Technical ReportPDF Available

Life Cycle Inventory of Plastic Fabrication Processes: Injection Molding and Thermoforming

September 2011

Affiliation: Prepared by Franklin Associates

Authors:

Rebe Feraldi

LAC Group

Sarah Cashman

Eastern Research Group, Inc.

This gate-to-gate LCI study of plastic fabrication methods was conducted for the Rigid Plastic Packaging Group (RPPG) of the Plastics Division of the American Chemistry Council (ACC). Ashley Carlson, Director of Packaging was the project coordinator for the Plastics Division of the ACC. The report was made possible through the cooperation of RPPG/ACC member companies and non-member companies who provided data on injection molding and thermoforming processes for plastics fabrication.

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FINAL REPORT

LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY OF PLASTIC FABRICATION PROCESSES:

INJECTION MOLDING AND THERMOFORMING

SUBMITTED TO:

RIGID PLASTIC PACKAGING GROUP (RPPG)

SUBMITTED BY:

FRANKLIN ASSOCIATES, A DIVISION OF

EASTERN RESEARCH GROUP, INC. (ERG)

SEPTEMBER, 2011

PREFACE

This gate-to-gate LCI study of plastic fabrication methods was conducted for the Rigid Plastic

Packaging Group (RPPG) of the Plastics Division of the American Chemistry Council (ACC).

Ashley Carlson, Director of Packaging was the project coordinator for the Plastics Division of

the ACC. The report was made possible through the cooperation of RPPG/ACC member

companies and non-member companies who provided data on injection molding and

thermoforming processes for plastics fabrication.

Eastern Research Group, Franklin Associates Division, carried out the work as an independent

contractor for this project. Rebe Feraldi was the primary analyst collecting and compiling the

LCI data and authoring the report. Beverly Sauer, Senior Chemical Engineer was Project

Manager and provided technical and editorial review. Sarah Cashman and Lori Snook

contributed to research and report preparation tasks.

Franklin Associates and the Plastics Division of the American Chemistry Council are grateful to

all of the companies and associations that participated in the LCI data collection process.

September, 2011

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. STUDY SCOPE & LCI METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 1

OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................. 1

STUDY GOAL AND INTENDED AUDIENCE ..................................................................................................... 2

STUDY SCOPE AND SYSTEM BOUNDARIES ................................................................................................... 3

Functional Unit .................................................................................................................................................... 3

System Boundaries ............................................................................................................................................... 3

System Components Not Included ....................................................................................................................... 4

DATA SOURCES AND DATA QUALITY ............................................................................................................ 5

Overview .............................................................................................................................................................. 5

Data Sources ........................................................................................................................................................ 5

Data Quality ......................................................................................................................................................... 5

Geographic Scope ................................................................................................................................................ 5

Technology Coverage .......................................................................................................................................... 6

Temporal Coverage .............................................................................................................................................. 6

Fuel Data .............................................................................................................................................................. 6

Electricity Grid Fuel Data .................................................................................................................................... 7

Transportation Data .............................................................................................................................................. 7

Water Data ........................................................................................................................................................... 7

Data Accuracy ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

Assumptions & Limitations ................................................................................................................................. 8

LCI METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................ 9

Data Collection/Verification ................................................................................................................................ 9

Confidentiality ................................................................................................................................................... 10

Objectivity .......................................................................................................................................................... 10

Material Requirements ....................................................................................................................................... 10

Energy Requirements ......................................................................................................................................... 10

Environmental Emissions................................................................................................................................... 11

LCI PRACTITIONER METHODOLOGY VARIATION ..................................................................................... 12

Allocation Procedures ........................................................................................................................................ 12

Energy of Material Resource ............................................................................................................................. 13

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE LCI DATA ............................................................................................. 15

CHAPTER 2. INJECTION MOLDING ..................................................................................................................... 16

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 16

INJECTION MOLDING UNIT PROCESS ........................................................................................................... 16

CRADLE-TO-GATE LCI RESULTS FOR INJECTION MOLDED PLASTIC PARTS ...................................... 20

Energy Results ................................................................................................................................................... 20

Water Use Results .............................................................................................................................................. 25

Solid Waste Results ........................................................................................................................................... 26

Atmospheric and Waterborne Emissions ........................................................................................................... 28

CHAPTER 3. THERMOFORMING .......................................................................................................................... 40

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 40

THERMOFORMING UNIT PROCESS ................................................................................................................ 40

CRADLE-TO-GATE LCI RESULTS FOR THERMOFORMED PLASTIC PARTS ........................................... 43

Energy Results ................................................................................................................................................... 43

Water Use Results .............................................................................................................................................. 47

Solid Waste Results ........................................................................................................................................... 48

Atmospheric and Waterborne Emissions ........................................................................................................... 49

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. LCI Unit Process Data for Injection Molding ............................................................................................... 19

Table 2. Cradle-to-Gate Cumulative Energy Demand for Injection Molded PP Plastic Parts .................................... 21

Table 3. Cradle-to-Gate Cumulative Energy Demand for Injection Molded LLDPE Plastic Parts ............................ 22

Table 4. EMR vs. Non-EMR Cradle-to-Gate Energy Demand for Injection Molded PP Plastic Parts ...................... 23

Table 5. EMR vs. Non-EMR Cradle-to-Gate Energy Demand for Injection Molded LLDPE Plastic Parts............... 24

Table 6. Unit Process Energy Demand for Injection Molding ................................................................................... 25

Table 7. Cradle-to-Gate Water Use for Injection Molded PP or LLDPE Plastic Parts ............................................... 26

Table 8. Cradle-to-Gate Solid Waste Generation for Injection Molded PP or LLDPE Plastic Parts .......................... 27

Table 9. Cradle-to-Gate GHGs for Injection Molded PP or LLDPE Plastic Parts ..................................................... 29

Table 10. Cradle-to-Gate GWP by GHG for Injection Molded PP Plastic Parts ........................................................ 30

Table 11. Cradle-to-Gate GWP by GHG for Injection Molded LLDPE Plastic Parts ................................................ 31

Table 12. Cradle-to-Gate Atmospheric Emissions for Injection Molded Plastic Parts ............................................... 32

Table 13. Cradle-to-Gate Waterborne Emissions for Injection Molded Plastic Parts ................................................. 36

Table 14. LCI Unit Process Data for Thermoforming ................................................................................................ 42

Table 15. Cradle-to-Gate Cumulative Energy Demand for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts ..................................... 44

Table 16. Unit Process Energy Demand for Thermoforming Plastic Parts ................................................................ 45

Table 17. EMR vs. Non-EMR Cradle-to-Gate Energy Demand for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts ........................ 46

Table 18. Cradle-to-Gate Water Use for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts .................................................................. 47

Table 19. Cradle-to-Gate Solid Waste Generation for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts ............................................. 48

Table 20. Cradle-to-Gate GHGs for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts......................................................................... 50

Table 21. Cradle-to-Gate Atmospheric Emissions for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts ............................................. 52

Table 22. Cradle-to-Gate Waterborne Emissions for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts ............................................... 56

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. “Black Box” Concept for Developing LCI Data ........................................................................................... 1

Figure 2. Illustration of the Energy of Material Resource Concept ............................................................................ 14

Figure 3. Main Stages of the Injection Molding Process per Hannay 2002 ................................................................ 17

Figure 4. Cradle-to-Gate Cumulative Energy Demand for Injection Molded PP Plastic Parts................................... 21

Figure 5. Cradle-to-Gate Cumulative Energy Demand for Injection Molded LLDPE Plastic Parts........................... 22

Figure 6. EMR vs. Non-EMR Cradle-to-Gate Energy Demand for Injection Molded PP Plastic Parts ..................... 23

Figure 7. EMR vs. Non-EMR Cradle-to-Gate Energy Demand for Injection Molded LLDPE Plastic Parts ............. 24

Figure 8. Unit Process Energy Demand for Injection Molding .................................................................................. 25

Figure 9. Cradle-to-Gate Water Use for Injection Molded PP or LLDPE Plastic Parts ............................................. 26

Figure 10. Cradle-to-Gate Solid Waste Generation for Injection Molded PP or LLDPE Plastic Parts ...................... 27

Figure 11. Cradle-to-Gate GHGs for Injection Molded PP or LLDPE Plastic Parts .................................................. 29

Figure 12. Cradle-to-Gate GWP by GHG for Injection Molded PP Plastic Parts....................................................... 30

Figure 13. Cradle-to-Gate GWP by GHG for Injection Molded LLDPE Plastic Parts ............................................... 31

Figure 14. Main Stages of the Thermoforming Process per Hannay 2002 ................................................................. 40

Figure 15. Cradle-to-Gate Cumulative Energy Demand for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts .................................... 44

Figure 16. Unit Process Energy Demand for Thermoforming Plastic Parts ............................................................... 45

Figure 17. EMR vs. Non-EMR Cradle-to-Gate Energy Demand for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts....................... 46

Figure 18. Cradle-to-Gate Water Use for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts ................................................................ 47

Figure 19. Cradle-to-Gate Solid Waste Generation for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts ........................................... 48

Figure 20. Cradle-to-Gate GHGs for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts ....................................................................... 50

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CHAPTER 1. STUDY SCOPE & LCI METHODOLOGY

OVERVIEW

Franklin Associates developed a methodology for performing resource and environmental profile

analyses (REPA), now known as life cycle inventories (LCI). This methodology has been

documented for the United States Environmental Protection Agency and is incorporated in the

EPA report “Product Life-Cycle Assessment Inventory Guidelines and Principles.” The

methodology is also consistent with the life cycle inventory methodology described in the ISO

14040 standards:

• ISO 14040: 2006, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment –

Principles and framework

• ISO 14044: 2006, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment –

Requirements and guidelines

This LCI quantifies the total energy requirements, energy sources, atmospheric pollutants,

waterborne pollutants, and solid waste resulting from two plastic fabrication processes: injection

molding and thermoforming. Figure 1 illustrates the basic approach to data development for each

major process in an LCI analysis. This approach provides the essential building blocks of data

used to construct a complete resource and environmental emissions inventory profile for the

entire life cycle of a product. Using this approach, each individual process included in the study

is examined as a closed system, or “black box”, by fully accounting for all resource inputs and

process outputs associated with that particular process. Resource inputs accounted for in the LCI

include raw materials and energy use, while process outputs accounted for include products

manufactured and environmental emissions to land, air, and water.

Manufacturing

Process

Energy

Requirements

Air

Emissions

Waterborne

Emissions

Solid

Wastes

Raw Material A

Raw Material B

Raw Material C

Product

Useful By-product A

Useful By-product B

Figure 1. “Black Box” Concept for Developing LCI Data

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For each process included in the study, resource requirements and environmental emissions are

determined and expressed in terms of a standard unit of output. A standard unit of output is used

as the basis for determining the total life cycle resource requirements and environmental

emissions of a product.

