integrated PV system in Teesdorf. A comprehensive failure mode analysis is conducted at the 100 m² PV parking place using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. These methods include regular visual inspections, I-V-curve measurements at both string- and module-levels (with a simplified STC correction), electroluminescence- and dark-I-V-curve measurements, and the use of monitoring data. The PV parking place produced 10.2 MWh in its first operation year, 27.18% less than the estimated yield. Visual inspections reveal various failure modes, including detachment of the module top layer, delamination, and broken module edges. In the analysed monitoring data continuous power losses are observed over the systems operation time. String-level power losses of up to 47.8% (mean: 33.5%) are calculated for the first year of operation. For the second year of operation the power losses reach a up to of 77.5% (mean: 56.2%). Cell cracks as the main cause of these power losses, attributed to vehicle loads, are identified through electroluminescence images. Out of 16 analysed strings with dark I-V-curve measurements three showed at least one bypass diode malfunctions. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods identified multiple failure modes and their main causes. As a conclusion, the study highlights the challenges of integrating PV modules into road surfaces, emphasizing the need for standardisation and quality assurance in the field of road-integrated PV applications.
... The investments costs of the PV system (including inverter and installation) were assumed using cost data provided by our industrial project partner. These agree closely with those cited in an Austrian market study [38]. We used a base cost of 3000 € plus 1050 €/kWp. ...
Air-to-water heat pumps are attractive as a replacement of inefficient fossil fuel-based heating systems in thermally renovated buildings. If existing radiator heating systems are not replaced during renovation, high flow temperatures limit the efficiency of the heat pump. For such systems we analysed the possibility to reduce grid electricity consumption by combining the heat pump with a photovoltaic system, a thermal storage (water tank) and an intelligent rule-based control system that enables targeted heat pump operation with on-site PV electricity. Detailed TRNSYS simulations were carried out for space heating and domestic hot water preparation in a single-family house in Zurich in two renovation scenarios. Different strategies for improved control were analysed and combined to an integrated control approach. To perform an economic analysis, the payback time of the PV system was analysed for different PV and storage sizes. Assuming typical Austrian electricity prizes and feed-in tariffs, the shortest payback time of 17.1 years can be achieved with 5 kWp of PV, combined with a storage volume of 1 m³. If operated with this optimum size and the advanced control, the system saves 2400 kWh/a (a reduction of –29%) of grid electricity, and the net cost of electricity is lowered by 585 €/a (–35%) as compared to the same system without PV. A sensitivity analysis was performed to consider the situation in different countries, using different electricity prizes and feed-in tariffs. The results show how these influence the payback time and the optimum size of the PV system.
... Erneuerbare Energietechnologien stellen ein schnell wachsendes Lager an kritischen Rohstoffen dar, die es am Ende der Lebensdauer der Anlagen möglichst effizient zurückzugewinnen und zu verwerten gilt (Zuser et al. 2011, Luidold et al. 2013 (Biermayr et al. 2016) Für das Jahr 2020 wird davon ausgegangen, dass sich der Anteil an Dünnschichtzellen im PV-Abfallaufkommen auf 20 % erhöht. PV-Technik basierend auf neuen Trägermaterialien oder organischen Zellen wird ab dem Jahr 2030 einen verstärkten Anteil am PV-Abfallaufkommen (Daxbeck et al. 2006). ...
https://nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/de/sdz/projekte/urban-mining.php
... Dabei spielen vor allem kleine und mittelgroße Anlagen eine entscheidende Rolle. Mit Ende 2016 waren in Österreich etwa 1 GWP installierter PV-Leistung [1], [2] vorzufinden, mit der damit produzierten erneuerbaren Energie lassen sich etwa 2 % des österreichischen Strombedarfs decken. Waren anfangs, aufgrund der vorteilhaften Förderlandschaft, Anlagen mit Volleinspeisung noch wirtschaftlich, ist heute aufgrund sinkender Einspeisetarife [2] aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht von Volleinspeiseranlagen Abstand zu nehmen. ...
Im Fokus dieser Arbeit stehen die Untersuchungen des Projektes WeizConnected in der Programmlinie „Haus der Zukunft“, einer Initiative des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie (BMVIT). Ziel des Projektes war die Entwicklung eines Systems für die gebäudeübergreifende Nutzung von PV-Erzeugung. Dieses System zielt darauf ab, eine wirtschaftliche Alternative zur Netzeinspeisung von PV-Überschüssen zu bieten. Der Kern dieser Arbeit liegt in der Umsetzung der entwickelten Technologie, die den Energieaustausch zwischen den beiden Bürogebäuden W.E.I.Z. I und W.E.I.Z. II ermöglicht.
