Available via license: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Effect of lavender scent inhalation on prevention of stress, anxiety and depression in the postpartum period
Abstract
Background:
Stress, anxiety, and postpartum depression are the most common problems among women in their childbearing age. Research has shown that aromatherapy administered during labor reduces anxiety in mothers. With regard to the specific biological conditions in postpartum period and the subsequent drop in hormone levels, this study investigated the effect of lavender on prevention of stress, anxiety, and postpartum depression in women.
Materials and methods:
In a clinical trial, 140 women admitted to the obstetric and gynecological unit were randomly divided into aromatherapy and non-aromatherapy groups immediately after delivery. Intervention with aromatherapy consisted of inhaling three drops of lavender essential oil every 8 h with for 4 weeks. The control group received routine care after discharge and was followed up by telephone only. After 2 weeks, 1 and 3 months of delivery, women were assessed by the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale and the Edinburgh stress, anxiety, and depression scale in the two groups. Data analysis was performed by Mann-Whitney, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post hoc tests. Level of significance was set as 0.05 for all tests.
Results:
The results showed that the mean stress, anxiety, and depression at time point of 2 weeks (P = 0.012, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.003, respectively) and stress, anxiety, and depression scores at time points of 1 month (P < 0.0001) and 3 months after delivery (P < 0.0001) were significantly lower in the study group compared with the control group.
Conclusions:
Inhaling the scent of lavender for 4 weeks can prevent stress, anxiety, and depression after childbirth.
... Jenis aromaterapi yang digunakan untuk mengobati kecemasan salah satunya yaitu sereh. Linalool dan linalyl asetat dalam lavender dapat memiliki efek menenangkan dan membantu menurunkan stress dan rasa nyeri (Kianpour, 2016). Hasil uji normalitas shapiro wilk menunjukkan terhadap tingkat nyeri diperoleh nilai untuk kelompok intervensi sebelum diamati adalah 0,00 sedangkan kelompok kontrol sebelum diberikan intervensi adalah 0,00. ...
Abstrak Persalinan menjadi proses sangat penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Persalinan merupakan proses pengeluaran hasil konsepsi (janin dan plasenta) yang cukup bulan atau dapat hidup diluar kandungan melalui jalan lahir dengan bantuan ataupun dengan kekuatan sendiri. Nyeri pada persalinan bagian dari ketidaknyamanan terhadap respon fisiologis, yaitu proses penerimaan impuls nyeri menuju syaraf pusat dan respon psikis yang meliputi rekognosi sensasi, interpretasi rasa nyeri, dan respon terhadap hasil interpretasi nyeri. Musik juga mengurangi nyeri, depresi, pergolakan dan agresi serta meningkatkan relaksasi dan suasana hati yang positif. Aromaterapi merupakan tindakan terapeutik dengan menggunakan minyak essensial yang bermanfaat meningkatkan keadaan fisik dan psikologi seseorang. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian quasy experimental. Penelitian quasy experimental merupakan penelitian yang dilakukan dengan pendekatan saintifik dengan menggunakan dua set variabel. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 42 responden. Sampel dalam penelitian sebagian dari penelitian sebanyak 21 responden. Teknik pengambilan sampel melalui random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 21 responden yang dijadikan sebagai sampel perubahan intensitas nyeri sebelum intervensi dapat diketahui bahwa nilai P sebelum diberikan terapi sebesar P = 0,021 (α,> 0,05), sehingga tidak terdapat signifikasi. Setelah diberikan terapi Diperoleh nilai p = 0,005 (α < 0,05). Sehingga, disimpulkan bahwa terjadi perbedaan perubahan nyeri pada kelompok kontrol dan kelompok intervensi sesudah diberikan Murotal dan Aromaterapi Serai Kata Kunci : aromaterapi, murotal, nyeri, persalinan
... Whilst alternative and complementary therapies are not widely recommended by NICE as a treatment for PNA due to insufficient evidence (116), international studies support their use. Techniques used more frequently outside of the UK, Europe and the USA which may be of benefit, include acupuncture and acupressure (117), aromatherapy (118) and massage therapy (119). There is some evidence to support the use of massage therapy in the UK, but further positive evidence is needed before it could be clinically recommended as a treatment option (119). ...
Perinatal Anxiety (PNA) is defined as anxiety occurring during pregnancy and up to 12 months post-partum and is estimated to affect up to 20% of women. Risk factors for PNA are multiple and can be classed as psychological, social and biological. PNA negatively impacts on the mother, child and family. PNA is not well-recognized and diagnosis of PNA can be challenging for clinicians. There is currently no validated case-finding or diagnostic test available for PNA. PNA has been less extensively researched than perinatal depression (PND). Clinical guidance currently recommends pharmacological and psychological therapies for the management of women with PNA, however the limited research available suggests that other intervention types may also be effective with some evidence on the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in primary care for PNA. This article provides a mini-review of PNA, summarizing current evidence around PNA including risk factors, the impact of PNA, the process of diagnosis of PNA and focussing predominantly on available management options for PNA.