The system boundaries for the injection molding and thermoforming data sets developed in this

project are gate-to-gate; that is, the analysis begins and ends with the fabrication step so that

these datasets may be linked with the resin/precursor data, use, and end-of-life data in order to

create full life cycle inventories for a variety of plastic products. Example cradle-to-gate LCI

results for virgin plastic thermoformed and injection molded parts are also provided, to illustrate

the contribution of the converting step to the total cradle-to-gate results for a plastic product.

This analysis is not an impact assessment. It does not attempt to determine the fate of emissions,

or the relative risk to humans or to the environment due to emissions from the systems. In

addition, no judgments are made as to the merit of obtaining natural resources from various

sources.

STUDY GOAL AND INTENDED AUDIENCE

The intent of the study was to develop unit process data sets for two rigid plastic product

fabrication methods using primary data from plastic converters. The data quality goal for this

study was to use data that most accurately represents current U.S. rigid plastic fabrication

processes. The quality of individual data sets vary in terms of representativeness, measured

values or estimates, etc.; however, all process data sets used in this study were thoroughly

reviewed for accuracy and currency and updated to the best of our capabilities for this analysis.

Environmental profiles presented in this report for the fabrication processes were developed

using the data provided by participating companies for this study.

The original goal of the study was to collect a large number of data sets covering a variety of

resin types and product configurations so that additional analysis could be conducted to identify

relationships between converting process energy requirements and product parameters such as

resin type, part size or configuration, etc.; however, the number of data sets collected was

insufficient to support development of parameterized dependencies.

This gate-to-gate LCI of injection molding and thermoforming plastic fabrication processes has

been conducted to provide the Plastics Division of the ACC (and the greater plastics industry),

with an updated average database on the process of commonly used plastic fabrication processes.

In due course, this plastics fabrication LCI database will be included in the U.S. Life Cycle

Database, which is overseen by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).

The converting data sets developed in the project, together with virgin resin data and recycled

resin data developed under separate projects for the Plastics Division of the American Chemistry

Council, can be combined to model a wide variety of injection molded and thermoformed plastic

products. By making these data sets publicly available through the U.S. LCI Database, ACC has

provided valuable resources to support consistent, transparent modeling of plastic products by

any interested party.

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STUDY SCOPE AND SYSTEM BOUNDARIES

This project developed unit process data for the fabrication of rigid plastic products by two

different methods: (1) injection molding of resin and (2) converting resin into sheet, then

thermoforming sheet to form a rigid container.

Functional Unit

Typically a unit based upon the function of the investigated products is chosen as the basis for an

LCI study. For the plastic fabrication processes, we use a functional unit of 1,000 pounds of

product output. Results are also presented for metric units.

System Boundaries

This study presents unit process data sets (LCI data modules) for the following two rigid plastic

fabrication methods: 1) injection molding of thermoplastics, and 2) thermoplastic sheet

formation and subsequent thermoforming of thermoplastics. These data sets can be used together

with LCI data on virgin and recycled plastic resins to construct LCI models for a wide range of

thermoformed and injection molded plastic products. Each LCI data module includes the

following information:

Elementary inputs and outputs (to and from nature)

• Water inputs required

• Raw material inputs required

• Air emission outputs

• Waterborne emission outputs

• Water output

Intermediate inputs and outputs (to and from the technosphere)

• Energy product inputs required

• Economic goods (material) input required

• Solid waste outputs to be managed

• Wastewater outputs to be treated

• Economic goods (material) output

Each converting data set includes incoming transportation steps. The energy used to heat, cool,

and/or light non-manufacturing space is not included in the system boundaries of this LCI. The

amount of energy used to heat, cool, and/or light the non-manufacturing space of the plastic

fabrication facilities is expected to vary widely depending on the location (i.e., surrounding

climate) and configuration of the plant. The data forms completed by RPPG members provided

sufficient information to disaggregate and remove the energy consumed by reporting facilities

for their non-manufacturing space.

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Production of the resins and/or chemical precursors of the fabricated product, transportation of

the finished rigid plastic product to a retailer, and use of that product by consumers are not

included in the study. Environmental burdens associated with end-of-life management of the

rigid plastic products are also not considered in this analysis. However, cradle-to-gate data for

fabricated plastic products are provided to illustrate the contribution of the converting process to

the LCI results for production of thermoformed and injection molded plastic products.

Detailed process flow diagrams and LCI results, along with brief descriptions of processes are

found in Chapter 2 for injection molding and in Chapter 3 for thermoforming.

System Components Not Included

The following components of each system are not included in this LCI study:

Capital Equipment: The materials and energy inputs as well as waste outputs associated with

the manufacture of capital equipment are excluded from this analysis. This includes equipment to

manufacture buildings, motor vehicles, and industrial machinery. In general, these types of

capital equipment are used to produce large quantities of product output over a useful life of

many years. Thus, energy and emissions associated with the production of these facilities and

equipment generally become negligible.

Support Personnel Requirements: The energy and wastes associated with research and

development, sales, and administrative personnel or related activities have not been included in

this study. Similar to space conditioning, energy requirements and related emissions are assumed

to be quite small for support personnel activities.

Miscellaneous Materials and Additives: Miscellaneous materials that comprise less than one

percent by weight of the net process inputs are typically not included in the assessment unless

inventory data for their production are readily available or there is reason to believe the materials

would make significant contributions to energy use or environmental impacts. For example, in

this study, the weight of inks and labels are less than 0.25 percent of material inputs and are not

included in the analysis. Omitting miscellaneous materials and additives helps keep the scope of

the study focused and manageable within budget and time constraints. While there are energy

and emissions associated with production of materials that are used in very low quantities, the

amounts would have to be disproportionately high per pound of material for such small additives

to have a significant effect on overall life cycle results for the systems studied. This cut-off

assumption is based on past LCA studies that demonstrate that materials which comprise less

than one percent of system weight have a negligible effect on total LCA results. The intent of

this project was to develop converting data sets that are applicable to a broad range of products.

Average material inputs for colorants, printing, labeling, and packaging based on the LCI

surveys are reported in the tables, but modeling of specific thermoformed or injection molded

product systems should use product-specific input data whenever possible.

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DATA SOURCES AND DATA QUALITY

Overview

Data necessary for conducting the inventory and for presenting the gate-to-gate environmental

profiles for the two fabrication methods are separated into two categories: foreground process-

related data and the background data required for material and energy inputs to the foreground

processes. The accuracy of the study is directly related to the quality of input data. Quality of

input data is dependent on both data sources and methodological considerations. This section

discusses the data sources used and data quality considerations given to both the foreground and

background process data compiled for this analysis.

Data Sources

Foreground inventory data is primary data compiled specifically for this analysis. Survey

participants are members of the Rigid Plastics Packaging Group (RPPG) of the Plastics Division

of the American Chemistry Council (ACC).

For background data used to develop cradle-to-gate environmental profiles of fabricated plastic

products, data from a number of published sources were utilized for this report. The data sources

used to characterize upstream processes associated with plastic fabrication are listed under the

relevant sections.

Data Quality

ISO standard 14044:2006 states that “Data quality requirements shall be specified to enable the

goal and scope of the LCA to be met.” The data quality requirements listed include time-related

representativeness, geographical coverage, technology coverage, completeness, and more.

The data quality goal for this study was to use data that most accurately represents current U.S.

fabrication of rigid plastic products by means of injection molding or thermoforming. The

quality of individual data sets vary in terms of age, representativeness, measured values or

estimates, etc.; however, all materials and process data sets used in this study were thoroughly

reviewed for accuracy and currency and updated to the best of our capabilities for this analysis.

The data quality goal for this study was to use data that most accurately represents current U.S.

rigid plastic fabrication processes. The development of methodology for the collection of data is

essential to obtaining quality data. All process data sets used in this study were thoroughly

reviewed for accuracy and currency for this analysis.

Geographic Scope

The geographic scope of this study is rigid plastic products fabricated in North America;

however, this does include raw material sourced from other regions of the world (this primarily

applies to crude oil imports). The main sources of data and information for geography-dependent

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process (e.g., energy production) are drawn from US specific reports and databases. Primary data

specific to the fabrication operations is collected from North American companies.

Technology Coverage

Primary data is collected for the mix of technologies currently used by plastic fabricators in the

US. In addition to process data, the LCI survey form also requested information for assessing the

age and representativeness of the technology used by the facility/ies providing the process data.

Temporal Coverage

For the primary data collected, annual production data was collected for the most current full

calendar year (2009 - 2010).

Fuel Data

When fuels are used for process or transportation energy, there are energy and emissions

associated with the production and delivery of the fuels as well as the energy and emissions

released when the fuels are burned. Before each fuel is usable, it must be mined, as in the case of

coal or uranium, or extracted from the earth in some manner. Further processing is often

necessary before the fuel is usable. For example, coal is crushed or pulverized and sometimes

cleaned. Crude oil is refined to produce fuel oils, and “wet” natural gas is processed to produce

natural gas liquids for fuel or feedstock.

To distinguish between environmental emissions from the combustion of fuels and emissions

associated with the production of fuels, different terms are used to describe the different

emissions. The combustion products of fuels are defined as combustion data. Energy

consumption and emissions which result from the mining, refining, and transportation of fuels

are defined as precombustion data. Precombustion data and combustion data together are

referred to as fuel-related data.

Fuel-related data are developed for fuels that are burned directly in industrial furnaces, boilers,

and transport vehicles. Fuel-related data are also developed for the production of electricity.

These data are assembled into a database from which the specific fuel requirements at the

fabrication steps may be drawn and connected in sequence for the cradle-to-gate inventory.

These datasets include energy requirements and environmental emissions for the production and

combustion of process fuels. Energy data are developed in the form of units of each primary fuel

required per unit of each fuel type. For electricity production, federal government statistical

records provided data for the amount of fuel required to produce electricity from each fuel

source, and the total amount of electricity generated from petroleum, natural gas, coal, nuclear,

hydropower, and other (solar, geothermal, etc.). Literature sources and federal government

statistical records provided data for the emissions resulting from the combustion of fuels in

utility boilers, industrial boilers, stationary equipment such as pumps and compressors, and

transportation equipment. Because electricity and other fuels are required in order to produce

electricity and primary fuels, there is a complex and technically infinite set of interdependent

steps involved in fuel modeling. An input-output modeling matrix is used for these calculations.

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In 2003, Franklin Associates updated our fuels and energy database for inclusion in the U.S. LCI

database. Emissions for fuels extraction and processing were updated in 2011. This fuels and

energy database, which is published in the U.S LCI Database, is used in this analysis.

