Content uploaded by Ali Esmail Al-Snafi
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Ali Esmail Al-Snafi on Feb 14, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
International Journal of Pharmacology & Toxicology / 5(2), 2015,76-81.
76 | P a g e
e - ISSN - 2249-7668
Print ISSN - 2249-7676
THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL
EFFECTS OF CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS- A REVIEW
Ali Esmail Al-Snafi
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thiqar University, Nasiriyah, PO Box 42, Iraq.
ABSTRACT
Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare known to mankind. Herbs had been used by all cultures throughout
history. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the world populations presently use herbal
medicine for some aspect of primary health care. Capsella bursa-pastoris is one of the plants commonly used in the traditional
medicine in many countries. It contained a wide range of chemicals including flavonoids, polypeptides, choline, acetylcholine,
histamine, tyramine, fatty acids, sterols, organic acids, amino acids, sulforaphane, many trace elements, vitamins and many
other compounds. Capsella bursa-pastoris exerted antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardiovascular, reproductive,
anticancer, hepato-protective, sedative and other pharmacological effects. The present review will highlight the chemical
constituents and the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Capsella bursa-pastoris.
Keywords: Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chemical constituents, pharmacology.
INTRODUCTION
Capsella bursa-pastoris is one of the plants
commonly used in the traditional medicine for many
purposes. It contained a wide range of chemicals including
flavonoids, polypeptides, choline, acetylcholine,
histamine, tyramine, fatty acids, sterols, organic acids,
amino acids, sulforaphane, many trace elements, vitamins
and many other compounds. Capsella bursa-pastoris
exerted antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
cardiovascular, reproductive, anticancer, hepatoprotective,
sedative and other pharmacological effects
Common names
Arabic: Madakat el Raee, Kess el Raee, Sharabat
el Raee, Gezdan el Raee, Karmala; English: Shepherd's
Bag, Shepherd's Scrip, Shepherd's Sprout, Lady's Purse,
Witches' Pouches, Rattle Pouches, Case-weed, Pick-
Pocket, Pick-Purse, Blindweed, Pepper-and-Salt, Poor
Man's Parmacettie, Sanguinary, Mother's Heart and
Clappedepouch; French: Bourse de Pasteur; German:
Hirtentasche [1].
Family: Cruciferae; Brassicaceae
Distribution
Capsella bursa-pastoris is native in different
parts of the world, including Cyprus, Europe, Saudi
Arabia, Turkey, Pakistan, India, Iran, Iraq, Azarbayjan,
China and many other places in Asia. It is also found in
North African, central America and Eastern European [2-
4].
Traditional uses
The plant was used medicinally as haemostatic,
diuretic and antipyretic in China and Japan for many
centuries [5]. The whole plant was used to treat edema
caused by nephritis, odynuria, hemafecia, menorrhagia,
chyluria and hypertension [6]. The leaves and roots of the
plant were used as an edible vegetable, eaten raw or
cooked in some countries [7-8]. A tea made from the
whole plant was used as antiscorbutic, astringent, diuretic,
emmenagogue, haemostatic, hypotensive, oxytocic,
Corresponding Author:-Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Email:-aboahmad61@yahoo.com
International Journal of
Pharmacology & Toxicology
www.ijpt.org
International Journal of Pharmacology & Toxicology / 5(2), 2015,76-81.
77 | P a g e
stimulant, vaso-constrictor and vulnerary. A tea made
from the dried herb was considered to be a sovereign
remedy against haemorrhages of all kinds, the stomach,
the lungs, the uterus and more especially the kidneys. The
plant has been ranked 7th amongst 250 potential anti-
fertility plants in China. A homeopathic remedy is made
from the fresh plant to be used in the treatment of nose
bleeds and urinary calculus [9].
Part used: Whole plant was used medicinally.
