The Handbook of Political Economy of Communications
Abstract
Over the last decade, political economy has grown rapidly as a specialist area of research and teaching within communications and media studies and is now established as a core element in university programmes around the world. The Handbook of Political Economy of Communications offers students and scholars a comprehensive, authoritative, up-to-date and accessible overview of key areas and debates. •Combines overviews of core ideas with new case study materials and the best of contemporary theorization and research. •Written many of the best known authors in the field. •Includes an international line-up of contributors, drawn from the key markets of North and Latin America, Europe, Australasia, and the Far East
... Bu bağlamda, eleştirel paradigmaya bakıldığında medyanın üretim-dağıtım-tüketim üçlemesi üzerinden incelendiği, inceleme sonucunda ise bireylerin kapitalizmin çarkları içerisinde pasif özne oldukları fikrinin ağır bastığı düşünülebilir (Herman ve Chomsky, 2012). Kamuoyunun şekillenmesinde medyanın rolünün ne kadar önemli olduğu, gerek anaakım gerekse eleştirel paradigma içerisinde çokça tartışılmıştır (Beniger ve Herbst, 1990;Happer ve Philo, 2013;McCombs ve Shaw, 1972;McGregor, 2019;Mosco, 1994;Noelle-Neumann, 1974;Wasko, Murdock ve Sousa, 2011). Buna göre, kamuoyunun şekillenmesinde medyanın rolü bilinmekle birlikte, özellikle devletler ve hükümetler yaptıkları düzenlemeler sayesinde bilgi akışını kontrol altına almaya çalışmaktadırlar (Köker, 1998). ...
... Tam da bu noktada eleştirel ekonomi politik, bu sürecin nasıl işlediğini ortaya koyması bakımından önemli bir akademik disiplin olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Eleştirel ekonomi politik, ekonomik yapının haber akışında son derece önemli olduğunu ve bilgiye ulaşma, paylaşma ile kamuoyu yaratılmasında medya sahipliğinin, mülkiyetin ne derece önemli olduğunu ortaya koyması bakımından son derece önemlidir (Adaklı, 2009;Hançer, 2016;Garnham, 1997: 56-73;Kellner, 1997: 102-120;Köker, 1998;Mosco, 1994;Murdock ve Golding, 2016;Wasko, Murdock ve Sousa, 2011;Wasko, 2014). Köker'in (1998: 56) deyişiyle, "İletişim çalışmalarında, eleştirel ekonomi-politik yaklaşım, medya sahipliği konumu üzerinden kapitalizmin iktidar örüntülerini tartışmaya ağırlık vermiştir." ...
... İletişimin eleştirel ekonomi politiğini merkeze alan ve farklı ülkelerin medyaları üzerine yapılan çalışmalara bakıldığında, birçok yerde medya-ekonomi-iktidar ilişkileri söz konusu olduğunda benzer yaklaşımlar, sonuçlar olduğu görülebilmektedir. 9 Örneğin, ABD medyası için geçerli olduğu iddia edilen 'propaganda modeli'nin salt ABD medyası için geçerli olmadığı (Herman ve Chomsky, 2012), değişik ülkelerde benzer uygulamaların gerçekleştiğini iddia etmek mümkündür (Wasko, Murdock ve Sousa, 2011;Wasko, 2014). ...
İÇİNDEKİLER /////
- ADA TÜRKLERİNDE (SAKIZ, RODOS, GİRİT, KIBRIS) ESKİ TÜRKÇE BASINININ KARAKTERİSTİKLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR DENEME // Oğuz KARAKARTAL
- TARİHSEL BİR VİZYONLA KIBRIS ELEN SOLUNUN ULUSAL SORUN’A BAKIŞI // Nazım BERATLI
- KIBRIS TÜRK MEDYASINDA ÖZDENETİM UYGULAMALARI // Süleyman İRVAN
- KIBRIS TÜRK BASINI VE BARIŞ GAZETECİLİĞİ // Metin ERSOY
- KIBRIS CUMHURİYETİ DÖNEMİNDE KIBRIS TÜRK BASININDA KADIN HABERLERİ: BOZKURT ÖRNEĞİ (1960-1963) // Münevver KATA
- BASINDA KADIN ÇALIŞAN OLMAK: KUZEY KIBRIS TÜRK CUMHURİYETİ ÖRNEĞİ // Gülay ASİT
- SERMAYE-BASIN İLİŞKİSİNE KISA BİR BAKIŞ: KIBRISLI TÜRK BASINI ÖRNEĞİ // Hakan KARAHASAN
BİR KİMLİK TEMSİLİ SORUNSALI: KIBRIS(LILIK) ÖRNEĞİ // İzlem KANLI
EK: KIBRIS TÜRK BASIN TARIHINDEN BAZI GAZETELER
... The chapter deploys insights gleaned from CPE of the media and decolonial theory. The former is deployed for its acknowledgement that the media are cultural, political and economic institutions (Murdock and Golding 1997 ;Wasko, Murdock, and Sousa 2011 ). This chapter investigates Kwayedza 's and Umthunywa 's survival strategies in context -both current and historical -and holistically. ...
... This chapter investigates Kwayedza 's and Umthunywa 's survival strategies in context -both current and historical -and holistically. Both CPE and decolonial theory contend that, in their emancipatory project, they have to be historical and contextual (Karam 2018 ;Murdock and Golding 1997 ;Wasko et al. 2011 ). Whereas CPE seeks to expose capitalistic control of the media (see Murdock and Golding 1997 ;Wasko et al. 2011 ), the decolonial project seeks to de-Westernise indigenous knowledge (Chasi 2018 Moyo and Mutsvairo ( 2018 , 26) call 'epistemic colonisation' that is perpetuated by Western research methodology and theory. ...
... Both CPE and decolonial theory contend that, in their emancipatory project, they have to be historical and contextual (Karam 2018 ;Murdock and Golding 1997 ;Wasko et al. 2011 ). Whereas CPE seeks to expose capitalistic control of the media (see Murdock and Golding 1997 ;Wasko et al. 2011 ), the decolonial project seeks to de-Westernise indigenous knowledge (Chasi 2018 Moyo and Mutsvairo ( 2018 , 26) call 'epistemic colonisation' that is perpetuated by Western research methodology and theory. To combat this colonisation in African media and communication studies, the decolonial project calls for the utilisation of hermeneutical and phenomenological research methods (Karam 2018 ). ...
... Instead, it refers to original political economy, particularly to "Karl Marx, Thorstein Veblen, and John Maynard Keynes, the three notable precursors of heterodox economics" (Jo & Todorova, 2017, p. 32). In German-speaking (Holzer, 2017;Knoche, 2015;Fuchs, 2009;Prokop, 2017) but also in English-speaking (Garnham, 1990;Herman & Chomsky, 2002;Meier, 2003;Mosco, 2009;Wasko et al., 2011;McChesney, 2013a;Meehan & Wasko, 2013;Garnham & Fuchs, 2014;Hardy, 2014) communication and media studies, the Critical Political Economy of Media and Communication (CPEMC) has been elaborated more systematically. Although Marx's work itself does not provide direct answers to questions relating media and communication (cf. ...