... Although there have been very few studies on the effects of aromatherapy yoga on an individual's stress, recent studies have reported the use of lavender essential oil in inhalation aromatherapy to reduce stress levels in female college students, particularly among those who prefer a lavender aroma [52]. Its positive effect on stress levels in different groups, such as women with postpartum stress [53], individuals with academic stress [54], and nurses' work stress [55], has been demonstrated. Furthermore, it has been reported that performing yoga exercises (lasting 60 min) twice weekly for 7 months rendered a positive influence on female students' psychoemotional state (i.e., stress), general physical self-feeling, and physical condition [56]. ...
College students, particularly female students, often suffer from severe stress and poor sleep. Aromatherapy yoga has become a popular exercise in recent years and may help reduce stress and improve sleep quality, although empirical evidence is limited. We investigated the effectiveness of aromatherapy yoga intervention in reducing stress and improving sleep quality among Chinese female college students. A total of 89 participants—44 in the experimental group (aromatherapy yoga) and 45 in the control group (yoga)—with an average age of 19.88 ± 1.13 years, were enrolled in this quasi-experimental study. Interventions were performed in the respective groups once a week for 12 weeks, for 90 min each time. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann–Whitney U test (including effect size) were used to test the differences in stress reduction and sleep quality before and after the intervention. From the findings of the current research, both therapies did not help female students’ stress levels or sleep hygiene significantly. However, aromatherapy yoga has the potential to improve sleep disturbances experienced by female college students. Additionally, there was no difference in the amount of stress or the quality of sleep between the aromatherapy yoga groups and the regular yoga groups before and after therapy.
Objective:
Non-pharmacological interventions, such as aromatherapy, have been utilized for treating depression. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of aromatherapy on depressive symptoms.
Method:
The databases of PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from May 5, 2023, to May 20, 2023. Only randomized controlled trials that implemented aromatherapy in adults aged ≥18 years were included. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated, and subgroup analysis, meta-ANOVA, and meta-regression were performed for the moderator variables.
Results:
Thirty-two clinical trials (27 studies) were included in the final analysis. Aromatherapy demonstrated a moderate effect size for reducing depressive symptoms (SMD = -0.56, 95% CI: -0.69 to -0.43). Inhalation was the most effective method of delivery and blended essential oils were more effective than lavender or other single essential oils. Aromatherapy demonstrated a moderate effect size for reducing depressive symptoms among menopausal women, patients with heart disease (coronary artery disease or acute coronary syndrome), and psychological illnesses. However, it demonstrated no effect on postpartum or pregnant women. Mean age was a significant moderator variable.
Conclusions:
Reliable evidence is present for the application of aromatherapy to reduce depressive symptoms, and it can be utilized effectively to decrease depressive symptoms.
Background: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in today's society. The therapeutic effects of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae) (L. angustifolia) and Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. (Lamiaceae) (D. ruyschiana) have been demonstrated in the treatment of several disorders. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of L. angustifolia and D. ruyschiana extracts on patients with mild to moderate depression under treatment with sertraline. Methods: This study was experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. Seventy individuals with major depressive disorder were randomly allocated into two groups. The first group received a dose of 100 mg sertraline tablet per day with placebo syrup three times a day. The second group was treated with the same dose of sertraline plus the herbal syrup containing two units of the extract of L. angustifolia and one unit of the D. ruyschiana three times a day. The unit dose was the same as defined in traditional medicine. Data were collected using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Results: The mean scores for depression by BDI in the two groups were not significantly different before the intervention (P > 0.05). Six weeks after the intervention the mean scores of depression in the experimental group were significantly lower than in the control group (P = 0.02). Conclusions: Simultaneous use of L. angustifolia and D. ruyschiana extracts alongside sertraline has beneficial effects in decreasing depression and confers a promising herbal medication in treating such patients.
Objective:
The aim: To find association between postpostpartum depression incidence and mode of labour analgesia.
Patients and methods:
Materials and methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted at the Kyiv City Maternity Hospital №5 (from March 2020 to May 2021). Using google-form and face-to-face interviews, 321 women completed Childbirth Experience Questionnaire on the 2- 3-rd day in the postpartum period. After the first survey, only 35% of women agreed to screen for postpartum depression (PPD) by Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Univariate logistic regression method was used to assess the risk relation between PPD and factors.