Chemical constituents
The aerial parts contained flavonoids,
polypeptides, choline, acetylcholine, histamine and
tyramine [10].The plant also contained minerals, vitamin
A, ascorbic acid, proteins, linoleic acid and ω3
polyunsaturated fatty acid[7,11].Leaves (100g) contained
280 calories, protein: 35.6 g, fat: 4.2 g, carbohydrate: 44.1
g; fiber: 10.2 g, ash: 16.1 g, vitamins A 21949 mg,
thiamine (B1) 2.12 mg, riboflavin (B2) 1.44 mg, niacin 3.4
mg, vitamin B6: 0 mg and vitamin C 305 mg [12].
The edible parts of Capsella bursa-pastoris contained the
following minerals and trace elements (mg/kg): Cu
0.70±0.07, Pb 6.32±1.12, Zn 5.48±1.24, Mn 4.50±1.56,
Co 0.15±0.02, K 224.4±18.66, Fe 44.36±4.47 Ca
2.396±152.4 and Na 2.90±0.58 [12-13].
The fatty acid composition of the seeds and roots
oils of Capsella bursa-pastoris included (%): azelaic acid
1.802 and 10.024 palmitic acid 18.168 and 44.076, stearic
acid 9.874 and 9.570 oleic acid 22.863 and 16.101,
linoleic acid 20.589 and 13.402, linolenic acid 12.197 and
6.826, arachidonic acid 3.370 and 0 , and 11-eikozenoic
acid 11.136 and 0 % respectively. In comparison of the
fixed oil composition of the seeds and roots of the
Capsella bursa-pastoris, it was found that the seed oil
was rich in unsaturated fatty acids (oleic linoleic and
linolenic) whereas the root oil was rich in palmitic acid
[14].
However, Grossoet al., mentioned that the free
fatty acids isolated (as methyl esters) from C. bursa-
pastoris were included (mg/Kg of dry plant) dodecanoic
acid (lauric acid)b 5.66±1.17, tetradecanoic acid (myristic
acid) 29.63±5.79, pentadecanoic acid 18.05±3.06, (Z)-9-
hexadecenoic acid (palmitoleic acid) 23.29±0.49, (Z)-7-
hexadecenoic acid 22.97±4.27, hexadecanoic acid
(palmitic acid) 284.48±41.06, 9,10-(Z)-methylene-
hexadecanoic acid 17.59±2.18, heptadecanoic acid
7.11±1.60, (Z)-9.12-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid)
20.09±4.35, (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid)
53.03±9.99, (Z)-6-octadecenoic acid 9.00±0.08,
Octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) 53.20±0.68, and
eicosanoic acid (arachidic acid) 2.52±0.33 [15].
The phytosterol compounds identified in
dichloromethane extracts of C. bursa-pastoris were
included cholesterol, campesterol, , stigmasterol, β-
sitosterol, cholest-5-en-3-one, ergosta-4,6,8 [14], 22-
tetraen-3-one, lupeol, stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one, stigmasta-
4-en-3-one in addition to unidentified phytosterols [15].
Nine flavonoids were isolated from the whole
plant of Capsella bursa-pastoris, their structures were
identified as tricin, kaempferol, quercetin, kaempferol-7-
O-α-L- rhamnopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D–
glucopyranoside, quercetin-6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside,
kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-α-L-
rhamnopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-Dglucopyranosyl- 7-
O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside
[6,16].
The amounts of some of these flavonoids were
determined in the methanol and methanol/water
extraction of C. bursa-pastoris(mg/kg of dry plant)
including quercetin-6-C-glucoside 793.90±8.80 and
564.32±8.09, quercetin-3-O-glucoside 426.26±1.01 and
1241.25±37.61, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside 2314.61±11.59
and 2179.57±67.68, quercetin 16.36±0.59 110.86±15.69
and kaempferol 16.01±0.12 and 130.41±12.27
respectively [15].