... Today, the CPEMC receives strong impulses for further development (e.g. McChesney, 2008;Mosco, 2009;Wasko et al., 2011;Artz et al., 2006;Fuchs, 2011Fuchs, , 2015Winseck & Jin, 2011;Wayne, 2015;Hardy, 2014;Çoban, 2015;Fuchs & Mosco, 2015a, b). Disciplinary tasks for CPEMC (cf. ...
The chapter introduces the most important lines of tradition and debates within
the Critical Political Economy of Media and Communication; it also introduces
the conceptually rich but nowadays precarious German tradition to the English-speaking reader. Starting from a systematic determination of media and commu-
nication in the contradictory and crisis-ridden process of capital accumulation,
four connected perspectives on media and communication (as commodities, as
ideological powers, in relation to media reception, and as alternative media) are
discussed. The explanatory power and relevance of the approach is demonstrated
not least under the conditions of an emerging digital media capitalism and in
response to important criticisms.
... Entendemos el intermediario como cocreador de opinión pública y, para su estudio, hemos recurrido a la hermenéutica de profundidad de Thompson (2011). El alcance de una posición social privilegiada por parte de los influencers solo puede explicarse a partir de la confluencia de una larga serie de factores, como la rampante digitalización de la cultura (Fuchs, 2015), la crisis del sector comunicativo tradicional (Bolaño, 2016;Napoli, 2010;Murdock, 2011), el dominio de la lógica del entretenimiento en prácticamente todas las parcelas de la vida (Han, 2012), la desafección política (Vallès y Ballart, 2012), la conformación de una nueva ecología mediática (Scolari, 2015) o la articulación en redes de las prácticas sociales, culturales y económicas (Castells, 2009). ...
... Aplicar dicho modelo, heredado de la Ilustración, a los entornos digitales no resulta fácil. Y una prueba evidente de ello aparece en las publicaciones que optan por seguir distinguiendo entre medios tradicionales (prensa, radio y televisión) y nuevos medios, cuando la convergencia es lo que caracteriza el actual ecosistema mediático (Scolari, 2015) y donde, desde la economía política de los medios, nuevos y tradicionales aparecen agrupados en grandes conglomerados multimedia transnacionales (Bolaño, 2016;Murdock, 2011;Napoli, 2010;Castells, 2009;Curran, 2005). Además, esos cambios también han alterado las modalidades de consumo, como lo demuestra la aparición del seguimiento multipantalla o la rápida expansión del smartphone como dispositivo de consumo (Huertas, 2015) 2 . ...
Political crises caused by authoritarian governments encourage influencers to emerge in the emigrant population. In this regard, this paper addresses transnational communication linked to migration processes. Using a theoretical framework that revolves around the notion of an intermediary – based on classical communication theories – it delves into public opinion, pluralism and disinformation, and examines the reception of the disinformation in terms of moral systems and emotional responses. Specifically, a qualitative analysis is made of material posted on YouTube by two Venezuelan emigrant influencers about Juan Guaidó’s self-proclamation as acting president in January 2019. The focus is on the resources they use to establish themselves as discursive authorities about the political discussion from outside the country.
... Ahora bien, en la actualidad los estudios sobre cine han buscado encontrar respuestas ante los avances tecnológicos, tales como el Video On Demand (VOD), la distribución a través de digital videodiscos (DVDs) (Wasko, 2014), pues llevan a cuestionar la categoría misma de cine o televisión, para privilegiar aquella de audiovisual, por ser esta última más amplia (Uribe, 2016). Este puede parecer un debate meramente académico, por tratarse de la definición conceptual de un medio específico -el cine-, o un lenguaje utilizado por varios mediosel audiovisual-. ...
... 2 La industria cinematográfica hace referencia al sistema interconectado que conlleva la relación entre una pieza cinematográfica, compañías productoras, estudios, distribuidores, exhibidores, actores, festivales, además de todo el equipo técnico y humano que conlleva el universo cinematográfico (Wasko, 2014). ...
El cine ha experimentado un crecimiento considerable en Colombia en los últimos 15 años, particularmente a partir de la Ley del Cine (Ley nº 814, 2003) que permitió y promovió el desarrollo de películas colombianas, a la vez que fomentó distintas etapas de creación y distribución audiovisual. No obstante, el incremento en producciones y algunos éxitos de taquilla no significan que el cine nacional haya devenido en una industria sólida, rentable y culturalmente consolidada. Por otra parte, más recientemente, una nueva política cultural, amparada en el interés económico de corto plazo, busca atraer inversión extranjera en el audiovisual a través de ventajas económicas y tributarias enmarcadas en la Ley Location Colombia (Ley nº1556, 2012). Está Ley ha sido considerada un éxito el Ministerio de Cultura, aunque sus réditos no se han probado como sostenibles más allá del beneficio temporal en términos de empleo y ocupación hotelera. El desarrollo del cine nacional y la ejecución de estas dos leyes evidencian el cambio de discurso entre la industria cultural y la industria creativa, con un énfasis marcado en el interés económico por encima del beneficio social y cultural.
... This idea is in line with the previous analysis "of principle": against the background of an inconclusive way of internalizing negative environmental externalitieserror of legal design that does not clearly address pollution in the logic of property rights, but as failure of the free market (Cordato, 2004) -, there are obvious delays at the level of the economic agent, due to the profitability calculations that would not recommend investments in technology/digitization. Businesses are adapting relatively slowly due to high transition costs, related transformations of business models, as well as the many question marks still associated with the transition to a greener economy (von Wecus and Willeke, 2015). The call for public interventions to accelerate digitization and make the economy more environmentally friendly is the "expeditious" technical-political route, but economically and socially "expensive" when ignoring the fact that there are also national (Wasko et al., 2011) or sectorial (Krever, 2020) specificities: e.g., in the European Union, "one size fits all" is anti-convergent and anti-cohesive (Jora et al., 2021). ...
Planet Earth, with its plethora of natural (im)balances, has a venerable age of 4.54 billion years; the (industrial) imprint placed by the human species on it, considered to be not negligible, counts of just little over two centuries; while the digital/IT&C/virtual existence of man, in what we call cyberspace, is reduced to just a few decades. An amorphous world, hastily assimilated to the Internet, the cyberspace is the sum or, better said, the synergy created by links between computers (and other compatible devices), servers, routers and various items of global IT and telecommunications infrastructures. A sort of fiefdom for tech computing power, but also a field of geo-political-economic power calculus, the cyberspace raises another dilemma: is it the salutary alternative to the bodice of a physical environment subject to depletion/plunder and degradation/pollution of its scarce resources? This article aims to capture, in an original way, how the translation of a great part of the world and social life into cyberspace, especially in the wake of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, relieves the natural environment/climate of Anthropocene pressures (e.g., via optimizations of production processes, favoured by artificial intelligence etc.), or, on the contrary, a less noticeable aspect, how it worsens certain components of it (e.g., via the amplified need for energy or for rare minerals, critical to new technologies etc.). Moreover, the above-mentioned ecological alleviations (labelled as of software nature) and (hardware) aggravations brought by digitalization are duly emphasized and evaluated in the light of the (un)intended consequences occurring at the highly sensitive intersection between markets (private practices) and states (public policies), pointing to the case of the European Union.