Electricity Grid Fuel Data

In general, detailed data do not exist on the fuels used to generate the electricity consumed by

each industry. Electricity production and distribution systems in the United States are interlinked

and are not easily separated. Users of electricity, in general, cannot specify the fuels used to

produce their share of the electric power grid. Therefore, the United States national average fuel

consumption by electrical utilities is used.

Transportation Data

This LCI include transportation requirements between manufacturing steps. For upstream

processes (such as crude oil extraction, fuels production, etc.) the transportation modes and

distances are based on average industry data. For incoming transport at the fabrication steps, the

transportation requirements are based on the weighted averages for transportation modes and

distances compiled in the primary data collection.

Water Data

Water consumption data for the investigated fabrication methods are from the primary sources

(collected for this study). In the environmental profile results, water consumption data for

upstream processes are from primary data collection for associated product systems when

possible. When primary data has not been available, water consumption is modeled using values

reported in literature. In some cases, consumptive use data may not be available. The ecoinvent

database1, a European LCI database with data for many unit processes, includes water in the life

cycle inventory as an input, and does not record water released to the environment (i.e. as an

emission) or water consumed. However, ecoinvent is currently one of the most comprehensive

LCI sources on water for upstream processes; many other available databases do not report water

input/use as an inventory item. Therefore, when primary data or literature values are not

available, ecoinvent data are utilized for the water calculations. When utilizing ecoinvent, the

data is adapted to represent consumptive use to the extent possible (i.e., incorporating volumes of

fresh water removed from the environment and not internally recirculated).

Data Accuracy

An important issue to consider when using LCI study results is the reliability of the data. In a

complex study with literally thousands of numeric entries, the accuracy of the data and how it

affects conclusions is truly a complex subject, and one that does not lend itself to standard error

analysis techniques. Techniques such as Monte Carlo analysis can be used to study uncertainty,

but the greatest challenge is the lack of uncertainty data or probability distributions for key

1 Ecoinvent Centre (2010), ecoinvent data v2.2. ecoinvent reports No. 1-25, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle

Inventories. Retrieved from the SimaPro LCA software v7.2.3.

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parameters, which are often only available as single point estimates. However, the reliability of

the study can be assessed in other ways.

A key question is whether the LCI profiles are accurate. The accuracy of an environmental

profile depends on the accuracy of the numbers that are combined to arrive at that conclusion.

Because of the many processes required to model fabricated plastic products, many numbers in

the LCI are added together for a total numeric result. Each number by itself may contribute little

to the total, so the accuracy of each number by itself has a small effect on the overall accuracy of

the total. There is no widely accepted analytical method for assessing the accuracy of each

number to any degree of confidence. For many chemical processes, the data sets are based on

actual plant data reported by plant personnel. The data reported may represent operations for the

previous year or may be representative of engineering and/or accounting methods. All data

received are evaluated to determine whether or not they are representative of the typical industry

practices for that operation or process being evaluated. Taking into consideration budget

considerations and limited industry participation, the data used in this report are believed to be

the best that can be currently obtained.

There are several other important points with regard to data accuracy. Each number generally

contributes a small part to the total value, so a large error in one data point does not necessarily

create a problem. For process steps that make a larger than average contribution to the total,

special care is taken with the data quality. It is assumed that with careful scrutiny of the data, any

errors will be random.

There is another dimension to the reliability of the data. Certain numbers do not stand alone, but

rather affect several numbers in the system. An example is the amount of material required for a

process. This number will affect every step in the production sequence prior to the process.

Errors such as this that propagate throughout the system are more significant in steps that are

closest to the end of the production sequence. For example, changing the weight of an input to

the final fabrication step for a plastic component changes the amounts of resin inputs to that

process, and so on back to the quantities of crude oil and natural gas extracted.

In summary, for the particular data sources used and for the specific methodology described in

this report, the results of this report are believed to be as accurate and reasonable as possible.

Assumptions & Limitations

Although the foreground processes in this analysis were populated with primary data and the

background processes come from reliable databases and secondary data, most analyses still have

limitations. Further, it is necessary to make a number of assumptions when modeling, which

could influence the final results of a study. Key limitations and assumptions of this analysis are

described in this section.

Geographic Scope. Data for foreign processes are generally not available. This is usually only a

consideration for the production of oil that is obtained from overseas. In cases such as this, the

energy requirements and emissions are assumed to be the same as if the materials originated in

the United States. Since foreign standards and regulations vary from those of the United States, it

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is acknowledged that this assumption may introduce some error. Transportation of crude oil used

for petroleum fuels and plastic resins is modeled based on the current mix of domestic and

imported crude oil used.

Water Use. Details on sources and quality of water consumption data have been discussed.

However, it should be mentioned in this section on limitations that there is currently a lack of

water use data on a unit process level for life cycle inventories. In addition, water use data that

are available from different sources do not use a consistent method of distinguishing between

consumptive use and non-consumptive use of water or clearly identifying the water sources used

(freshwater versus saltwater, groundwater versus surface water). A recent article in the

International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment summarized the status and deficiencies of water

use data for LCA, including the statement, “To date, data availability on freshwater use proves to

be a limiting factor for establishing meaningful water footprints of products.”2 The article goes

on to define the need for a standardized reporting format for water use, taking into account water

type and quality as well as spatial and temporal level of detail. To address many of the

inconsistencies in LCA water reporting, the International Standardization Organization is in

preliminary stages of developing a water footprint standard (14046, Water footprint –

Requirements and guidelines), which is slated to be completed in 2012.3

LCI METHODOLOGY

The accuracy of the study is directly related to the quality of input data. The development of

methodology for the collection of data is essential to obtaining quality data. Careful adherence to

that methodology determines not only data quality but also objectivity.

Data Collection/Verification

The process of gathering data is an iterative one. The Rigid Plastic Packaging Group of the

Plastics Division of the ACC contacted member companies fabricating rigid plastic products by

means of injection molding and/or thermoforming. The companies that agreed to participate in

this analysis by collecting process data were contacted, and worksheets and instructions

developed specifically for the investigated processes and this project were provided to assist in

gathering the necessary process data. Upon receipt of the completed worksheets, the data were

evaluated for completeness and reviewed for any material inputs that were additions or changes.

Data suppliers were then contacted again to discuss the data, process technology, waste

treatment, identify coproducts, and any assumptions necessary to understand the data and

boundaries. After each dataset was completed and verified, allocation was performed for any

coproducts at the plant. Then, the datasets for each process were aggregated into a single set of

data for that process by weighting the facility’s data by its plant production amount percentage.

In this way, a representative set of data can be estimated from a limited number of data sources.

The provided process dataset and assumptions were then documented and returned with the

aggregated data to each data supplier for their review.

2 Koehler, Annette. “Water use in LCA: managing the planet’s freshwater resources.” Int J Life Cycle Assess

(2008) 13:451-455.

3 ISO considers potential standard on water footprint. Viewed at: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso-focus-

plus_index/iso-focusplus_online-bonus-articles/isofocusplus_bonus_water-footprint.htm.

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Confidentiality

Franklin Associates takes care to protect data that is considered confidential by individual data

providers. In order to protect confidential data sets provided by individual injection molding and

thermoforming facilities, only weighted average data sets can be shown for each type of facility.

Objectivity

Each unit process in the life cycle study is researched independently of all other processes. No

calculations are performed to link processes together with the production of their raw materials

until after data gathering and review are complete. This allows objective review of individual

data sets before their contribution to the overall life cycle results has been determined. Also,

because these data are reviewed individually, assumptions are reviewed based on their relevance

to the process rather than their effect on the overall outcome of the study.

Material Requirements

Once the LCI study boundaries have been defined and individual processes identified, a material

balance is performed for each individual process. This analysis identifies and quantifies the input

raw materials required per standard unit of output, such as 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic, for

each individual process included in the LCI. The purpose of the material balance is to determine

the appropriate weight factors used in calculating the total energy requirements and

environmental emissions associated with each process studied. Energy requirements and

environmental emissions are determined for each process and expressed in terms of the standard

unit of output.

Energy Requirements

The average energy requirements for each process identified in the LCI are first quantified in

terms of fuel or electricity units, such as cubic feet of natural gas, gallons of diesel fuel, or

kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity. The fuel used to transport raw materials to each process is

included as a part of the LCI energy requirements. Transportation energy requirements are

developed in the conventional units of ton-miles by each transport mode (e.g. truck, rail, barge,

etc.). Government statistical data for the average efficiency of each transportation mode are used

to convert from ton-miles to fuel consumption.

Once the fuel consumption for each industrial process and transportation step is quantified, the

fuel units are converted from their original volume or mass units to an equivalent energy value

based on standard conversion factors. The conversion factors have been developed to account for

the energy required to extract, transport, and process the fuels and to account for the energy

content of the fuels. The energy to extract, transport, and process fuels into a usable form is

labeled precombustion energy. For electricity, precombustion energy calculations include

adjustments for the average efficiency of conversion of fuel to electricity and for transmission

losses in power lines based on national averages. The LCI methodology assigns a fuel-energy

equivalent to raw materials that are derived from fossil fuels. Therefore, the total energy

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requirement for coal, natural gas, or petroleum based materials includes the fuel-energy of the

raw material (called energy of material resource or inherent energy).

The energy values for fuels and electricity consumed in each industrial process are summed and

categorized into an energy profile according to the six basic energy sources listed below:

• Natural gas

• Petroleum

• Coal

• Nuclear

• Hydropower

• Biomass

Also included in the LCI energy profile are the energy values for all transportation steps and all

fossil fuel-derived raw materials.

Environmental Emissions

Environmental emissions are categorized as atmospheric emissions, waterborne emissions, and

solid wastes and represent discharges into the environment after the effluents pass through

existing emission control devices. Similar to energy, environmental emissions associated with

processing fuels into usable forms are also included in the inventory. When it is not possible to

obtain actual industry emissions data, published emissions standards are used as the basis for

determining environmental emissions.

Atmospheric Emissions: These emissions include substances classified by regulatory agencies

as pollutants, as well as selected non-regulated emissions such as carbon dioxide. For each

process, atmospheric emissions associated with the combustion of fuel for process or

transportation energy, as well as any emissions released from the process itself, are included in

this cradle-to-gate inventory results. The amounts reported represent actual discharges into the

atmosphere after the effluents pass through existing emission control devices. Some of the more

commonly reported atmospheric emissions are: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, non-methane

hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulates, and sulfur oxides. The emissions discussion in the

results focuses on greenhouse gas emissions, expressed in pounds of carbon dioxide equivalents.

Waterborne Emissions: As with atmospheric emissions, waterborne emissions include all

substances classified as pollutants. The values reported are the average quantity of pollutants still

present in the wastewater stream after wastewater treatment and represent discharges into

receiving waters. This includes both process-related and fuel-related waterborne emissions.