Capsella bursa-pastoris also contained
isothiocyanate compound, sulforaphane [17]. Organic acid
composition of C. bursa-pastoris (mg/kg of dry plant)
included oxalic 2416.98±405.50, citric 27408.80±4161.68,
malic 68288.82±11217.03, quinic 95628.00±15827.51,
shikimic 8.02±1.15 and fumaric 3540.02±546.01 [15].
Two peptides were isolated from Capsella bursa-
pastoris ,named shepherin I and shepherin II, consisted of
28 and 38 amino acids, respectively, and wee glycine- and
histidine-rich peptides. Shepherin I and shepherin II have
67.9% and 65.8% (mol/mol) glycine, respectively, and
28.6% and 21.1% (mol/mol) histidine, respectively. Both
shepherins have a Gly-Gly-His motif [18].
The methanol and methanol/water extraction of
C. bursa-pastoris resulted in identification of total amino
acid 1823.25±71.38 and 2550.56±129.04 (μg/kg of dry
plant) respectively. Eighteen amino acids were extracted
from methanol and methanol/water extracts including
(μg/kg of dry plant, respectively) glutamic acid 0 and
trace, asparagine 0 and 3.77±0.47, serine 4.01±0.43 and
1.39±0.11, threonine 4.93±0.61 and 0, glycine 12.23±0.65
and 9.17±0.63, alanine trace and trace, valine 23.71±1.32
and 11.15±0.30, proline 80.51±5.33 and 36.10±4.22,
arginine 1054.57±44.11 and 1296.55±77.89, isoleucine
23.24±2.10 and 0, leucine 14.58±0.72 and 7.42±0.83,
tryptophan 0 and 2.51±0.38, phenylalanine 6.51±0.55 and
174.83±6.41, cysteine 86.24±3.30 and 149.09±6.07,
qrnitine 8.19±0.75 and 3.31±0.30, lysine trace and
12.49±0.71, histidine 6.05±0.58 and 54.03±3.87 and
tyrosine 522.78±45.88 and 796.97±29.40 (1,15).
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Antimicrobial effects
Soxhlet benzene extracts of Capsella bursa-
pastoris, exerted an effective antibacterial effects.
Alkaloids and flavonoids of Capsella gave the highest
International Journal of Pharmacology & Toxicology / 5(2), 2015,76-81.
78 | P a g e
antibiotic potencies and had the broadest antimicrobial
spectra [19].
Antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous
extracts of Capsella bursa-pastoris were carried out
against eight different species of bacteria, Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus fecalis and
Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris,
Serratiamar cescens, Acinitobacter bumani, Klebsiella
pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It showed
antibacterial activity only against gram-negative bacteria.
The ethanolic and aqueous extract showed different
activities; the aqueous extract (hot) showed the same or
greater activity than the ethanolic extract by disc diffusion.
Hot aqueous extract in a concentration of 2000 and 3000
μg/ml inhibited the growth of five gram negative
pathogens in almost similar pattern. Ethanolic extract was
active only against Ps. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. All
isolates were tested by different concentration of sub-MIC
of aqueous and ethanolic extracts, these concentrations
inhibited or omitted the ability of those isolates to produce
virulence factors (DNase, haemolysin production and
lipase production) [20].
C. bursa-pastoris ethanolic extract showed good
antibacterial activity against six oral pathogens [Strep-
tococcus mutans (PTCC 1683), S. sanguis (PTCC 1449),
Actinomyces viscosus (PTCC 1202), Enterococcus faecalis
(ATCC 29212) as oral pathogens and Staphylococcus
aureus(ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC
29922)]. No strain showed resistance against this extract
[21].
The effect of Capsella bursa pastoris alcoholic
extract was assayed on different stages of bacterial growth
(E. coli, Pseudomonas aerogenesis, Staphylococcus
aureusand Bacillus cereus). The results showed that
extract caused significant changes in the bacterial growth
in different concentrations (2).