Results:
Results: Women who used nitrous oxide (50:50) and non-pharmacological methods of labour analgesia were associated with the decreased risk of PPD (p = 0,044), OR = 2.83 (95% CI 1,03-7,79), compared to women with patient-control epidural analgesia. On the other hand, there are factors which do not have impact on the risk of depressive symptoms, such as age (p = 0,266); parity (p = 0,713); mode of delivery (p=0,959); pain intensity (p=0,931).
Conclusion:
Conclusions: Our findings confirmed the association between nitrous oxide and the alternative methods of labour analgesia usage and decreased risk of development PPD.
Objective:
The aim: This research aimed to show the achievement of Telecobalt60 radiation certainty using computed radiography, in comparation with non-verified computed radiography.
Patients and methods:
Materials and methods: This research is a quantitative study, randomized double-blind, and consecutive sampling design. The study was conducted by observing and com¬paring the data of verified computed radiography (VerC) computed radiograph for Telecobalt60 compared to the non-verified computed radiography (nVerC) Telecobalt60 data.
Results:
Results: The results showed that there are significant statistical differences in several measurement characteristics between the verified computed radiography arm and the non-verified computed radiography arm. All of the value divergences of the verified computed radiography arm are less than 7 mm while the non-verified computed radiography arm are 7 mm or more (P<0.050). Furthermore, all of the edge aspect of measurement in the verified computed radiography arms are less than the non-verified computed radiography, all without manual block utilization (P<0.050).
Conclusion:
Conclusions: We conclude that Telecobalt60 radiation certainty is significantly better achieved by using computed radiography, when compared to non-verified computed radiography Telecobalt60 use. This research contributes to provide evidence based for better Telecobalt60 radiation accuracy and quality of radiotherapy outcome by using computed radiography.
Objective:
The aim: To define morphological and immunohistochemical signs of placental disorders of women after syphilitic infection.
Patients and methods:
Materials and methods: The prospective study of 60 pregnant women with history of syphilitic infection (main group) and 57 pregnant patients without syphilis (control group) was conducted. The morphological and immunohistochemical study of the afterbirth was performed.
Results:
Results: In the placentas of women of the main group the following phenomena were found out: circulatory disorders in the form of hemorrhages into the intervillous space and the stroma of villi; accumulation of fibrinoid around villi with dystrophically altered stroma, compensatory-adaptive reactions resulted in hyperplasia of terminal villi and vessels in them, which provoked narrowing of the intervillous space and disruption of blood supply in it. Pathogenic immune complexes containing Ig G, M and C3 of the complement fraction were located in the central part of the placenta - 45.00% of cases, 16.67% - in the regional, 8.33% - in both parts. Immune complexes with Ig M content occurred in 38.33% of cases. The content of pathogenic immune complexes was the most concentrated in the placentas of women with latent forms and secondary recurrent syphilis - 60.00% of cases.
Conclusion:
Conclusions: changes in morphohistological and immunohistochemical examination of the placenta of this group of women confirmed the detrimental effect of syphilitic infection in the anamnesis on the structure of placenta during the next pregnancies.
Objective:
The aim: This study was undertaken to investigatethe possible lung protective potential effect of zileuton during polymicrobial sepsis, through modulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress pathway.
Patients and methods:
Materials and methods: 24 adult male Swiss-albino mice aged 8-12 weeks, with a weight of 25-35g, were randomized into 4 equal groups n=6, sham (laparotomy without CLP), CLP (laparotomy with CLP), vehicle (equivalent volume of DMSO 1 hour prior to CLP), and Zileuton (5 mg/kg 1 hour prior to CLP) group. After 24 hrs. of sepsis, the lung tissue harvested and used to assess IL-6, IL-1B, IL-17, LTB-4,12(S) HETE and F2-isoprostane as well as histological examination.
Results:
Results: Lung tissue inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-1B, IL-17, LTB, 12 (S) HETE) and oxidative stress were carried out via ELISA. Lung tissue levels of IL-6, IL-1B, IL-17, LTB4, 12(S) HETE and oxidative stress (F2 isoprostan)level were significantly higher in sepsis group (p<0.05) as compared with sham group, while zileuton combination showed significant (p<0.05) lower level in these inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress as comparedto sepsis group. Histologically, All mice in sepsis group showed a significant (p<0.05) lung tissue injury, while in zileuton pretreated group showed significantly (p<0.05) reduced lung tissue injury.