Some of the most commonly reported waterborne emissions are: acid, ammonia, biochemical

oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chromium, dissolved solids, iron, and

suspended solids.

Solid Wastes: This category includes solid wastes generated from all sources that are landfilled

or disposed of in some other way, such as incineration with or without energy recovery. These

include industrial process- and fuel-related wastes, as well as the material components that are

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disposed. Examples of industrial process wastes are residuals from chemical processes and

manufacturing scrap that is not recycled or sold. Examples of fuel-related solid wastes are ash

generated by burning coal to produce electricity, or particulates from fuel combustion that are

collected in air pollution control devices.

Because this analysis is limited to plastic converting unit processes and cradle-to-gate results for

fabricated plastic products, postconsumer wastes are not included. Only industrial wastes from

processes and fuel-production throughout the fabrication processes are considered. Examples of

industrial solid wastes are wastewater treatment sludge, solids collected in air pollution control

devices, scrap or waste materials from manufacturing operations that are not recycled or sold,

and fuel combustion residues such as the ash generated by burning coal.

LCI PRACTITIONER METHODOLOGY VARIATION

There is general consensus among life cycle practitioners on the fundamental methodology for

performing LCIs.4 However, for some specific aspects of life cycle inventory, there is some

minor variation in methodology used by experienced practitioners. These areas include the

method used to allocate energy requirements and environmental releases among more than one

useful product produced by a process, the method used to account for the energy contained in

material feedstocks, and the methodology used to allocate environmental burdens for

postconsumer recycled content and end-of-life recovery of materials for recycling. LCI

practitioners vary to some extent in their approaches to these issues. The following sections

describe the approach to each issue used in this study.

Allocation Procedures

For processes that produce more than one useful output, this LCA follows the allocation

guidelines in ISO 14044: 2006. The preferred hierarchy for handling allocation as outlined in

ISO 14044, Section 4.3.4.2 is (1) avoid allocation where possible, either by further subdivision

of processes or by system expansion, (2) allocate flows based on direct physical relationships to

product outputs, (3) use some other relationship between elementary flows and product output.

PAS 2050 also uses this hierarchy.

No single allocation method is suitable for every scenario. The method used for handling product

allocation will vary from one system to another but choosing parameters is not arbitrary. ISO

14044, Section 4.3.4.2 states that “the inventory is based on material balances between input and

output. Allocation procedures should therefore approximate as much as possible such

fundamental input/output relationships and characteristics.”

Some processes lend themselves to physical allocation because they have physical parameters

that provide a good representation of the environmental burdens of each co-product. Examples of

parametric bases for various allocation methods are mass, stoichiometric, elemental, reaction

enthalpy, and economic. For the processes in this analysis where allocation cannot be avoided,

4 International Standards Organization. ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—

Principles and framework, ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment –

Requirements and guidelines.

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simple mass and enthalpy relationships have been chosen as the common parametric basis for

allocation. However, these allocation methods are not selected as a default choice, but made on a

case by case basis after due consideration of the chemistry and production mode of the

investigated system.

When the co-product is heat or steam or a co-product sold for use as a fuel, the energy content of

the exported heat, steam, or fuel is treated as an energy credit for that process. When the co-

product is a material, the process inputs and emissions are allocated to the primary product and

co-product material(s) on a mass basis. Allocation based on economic value can also be used to

partition process burdens among useful co-products; however, this approach is less preferred

under ISO life cycle standards, as it depends on the economic market, which can change

dramatically over time depending on many factors unrelated to the chemical and physical

relationships between process inputs and outputs.

Energy of Material Resource

For some raw materials, such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal, the amount consumed in all

industrial applications as fuel far exceeds the amount consumed as raw materials (feedstock) for

products. The primary use of these materials in the marketplace is for energy. The total amount

of these materials can be viewed as an energy pool or reserve. This concept is illustrated in

Figure 2. The use of a certain amount of these materials as feedstocks for products, rather than as

fuels, removes that amount of material from the energy pool, thereby reducing the amount of

energy available for consumption. This use of available energy as feedstock is called the energy

of material resource (EMR) and is included in the inventory. The energy of material resource

represents the amount the energy pool is reduced by the consumption of fuel materials as raw

materials in products and is quantified in energy units.

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Wood

Oleochemicals

Nuclear

Material

Petroleum

Coal

Natural

Gas

Energy Pool

(Fuel Resources)

Non-Fuel Resources

Total Resources

Figure 2. Illustration of the Energy of Material Resource Concept

EMR is the energy content of the fuel materials input as raw materials or feedstocks. EMR

assigned to a material is not the energy value of the final product, but is the energy value of the

raw material at the point of extraction from its natural environment. For fossil fuels, this

definition is straightforward. For instance, petroleum is extracted in the form of crude oil.

Therefore, the EMR for petroleum is the higher heating value of crude oil.

Once the feedstock is converted to a product, there is energy content that could be recovered, for

instance through combustion in a waste-to-energy waste disposal facility. The energy that can be

recovered in this manner is always somewhat less than the feedstock energy because the steps to

convert from a gas or liquid to a solid material reduce the amount of energy left in the product

itself.

In North America, energy content is most often quoted as higher heating value (HHV); this value

is determined when the product is burned and the product water formed is condensed. The use of

HHV is considered preferable from the perspective of energy efficiency analysis, as it is a better

measure of the energy inefficiency of processes.5 Lower heating values (LHV), or net heating

values, measure the heat of combustion when the water formed remains in the gaseous state. The

difference between the HHV and the LHV depends on the hydrogen content of the product. As

the carbon amount of the combusted material climbs higher, the difference in these two values

levels off to approximately 7.5 percent.6

The materials which are primarily used as fuels can change over time and with location. In

industrially developed countries, the material resources whose primary use is for fuel have

5 Worrell, Ernst, Dian Phylipsen, Dan Einstein, and Nathan Martin. (2000). Energy Use and Energy Intensity of

the U.S. Chemical Industry. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. April, 2000. p. 12.

6 Seddon, Dr. Duncan. (2006). Gas Usage & Value. PennWell Books. p. 76. Figure 4-1.

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traditionally been petroleum, natural gas, coal, and nuclear material. While some wood is burned

for energy, the primary use for wood in such as context is as a material input for products such as

paper and lumber. Similarly, some oleochemical oils such as palm oils are burned for fuels, often

referred to as “bio-diesel.” However, as in the case of wood, their current primary consumption

is as raw materials for products such as soaps, surfactants, cosmetics, etc. Because biomass has

not been a common fuel source in industry in developed countries, the feedstock energy of

biomass material inputs has not traditionally been reported by Franklin Associates.

However, with the increasing use of biomass as feedstock for biofuels, for example, corn-derived

ethanol and soy-derived biodiesel, as well as the growing efforts to use cellulosic biomass as fuel

feedstocks, it is worth tracking energy of material resource for biomass resources as well as

fossil resources. In this analysis, biomass EMR is included in the cradle-to-product LCI energy

results for wood-derived packaging material.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE LCI DATA

The unit process tables at the beginning of Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 contain gate-to-gate process

data for injection molding and thermoforming, respectively. The cradle-to-gate LCI results for

plastic products shown in this report are fully “rolled-up” data sets; that is, they include the

burdens for all the processes required to produce the material and energy inputs for the fabricated

plastic. Fully rolled-up datasets include not only the direct burdens for the fabrication step but

also the upstream burdens for the production and combustion of all fuels used in the processes as

well as the production of all materials (including plastic resin) used in the process and the

production and combustion of fuel required to deliver materials used in the process. The

advantage of using rolled-up data sets is that all the related data have been aggregated into a

single data set. However, an important disadvantage of using rolled-up data sets is that the

contributing data are “locked in” to the aggregated total so that it is generally not possible to

directly adjust the total end results to reflect any subsequent changes in any individual

contributing data sets (for example, a reduction in natural gas use at the fabrication step or a

change in the mix of fuels used to produce the grid electricity used in the fabrication step).

When life cycle practitioners construct models for product systems, they normally construct the

models by linking unit process data sets (such as the data sets shown in Table 1. LCI Unit

Process Data for Injection Molding and Table 14. LCI Unit Process Data for Thermoforming),

rather than using fully rolled-up data sets like the remaining data in this report. In unit process

modeling, the quantities of material inputs and fuel inputs to each unit process are linked to data

sets for the production of those materials and for production and combustion of fuels. (This is the

approach that was used in this analysis to construct the fully rolled-up datasets.) In the unit

process modeling approach, the linked data will automatically adjust for changes in any

contributing process or fuel-related dataset. In a full cradle-to-grave plastic product LCI, the

data sets for the resin used in the product (as well as any other material inputs) are combined

with the data for product fabrication, use, and end-of-life management. The full cradle-to-grave

model of a fabricated plastic product will depend on the specific resin inputs, the product

application, and the allocation method chosen for postconsumer recycling, if any, in the product

system.

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CHAPTER 2. INJECTION MOLDING

INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the injection molding plastic fabrication process and presents LCI results

for 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic in terms of energy requirements, solid wastes, and

atmospheric and waterborne emissions. The production and combustion of fuels used for process

and transportation energy and generation of U.S. grid electricity were modeled using data sets

developed by Franklin for the U.S. LCI Database. The data for virgin PP and LDPE are the ACC

resin data revised in 2011.

INJECTION MOLDING UNIT PROCESS

Injection molding is one of the primary fabrication techniques for rapidly creating large

quantities of plastic articles ranging from disposable food containers to high precision

engineering components. A variety of resins may be used in injection molding but typically

include: polypropylene (PP), general purpose polystyrene (GPPS), polycarbonate (PC),

acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), and nylon (also known as polyamide, or PA). This plastic

fabrication method is distinguished from others by using injection and a hollow mold form to

shape the final article. Injection molded parts can have a higher heat index than some other

plastic fabrication techniques.

There are two main parts to an injection molding machine: 1) the injection unit and the molding

unit. In the injection unit, plastic is loaded into a hopper and pushed through a heated chamber

by a screw to bring the resin to a semifluid state. The molten plastic is then injected through a

nozzle into the clamped molding unit. The mold is cooled to return the material to a solid state.

Cooling is typically achieved by circulating water through chambers within the molding plate.

The mold then unclamps and ejects the part for finishing. Finishing steps may include printing

and packaging.

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Figure 3. Main Stages of the Injection Molding Process per Hannay 2002 7

The wall thickness of the injection molded article is determined by the space between the mold

and mold core at the molding unit. There may be a single cavity in the mold and this allows scrap

to be clamped off and re-ground for internal recycling. A mold may have several cavities through

which molten resin runs in a continuous stream. Because the surface of the plastic contracts as it

is cooled on the mold, the final part can have high dimensional accuracy. Creating the mold that

determines the part’s final shape is a very important component of designing injection molding

machinery. The machinery may be fitted with interchangeable molds so that one line is capable

of producing various shapes and sizes of final parts. As long as the prompt scrap clamped off of

the molding unit is clean, it may be reground and returned immediately as feedstock material.