Die relevanten technischen und rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen werden durchleuchtet. Aufbauend auf diesen Rahmenbedingungen wird das technische Konzept und die entsprechende Mess- und Regelstrategie dargestellt. Die hinsichtlich der Auswirkungen auf die Spannungsqualität in Abstimmung mit dem Netzbetreiber geprüfte entwickelte Lösung wird beschrieben. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse aus dem Betrieb der Anlage dargestellt und die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Systems untersucht.
... The total number of biomass boilers sold in 2007 is estimated at 8 million. For example, in Austria 8.000 pellet, 8.000 log wood, and 4.000 wood chip boilers with a nominal thermal output up to 100kW were installed in 2009 [4]. Today small-scale biomass boilers for heating and hot water provision are highly efficient. ...
About 30% of the total energy use in Austria is dedicated to heating purposes and hot water provision. During the last decade, biomass boilers had a major comeback due to increasing prizes for fossil fuels and the renewable character of the fuel. In 2009, 20.000 biomass boilers with a nominal thermal output up to 100kW were installed in Austria. However, conventional small scale biomass boilers reach only about 73% to 89% energy efficiency based on the gross calorific value [1]. This disadvantage originates mainly from the flue gas temperature. The sensible heat and, more importantly, the latent heat of water are lost to the ambient. Therefore, a module, which transfers the heat of condensation to the return flow, strongly enhances the efficiency. In this paper we present the concept of active condensation, which combines a condensation device and a heat pump. In a first step the flue gas is cooled down until almost complete condensation of the water vapor. Afterwards a heat pump transforms the recovered low temperature energy to the temperature of the return flow. This technology can be used independently of the return flow temperature, which is especially important for retrofitted houses, where the return flow temperature is often higher than the condensation temperature of the flue gas. To evaluate the suggested system, we model each component by mass and energy balances in the Matlab/Simulink environment. Each component model is based on physical laws or measurement data from available components of cognate technologies. We will present efficiency factors and an exergy analysis for different heat pump powers and return flow temperatures. Subsequently we will estimate optimal design criteria.
... The total number of biomass boilers sold in 2007 is estimated at 8 million. For example, in Austria 8.000 pellet, 8.000 log wood, and 4.000 wood chip boilers with a nominal thermal output up to 100kW were installed in 2009 [4]. The dew point can be located at temperatures between 40-60°C (see figure 1). ...
About 30% of the total energy use in Austria is dedicated to heating purposes and hot water provision. During the last decade, biomass boilers had a major comeback due to increasing prizes for fossil fuels and the renewable character of the fuel. In 2009, 20.000 biomass boilers with a nominal thermal output up to 100kW were installed in Austria. However, conventional small scale biomass boilers reach only about 73% to 89% energy efficiency based on the gross calorific value [1]. This disadvantage originates mainly from the flue gas temperature. The sensible heat and, more importantly, the latent heat of water are lost to the ambient. Accordingly, a module being able to transfer the heat of condensation to the return flow strongly enhances the efficiency.
In this paper we present the concept of active condensation, which combines a condensation device and a heat pump. In a first step the flue gas is cooled down until almost complete condensation of the water vapor. Afterwards a heat pump transforms the recovered low temperature energy to the temperature of the return flow. This technology can be used independently of the return flow temperature, and therefore is particularly important for retrofitted houses, where the return flow temperature is often higher than the condensation temperature of the flue gas.
To evaluate the suggested system, we model each component by mass and energy balances in the Matlab/Simulink environment. Each component model is based on physical laws or measurement data from available components of cognate technologies. We will present efficiency factors and an economic analysis for different heat pump powers and return flow temperatures. Subsequently we will estimate optimal design criteria.
... Austria has nearly met the 2020 targets already in 2013, only Sweden has already exceeded the target in this sector. A recent Austrian study explores the market potential of the renewables in Austria (Biermayr et al. 2014). The study covers all sources of renewables, i.e. biomass, photovoltaics, solar thermal collectors, heat pumps and wind power. ...
Despite the fact that an efficient and effective European Energy Union has a long way to go the
development over the last 20 years suggest that the European policy making has a reasonable impact
on the national energy and environment policies of the Member States. Austria is an excellent case
for both, the success as well as the short-comings of the current situation.