... Today, the CPEMC receives strong impulses for further development (e.g. McChesney 2008; Mosco 2009;Wasko et al. 2011;Artz et al. 2006;Fuchs 2011Fuchs , 2015Winseck and Jin 2011;Wayne 2015;Hardy 2014;Çoban 2015;Fuchs and Mosco 2015a, b). Disciplinary tasks for CPEMC (cf. ...
The article introduces the most important lines of tradition and debates of the critical political economy of media and communication; thereby it also introduces the conceptually rich but nowadays precarious German tradition to the English-speaking reader. Starting from a systematic determination of media and communication in the contradictory and crisis-ridden process of capital accumulation, four connected basic perspectives on media and communication (as commodities, as ideological powers, in relation to media reception, and as alternative media) are discussed. The explanatory power and topicality of the approach is demonstrated not least under the conditions of an emerging digital media capitalism and in response to important criticisms of the approach. 1 Situating the Critical Political Economy of Media and Communication approach in the field; 2 The epistemological interest: Analyzing and challenging media and communication power in capitalism; 3 Strands and traditions within the Critical Political Economy of Media and Communication; 4 Criticism and Challenges of the Critical Political Economy of Media and Communication; 5 The contradictory reproduction of capital as the starting point of the Critical Political Economy of Media and Communication; 6 Approaches within the Critical Political Economy of Media and Communication; 7 Actualizations of the Critical Political Economy of Media and Communication in the Age of Social Media and Digital Communication
... In fact, political economists and media industry scholars alike have long considered commercial demands to be a constraint on the creative process. While much of the critical attention on commercialized media environments has focused on journalism, concerns over rampant promotionalism also animate academic writings on music, movies, magazines, and more (McAllister, 1996;Wasko et al., 2011). Practices that emerged in the early twenty-first century-native advertising, branded content, and hyper-personalized advertising -have done little to dispel such concerns (Einstein, 2016;Turow, 2011). ...
The widespread uptake of digital platforms – from YouTube and Instagram to Twitch and TikTok – is reconfiguring cultural production in profound, complex, and highly uneven ways. Longstanding media industries are experiencing tremendous upheaval, while new industrial formations – live-streaming, social media influencing, and podcasting, among others – are evolving at breakneck speed.
Poell, Nieborg, and Duffy explore both the processes and the implications of platformization across the cultural industries, identifying key changes in markets, infrastructures, and governance at play in this ongoing transformation, as well as pivotal shifts in the practices of labor, creativity, and democracy. The authors foreground three particular industries – news, gaming, and social media creation – and also draw upon examples from music, advertising, and more. Diverse in its geographic scope, Platforms and Cultural Production builds on the latest research and accounts from across North America, Western Europe, Southeast Asia, and China to reveal crucial differences and surprising parallels in the trajectories of platformization across the globe.
Offering a novel conceptual framework grounded in illuminating case studies, this book is essential for students, scholars, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to understand how the institutions and practices of cultural production are transforming – and what the stakes are for understanding platform power.
... According to Mosco, political economy is the study of social relations. In particular, it is the scripture of power relations; which is related to the cooperation of production, distribution, and consumption including communication resources (Wasko et al., 2011). According to Robert W. McChesney, the political economy of communication or the media and precisely its ownership, supportive techniques, and government policies help (McChesney, 2008). ...
Background: In recent years, various studies have raised the issue of economic progress in Bangladesh. Therefore, the government's various economic steps for the development of Bangladesh next year are very significant. The development of a country depends on its economy. The media has a big role to play in keeping the economy dynamic and strong. Various media information about the economy helps the government and the people to make any decision.
Method: The study of mixed-mode has been conducted through content analysis. As a research sample, two well-known dailies of Bangladesh, Prothom Alo and The Financial Express have been selected as the medium of purposive sampling. Media Political Economy is the theoretical framework of this research.
Result: The results show that the two newspapers have a total of 235 pieces of economic news. 64% of the news is straight news and 36% in-depth news. Although Prothom Alo has done most of its investigative reporting on various irregularities, it has focused on remittances, import-export, and the banking sector. And The Financial Express covers in-depth news on development, investment, prospects, and energy. The economic news coverage of The Financial Express was better than Prothom Alo. However, Bangladesh is going through a critical period in terms of economy, the two newspapers should have published more economic news with in-depth news. Although there are some reports about irregularities in the country's financial sector, the amount of information and coverage is not enough.
Conclusion: The media plays the role of a watchdog of society. Many financial irregularities in the country will be stopped if the media monitors various issues of the financial sector impartially and actively. The role of media is essential for the economic prosperity of the country.
... Die kritische politische Ökonomie der Medien und der Kommunikation als lebendige Tradition im englischen Sprachraum Impulse zur Weiterentwicklung erh€ alt die KPOeMK heute daher v. a. aus dem englischen Sprachraum (McChesney 2008;Mosco 2009;Wasko et al. 2011;Artz et al. 2006;Fuchs 2011Fuchs , 2015Winseck und Jin 2011;Wayne 2015;Hardy 2014;Çoban 2015;Fuchs und Mosco 2015a, b). Dort tritt sie in Diskussion mit drei historischen Hauptströmungen kritisch-politökonomischen Nachdenkens € uber Medien und Kommunikation, die nicht in erster Linie durch die Frankfurter Schule gepr€ agt wurden (Mosco 2009, S. 82-103). ...
Der Beitrag führt in die wichtigsten Traditionslinien und Debatten der Kritischen Politischen Ökonomie der Medien und der Kommunikation ein. Die Erklärungskraft und Aktualität des Ansatzes zeigt sich, trotz teilweise prekärer Reproduktion an den Hochschulen, nicht zu letzt unter den Bedingungen eines informationellen Kapitalismus. Ausgehend von einer systematischen Bestimmung von Medien und Kommunikation im widersprüchlichen und krisenhaften Prozess der Kapitalakkumulation, werden vier grundlegende Blickwinkel auf Medien und Kommunikation (als Waren, als ideologische Mächte, in Bezug auf Medienrezeption und als alternative Medien) integrativ diskutiert.
... Murdock [23] explained that cultural and communication products have threefold relationship with commodity culture. Firstly because readers have to spend some money for accessing the content/product of the media, secondly media provides platform to companies for advertising their commodities that is why they back the consumption of commodities and consumer culture. ...