Injection molding machinery may be hydraulic, electric, or a hybrid-type, incorporating both

hydraulic and electric components. Historically, the majority of machines have been hydraulic,

but an all-electric type was introduced in the 1980s. At the injection unit, the screw acts as the

driving force for feeding the resin material through the cycle. The injection unit may be

continuously operated as a non-reciprocating screw via electric screw drive technology or as a

separate accumulator and piston as in a hydraulic system. The electric screw driver type

machinery is generally more expensive than hydraulic reciprocating screws but useful for

applications requiring high precision. Hybrid injection molding machines have both electric and

hydraulic components. Existing literature on LCI of injection molding indicates that the choice

of machine type has a large influence on the specific energy consumption (SEC) of the overall

process.8 This previous work also indicates that all-electric machines have the lowest average

SEC and that it is constant regardless of the throughput rate; whereas, both hybrid and hydraulic

machines’ SEC decreases with increasing throughput. However, other sources indicate that the

level of insulation at the injection cylinder can significantly reduce the cost of heat loss. 9

7 Hannay F. 2002. Rigid Plastics Packaging-Materials, Processes, and Applications. Smithers Rapra Publishing.

8 Thiriez A, Gutowski T. (2006). An environmental analysis of injection molding, Electronics and the

Environment, Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International symposium on.

9 Bryce DM. (1996). Plastic Injection Molding: Manufacturing Process Fundamentals.

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Other parameters having an influence on SEC for injection molding include both the

characteristics of the part being produced and other aspects of the equipment with which it is

produced. The part’s physical characteristics influencing overall energy requirements are the

resin type, the weight of the part, and the shape of the part, which determines the percentage of

material input that becomes prompt scrap. The part’s resin type determines the processing

temperatures required for heating and cooling, and these aspects can determine the optimal cycle

time. The rotational speed of the screw and the equipment’s mold clamping pressure can also

play a big role in minimizing the cycle time. Of course, plant management and operational

characteristics, which determine machine downtimes and frequency of start-ups, vary among

facilities and can also significantly influence SEC.

Of the total mass of molded product generated by facilities providing data for this analysis, 52

percent is produced from hydraulic machinery, 34 percent from hybrid machinery, and only 15

percent from all-electric machines; 59 percent are made of polypropylene (PP) resin, 35 percent

are made of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and the remainder of high-density

polyethylene (HDPE) and/or other resin types. Of the product parts generated by participating

facilities, 76.0 percent are small-sized rigid plastic parts from 0.05 to 15 grams each, 21.4

percent are medium-sized parts 15 to 50 grams, 2.5 percent are large-sized parts 50 to 150 grams

each, and less than 0.05 percent are jumbo-sized parts weighing more than 150 grams apiece.

The average participating facility produces over 100 varieties of parts and produces annually

about 450 pounds of parts per square foot of manufacturing floor space. In terms of process

energy consumption, the average participating facility consumes most of their electricity at the

molding step; only about 15 percent of electricity is consumed at the printing step. The opposite

is true for natural gas consumption; nearly all natural gas consumption for manufacturing is

consumed at the printing step and only about three percent at the molding step. The amount of

incoming corrugated box material is equivalent to that coming out of the process as it is

purchased to be used as shipping packaging for finished products. An average of 45.0 pounds of

rigid plastic part scrap is produced for every 1,000 pounds of injection molded parts produced;

this scrap is sold for recycling. The remaining solid waste generated from the facilities surveyed

in this analysis is landfilled. For every 1,000 pounds of injection molded plastic, 15.8 pounds of

solid waste is sent to landfill. Of this solid waste, an average of 84 percent by mass is process

waste such as contaminated resin scrap, hydraulic oil, and/or inks; while, 16 percent is packaging

waste from incoming materials. Table 1 displays the weighted industry average material and

energy inputs for the injection molding unit process:

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Table 1. LCI Unit Process Data for Injection Molding

Outputs to Technos phere

Rigid Plastic Part 1,000 lb 1,000 kg

Corrugate for Shipping 101 lb 101 kg

Rigid Plastic Scrap 45.0 lb 45.0 kg

Inputs from Technosphere (to Product)

Virgin Resin 1,034 lb 1,034 kg

Colorant 19.4 lb 19.4 kg

Inputs from Technosphere (to Process )

Lubricating Oil 1.30 lb 1.30 kg

Corrugate for Shipping 101 lb 101 kg

Process Water Consumption 80.3 gal 670 liter

Total Total

Energy Usage Energy Energy

Thous and Btu GigaJoules

Process Energy

Elect ricity (grid) 812 kwh 8,357 1,790 kwh 19.5

Natural gas 54.0 cu ft 60.5 3.37 cu meters 0.14

LPG 0.10 gal 10.8 0.83 liter 0.025

Gasoline 0.010 gal 1.42 0.083 liter 0.0033

Diesel 0.0010 gal 0.16 0.0083 liter 3.7E-04

Total Proces s 8,417 19.6

Incoming Materials Trans portation Energy

Combination truck 8.75 ton-miles 28.2 tonne-km

Diesel 0.092 gal 14.6 0.77 liter 0.034

Rail 527 ton-miles 1,695 tonne-km

Diesel 1.31 gal 207 10.9 liter 0.48

Total Trans portation 222 0.52

Environmental Emiss ions

Atmospheric Emiss ions

Particulates 0.0067 lb 0.0067 kg

Volatile organic carbons 0.043 lb 0.043 kg

2-propano l 0.10 lb * 0.10 kg *

Ethanol 1.00 lb * 1.00 kg *

Ethyl acetate 0.10 lb * 0.10 kg *

Meth yl ethy l ketone 0.10 lb * 0.10 kg *

Toluene 0.010 lb * 0.010 kg *

Ethanol 0.010 lb * 0.010 kg *

Meth ano l 0.0010 lb * 0.0010 kg *

m-xylene 0.0010 lb * 0.0010 kg *

o-xylen e 1.0E-04 lb * 1.0E-04 kg *

p-xylen e 1.0E-04 lb * 1.0E-04 kg *

Benzene, ethyl- 1.0E-04 lb * 1.0E-04 kg *

Meth ane, dichloro-, HCC-30 0.0010 lb * 0.0010 kg *

Propane 0.0010 lb * 0.0010 kg *

Alcohols, C12-14, ethoxylated 0.10 lb * 0.10 kg *

Solid Wastes

Landfilled 15.8 lb 15.8 kg

* This emission was repo rted by fewer than th ree companies . To indicate known emiss ions while protect ing the

confiden tiality of individual company res ponses, the emission is reported o nly by order of magnitude.

Source: Franklin Ass ociates, A Division of ERG

Engli sh units (Basis : 1,000 lb) S I units (Basis : 1,000 kg)

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CRADLE-TO-GATE LCI RESULTS FOR INJECTION MOLDED PLASTIC PARTS

For injection molding, the cradle-to-gate results tables and figures break out results by four main

process steps: (1) production of the virgin resin inputs, (2) production of other material inputs,

(3) transportation energy required for incoming materials, and (4) required processing energy

input. The virgin resin data results are for ACC virgin resin data updated in 2010. Because 94

percent of products fabricated by facilities surveyed for this analysis are made of PP or LLDPE,

only results for injection molding of these resins are shown in this report. In the previous section,

Table 1 shows the industrial average for mass of colorant material input to 1,000 pounds of

plastic parts produced by injection molding. However, not all molded products are pigmented,

and the material composition of colorant for polymers can vary widely in the industry. Colorants

may be organic or inorganic, natural or synthetic, and have different toxicity properties

depending on their composition. Because of this wide variability and the fact that no

representative LCI data for colorants used in this application are available, the production of

colorant is not included in the cradle-to-gate LCI results.

Other material inputs to the injection molding facility include corrugated fiber boxes used for

shipping finished parts, and lubricating oil used to maintain processing equipment. Corrugated

fiber boxes are modeled using data adapted from the LCI of converted corrugated boxes

published by the Corrugated Packaging Alliance (CPA) in 2009.10 LCI data for refined

petroleum are used as a proxy for production of lubricating oil.

Throughout the cradle-to-gate LCI results shown in the remainder of this chapter, the results for

corrugated packaging (included in the results for “Other Materials”) correspond to the average

amount of corrugated packaging reported in Table 1. The amount of corrugated packaging used

for specific injection molded products is expected to vary, depending on part size, configuration,

number of parts per box, etc. When using the generic injection molding data set to model specific

product systems, actual packaging requirements should be used whenever possible.

Process energy is the energy used to extract, refine, and deliver electricity and/or fuels for

combustion required at the injection molding step. Transportation energy is the energy for the

production and consumption of fuels used to deliver incoming materials to the injection molding

step. The production and combustion of fuels used for process and transportation energy and

generation of U.S. grid electricity were modeled using LCI data sets developed by Franklin for

the U.S. LCI Database.

Energy Results

Energy consumption for production of rigid plastic parts produced by injection molding are

shown by energy category and process step for PP parts in Table 2 and Figure 4 and for LLDPE

parts in Table 3 and Figure 5.

10 CPA (2010). Life Cycle Assessment of U.S. Industry-Average Corrugated Product, Final Report, Prepared for

the Corrugated Packaging Alliance, A Joint Initiative of the American Forest & Paper Association, the Fibre

Box Association, and the Association of Independent Corrugated Converters. Prepared by PE Americas and

Five Winds International, December 30, 2009.