Conclusion:
Conclusions: The results of the present study revealed that zileuton has the ability to attenuate lung dysfunction during CLP induced polymicrobial sepsis in male mice through their modulating effects on LTB4,12(S) HETE and oxidative stress downstream signaling pathways and subsequently decreased lungtissue levelsof proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, and IL-6,IL-17).
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of chemical compounds generated as a result of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels or wood. PAHs are known for their negative effect on living organisms, including teratogenic, carcinogenic and mutagenic activity. The objective of this study is to determine the contamination of three popular herbal species showing pro-health properties, i.e., lavender, parsley and mint, with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, collected from three different backyard gardens in Poland. The concentration of PAHs in plant material was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FL). The concentration of eleven PAHs in plant material was determined with high-pressure liquid chromatography after extraction using the QuEChERS purification technique. Mint collected within an area of a mining and energy production complex (the city of Konin) was characterized by the highest Σ of 11 PAHs, equaled to 902.35 µg/g FW, with anthracene being the most abundant compound. However, it contained the lowest sum of PAHs, among all tested plants, with high carcinogenicity. Parsley from the city of Poznań showed the highest content of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), showing the strongest carcinogenicity, while the highest value of BaP equivalent was calculated for mint collected in Konin. The obtained results suggest that the level and profile of plant contamination with PAHs depend on the species and the location of herb cultivation. In particular, mining and energy industry facilities are sources of PAHs, which contaminate plant material for further direct use or as bioactive herbal extracts.
Article abstract: This paper presents the results of a preliminary study of the factor structure, concurrent validity and reliability of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS) amongst an adult sample recruited from the community. The original DASS has 3 subscales, each of which consists of 14 items. All participants completed DASS, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Four Systems Anxiety Questionnaire (FSAQ). The exploratory factor analysis revealed that all the 14 items that make up the stress scale loaded on one factor, while two items on DASS depression subscale had a complex structure loading on the anxiety and stress factors. Furthermore, two items on the anxiety subscale of DASS had a complex structure loading on the depression and stress factors. After deleting these 4 problematic items from DASS, the results of exploratory factor analysisindicated that a three-factor structure best fitted the data. The results also confirmed excellent internal consistency, a good test-retest reliability and acceptable concurrent validity for the three subscales of DASS. These data suggest that the Iranian version of DASS has satisfactory psychometric properties and can be administered to the Iranian adult population.
Background and aim: Episiotomy is a perineal incision which is the
commonest surgical incision in midwifery field. This wound like others
need to be cared .Nowadays, using alternative and complementary
methods like essential oils which are named aromatherapy have been
established as a deserving stance. Essential oils such as lavender
compounded of many substances like terponents, mono terponents and
linalool which are antimicrobial and pain killer .it seems this substance
are very suitable for washing of wounds .So, this research carried out
comparing the essential oils of lavender to repairing of episiotomy.
Methods: This studying is randomized control trial which is carried out
in 120 women are allocated 2 groups in Povidon Iodine and lavender
essential oil group. At first lavender essential oil 1.5% (stoeches acae)
was prepared by Barij Essence Pharmaceutical Company in distillation
method with Olive oil carrier. After Child bearing to the educated women
about episiotomy care, was proposed to wash wound in sitzbath by
Povidon Iodine in one group and with lavender essential oil in another
group. After 5th day incision was assessed .Before entering to study was
taken informed consent from women. The data were analyzed by SPSS
soft ware, t-test and �2 .
Results: Data showed that the redness in 5th day reduced significantly
(P<0.05). But, rate of edema increased significantly in lavender group
(P<0.001). There is not difference between two groups in infection, pain,
dehiscence.
Conclusion: It seems that lavender essential oil is a appropriate
alternative instead of Povidon Iodine, because it reduced redness and it
doesn’t increase infection and dehiscence. This article propose more
research in lavender stoeches oil essential.
Keywords: Aromatherapy, Episiotomy, Labor, Lavandula
Background & Aims: Labor conditions cause stress and anxiety specifically in nulliparous women and hence the chance of a normal vaginal delivery is reduced. According to some studies lavender scent improves mood and reduces stress and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lavender scent on anxiety status in nulliparous women and also to determine changes in plasma cortisol, serotonin and 5- hydroxyl indol acetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations. Methods: In this study 121 nulliparous women with gestational age >37 weeks and cervical dilatation of 3-4 cm, referring to labor room of Zeinabieh and Hafez hospitals in Shiraz were devided into case group (N=63) and control group (N=58). The case group smelled lavender essential oil for 1 hour. In both groups anxiety changes were determined before and after aromatherapy by Spielberger questionnaire, and at the same times pulse rate, blood pressure and plasma cortisol, serotonin, and 5-HIAA concentrations were determined by ELISA. Results: Anxiety status and hormone levels were the same in both groups at the beginning of the experiment. Lavender decreased significantly anxiety and cortisol concentration while increased plasma serotonin and 5-HIAA concentrations. The difference between cortisol concentration before and after the aromatherapy in the test group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Lavender scent did not affect blood pressure and pulse. Conclusion: Aromatherapy with lavender improves anxiety status during labor in nulliparous women and decreases cortisol secretion from adrenal gland and increases serotonin secretion from GI tract.