... From a media-centric prism, the quality and quantity of information as well as access to and representation in media spaces bear influence on youths' political participation (Golding & Murdock, 2000;Östman, 2012;Stromback & Shehata, 2010;Sveningsson, 2015). Scholars from a political economy paradigm have, for instance, condemned the mass media for being overly concerned about issues affecting political and economic elites at the expense of the masses (Durham & Kellner, 2006;Golding & Murdock, 2000;Wasko et al., 2014). This departs from a public interest orientation and leads to the shrinking of the public sphere, creates marginalisation of young people, and obliterates access to rational discourses needed to function as democratic citizens (Burton, 2005;Couldry et al., 2007;Croteau & Hoynes, 2000). ...
Since their arrival at the intersection of media as political landscapes social media have received tremendous attention among scholars and political actors, given their presumed information democratisation potential. This study contributes to the ongoing debate on the belief that social media provide expressive and mobilisation resources for youths’ political engagement and the counter-argument that the platforms attenuate offline political participation as a side effect of enhancing online political activism. The authors sampled youths in Kwara State of Nigeria, considered one of the hotspots of the Nigerian 2019 general election, to explore the significant contributions of social media use to youths’ political participation in a society craving political change. The findings reveal that the youths are more active in online political participation than offline politics, even after civic activism, political education and political efficacy have been controlled for. These results imply the need to motivate and mobilise the youths for offline political participation as an essential requisite for guaranteeing the future of Nigerian democracy, which has ebbed into a gerontocratic regimentation since 1999.
... In the absence of a real competition where a plural market provides different products with different economic values, audiences are facing an oligopolistic market (Wasko et al., 2014) where the same products are offered for minimal prices and, ultimately, for free (Shapiro and Varian, 1999). However, the old saying that there is no such thing as a free lunch applies just as inexorably to the 'free' consumption of media content in the network economy. ...
The homogenization and commoditization of news have risen since the emergence of the Internet, but have sharply increased in recent years due to economic constraints on news organizations and journalists’ labor conditions. This article explores readers’ perceptions and attitudes toward the economic and informative value of online news in particular, and toward the Internet as a means of news dissemination in general. Drawing upon 50 in-depth interviews with respondents from Spain aged 18–65 years, we conceptualize the lack of readers’ inclinations to pay for digital news as a culture of free and explore its main dimensions. Specifically, the culture of free is a strong orientation to considering news as a public good that must be free of charge, rooted in customs/habits of free consumption on the Internet over decades, fueled by free competition, subtended by advertising, and a lack of interest in the news more generally. Despite the fact that the digital versions might be theoretically considered as inferior, we argue that both products (print vs online) are equally valuable (economically and informatively) and the only divergence lies in their format and thus in their price.
... There is also the paradox of the economic importance of these creative industries in contrast to the place they occupy in the cultural policies. They had an important place as a concept in studies related to media and communication, known as the political economy of culture (Schiller 1989;Garnham 1990; Golding and Murdock 2000) and in neo-Marxist analysis. In cultural studies, which have dominated media studies and studies on popular culture, engaging in polemics with political economy, the topic of cultural industries or cultural policy has occupied a central place. ...
Recent research in cultural studies and the sociology of culture depicts an interest related to the different roles of
culture in contemporary societies. Such views convey an important criticism on media policy, the changes in cultural
production and its consumption in the current metropolis. O’Connor (O’Connor and Wynne 1996) indicates the resistance to cultural industries due to the undermining of the autonomy of art (especially in cities built on cultural tourism or
based on institutions of high culture). Regarding aesthetics, a new hierarchy is created: a certain opposition to traditional
aesthetics and, at the same time, a pluralization. Thus, T. Jowell (2004) speaks of a “complex culture”.
The creative cultural industries were not visible in traditional cultural policies based on arts and heritage (Romania
falling into this category in 1998, while attempting a strategy for culture that emphasized the patrimony, but at the expense
of other cultural sectors – an attempt that was criticized by the Council of Europe in 1999). The need for self-financing
cultural institutions highlighted the relevance of the creative industries. This paper will depict different views on this
phenomenon in Romania, even regarding the definition and development of the creative industries. As a case study,
I will investigate the Paintbrush Factory from Romania – a creative model of arts management, a cultural brand, and
a unique organization form of arts management: a federation. My research aims to apply the four research categories
introduced by Taylor and Hansen in 2005 for organizational aesthetics (intellectual analysis, instrumental issues, artistic
form, and aesthetic aspects) as a methodological model for this case study.
Keywords: creative industries, entrepreneurship, Paintbrush Factory, Romania.
Building and implementing ethical AI systems that benefit the whole society is cost-intensive and a multi-faceted task fraught with potential problems. While on one hand there are technical solutions to mitigate social problems, on the other hand, citizen perceptions can lead to social and political demands that influence the social implementation of AI systems. In this study, we explore the salience of AI issues in the public with an emphasis on ethical criteria to the likelihood that ethical AI is actively demanded by the public. Based on data from 15 surveys (N = 14,988 respondents), our results show that the majority of the German population was not concerned with AI at all. Thereby, the issue salience is dependent on general interest in AI and a higher educational level. Ethical issues are of concern for only a small subset of citizens. However, the salience of ethical issues affects the behavioral intentions of citizens in the way that they tend to avoid AI technology and engage in public discussions about AI. We conclude that the low level of ethical implications may pose a serious problem for the actual implementation of ethical AI for the Common Good.
he influence of mass media on social and cultural interactions is a growing phenomenon. To come up with ideas that provide a thorough understanding of these events in these circumstances may be difficult for scholars who study the mass media. The political economy of media and cultural studies are two categories of critical approaches that share features, strengths, and weaknesses. By paying sufficient attention to these details, the two techniques can complement and learn from each other. This research seeks to study someone's opinion, response, or perception, so the discussion must be qualitative in nature or use descriptive language, so the writer uses a descriptive research methodology. When analyzing texts and explaining various subject positions or views, mass media studies must adopt a multi-perspective approach, or apply a critical methodology. Keywords: mass media, social and cultural interaction, mass communication
he influence of mass media on social and cultural interactions is a growing phenomenon. To come up with ideas that provide a thorough understanding of these events in these circumstances may be difficult for scholars who study the mass media. The political economy of media and cultural studies are two categories of critical approaches that share features, strengths, and weaknesses. By paying sufficient attention to these details, the two techniques can complement and learn from each other. This research seeks to study someone's opinion, response, or perception, so the discussion must be qualitative in nature or use descriptive language, so the writer uses a descriptive research methodology. When analyzing texts and explaining various subject positions or views, mass media studies must adopt a multi-perspective approach, or apply a critical methodology. Keywords: mass media, social and cultural interaction, mass communication
Avtor izpostavlja, da prihaja v obstoječem družbenem kontekstu do množenja protislovij, ki pogosto ostajajo nerazrešena, saj so sestavni del kapitalističnih družb. Protislovja se prenašajo in širijo tudi na raven komuniciranja in v komunikacijsko sfero, ki je v središču avtorjeve analize. Prav številna protislovja so razlog, da so nove informacijske in komunikacijske tehnologije lahko opredeljene kot orodja emancipacije, kar izpostavljajo evforične analize njihovih potencialov, in sočasno kot orodja nadzora in izkoriščanja. Avtor izpostavlja, da je družbene spremembe in komunikacijske tehnologije, ki jih ni mogoče misliti izven širših družbenih odnosov, zaradi tega potrebno preučevati zgodovinsko, v kontekstu obstoječih asimetrij moči in neenakosti ter z upoštevanjem ključnih vzrokov za njihov nastanek in specifičen zgodovinski razvoj.