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Table 2. Cradle-to-Gate Cumulative Energy Demand for Injection Molded PP Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Production of

Resin Inputs

Production of Other

Materials

Transpo rt

Energy

Process

Energy TOTAL (1) % TOTAL

(1)

Nuclear 0.42 0.069 0.0022 1.77 2.26 5%

Coal 1.10 0.19 0.0059 6.24 7.54 17%

Natural Gas 22.2 0.14 0.011 1.66 24.0 53%

Petroleum 9.59 0.25 0.24 0.49 10.6 23%

Hydro 0.048 0.0073 2.6E-04 0.20 0.26 1%

Biomass 0.0010 0.77 5.6E-06 0.0044 0.78 2%

TOTAL (1) 33.4 1.43 0.26 10.4 45.4

% TOTAL (1) 73% 3% 1% 23%

(1) Totals may not sum due to rounding

Source: Franklin Associates , A Division of ERG

Figure 4. Cradle-to-Gate Cumulative Energy Demand for Injection Molded PP Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

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Table 3. Cradle-to-Gate Cumulative Energy Demand for Injection Molded LLDPE Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Production of

Resin Inputs

Production of Other

Materials

Transpo rt

Energy

Process

Energy TOTAL (1) % TOTAL

(1)

Nuclear 0.34 0.069 0.0022 1.77 2.17 5%

Coal 0.89 0.19 0.0059 6.24 7.32 16%

Natural Gas 27.6 0.14 0.011 1.66 29.4 64%

Petroleum 4.83 0.25 0.24 0.49 5.81 1 3%

Hydro 0.039 0.0073 2.6E-04 0.20 0.25 1%

Biomass 8.4E-04 0.77 5.6E-06 0.0044 0.78 2%

TOTAL (1) 33.6 1.43 0.26 10.4 45.7

% TOTAL (1) 74% 3% 1% 23%

(1) Totals may not su m due to rounding

Source: Franklin Associates , A Division of ERG

Figure 5. Cradle-to-Gate Cumulative Energy Demand for Injection Molded LLDPE Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Much of the energy demand for production of virgin resin and other materials is energy of

material resources (EMR). EMR is not an expended energy but the energy value of fuel

resources withdrawn from the planet’s finite fossil reserves and used as material inputs for

materials such as plastic resins or corrugated fiber. Use of these material resources as a material

input removes them as fuel resources from the energy pool; however, some of this energy

remains embodied in the material produced. A detailed description of EMR methodology can be

found in Chapter 1: LCI PRACTITIONER METHODOLOGY VARIATION. Table 4/Figure 6

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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and Table 5/Figure 7 show the relative amounts of EMR (embodied) versus non-EMR

(expended) energy demand for injection molded PP and LLDPE, respectively.

Table 4. EMR vs. Non-EMR Cradle-to-Gate Energy Demand for Injection Molded PP Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Production of

Resin Inputs

Production of

Other Materials

Transport

Energy

Process

Energy

TOTAL

(1) % TOTAL (1)

Expended Energy 11.5 0.69 0.26 10.4 22.8 50%

Natural Gas EMR 14.5 0.016 0 0 14.5 32%

Petroleum EMR 7.46 0.026 0 0 7.49 16%

Biomass EMR 0 0.70 0 0 0.70 2%

TOTAL (1) 33.4 1.43 0.26 10.4 45.4

(1) Totals may not sum due to rounding

Source: Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

Resin Production

Other Materials

Transport Energy

Process Energy

Million Btu

Biomass EMR

Petrole um EMR

Natural Gas EMR

Expende d Energy

Figure 6. EMR vs. Non-EMR Cradle-to-Gate Energy Demand for Injection Molded PP Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Table 5. EMR vs. Non-EMR Cradle-to-Gate Energy Demand for Injection Molded LLDPE Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Production of

Resin Inputs

Production of

Other Materials

Transport

Energy

Process

Energy

TOTAL

(1)

% TOTAL (1)

Expended Energy 11.1 0.69 0.26 10.4 22.4 49%

Natural Gas EMR 18.7 0.016 0 0 18.8 41%

Petroleum EMR 3.80 0.026 0 0 3.83 8%

Biomass EMR 0 0.70 0 0 0.70 2%

TOTAL (1) 33.6 1.43 0.26 10.4 45.7

(1) Totals may not sum due to rounding

Source: Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

Resin Production

Other Materials

Transport Energy

Process Energy

Million Btu

Biomass EMR

Petrole um EMR

Natural Gas EMR

Expende d Energy

Figure 7. EMR vs. Non-EMR Cradle-to-Gate Energy Demand for Injection Molded LLDPE Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

The cradle-to-gate results show that total energy requirements for the fabrication step of

producing rigid plastic parts by injection molding are only about a third of that of virgin

materials production steps. As shown in Table 6 and Figure 8, the bulk (97 percent) of energy

requirements for the fabrication unit process (i.e., gate-to-gate process) are in providing

electricity for injection molding machinery and two percent of energy requirements are for

delivery of materials by rail. The largest share of rail transport is required for delivery of

incoming virgin resin materials.

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Table 6. Unit Process Energy Demand for Injection Molding

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Elect ricity Inputs Natural Gas Inputs Diese l Inputs LPG Inputs Gas oline

Input s

Rail

Trans port

Truck

Transp ort TOTAL (1) % TOTAL

(1)

Nuclear 1.77 1.6E-04 1.5E-06 9.3E-05 1.3E-05 0.0021 1.5E-04 1 .77 17%

Coal 6.24 4.3E-04 3.9E-06 2.5E-04 3.3E-05 0.0055 4.0E-04 6.24 5 9%

Natural Gas 1.60 0.060 7.3E-06 4.6E-04 6.2E-05 0.011 7.4E-04 1.67 16 %

Petroleum 0.48 2.2E-04 1.5E-04 0.0094 0.0013 0.22 0.015 0 .73 7%

Hydro 0.20 1.9E-05 1.7E-07 1.1E-05 1.5E-06 2.4E-04 1.7E-05 0 .20 2%

TOTAL (1) 1 0.3 0.061 1.6E-04 0.010 0.00 14 0.2 4 0.0 17 1 0.6

% TOTAL (1) 97 % <1% <1% <1% <1% 2% <1%

(1) To tals may not sum due to round ing

Source: Franklin A ss ociates, A Division of ERG

Figure 8. Unit Process Energy Demand for Injection Molding

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Water Use Results

Consumptive water use for cradle-to-gate production of rigid plastic parts produced by the

injection molding fabrication method is shown by process step in Table 7 and Figure 9.

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Table 7. Cradle-to-Gate Water Use for Injection Molded PP or LLDPE Plastic Parts

(Gallons of water per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Production of

Resin Inputs

Production of

Other Materials

Transpo rt

Energy

Process

Energy TOTAL (1)

PP 1,093 198 9.25 0.55 1,300

% TOTAL (1) 84% 15% 1% <1%

LLDPE 952 198 9.25 0.55 1,160

% TOTAL (1) 82% 17% 1% <1%

(1) Totals may not su m due to rounding

Source: Franklin Associates , A Division of ERG

Figure 9. Cradle-to-Gate Water Use for Injection Molded PP or LLDPE Plastic Parts

(Gallons of water per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

The cradle-to-gate results show that the bulk of water is consumed in production of the virgin

resin inputs. At the fabrication step, water consumed during production of other materials and

incoming process water are the next largest contributing aspects to total water consumption. The

‘process energy’ and ‘transport energy’ columns show water consumption associated with the

steps to extract, process, and deliver the fuels used for process and transportation steps, including

water consumption associated with electricity generation.

Solid Waste Results

Solid waste generation for cradle-to-gate production of rigid plastic parts produced by the

injection molding fabrication method is shown by process step in Table 8 and Figure 10.

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Table 8. Cradle-to-Gate Solid Waste Generation for Injection Molded PP or LLDPE Plastic Parts

(Pounds of solid waste per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Production of

Resin Inputs

Production of Other

Materials

Transport

Energy

Process

Energy Process Was tes TOTAL (1)

PP 130 19.3 0.95 182 15.8 348

% TOTAL (1) 3 7% 6% 0% 52% 5%

LLDPE 116 19.3 0.95 182 15.8 334

% TOTAL (1) 3 5% 6% 0% 55% 5%

(1) Totals may not sum due to rounding

Source: Franklin As s ociates , A Division of ERG

100

150

200

250

300

350

PP LLDPE

Pounds Solid Waste

Process Energy

Transport Energy

Other Materials

Resin

Figure 10. Cradle-to-Gate Solid Waste Generation for Injection Molded PP or LLDPE Plastic Parts

(Pounds of solid waste per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

The cradle-to-gate results for solid waste generation indicate that over half of total generation

occurs during the production and combustion of fuels required for operations at the injection

molding facility. The next largest portion of solid waste is that generated during the production

of the virgin resin material inputs. Scrap that is put to some use on-site or by an off-site user is

not included in the total solid waste generation inventory. Also, because this is a cradle-to-gate

LCI analysis (i.e., extends only through production of the fabricated plastic part) no

postconsumer wastes are modeled. The disposition of a fabricated plastic product depends on the

product application (packaging, durable product, etc.), its composition, access to recycling

programs, and other product-specific factors that are outside the scope of a generic cradle-to-gate

LCI.

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Atmospheric and Waterborne Emissions

The emissions reported in this analysis include those associated with production of materials and

production and combustion of fuels required for injection molding of rigid PP and LLDPE parts.

The emissions tables in this section present emission quantities based upon the best data

available. However, in the many unit processes included in the system models, some emissions

data have been collected as reported from the industrial sources, some are estimated from EPA

emission factors, and some have been calculated based on reaction chemistry or other

information.

Atmospheric and waterborne emissions for each production of either PP or LLDPE injection

molded plastic parts include emissions from (1) production of the virgin resin inputs, (2)

production of other material inputs such as lubricating oil and corrugated shipping packaging, (3)

production and combustion of fuels during transportation of incoming materials, (4) production

and combustion of required processing fuels and production of the required electricity at the

injection molding facility, and from (5) non-fuel combustion emissions at the injection molding

facility itself occurring during processing and operation. Non-fuel related emissions at the

injection molding facility are mostly particulate matter and volatile organic carbons from the

injection molding and printing processes. The majority of atmospheric emissions are fuel-related,

particularly in the case of greenhouse gas emissions, which are the focus of this discussion.

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions. The atmospheric emissions that typically contribute the

majority of the total greenhouse gas impacts for product systems are fossil fuel-derived carbon

dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Greenhouse gas impacts are reported as carbon dioxide

equivalents (CO2 eq). Global warming potential (GWP) factors are used to convert emissions of

individual greenhouse gases to the basis of CO2 eq. The GWP of each greenhouse gas represents

the relative global warming contribution of a pound of that substance compared to a pound of

carbon dioxide. For each type of injection molded plastic (PP and LLDPE) the weight of each

greenhouse gas emitted is multiplied by its GWP, then the CO2 eq for all the individual GHGs

are added to arrive at the total CO2 eq. GHG results for production of injection molded plastic

parts are shown for PP in and for LLDPE in Table 9 and Figure 11.

The GWP factors that are most widely used are those from the International Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) Second Assessment Report (SAR), published in 1996. The IPCC SAR 100-year

global warming potentials (GWP) are 21 for methane and 310 for nitrous oxide. Two subsequent

updates of the IPCC report with slightly different GWPs have been published since the SAR;

however, some reporting standards that were developed at the time of the SAR continue to use

the SAR GWP factors.11 In addition to GHG results based on IPCC SAR GWP factors, the tables

in this report also show GHG results using IPCC 2007 GWP factors, which are 25 for methane

and 298 for nitrous oxide. The total CO2 eq using the 2007 factors is slightly higher than the CO2

eq calculated using 1996 SAR factors.

11 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change reporting guidelines for national inventories

continue to use GWPs from the IPPC Second Assessment Report (SAR). For this reason, the U.S. EPA also uses

GWPs from the IPCC SAR, as described on page ES-1 of EPA 430-R-08-005 Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse

Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2006 (April 15, 2008).