A sulforaphane-containing solution (SCS)
isolated from Capsella bursa-pastoris inhibited
vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and Bacillus
anthracis. The minimal inhibitory concentration was 250
µg/ml for VRE and 1,000 µg/ml for B. anthracis (17).
Two novel antimicrobial peptides were isolated
and characterized from the roots of Capsella bursa-
pastoris. These antimicrobial peptides, named shepherin I
and shepherin II, consist of 28 and 38 amino acids,
respectively, and were glycine- and histidine-rich peptides.
Shepherin I and shepherin II have 67.9% and 65.8%
(mol/mol) glycine, respectively, and 28.6% and 21.1%
(mol/mol) histidine, respectively. Both shepherins have a
Gly-Gly-His motif. These peptides exhibit antimicrobial
activity against Gram-negative bacteria and fungi [18].
The antibacterial potential of Capsellabursa-
pastoris methanol, methanol/water and dichloromethane
extracts were screened for activity against five Gram-
positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus
epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis
and Bacillus cereus), and four Gram-negative (Proteus
mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Salmonella typhimurium). The MICs obtained for
methanol and methanol/water extracts were lower than
those of dichloromethane. In addition, Gram-positive
bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-negative ones
[15].
Anticancer effects
An inhibitory effect of the extracts of the herb on
Ehrlich solid tumour in mice was found to be due to the
fumaric acid [10].The water, ethanol and methanol
extracts of C. bursa-pastoris caused 42.9, 29.5 and 42.9%
tumor inhibition [22].
The effects of methanol extracts of
Capsella bursa-pastoris (MECB) was evaluated on the
cell growth and apoptosis of HSC-2 human oral cancer
cells. MECB caused growth inhibition and induction of
apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in HSC-2
cells. A marked reduction in specificity protein 1 (Sp1)
expression following treatment with MECB was also
observed. The down regulation of Sp1 by siRNA resulted
in growth inhibition and a reduction of total poly (ADP-
ribose) polymerase (PARP) expression. In addition MECB
was significantly increased Bak expression levels and
decreased Mcl-1 expression levels [23].
The treatment of ICR mice with ip injections
(0.14 g/kg/ day) of the extract of Capsella bursa-pastoris
herb caused 50 to 80% inhibition of the solid growth of
Ehrlich tumor cells that had been inoculated into the sc
tissue of the animals. The tumor lumps in the treated mice
showed multifocal necroses and the infiltration of host
fibrous tissue cells. An acidic substance was isolated in
crystalline form from the herb extract as antitumor agent.
This acidic substance was identified as fumanic acid and
was effective in inhibiting the growth of Ehrlich Solid
tumor at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day. The 50% lethal dose (ip)
of this acid was 266 mg/kg [24].
Fumaric acid, isolated as the active component
of Capsella bursa-pastoris was found to reduce markedly
the growth and viability of Ehrlich, MH134, and L1210
mouse tumor cells in culture at concentration of 0.3-1.2
mg/ml. In contrast, fumaric acid at these concentrations in
the culture medium had no deleterious effect on the
monolayer development of mouse and chick embryo cells
but exhibited activity to enhance the recovery of the cells
from the toxic effects of mitomycin C, aflatoxin B1, N-
methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and potassium 1-
methyl-7-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl) vinyl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-
1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylate (25).
Anti-inflammatory effects
The plant induced anti-inflammatory activity in
carrageenan-induced and dextran-induced rat paw oedema.
It also reduced capillary permeability in guinea-pig
induced by histamine and serotonin. In addition, it
International Journal of Pharmacology & Toxicology / 5(2), 2015,76-81.
79 | P a g e
possessed anti-ulcer activity in rats following
intraperitoneal injection. The extract did not affect gastric
secretion, but accelerated recovery from stress-induced
ulcers [5, 26].