Izhodišča monografije so v politični ekonomiji komuniciranja, ki je temeljni kritični pristop v komunikološkem raziskovanju. Avtor podaja kritiko poblagovljenja, ki se v tem pristopu opredeljuje ko ključen proces v kapitalističnih družbah. Ob tem izpostavlja, da prav politična ekonomija komuniciranja nudi edinstven in (posebej za slovenski raziskovalni prostor) izviren pogled na (množično) komuniciranje. Le ta raziskovalna tradicija namreč s svojim teoretskim vpogledom, izgrajenim pojmovnim aparatom in obstoječimi razlagami omogoča celovito obravnavo strukturnih zgodovinskih premikov in temeljnih družbenih odnosov s posebnim fokusom na komuniciranju, medijih in informacijah.
Analize se gibljejo med temeljnimi teoretskimi vpogledi, ki izhajajo iz kritičnih družboslovnih pristopov, ter aktualnejšimi tematikami. V knjigi je med drugim podan globok zgodovinski vpogled v procese poblagovljenja komuniciranja in v ekspanzijo kapitala nasploh, obravnavana so protislovja in omejitve na področju medijev, tehnologij ter komuniciranja, ki izhajajo iz kapitalistične blagovne proizvodnje, izpostavljena je protislovnost novih informacijskih in komunikacijskih tehnologij, ki vključuje tudi razprave o družbi nadzora in nadzorstvenem kapitalizmu, izpostavljeni pa so tudi razlogi, zakaj mediji v kapitalizmu prispevajo k ohranjanju obstoječe družbene ureditve.
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Contradictions of Communication: Towards a Critique of Commodification in Political Economy of Communication
(Faculty of Social Sciences Ljubljana Press, 2014).
In the current historical epoch contradictions, which often remain unsolved, have multiplied. We can attribute this to the fact that contradictions are a constitutive part of capitalist societies. The author emphasizes that in the current historical epoch contradictions also broaden and expand into communication and the communicative sphere, which lay at the centre of his analysis. Author points out that social changes and communication technologies, which cannot be analysed outside of the wider social relations, need to be analysed in a historical manner, in the context of the existing asymmetries of power, inequalities and by considering key reasons for their emergence and specific historical development.
The starting point of the monograph is in the political economy of communication, which is the key critical approach in media and communication studies. Author provides a critique of the process of commodification, which is defined (in the approach of political economy of communication) as one of the key processes in the capitalist societies, which is inherent to it. It is pointed out that political economy of communication offers a unique and (especially for Slovenian academia) original way of analysing (mass) media. Only this research tradition offers – with its theoretical insights, conceptual apparatus and existing explanations – a way of holistically analysing structural, historical changes and the most fundamental social relations, with special focus on communication, media, and information.
Analyses in the book move between fundamental theoretical insights that build on critical approaches to social sciences, and currently topical issues. A deep historical insight is offered in the processes of commodification of communication and in the expansion of capital as such. Contradictions and limits in the field of media, technologies and communication are thoroughly analysed, while different aspects of new information and communication technologies are analysed as well, because they make possible both new forms of social surveillance (and so-called surveillance capitalism) and emancipatory forms of political activism. Reasons, why media can contribute to the stabilisation of the existing order, are analysed as well.
Özet: Meta-biçimi. çoğu zaman göz ardı edilse de. kapitalizm üzerine çalışmalarda önemli bir rol oynadı. Hemen her şeyin eksiksiz bir biçimde dolaşım sürecinde mübadele edilen özelleşmiş (hayali) bir meta biçimine dönüştürme süreçleri, kapitalizmin doğuşu ve devamı açısından temel önemdedir. "Kapitalizmin hücre-biçimi" olarak meta, aynı zamanda Marx'ın tüm çalışmalarında, başından sonuna kadar can alıcı bir rol oynamıştır. Bu çalışmanın asıl amacı. meta-biçimin Marx'ın çalışmalarında (gerek genel argümanının bir parçası olarak, gerekse de tarihsel değişimler bağlamında) nasıl geliştirildiğini ve eleştirel kuramın bazı temel çalışmalarında nasıl rol oynadığını göstermektir. Bundan başka, çalışmanın diğer bir amacı, metaya eleştirel iletişim çalışmalarında nasıl yaklaşıldığını ve bunun iletişimin ekonomi politiği içinde nasıl çözümlendiğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu, özellikle. Dallas W. Smythe tarafından başlatılan "kör nokta tartışması'Yıın ve bu tartışma içinde gündeme gelen izleyici-ınetası tezinin yeniden ele alınması yoluyla yapılmaktadır. Dolaylı da olsa bugüne kadar devam eden bu uzun-soluklu tartışma, gerek Marksizm'i temel alan eleştirel iletişim çalışmaları açısından gerekse de toplumun farklı alanlarında devam etmekte olan metalaştırma sürecinin ve bunun çağdaş topluma sürekli nüfuz edişinin ciddi bir çözümlemesiyle bağlantılı düşünce ve pratikler açısından son derece değerli bir kaynaktır. Son bölümde, elde edilen bulgular bazı son dönem neo-Marksist yaklaşımlarla, özellikle de otonomisi (post-operaist) hareketten gelen yazarların bulgularıyla ilişkilendirilmektedir. Bu düşünsel akım içindeki kavrayışlar. Snıythe'nin yaklaşımıyla olan yakınsamanın olanaklarını sunmakla birlikte, devam etmekte olan metalaştırma süreçlerinin anlaşılmasını da sağlayabilir.
Anahtar kavramlar: meta-biçimi, metalaştırma. soyutlama, iletişimin ekonomi politiği, ekonomi politiğin eleştirisi, toplumsal fabrika, izleyici metası, internet, iletişimsel kapitalizm, kapitalizm, eleştirel iletişim çalışmaları.
Full source: Prodnik, Jernej (2014): Sürüp Giden Metalaştırma Süreçleri Üzerine Bir Not: İzleyici Metasından Toplumsal Fabrikaya. Mosco, Vincent, Christian Fuchs ve Funda Başaran (Türkçe Yayinin Derleyeni). Marx Geri Döndü: Günümüz Eleştirel İletişim Çalışmaları Açısından Marksist Kuram ve Araştırmanın Önemi. 1. baski. Ankara: Notabene, 301-366.