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Table 9. Cradle-to-Gate GHGs for Injection Molded PP or LLDPE Plastic Parts

(Pounds CO2 equivalents per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Production of

Resin Inputs

Production of

Other Materials

Transport

Energy

Process

Energy

Facility

Emissions TOTAL (1)

PP 1,908 146 41.0 1,420 0.0087 3,514

% TOTAL (1) 54% 4 % 1% 40% <1%

LLDPE 1,952 146 41.0 1,420 0.0087 3,559

% TOTAL (1) 55% 4 % 1% 40% <1%

(1) Totals may not sum due to rounding

Source: Franklin Ass ociates , A Division of ERG

Figure 11. Cradle-to-Gate GHGs for Injection Molded PP or LLDPE Plastic Parts

(Pounds CO2 equivalents per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

The results show that over half of the GHG emissions are associated with production of virgin

resin, which requires a substantial amount of fuels combustion as well as some fugitive

emissions of carbon dioxide and methane released during the extraction, transport, and

processing of natural gas and crude oil feedstocks for resin production. The other significant

contribution to GHG emissions is the production of electricity and the production and

combustion of process fuels used at the injection molding facility. The only GHG emission

reported to be directly emitted at the facility from injection molding processing is methylene

chloride from solvents and cleaners. Table 10/Figure 12 and Table 11/Figure 13 show the global

warming potential (GWP) of each of the main GHGs from cradle-to-gate plastic fabrication for

PP and LLDPE, respectively. This breakout by GHG shows that carbon dioxide emissions are

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 30

the largest contributors to the global warming potential (GWP) of the GHGs; methane emissions

have the second largest contribution and nitrous oxide emissions the third largest contribution.

Several other emissions from the cradle-to-gate plastic fabrication systems are GHGs (e.g., sulfur

hexafluoride, CFCs, and HCFCs) but their cumulative amounts and associated contribution to the

overall GWP is less than one percent. Non-fuel related GHGs emitted at the injection molding

facility are incorporated in the ‘other’ GHGs category.

Table 10. Cradle-to-Gate GWP by GHG for Injection Molded PP Plastic Parts

(Pounds CO2 equivalents per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Production of

Resin Inputs

Production of

Other Materials

Transport

Energy

Process

Energy

Process

Emissions TOTAL (1) % TOTAL (1)

Foss il CO2 1,500 139 38.8 1,337 0 3 ,015 8 6%

Meth ane 400 5.93 1.91 74.1 0 4 82 14%

Nitrous Oxide 6.88 0.79 0.30 8.81 0 16.8 <1%

Others 0.16 0.10 0.0038 9.4E-04 0.0087 0.27 <1%

TOTAL (1) 1,90 8 1 46 41.0 1,420 0.0087 3 ,514 100 %

% TOTAL (1) 54% 4% 1% 4 0% <1% 100%

(1) Tot als may not sum due to roun ding

Source: Franklin Ass ociates, A Division of ERG

Figure 12. Cradle-to-Gate GWP by GHG for Injection Molded PP Plastic Parts

(Pounds CO2 equivalents per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

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Table 11. Cradle-to-Gate GWP by GHG for Injection Molded LLDPE Plastic Parts

(Pounds CO2 equivalents per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Production of

Resin Inputs

Production of

Other Materials

Transport

Energy

Process

Energy

Process

Emissions TOTAL (1) % TOTAL (1)

Foss il CO2 1,498 139 38.8 1,337 0 3,013 85%

Meth ane 443 5.93 1.91 74.1 0 5 25 15%

Nitrous Oxide 10.9 0.79 0.30 8.81 0 20 .8 1%

Others 0.098 0.14 0.0038 9.3E-04 0.0087 0.25 <1%

TOTAL (1) 1,952 146 41.0 1,420 0.0087 3,559

% TOTAL (1) 55% 4 % 1% 40% <1%

(1) Tot als may not sum due to roun ding

Source: Franklin Ass ociates, A Division of ERG

Figure 13. Cradle-to-Gate GWP by GHG for Injection Molded LLDPE Plastic Parts

(Pounds CO2 equivalents per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Other Atmospheric and Waterborne Emissions. Tables showing the full list of atmospheric

and waterborne emissions for cradle-to-gate injection molded plastic parts are shown in Table 12

and Table 13, respectively.

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Table 12. Cradle-to-Gate Atmospheric Emissions for Injection Molded Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 1 of 4)

PP Part LLDPE

Part PP Part LLDPE

Part

1-Butanol lb 3.0E-17 3.0E-17 Barium-140 Bq 2.3E-08 2.3E-08

1-Pentanol lb 2.4E-17 2.4E-17 Bent azone lb 5.2E-13 5.2E-13

1-Pentene lb 1.8E-17 1.8E-17 Benzal chloride lb 3.1E-20 3.1E-20

1-Prop ano l lb 3.3E-15 3.3E-15 Benzaldehyde lb 8.6E-14 8.6E-14

1,4-Butanediol lb 6.4E-16 6.4E-16 Benzene lb 0.11 0.13

2-Aminop ropanol lb 2.0E-17 2.0E-17 Benzene, 1-methy l-2-nitro- lb 3.1E-17 3.1E-17

2-Butene, 2-methyl- lb 4.0E-21 4.0E-21 Benzene, 1,2-dichloro- lb 6.6E-16 6.6E-16

2-Chloroaceto phenon e lb 3.5E-09 3.5E-09 Benzene, 1,2,4-trich loro- lb 5.2E-05 5.2E-05

2-Methyl-1-propanol lb 6.6E-17 6.6E-17 Benzene, 1,3,5-trimethy l- lb 7.7E-19 7.7E-19

2-Nitrobenzoic acid lb 3.5E-17 3.5E-17 Benzene, chloro- lb 1.1E-08 1.1E-08

2-Prop ano l lb 0.10 0.10 Benzene, ethyl- lb 0.013 0.016

2,4-D lb 8.6E-13 8.6E-13 Benzene, hexachloro- lb 2.5E-12 2.5E-12

4-Methyl-2-pentanon e lb 8.4E-05 8.4E-05 Benzene, pentachloro- lb 4.7E-14 4.7E-14

5-methy l Chrysene lb 6.7E-09 6.4E-09 Benzo(a)ant hracen e lb 2.4E-08 2.3E-08

Acen aphthene lb 1.5E-07 1.5E-07 Benzo(a)pyrene lb 4.9E-08 4.8E-08

Acen aphthylene lb 7.6E-08 7.3E-08 Benzo(b)fluoranthene lb 4.5E-17 4.5E-17

Acetaldehy de lb 6.4E-04 6.4E-04 Benzo(b,j,k)fluo ranthene lb 3.3E-08 3.2E-08

Acetic acid lb 2.6E-10 2.6E-10 Benzo(ghi)perylene lb 8.2E-09 7.9E-09

Acetic acid, meth yl ester lb 4.5E-15 4.5E-15 Benzyl chloride lb 3.5E-07 3.5E-07

Acetone lb 6.0E-04 6.0E-04 Beryllium lb 7.1E-06 6.8E-06

Acetonitrile lb 1.8E-13 1.8E-13 Bicyclo[3.1.1]hep tan e,

Acetoph enone lb 7.5E-09 7.4E-09 6,6-dimethyl-2-meth ylene- lb 0.0011 0.0011

Acid gas es lb 7.8E-19 7.8E-19 Biphen yl lb 5.2E-07 5.0E-07

Acidity, un specified lb 3.3E-12 3.3E-12 Boron lb 4.4E-10 4.4E-10

Acids , uns pecified lb 1.4E-11 1.4E-11 Boron trifluoride lb 4.1E-21 4.1E-21

Acrolein lb 0.0010 0.0010 Bromine lb 5.0E-11 5.0E-11

Acrylic acid lb 2.6E-14 2.6E-14 Bromoform lb 2.0E-08 1.9E-08

Actinides , radioactive, uns pecified Bq 3.7E-08 3.7E-08 Bromoxyn il lb 7.0E-13 7.0E-13

Aeros ols, radioactive, un sp ecified Bq 4.2E-07 4.2E-07 BTEX, uns pecified ratio lb 1.1E-11 1.1E-11

Alachlor lb 6.2E-13 6.2E-13 Butadiene lb 1.8E-06 1.9E-06

Alcoho ls, c12-14, ethoxylated lb 0.10 0.10 Butane lb 6.5E-09 6.5E-09

Aldehy des, unsp ecified lb 0.0013 0.0013 Butene lb 1.3E-10 1.3E-10

alpha-Pinene lb 0.0019 0.0019 Butyrolacton e lb 1.5E-16 1.5E-16

Aluminium lb 2.1E-08 2.1E-08 Cadmium lb 2.5E-05 2.5E-05

Aluminum lb 4.6E-17 1.0E-04 Calcium lb 7.8E-10 7.8E-10

Ammonia lb 0.012 0.0065 Carbon-14 Bq 0.0028 0.0028

Ammonium carbonate lb 1.2E-13 1.2E-13 Carbon dioxide lb 0.14 0.14

Ammonium chloride lb 8.4E-04 8.1E-04 Carbon dioxide, biogenic lb 154 154

Ammonium, ion lb 1.2E-16 1.2E-16 Carbon dioxide, fos s il lb 3,010 3,007

Aniline lb 2.8E-16 2.8E-16 Carbon dioxide, land trans formation lb 0.0020 0.0020

Anthracen e lb 6.4E-08 6.1E-08 Carbon disulfide lb 7.2E-08 7.1E-08

Anthranilic acid lb 2.6E-17 2.6E-17 Carbon monoxide lb 7.57 4.41

Antimon y lb 6.9E-06 6.2E-06 Carbon monoxide, biogenic lb 2.9E-09 2.9E-09

Antimon y-124 Bq 5.5E-11 5.5E-11 Carbon monoxide, fos s il lb 1.00 1.04

Antimon y-125 Bq 3.5E-10 3.5E-10 Carbon yl sulfide lb 3.4E-11 3.4E-11

Argon -41 Bq 2.9E-04 2.9E-04 Cerium-141 Bq 5.5E-09 5.5E-09

Arsenic lb 1.3E-04 1.3E-04 Cesium-134 Bq 1.8E-08 1.8E-08

Arsenic trioxide lb 3.7E-19 3.7E-19 Cesium-137 Bq 4.0E-08 4.0E-08

Arsine lb 3.1E-17 3.1E-17 Chloramine lb 1.3E-16 1.3E-16

Barium lb 6.6E-06 6.6E-06 Chloride lb 1.9E-12 1.9E-12

Note: Radionuclides are in units of becqu erel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs of fabricated plastic part.