The anti-inflammatory and antibacterial
properties of a sulforaphane-containing solution (SCS)
isolated from shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
had significant anti-inflammatory activity indicated by the
decreased levels of nitric oxide (NO), cytokines
(interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-6, and IL-10), and
prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated
RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. SCS also decreased the
inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2
(COX-2) levels, which confirmed the anti-inflammatory
activity of SCS [17].
Effects on smooth muscles
Evaluation of acetylcholinesterase inhibition of
the Capsella bursa-pastoris extracts revealed that these
extracts were moderate acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors (15).
The plant induced stimulatory action on the small intestine
in the guinea-pig, the activity which unaffected by
atropine and diphenhydramine, but were inhibited by
papaverine [27]. The extract of dried or green plant causes
strong contraction of the small intestines and uterus of
guinea pigs. A quaternary ammonium salt has been
isolated from the herb which is reported to be responsible
for its pharmacological activity [10].
A purified substance from an alcohol extract
of Capsella bursa-pastoris exerted contractile activity on
the rat uterus which was similar to that of oxytocin and
had some characteristics of a polypeptide [5].
Water extracts (infusions) from a group of
medicinal plants including Capsella bursa-pastoris
enhanced the uterine tonus in a series of experiments on
isolated rabbit and guinea pig uterine horn [28].
The plant was used in the treatment of
menorrhagia and metrorrhagia, which seem to be mediated
through an increased contraction of smooth muscles and
uteromimitic effect. As a tea-like infusion, the
recommended dose is 2 to 4 g in 150 ml of water after
boiling for 15 minutes. This solution should be taken two,
three or four times a day [4].
Effects on fertility
Capsella bursa-pastoris, dried and ground, added
at rates of 20 and 40% to the stock diet of male and female
mice, showed that both materials, at the 40% level
impeded ovulation and produced temporary infertility in
males and females [29].
Antioxidant effects
The methanolic and aqueous extracts which
contained many flavonoids exerted an antioxidant activity
against DPPH radicals, peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl
radicals, and hydrogen peroxide [16]. Evaluation of
antioxidant activity of Capsella bursa-pastoris extracts
revealed that these extracts are efficient free radical
scavengers [15].
Cardiovascular effects
The plant increased coronary blood flow in dogs
following intra-arterial administration, and caused a slight
inhibitory effect on ouabain-induced ventricular
fibrillation in the rat following intraperitoneal injection,
together with a negative chronotropic effect. It caused
negative chronotropic and inotropic actions on the isolated
hearts of guinea-pig and rabbit [27]. Young leaves
contained hesperidin and rutin, which reduced
permeability of blood vessel walls in white mice [10].
Effects on psoriasis and multiple sclerosis
Fumarates (found abundantly in Shepherd’s
purse) were evaluated for improving psoriasis and
multiple sclerosis by inducing type II dendritic cells. In
mice, fumarates generate type II DCs that induce IL-4-
producing Th2 cells in vitro and in vivo and protect mice
from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Type
II DCs was resulted from fumarate-induced glutathione
(GSH) depletion, followed by increased hemoxygenase-1
(HO-1) expression and impaired STAT1 phosphorylation.
Induced HO-1 is cleaved, whereupon the N-terminal
fragment of HO-1 translocates into the nucleus and
interacts with AP-1 and NF-κB sites of the IL-23p19
promoter [30].
Hepatoprotective effects
Capsella bursa-pastoris showed hepatoprotective
activity in hepato toxicity induced by CCl4 in rats. The
serum levels of SGOT and bilirubin in the animals treated
by Capsella bursa–pastoris (aerial parts) crude extract
showed significant decreases by (26.9 and 31.7 %)
respectively, at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight
(p<0.05). The smaller dose of the extract, although it
lowered the levels of all parameters, did not do so by a
statistically significant amount [31].
Sedative effects
The plant was also induced CNS-depressant
action in mice which demonstrated bypotentiation of
barbiturate-induced sleeping time [27].