The aim of this study was to determine if aromatherapy improves anxiety and/or depression in the high risk postpartum woman and to provide a complementary therapy tool for healthcare practitioners.
The pilot study was observational with repeated measures.
Private consultation room in a Women's center of a large Indianapolis hospital.
28 women, 0-18 months postpartum.
The treatment groups were randomized to either the inhalation group or the aromatherapy hand m'technique. Treatment consisted of 15 min sessions, twice a week for four consecutive weeks. An essential oil blend of rose otto and lavandula angustifolia @ 2% dilution was used in all treatments. The non-randomized control group, comprised of volunteers, was instructed to avoid aromatherapy use during the 4 week study period. Allopathic medical treatment continued for all participants.
All subjects completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) at the beginning of the study. The scales were then repeated at the midway point (two weeks), and at the end of all treatments (four weeks).
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilized to determine differences in EPDS and/or GAD-7 scores between the aromatherapy and control groups at baseline, midpoint and end of study. No significant differences were found between aromatherapy and control groups at baseline. The midpoint and final scores indicated that aromatherapy had significant improvements greater than the control group on both EPDS and GAD-7 scores. There were no adverse effects reported.
The pilot study indicates positive findings with minimal risk for the use of aromatherapy as a complementary therapy in both anxiety and depression scales with the postpartum woman. Future large scale research in aromatherapy with this population is recommended.
Introduction: The incidence of psychiatric disorders including anxiety, phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and mood are higher during pregnancy and after child birth. Posttraumatic stress disorder is one of the anxiety disorders. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder after preeclampsia has been reported 28% in previous studies. Since in cases with preeclampsia often early termination of pregnancy by cesarean section is necessary, and according to the contradictory results in this field, this study was done to investigate posttraumatic stress disorder in women with preeclampsia in differentiation of childbirth. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 100 pregnant women with preeclampsia admitted in governmental hospitals of Mashhad in 2011. Available sampling method was selected and cases were divided into three groups: vaginal delivery, elective cesarean delivery and emergency cesarean section. Posttraumatic stress disorder was compared between 3 groups. Posttraumatic stress disorder was measured by Prenatal posttraumatic stress questionnaire around childbirth and 6 weeks after delivery. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and chi-square and ANOVA tests. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in three groups was statistically significant (vaginal delivery 35.7%, elective cesarean delivery 0%, emergency cesarean section 15.8%). Posttraumatic stress disorder was more in vaginal delivery group and less in elective cesarean group (p=0.032). The mean score of posttraumatic stress disorder was not statistically significant in three groups (vaginal delivery 5.0±2.3, elective cesarean 4.1±0.4, emergency cesarean 4.6±2.8). Conclusions: The prevalence and average of posttraumatic stress disorder was higher following vaginal delivery compared with elective and emergency cesarean. It is recommended to identify possible causes and take action to fix it.
Background and Objective: Postpartum depression in addition to the mother's health has a negative impact on infant development. Health Locus of Control (HLC) is the degree to which an individual believes that his behavior is controlled by external or internal factors. This study aimed to assess the postpartum depression and its relationship to HLC scale and some of demographic factors in Gonabad. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the participants were 230 pregnant women visiting their obstetrician on a regular basis. The data collection instruments included a demographic questionnaire, multidimensional HLC and Edinburg depression scales. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS-20 using statistical tests of ANOVA, multiple regression, and Pearson coefficient correlation. Results: The prevalence of depression was 21.5%. There was a significant correlation between age and postpartum depression. Delivery frequency affected postpartum depression, i.e., increasing the number of children also increased the risk of postpartum depression. EPDS score was positively correlated with neonatal sexuality, so that the occurrence of postpartum depression in mothers with newborn baby boys was more than girls. Inner confidence, acceptance of effective people and belief in chance were predictors of postpartum depression which exhibited significant effects of negative, positive and positive, respectively. Conclusion: Studies of health control beliefs, especially belief in chance can be valuable in identifying pregnant women who are at risk of postpartum depression. Since belief in chance was a significant predictor of depression symptoms, clinicians might assess this component to identify those women who are at risk of developing depression during their pregnancy and to develop prevention programs and treatment procedures.