In a merely technological and economic perspective energy Austria does not seem to have problems
to ensure energy security in the short- and medium-term. Although dependent on imports Austria
has a potential to increase energy efficiency and the production of renewables, which however
necessitates a policy shift, stakeholder involvement, public awareness and public participation. With
respect to imports it is fair to state that the planet can offer a sufficient supply if the technological
advances allow for production, transmission and use of solar energy, photovoltaics and wind energy.
This said, energy security depends not only on physical indicators but has to be understood in a more
complex policy environment. Rather, the issue at hand must be understood in the wider context of
the shift towards sustainable economies and sustainable societies.
... The empirical quantitative data presented in the following sections were collected from different primary and secondary sources. The distinctions between the consecutive phases of the life cycle are based on quantitative data published by the Austrian Statistical Office (Statistik Austria, 2012), the Chamber of Agriculture (Furtner and Haneder, 2013), the Ministry for Traffic, Innovation and Technology (Biermayr et al., 2013), and the Federal Government of Lower Austria. Section 5.1 briefly sketches the formative and early growth phase of the niche. ...
The successful diffusion of sustainable technologies is termed “upscaling” in the transition studies literature. This paper maintains that upscaling is an ambiguous notion that suggests that technology diffusion processes follow a linear trend from small-scale pilot plants to industrial-scale facilities. On the ground, however, sociotechnical configurations are implemented at a variety of scales, simultaneously. These issues are demonstrated in this paper by analysing the historical development of the Austrian biomass district heating niche. Drawing on secondary statistical data and primary qualitative semi-structured interviews, it is possible to identify four generic socio-technical configurations or dominant designs that, in conjunction, shape the diffusion dynamics of this technology in Austria.
... For 2011, prices for woodchips including delivery ranged from EUR 80 to 90 per ton (Tretter, 2011). Biermayr et al. (2011) also observed increasing prices of woodchips from EUR 48 in 2005 to EUR 110 per ton feedstock in 2011. Lauer (2012) assumed even higher prices of EUR 120 to 150 per ton for forestry woodchips, but he also mentioned industrial waste wood as a cheaper option with costs of about EUR 60 to 90 per ton feedstock. ...
Climate change mitigation strategies, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) are essential to secure the future of humanity as carbon emissions due to increased human activities are constantly rising. As provision of energy is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide from combustion of fossil fuels, biomass utilization is seen as one of various promising strategies to reduce additional emissions. A recent project on potentials of biochar to mitigate climate change (FOREBIOM) goes even a step further towards bioenergy in combination of CCS or “BECS” and tries to assess the current potentials, from sustainable biomass availability to biochar amendment in soils, including the identification of potential disadvantages and current research needs. The current report represents an outcome of the 1st FOREBIOM Workshop held in Vienna in April, 2013 and tries to characterize the Austrian perspective of biochar for climate change mitigation. The survey shows that for a widespread utilization of biochar in climate change mitigation strategies, still a number of obstacles have to be overcome. There are concerns regarding production and application costs, contamination and health issues for both producers and customers besides a fragmentary knowledge about biochar-soil interactions specifically in terms of long-term behavior, biochar stability and the effects on nutrient cycles.
However, there are a number of positive examples showing that biochar indeed has the potential to sequester large amounts of carbon while improving soil properties and subsequently leading to a secondary carbon sink via rising soil productivity. Diversification, cascadic utilization and purposedesigned biochar production are key strategies overcoming initial concerns, especially regarding economic aspects. A theoretical scenario calculation showed that relatively small amounts of biomass that is currently utilized for energy can reduce the gap between Austria’s current GHG emissions and the Kyoto target by about 30% if biomass residues are pyrolized and biochar subsequently used as soil amendment. However, by using a more conservative approach that is representing the aims of the underlying FOREBIOM project (assuming that 10% of the annual biomass increment from forests is used for biochar production), each year 0.38 megatons CO2e could potentially be mitigated in Austria, which is 0.4% of total or 5% of all GHG emissions caused by agriculture in Austria in 2010. In order to produce this amount of biochar annually, about 27 medium-scale or 220 small-scale pyrolysis plants would be required. The economic analysis revealed that biochar yield, carbon sequestration and feedstock costs have the highest influence on GHG abatement costs.