Adverse effects and toxicity
Capsella bursa-pastoris extracts have been
reported to exhibit low toxicity in mice. The reported LD50
values were 1.5 g/kg body weight (mice, intraperitoneal
injection) and 31.5 g/kg (mice, subcutaneous injection).
Signs of toxicity were included sedation, enlargement of
pupils, paralysis of hind limbs, difficulty in respiration,
and death by respiratory paralysis [27]. As general, the
side effects seem to be modest. The plant was
contraindicated in pregnancy [4].
International Journal of Pharmacology & Toxicology / 5(2), 2015,76-81.
80 | P a g e
Dose Dried herb 1-4 g or by infusion three times daily.
Liquid extract 1-4 ml (1:1 in 25 % alcohol) three times
daily [32].
CONCLUSION
Capsella bursa-pastoris is a plant with wide
range of chemical constituents which exerted many
pharmacological effects. There is a great promise for
development of novel drugs from Capsella bursa-pastoris
to treat many human diseases as a result of its
effectiveness and safety.
REFERENCES
1. Grieve M. Botanical.com, A modern herbal, Shepherd's Purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris,
http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/s/shephe47.html
2. Alizadeh H, Jafari1 B and Babae T. The study of antibacterial effect of Capsella bursa-pastoris on some of gram positive
and gram negative bacteria. J Basic ApplSci Res, 2(7), 2012, 6940-6945.
3. Al-Douri NA, and Al-Essa LY. A Survey of Plants Used in Iraqi Traditional Medicine. Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 3(2), 2010, 100-108.
4. Bessette BP. Natural products and gynecology. The Canadian Journal of CME, 2001, 57-72.
5. Kuroda K and Takagi K. Physiologically Active Substance in Capsella bursa-pastoris. Nature, 220, 1968, 707-708.
6. Song N, Xu W, Guan H, Liu X, Wang Y and Nie X. Several flavonoids from Capsella bursa-pastoris(L.) Medic. Asian
Journal of Traditional Medicines, 2, 2007, 2(5), 218-222.
7. Zennie TM and Ogzewalla D. Ascorbic acid and vitamin C content of edible wild plants of Ohio and Kentucky. Econ Bot,
31, 1977, 76-79.
8. Kweon MH, Kwak JH, Ra KS, Sung HC and Yang HC. Structural characterization of a flavonoid compound scavenging
superoxide anion radical isolated from Capsella bursa pastoris. J Biochem Mol Biol, 29, 1996, 423-428.
9. Practical plants, Capsella bursa-pastoris, http://practicalplants.org/wiki/Capsella bursa-pastoris#cite_note-PFAFimport-7-
18
10. Khare CP. Indian medicinal plants, an illustrated dictionary. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC, 2007,119.
11. Guil-Guerrero JL, Gimenez-Martinez JJ and Torija-Isasa ME. Nutritional composition of wild edible crucifer species. J
Food Biochem, 23, 1999, 283-294.
12. Duke JA and Ayensu ES. Medicinal Plants of China. Reference publications Inc, USA 1985.
13. Pehlivan M, Akgulo H and yayla F. The some nutrient and trace elements content of wild plants using as ethno botanical
and grown in the Gaziantep region. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(4), 2013, 143-145.
14. Kilic CS, Aslan S, Kartal M and Coskun M. Comparison of the fixed oil of seeds and roots of Capsella bursa-pastoris
(L.) Medik (Cruciferae).J Fac Pharm, Ankara, 36 (1), 2007, 1-7.
15. Grosso C, Vinholes J, Silva LR, de Pinho BG, Gonçalves RF, Valentão P, Jäger AK and Andrade PB. Chemical
composition and biological screening of Capsella bursa-pastoris. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 21(4), 2011, 635-
644.
16. KubínováR, Spačková V, Svajdlenka E and Lučivjanská K. Antioxidant activity of extracts and HPLC analysis of
flavonoids from Capella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.Ceska Slov Farm, 62(4), 2013, 174-176.