Covid-19 generated new interactions and changes in the practices and habits of Netflix users in Mexico, establishing agencies that include innovative social and cultural relationships. In the line of this research, this article sought to identify these changes and transformations, as well as the “power circuits” developed by Netflix to produce, distribute and sell its audiovisual content. Based on the use and application of a descriptive quantitative methodology, indicators were obtained on the regular and daily consumption of Netflix in Mexico during the pandemic, after applying questionnaires to users of the platform. The study identified a robust integration of Netflix into the daily activities of cultural consumption, thereby consolidating its power, hegemony and predominance in the Mexican market. The findings highlight the increase in Netflix use during the Covid-19 pandemic, an increase in selectivity in content, greater shared access, an intensive use of the platform’s recommendation mechanisms, the use of fandom as a database and the strengthening of corporate interests.
Context: In intellectual work and cultural policy documents related to the francophone media market, the struggle between the old mechanisms, bound to the physical infrastructure of the land, and the new virtual ones is recast as a competition between nation and globalism, between québécois—a local accent seen as a marker of national character and self-recognition—and the linguistic construct of français international—spoken only on the dubbing stage.
Analysis: This article examines how dubbing practices become acts of cultural diplomacy in the clash between legacy and platform distribution.
Conclusions and Implications: Ambivalent towards traditional displays of national selfhood, the Québec dubbing industry insists that its cultural identity is more accurately represented through participation in the global market rather than through regional accents.
This article examines the role played by digital platforms in the transformation of the audio-visual industry in India. Are video-on-demand platforms contributing to India’s growing dependence on global players or are they asserting the diversification of domestic players and the progress of Indian capitalism in the cultural and digital industries? To answer, we analyse the strategies of competition and collaboration between historical audio-visual players versus communication players, the dynamics of foreign ownership and the content localisation strategies of global players. We conclude that the study of digital platforms offers an important insight into new forms of economic and cultural hegemony in the cultural industries.
Building and implementing ethical AI systems that benefit the whole society is cost-intensive and a multi-faceted task fraught with potential problems. While computer science focuses mostly on the technical questions to mitigate social issues, social science addresses citizens' perceptions to elucidate social and political demands that influence the societal implementation of AI systems. Thus, in this study, we explore the salience of AI issues in the public with an emphasis on ethical criteria to investigate whether it is likely that ethical AI is actively requested by the population. Between May 2020 and April 2021, we conducted 15 surveys asking the German population about the most important AI-related issues (total of N=14,988 respondents). Our results show that the majority of respondents were not concerned with AI at all. However, it can be seen that general interest in AI and a higher educational level are predictive of some engagement with AI. Among those, who reported having thought about AI, specific applications (e.g., autonomous driving) were by far the most mentioned topics. Ethical issues are voiced only by a small subset of citizens with fairness, accountability, and transparency being the least mentioned ones. These have been identified in several ethical guidelines (including the EU Commission's proposal) as key elements for the development of ethical AI. The salience of ethical issues affects the behavioral intentions of citizens in the way that they 1) tend to avoid AI technology and 2) engage in public discussions about AI. We conclude that the low level of ethical implications may pose a serious problem for the actual implementation of ethical AI for the Common Good and emphasize that those who are presumably most affected by ethical issues of AI are especially unaware of ethical risks. Yet, once ethical AI is top of the mind, there is some potential for activism.
Los servicios de las plataformas digitales audiovisuales en directo (streaming) de grandes operadores como Netflix se han consolidado en el contexto de la pandemia de covid 19 en América Latina. Este escenario genera una serie de procesos desiguales e inequitativos en las dimensiones de producción, distribución y consumo audiovisual, por lo que la intención de este trabajo es reivindicar, recuperar e incentivar la discusión sobre el establecimiento de políticas audiovisuales basadas en los preceptos de la diversidad cultural, para proteger las cinematografías latinoamericanas y regular las condiciones del poder corporativo, económico y comercial de aquellas empresas que dominan los mercados a nivel mundial. La estrategia de análisis se basó en una revisión documental y estadística que describe cómo el cine latinoamericano presenta una serie de asimetrías que permanecen y continúan desde la etapa analógica y se incrementan en un contexto digital. Las líneas de trabajo propuestas para el establecimiento de estrategias políticas de diversidad cultural en América Latina, que surgen como resultado de este análisis, se fundamentan en 10 ejes para elaborar una propuesta de políticas públicas para la diversidad cultural en el sector audiovisual latinoamericano.
The current study explores structural changes in radio and assesses their impact on music listeners in Pakistan utilizing the theoretical underpinnings of the political economy of communication. A mixed-method approach was used to answer research questions and evaluate hypotheses. A contextual analysis was utilized to evaluate the qualitative analysis after the interviews with 14 experts in the Pakistani radio industry were transcribed. Cross-tabulation with chi-square test, Independent Sample T-test, and AVOVA with Tukey tests were used to analyze survey responses from 200 respondents in order to determine the correlations between variables. The findings show that structural trends in the radio industry's deregulation and commercialization have curtailed access to a varied range of listeners in Pakistan. According to the research, deregulation, licensing fees, new license fees, and the restriction of Indian music, revenue generation, and licensing to nonprofit FM radio have all limited access to a diverse spectrum of radio music listeners in Pakistan. This trend also leads broadcast media in Pakistan to produce and disseminate more entertainment programming rather than information and education programs.
A significant portion of books on Amazon are self-published using Kindle Direct Publishing. Self-publishers are given an opportunity to share their work with the world with a few clicks of their mouse. However, traditional publishing infrastructures are not as welcoming to the self-publisher. This paper undertakes to perform a policy analysis of government funding frameworks available to workers of the Canadian publishing industry. Through performing a discourse analysis, the study finds that the self-publisher is ineligible to apply for funds and grants from the government both on the provincial and the federal levels. The self-publishing business model is not recognized as a legitimate one and is often equated with vanity publishing, which comes with a stigma. Furthermore, traditional publishing industry workers act as gatekeepers who also exclude the self-publisher from the conversation around the changing landscape of the Canadian publishing industry. Even though the self-publisher should be recognized as a legitimate worker of the cultural industries, they are not acknowledged as such both by government officials who distribute grants and traditional publishers. This study adds to the limited scope of research conducted on self-publishing in order to break the boundaries that self-publishers encounter. The study concludes with recommendations to assess the process of the distribution of government funds and grants in order to incorporate the changing practices of the cultural industries and incorporate new business models such as self-publishing.
This article presents foundations of the analysis of media concentration from the perspective of the approach the critique of the political economy of the media and communication. It outlines the dangers and problems of media concentration, discusses the question of how to measure media concentration, identifies different types of media concentration, and gives a systematic overview of empirical studies of media concentration. As a result of the country comparison on a theoretical (macro) level with an analytically required high level of abstraction, first and foremost identities, commonalities and similarities with regard to the development of media concentration including its causes and consequences can be recognised. The author argues that media concentration also needs to be theorised. It distinguishes and discusses two such theoretical approaches: apologetic-normative competition theories of media concentration and critical-empirical theories of media concentration. Critical-empirical theories of media concentration situate media concentration in the context of the development of capitalism, which requires to use the critique of the political economy as theoretical foundation.