Zusammenfassung
Bis 2040 soll die Stromversorgung in Österreich laut aktuellem Regierungsprogramm klimaneutral sein und somit zu 100 % aus erneuerbarer Energie erfolgen. Dieses Ziel ist mit großen Ambitionen im Ausbau der Anlagen zur Erzeugung von erneuerbarer Energie, vor allem im Bereich der Photovoltaik und Windkraft, verbunden. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, den zu erwartenden, stark ansteigenden Materialeinsatz für neue und bestehende Windkraftanlagen (WKA) und Photovoltaikanlagen (PVA) bis zum Jahr 2050 darzustellen, das Potenzial an Sekundärressourcen abzuschätzen und Wege zur Wiederverwendung und möglichst hochwertigen Verwertung aufzuzeigen. Hierfür wurden der Anlagenbestand und die verwertbaren Sekundärressourcen auf Basis von makroökonomischer Modellierung des österreichischen Energiesystems und marktmixbasierten Materialflussanalysen von WKA und PVA (auf Bauteilebene) bilanziert. Beim Bau der Anlagen zeigt sich die Massenrelevanz von Silizium und Glas bei PVA bzw. Beton und Stahl für Fundamente für WKA, wobei im Zeitraum von 2020 bis 2030 mit einer Steigerung des Rohstoffeinsatzes um den Faktor 5 zu rechnen ist. Weiters enthalten elektrische und elektronische Bauteile bedeutende Mengen an Metallen (Fe, Cu, Al), Edelmetallen (Au, Ag) sowie Sondermetallen, wie Tantal in Kondensatoren oder Neodym in Magneten. Ein Vergleich nach zwei Recyclingszenarien mit derzeitiger Ausrichtung und hochwertigem Recycling zeigt, dass bei PVA für Glas, Silizium und Silber bzw. bei WKA bei Kupfer, Edelmetallen und glas- und carbonfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen Rückgewinnungsraten deutlich gesteigert werden können. Aufgrund der anfallenden Mengen und Qualitäten an potenziellen Sekundärressourcen, die in den nächsten Jahrzehnten in den abgebauten Anlagen enthalten sein werden, müssen optimierte Verwertungswege geschaffen werden, damit die Ressourcen auch in der Praxis im Kreislauf geführt werden können.
As part of the e-mobility Echsenbach field test an innovative method (P(U,Z) control) concerning the reduction of charging power was tested and analyzed. In addition, simultaneity factors with reference to e-mobility and in particular to various charging power levels were derived. For a priori given penetration rates of charging stations, analyses and simulations were developed in order to estimate the impact of e-mobility and heat pumps on the condition (i.e., voltage levels and thermal stresses of electrical equipment) of an electrical grid. The starting points of the charging processes were logged. This made it possible to transform the charging processes into such with a freely chosen but constant charging power. For the chosen charging powers of 3,7 kW and 11 kW, simultaneity graphs were evaluated and load flow analyses were carried out. On the basis of the measurements recorded during the e-mobility Echsenbach field test, the simulation models were proved and verified.
Austria established energy policy targets to decarbonize the housing sector with an increasing usage of low carbon electricity. Solar photovoltaic (PV) is one of the technologies being used to reach this target. Currently, the deployment of PV in the multi-apartment building sector is supported by subsidies. Taking into account the available potential and the policy goals for large-scale PV deployment in the residential sector in Austria, this paper investigates the economic feasibility of PV generation in multi-apartment buildings in the absence of subsidies. It also looks at the necessary regulatory conditions for implementation of economically feasible business models for PV generation in multi-apartment buildings. The empirical data for current research came from case studies of three actual projects, which were implemented by stakeholders with practical experience and knowledge in residential PV.
In der Energieversorgung vollzieht sich ein Strukturwandel zu einer stärker dezentral geprägten Energieversorgung auf Basis regenerativer Energieträger. Den Herausforderungen, die diese fundamentalen Veränderungen für die sichere und zuverlässige Versorgung mit elektrischer Energie mit sich bringen, steht ein Portfolio unterschiedlicher technischer Lösungen gegenüber, mit denen die zunehmende Integration volatiler Erzeugung ermöglicht werden kann. Ziel des Projektes SG-Essences war zu zeigen, wie sich diese verschiedenen Systemlösungsansätze aus ökonomischer Sicht darstellen. Die Analysen wurden dabei exemplarisch für den Fall einer verstärkten Integration von Photovoltaik (PV) in zwei repräsentativen ländlichen Netzstrukturen durchgeführt.
Abstract
The electricity markets face fundamental structural changes due to the ever increasing production from decentralized energy supply technologies based on renewable sources. The challenges that these fundamental changes pose for the safe and reliable supply of electricity, are matched by a portfolio of different technical solutions which enable the integration of volatile electricity production. The aim of the project SG-Essences was to assess these various system solutions from an economic point of view. The analyses were carried out using the example of increased integration of photovoltaic (PV) in two representative rural electricity networks.
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