17. Choi WJ, Kim SK, Park HK, Sohn UD and Kim W. Anti-inflammatory and anti-superbacterial properties of sulforaphane
from Shepherd's Purse. Korean J PhysiolPharmacol, 18(1), 2014, 33-39.
18. Park CJ, Park CB, Hong SS, Lee HS, Lee SY and Kim SC. Characterization and cDNA cloning of two glycine- and
histidine-rich antimicrobial peptides from the roots of shepherd's purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris. Plant Mol Biol, 44(2),
2000, 187-197.
19. El-Abyad MS, Morsi NM, Zaki DA and Shaaban MT. Preliminary screening of some Egyptian weeds for antimicrobial
activity. Microbios, 62(250), 1990, 47-57.
20. Hasan RN, Ali MR, Shakier SM, Khudhair MM, Hussin MS, Kadum YA, Mohammed AI and Abbas AA. Antibacterial
activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Capsella bursa against selected pathogenic bacteria. American Journal of
BioScience, 1(1), 2013, 6-10.
21. Soleimanpour S, Sedighinia FS, Afshar AS, Zarif R, Asili J and Ghazvini K. Synergistic antibacterial activity of
Capsella bursa-pastoris and Glycyrrhiza glabra against oral pathogens. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 6(8), 2013, 7262.
22. Yildirim AB, Karakas FB, Turker AU. In vitro antibacterial and antitumor activities of some medicinal plant extracts,
growing in Turkey. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2012, 616-624.
23. Lee KE, Shin JA, Hong IS, Cho NP and Cho SD. Effect of methanol extracts of Cnidium officinale Makino and Capsella
bursa-pastoris on the apoptosis of HSC-2 human oral cancer cells. ExpTher Med, 5(3), 2013, 789-792.
24. Kuroda K, Akao M, Kanisawa M and Miyaki K. Inhibitory effect of Capsella bursa-pastoris extract on growth of Ehrlich
solid tumor in mice. Cancer Res, 36(6), 1976, 1900-1903.
International Journal of Pharmacology & Toxicology / 5(2), 2015,76-81.
81 | P a g e
25. Kuroda Kand Akao M. Antitumor and anti-intoxication activities of fumaric acid in cultured cells. Gann, 72(5), 1981,
777-782.
26. Kuroda K and Takagi K. Studies on Capsella bursa pastoris. II. Diuretic, anti-inflammatory and antiulcer action of
ethanol extracts of the herb. Arch IntPharmacodynTher, 178, 1969, 392-399.
27. Jurisson S. Determination of active substances of Capsella bursa pastoris. Tarot RidikuUlikooliToim, 270, 1971, 71-79.
28. Shipochliev T. Uterotonic action of extracts from a group of medicinal plants. Vet Med Nauki, 18(4), 1981, 94-98.
29. East J. The Effect of certain plant preparations on the fertility of laboratory mammals J Endocrinol, 12(4), 1955, 267-272.
30. Ghoreschi K, Brück J, Kellerer C, Deng C, Peng H, Rothfuss O, Hussain R Z, Gocke AR, Respa A, Glocova I, Valtcheva
N, Alexander E, Feil S, Feil R, Schulze-Osthoff K, Rupec RA, Lovett-Racke AE, Dringen R, Racke MK and Röcken M.
Fumarates improve psoriasis and multiple sclerosis by inducing type II dendritic cells.J Exp Med, 208(11), 2011, 2291-
2303.
31. Al Qasoumi SI. Isolation and chemical structure elucidation of hepatoprotective constituents from plants used in
traditional medicine in Saudi Arabia. PhD thesis, College of Pharmacy- King Saud University, 2007.
32. Newall CA, Anderson LA and Phillipson JD. Herbal medicines, a guide for herbal – care professionals. The
Pharmaceutical Press, 1996, 436-437.