The transformation that the Spanish company Mediapro has undergone from its beginning as carrier to become a global communication group –the first in Spain by net income– is studied. Mediapro is one of the largest European producers and one of the largest broadcasters of world sports broadcasting rights. Starting from an analysis of its strengths and weaknesses and an in-depth study of its industrial diversification policies and its business results, as well as its corporate reputation, closely linked to corporate behavior, the text also investigates some of the keys to its future as a large media conglomerate, subject to an extraordinarily competitive sector and in full digital transformation. The conclusion is that in a business context in which it must compete with the world´s largest content producers, as well as with the large holders of sports broadcasting rights, this future must necessarily go through less dependence on sports rights –subject to a fierce negotiation with large global conglomerates– and, at the same time, for a clear reinforcement of its corporate reputation. Resumen Se estudia la transformación que ha experimentado la empresa española Mediapro desde sus inicios como carrier (transportador de señal) hasta convertirse en un grupo global de comunicación –el primero de España por ingresos netos y ebitda–, además de una de las mayores productoras europeas y uno de los mayores difusores de derechos de retransmisiones deportivas mundiales, y que opera en numerosos países. Partiendo de un análisis de las fortalezas y debilidades de Mediapro y de un estudio profundo de sus políticas de diversificación industrial y de sus resultados empresariales, así como de su reputación corporativa, íntimamente unida al comportamiento corporativo, el texto indaga también en algunas de las claves de su futuro como gran conglomerado mediático, sujeto a un sector extraordinariamente competitivo y en plena transformación digital. La conclusión es que en un contexto de negocio en el que debe competir con las mayores productoras de contenidos mundiales, así como con los grandes poseedores de los derechos de retransmisiones deportivas, este futuro debe pasar necesariamente por una menor dependencia de los derechos deportivos –sujetos a una férrea negociación con grandes conglomerados mundiales– y, al mismo tiempo, por un claro reforzamiento de su reputación corporativa.
The article reviews the main concepts and dilemmas illustrating the debate on the connections between media and politics. Considering that experiences in Political Communication are manifested in unique ways in different democracies and scientific cultures, we also examine how historical, social, and political aspects are intertwined with the development of the field in Brazil – reinforcing the need for dewesternizing media studies. Although we do not expect to exhaust state of the art, we hold that this is a helpful discussion since it outlines the agendas and trends of a specialty that has become more complex, tackling the question of to what extent widely accepted concepts are able to explain the roles of the media in Global South societies.
Working-class history museums face immense challenges in trying to reconcile being socially progressive and class-oriented while also maintaining relevance and success in gentrifying areas. Museums are embedded within political economic structures of power, and thus face considerable limitations in their efforts to act as meaningful sites of political or ideological contestation. This article examines Manhattan’s Tenement Museum as a case study to explore the inherent tensions that exist in the representation of working-class heritage in a capitalist, gentrifying city. Synthesising research collected from extensive fieldwork between 2009 and 2017, as well as public records and published media, ethnographic analyses of museum space and exhibitions are performed in an effort to understand how the museum constructs and disseminates working-class history. Although the museum is careful to emphasise the socio-political agency of the people it represents, it largely downplays the Lower East Side’s activist, labour-oriented past and present. In order to more fully delve into questions of economic power and cultural production, the political economy of communication is used as an analytic lens to explore questions of identity politics and cultural struggle, urban sustainability, and finally, the precarious labour of the museum’s own workers.
This study investigates the relationships between media and music industry in the digital age. The musicians, listeners, and employees that are a part of the musical entertainment industry at present are an essential part of the cultural world. Recorded music production in particular has always been associated with mainstream media and has always taken popularity into account. This study also examines the importance of new media with regard to the producer and consumer of music. How have digital technologies affected the worlds of media and music? What differences can be found between traditional and new media in the context of the music industry and sociology? In this study, face-to-face interviews were conducted with musicians, listeners, employees of music companies, the media, and representatives of music companies. Pre-determined social media websites were observed, and the results were analysed. Digital media is more commercialised and is serving capitalism to a greater extent through new technology. This study investigates democracy and equal opportunity in the global music industry, taking the principles of digital capitalism into account.
Media Conglomerates in Spain: Maturity and Profound Transformations at the End of a Cycle
Grupos de comunicação na Espanha: maturidade e profundas transformações em um final de ciclo
Los grupos de comunicación españoles han sufrido importantes transformaciones en los últimos cuarenta años. Las principales razones obedecen, sobre todo, a los fallidos intentos de integración vertical desarrollados en la década de los noventa, el escaso expertise en la industria televisiva y audiovisual, así como el elevado endeudamiento bancario. Una situación que se vio, además, agravada por la grave crisis económica sufrida en España entre 2007 y 2016, y, como es natural, por la adaptación al nuevo marco digital. En cualquier caso, parece claro que, al igual que está sucediendo en otros países desarrollados, estos grupos se encuentran en un momento de “madurez”, que puede llegar a comportar importantes transformaciones en el panorama mediático español. Este análisis apunta, a modo de prospectiva, la imposibilidad de que los tradicionales grupos de comunicación puedan seguir manteniendo en el futuro el mismo statu quo de estas últimas décadas. Para ello, desarrolla el análisis bajo un prisma diacrónico y plantea una visión de futuro que, probablemente, se manifieste en dos hechos relevantes: la casi totalidad de los viejos grupos anclados en la prensa tenderán a desaparecer, fragmentarse o integrarse en nuevas plataformas de medios; y el resto de grupos, cuyos “oficios de base” no provienen del mundo periodístico, se enfrentarán a una fuerte disputa por los contenidos, y competirán también con nuevos players, como las empresas de telefonía, las grandes empresas de internet y las plataformas de video on demand (VOD).
Para citar este artículo / to reference this article / para citar este artigo
García-Santamaría, J. V. y Pérez-Serrano, M. J. (2020). Grupos de comunicación en España: madurez y profundas transformaciones en un final de ciclo. Palabra Clave, 23(4), e2345. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2020.23.4.5
Recibido: 06/07/2018
Aceptado: 15/01/2019
Publicado: 13/10/2020
Very early on, the heralds of the “creative industries” emphasised on the imperative of a legal framework based on strong intellectual property to ensure their growth. In a context of intense international competition, intellectual property rights appeared to allow guaranteeing the “singularity” of local products and thus extricate them from untenable price-based competition. However, the excessive bolstering of those rights is likely to modify how they operate and, therefore, make them an obstacle to the development of a “creative economy”.
Exploring the culture and media of the Americas, this handbook places particular emphasis
on collective and intertwined experiences and focuses on the transnational or hemispheric
dimensions of cultural flows and geocultural imaginaries that shape the literature, arts, media
and other cultural expressions in the Americas.
The Routledge Handbook to the Culture and Media of the Americas charts the pervasive, asymmetrical flows of cultural products and capital and their importance in the development of the Americas.The volume offers a comprehensive understanding of how Inter-American communication is constituted, framed and structured and covers the artistic and political dimensions that have shaped literature, art and popular culture in the region. Forty-six chapters cover a range of inter-American key concepts and dynamics, divided into two parts:
• Literature and Music deals with inter-American entanglements of artistic expressions in
the Western Hemisphere, including music, dance, literary genres and developments.
• Media and Visual Cultures explores the inter-American dimension of media production
in the hemisphere, including cinema and television, photography and art, journalism,
radio, digital culture and issues such as freedom of expression and intellectual property.
This multidisciplinary approach will be of interest to a broad array of academic scholars
and students in history, sociology, political science; and cultural, postcolonial, gender, literary,globalization and media studies.
The discourse of the celebrity emerged from knowledge on the celebrity’s onscreen and off-screen lives. This research situates the mainstream celebrity image in the context of its relationship with social expectations, particularly in the discursive construction of attractiveness through the celebrity image. Anchored on Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis, this celebrity research overlaps textual, processing, and social analyses of Filipino-Australian actor James Reid’s celebrity image in examining the constitutive relationship between the celebrity image and Filipino values in defining attractiveness as a form of status and privilege.
I utilize the concept of intersectionality in an intertextual analysis of the celebrity image – interpreting consistent characterizations between the physical, socioeconomic, and interpersonal aspects of Reid’s portrayals. Dually constructed as an aspirational, colonial “status symbol” and a normative, Kapwa-oriented “Filipinized foreigner” through textual mechanisms that realign the celebrity’s onscreen and off-screen images with society’s dominant values, I argue that the celebrity image is a manufactured identity – a commodity – which is constructed by the media to reinforce values beneficial to its profit-oriented endeavors. From this consistency between text and society, the celebrity image takes part in the deliberate, discursive construction of attractiveness as a form of status – the “Artistahin” – in order to sustain itself within a capitalist system.
This study ultimately addresses the systemic and discursive origins of expectations on identity which have been individualized within a capitalist and colonial society in order to mask the different ways by which we are stratified and qualified through the media, especially through the celebrity image.
Keywords: celebrity, celebrity image, discourse, identity, intersectionality
É meu propósito, neste estudo, argumentar a ideia de que os Estudos Culturais podem ser encarados como novas humanidades. Os Cultural Studies centram a atenção nos estudos étnicos, pós-coloniais, comunicacionais, antropológicos, etnográficos e feministas, e apenas “muito marginalmente” têm-se interessado pela literatura e pelos estudos literários (Aguiar e Silva, 2008). Mas são precisamente esses domínios, investidos pela ‘Social Science’, e não pelas ‘Arts’, que se constituem como pedra de toque da modernidade. E é neles que se joga, hoje, em grande medida, a ideia que temos do humano. A interrogação que hoje é feita, tanto sobre o humano como sobre a modernidade, tem como pano de fundo a translação tecnológica da cultura, da palavra para a imagem (Martins, 2011a). A minha proposta tem em atenção esse debate, sublinhando entretanto o compromisso que os Estudos Culturais têm com atual e o contemporâneo, o que também quer dizer, com o presente e o quotidiano.
Este trabalho apresenta elementos do enquadramento teórico
que orienta a análise empírica a ser aplicada no projeto doutoral
provisoriamente intitulado “Uma abordagem crítica dos discursos
sobre a neutralidade da rede em Portugal e no Brasil”. É
apresentada uma breve cronologia, da sociologia clássica à
teoria crítica da tecnologia de Feenberg. O foco desta revisão
incide nas dimensões de renovação do pensamento crítico que
levam à superação das ideias de neutralidade tecnológica e de
determinismo tecnológico. Concluímos que as problemáticas das
tecnologias enfatizadas pela teoria crítica possibilitam caminhos
para uma análise discursiva. Definimos, a partir desse estudo, a
teoria crítica como suporte teórico para a análise do nosso objeto
de pesquisa: os discursos sobre a neutralidade da Internet.
_____________________________________________________________________________________ This paper presents some elements of the theoretical framework
that guides the empirical analysis to be applied on the Doctorate
Project provisionally entitled “Uma abordagem crítica dos
discursos sobre a neutralidade da rede em Portugal e no Brasil”
(A critical approach to the discourses on internet neutrality in
Portugal and in Brazil). It introduces a brief chronology, from
Classical Sociology to Feenberg’s Critical Theory of Technology.
This literature review focuses on the dimensions of Critical
Thinking’s constant renewal that may lead to the overcoming of
the ideas of Technology Neutrality and of Technological
Determinism. We conclude that the technologies’ problematics
emphasized by Critical Theory open new possibilities for
Discourse Analysis. From this study, we define Critical Theory as
the theoretical support to the analysis of our research objects: the
discourses on Internet Neutrality.
Polo, M. & Sousa, H. (2019). Reflexões para uma análise crítica no campo dos estudos sobre a internet. In Z. Pinto-Coelho, S. Marinho & T. Ruão (Eds.), Comunidades, participação e regulação. VI Jornadas Doutorais, Comunicação & Estudos Culturais (pp. 137-151). Braga: CECS.
This study explores the construction of “tourist gaze” by examining Taiwan’s tourism policies from the 1950s to the present day. It identifies four distinctive stages through which discourses of tourism policy has shifted from the paradigm of nation building to that of nation branding. The constructed gazing has also changed from “Chineseness” to
“Taiwanness.” This study showed that tourism is an ideological state apparatus that materializes banal nationalism. The trend towards nation branding seems to undermine the rhetoric of nation building, as the logic of economic competitiveness replaces the importance of nationalism. However, the attempt to construct Taiwan as an object of tourist gaze in light of globalization, paradoxically, helps construct Taiwan as a new
nation and realize its cultural subjectivity. Tourism thus also participates in Taiwan’s cultural Taiwanization
The purpose of this paper is to present a meta-theoretical analysis of three broadly defined areas of academic work with substantial internal complexity and difference: mediatization, reflexive modernization and critical political economy of communication. Each developed a complex set of ideas and concepts for explaining elements of media, communication and/or social change. The main argument is that by looking at the intersection between these areas, a more complete argument can be made for explaining the complexity of media and social change in the 21st century. Two philosophical concepts aid in untangling the connections and differences between these areas. First, social ontology or the understanding of what society is and what is it made of. Second, intentionality or the understanding of the experiences of actors about society as well as their role in media and communication change. By looking at the boundaries and connecting points between mediatization, reflexive modernization and critical political economy of communication the paper offers an analysis of multiple ontological dimensions: cultural and social constructivist, social and sociotechnical and political-economic.
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