Source: Franklin As sociates , A Division of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Table 12. Cradle-to-Gate Atmospheric Emissions for Injection Molded Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 2 of 4)

PP Part LLDPE

Part PP Part LLDPE

Part

CFCs and HCFCs, un sp ecified lb 3.7E-12 3.7E-12 Ethylene diamine lb 3.5E-16 3.5E-16

Chlorine lb 1.6E-04 1.6E-04 Ethylene dibromide lb 2.2E-06 1.2E-06

Chloroacetic acid lb 8.1E-14 8.1E-14 Eth ylene oxide lb 4.5E-12 4.5E-12

Chloroform lb 1.3E-04 1.3E-04 Ethyne lb 3.9E-11 3.9E-11

Chlorosilane, trimet hyl- lb 3.6E-11 3.6E-11 Fluoranthen e lb 2.2E-07 2.1E-07

Chlorosu lfonic acid lb 2.5E-16 2.5E-16 Fluorene lb 2.8E-07 2.7E-07

Chlorpyrifos lb 2.3E-13 2.3E-13 Fluoride lb 4.1E-05 4.0E-05

Chromium lb 9.4E-05 9.2E-05 Fluo rine lb 3.7E-08 3.7E-08

Chromium-51 Bq 3.5E-10 3.5E-10 Fluo silicic acid lb 1.8E-09 1.8E-09

Chromium VI lb 2.4E-05 2.3E-05 Fo rmaldehyd e lb 0.0012 0.0013

Chromium, ion lb 1.3E-12 1.3E-12 Formamide lb 4.4E-17 4.4E-17

Chrysen e lb 3.0E-08 2.9E-08 Formic acid lb 1.3E-12 1.3E-12

Clomazone lb 1.2E-13 1.2E-13 Furan lb 1.4E-09 0.0010

Cobalt lb 6.5E-05 5.7E-05 Glyph os ate lb 4.1E-11 4.1E-11

Cobalt-58 Bq 6.0E-10 6.0E-10 Glyph os ate-trimesium lb 3.4E-12 3.4E-12

Cobalt-60 Bq 7.1E-09 7.1E-09 Heat, waste MJ 14.9 14.9

Copper lb 8.3E-07 8.1E-07 Helium lb 5.1E-10 5.1E-10

Cumene lb 8.8E-09 8.8E-09 Hep tane lb 1.3E-09 1.3E-09

Cyanide lb 1.3E-06 1.2E-06 Hexamethy lene diamine lb 7.0E-18 7.0E-18

Cyanoac etic acid lb 2.0E-16 2.0E-16 Hexan e lb 7.0E-06 7.0E-06

Cyclohexane lb 4.5E-15 4.5E-15 Hydrazine , methyl- lb 8.5E-08 8.4E-08

D-limonene lb 8.6E-05 8.6E-05 Hydrocarbon s, aliphatic, alkanes, cy clic lb 7.5E-13 7.5E-13

Dibenz(a,h)anthracene lb 1.4E-17 1.4E-17 Hy drocarbons , aliphatic, alkanes, un sp ecified lb 1.6E-08 1.6E-08

Diethano lamine lb 3.0E-21 3.0E-21 Hydrocarbo ns, aliph atic, un sa turate d lb 2.6E-09 2.6E-09

Diethylamine lb 1.3E-16 1.3E-16 Hydroca rbons , aromatic lb 1.2E-08 1.2E-08

Dimeth yl malon ate lb 2.5E-16 2.5E-16 Hydrocarbons, ch lorinated lb 9.3E-12 9.3E-12

Dimeth yl sulfide lb 0.0018 0.0018 Hydrocarbon s, un sp ecified lb 0.056 0.056

Dinitrogen monoxide lb 0.056 0.069 Hydrogen lb 0.0054 0.0041

Dioxins, measu red as 2,3,7,8-tetra- Hydroge n-3, Tritium Bq 0.012 0.012

chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin lb 8.9E-08 8.9E-08 Hydrogen b romide lb 2.3E-14 2.3E-14

Dipropylamine lb 7.4E-17 7.4E-17 Hydrogen chloride lb 0.37 0.35

Ethane lb 1.1E-08 1.1E-08 Hydrogen cyanide lb 1.1E-12 1.1E-12

Ethane, 1,1-difluoro-, HFC-152a lb 5.8E-14 5.8E-14 Hydrogen fluoride lb 0.045 0.044

Ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-, HCFC-140 lb 1.0E-08 9.9E-09 Hydrogen iod ide lb 2.5E-17 2.5E-17

Ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-, HFC-134a lb 1.5E-11 1.5E-11 Hydrogen p eroxid e lb 6.9E-14 6.9E-14

Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoro-, CFC-113 lb 1.2E-15 1.2E-15 Hydrogen sulfide lb 7.2E-08 7.2E-08

Ethane, 1,2-dibromo- lb 6.0E-10 6.0E-10 Indeno(1,2,3-cd )pyrene lb 1.8E-08 1.8E-08

Ethane, 1,2-dichloro- lb 2.0E-08 2.0E-08 Iodine lb 2.4E-11 2.4E-11

Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoro-, HCFC-123 lb 8.8E-14 8.8E-14 Io dine-129 Bq 2.3E-06 2.3E-06

Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-, CFC-114 lb 1.7E-12 1.7E-12 Iodine-131 Bq 5.5E-05 5.5E-05

Ethane, chloro- lb 2.1E-08 2.1E-08 Iodine-133 Bq 3.1E-08 3.1E-08

Ethane, hexafluoro-, HFC-116 lb 9.6E-10 9.6E-10 Iodine-135 Bq 8.2E-09 8.2E-09

Ethanol lb 1.01 1.01 Iron lb 6.6E-06 6.6E-06

Ethene lb 7.1E-10 7.1E-10 Isocy anic acid lb 9.2E-13 9.2E-13

Ethene, chloro- lb 3.6E-11 3.6E-11 Isoph orone lb 2.9E-07 2.9E-07

Ethene, tet rachloro- lb 1.4E-05 1.3E-05 Isoprene lb 5.0E-11 5.0E-11

Ethyl acetate lb 0.10 0.10 Is opropylamine lb 3.1E-17 3.1E-17

Ethyl cellulose lb 9.3E-14 9.3E-14 Kerosene lb 4.0E-04 3.9E-04

Ethylamine lb 8.0E-17 8.0E-17 Krypton-85 Bq 4.9E-04 4.9E-04

Note: Radionuclides are in units of becque rel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs o f fabricated plas tic part.

Source: Franklin Ass ociates, A Division of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

CLIENTS\RPPG\KC112362

09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 34

Table 12. Cradle-to-Gate Atmospheric Emissions for Injection Molded Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 3 of 4)

PP Part LLDPE

Part PP Part LLDPE

Part

Krypton -85m Bq 2.32 2.32 Nickel lb 5.7E-04 4.8E-04

Krypton -87 Bq 7.8E-05 7.8E-05 Niobium-95 Bq 2.2E-11 2.2E-11

Krypton -88 Bq 1.0E-04 1.0E-04 Nitrate lb 1.5E-11 1.5E-11

Krypton -89 Bq 4.1E-05 4.1E-05 Nitric oxide lb 1.6E-13 1.6E-13

Lactic acid lb 5.8E-17 5.8E-17 Nitrobenzene lb 4.0E-16 4.0E-16

Lanthan um-140 Bq 1.9E-09 1.9E-09 Nitrog en lb 2.2E-09 2.2E-09

Lead lb 1.5E-04 1.4E-04 Nitrogen dioxide lb 2.0E-05 2.0E-05

Lead-210 Bq 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 Nitrogen oxides lb 7.66 7.01

Lead compounds lb 9.1E-19 9.1E-19 Nitrogen, total lb 2.7E-13 2.7E-13

m-Xylene lb 0.0010 0.0010 Nitrous oxide lb 5.5E-04 5.5E-04

Magn es ium lb 0.0033 0.0032 NMVOC, non -methane VOC, uns pecified lb 1.34 1.06

Mang anese lb 2.7E-04 2.6E-04 Noble gas es , radioactive, un sp ecified Bq 20.6 20.6

Mang anese-54 Bq 1.8E-10 1.8E-10 o-Xylene lb 1.0E-04 1.0E-04

Mercaptans , unsp ecified lb 1.1E-04 1.1E-04 Octane lb 2.0E-12 2.0E-12

Mercury lb 2.9E-05 2.8E-05 Odorous sulfur lb 4.2E-14 4.2E-14

Metals , uns pecified lb 0.0023 0.0023 Organic acids lb 3.1E-06 3.0E-06

Meth acrylic acid, meth yl est er lb 1.0E-08 9.9E-09 Organic s ubs tances, uns pecified lb 0.014 0.014

Meth ane lb 2.22 2.15 Oxygen lb 1.2E-08 1.2E-08

Meth ane, biog enic lb 3.4E-09 3.4E-09 Ozone lb 9.1E-10 9.1E-10

Meth ane, bromo-, Halon 1001 lb 8.0E-08 7.9E-08 p-Xylene lb 1.0E-04 1.0E-04

Meth ane, bromochlorodifluoro-, Halon 1211 lb 8.9E-13 8.9E-13 PAH, polycyclic aromatic hyd rocarbons lb 7.6E-06 8.0E-06

Meth ane, bromotrifluoro-, Halon 1301 lb 4.1E-12 4.1E-12 Palladium lb 2.0E-23 2.0E-23

Meth ane, chlorodifluoro-, HCFC-22 lb 1.0E-06 1.1E-05 Particulates , < 10 um lb 1.36 0.76

Meth ane, chlorotrifluoro-, CFC-13 lb 1.1E-05 5.9E-06 Particulates , < 2.5 um lb 0.23 0.17

Meth ane, dichloro -, HCC-30 lb 0.0011 0.0011 Particulates, > 10 um lb 9.1E-07 9.1E-07

Meth ane, dichloro difluoro-, CFC-12 lb 2.9E-09 2.9E-09 Particulates, > 2.5 um, an d < 10um lb 0.21 0.22

Meth ane, dichloro fluoro-, HCFC-21 lb 8.9E-18 8.9E-18 Particulates , unspecified lb 1.24 1.19

Meth ane, fos sil lb 17.0 18.8 Pend imethalin lb 6.7E-12 6.7E-12

Meth ane, monochloro-, R-40 lb 2.7E-07 2.6E-07 Pentan e lb 8.2E-09 8.2E-09

Meth ane, tet rachloro-, CFC-10 lb 2.4E-06 2.4E-06 Phenant hrene lb 8.2E-07 7.9E-07

Meth ane, tet rafluoro-, CFC-14 lb 9.6E-09 9.6E-09 Phen ol lb 1.0E-04 1.0E-04

Meth ane, trichlorofluoro-, CFC-11 lb 3.9E-13 3.9E-13 Phen ol, 2,4-dichloro- lb 5.3E-17 5.3E-17

Meth ane, trifluoro-, HFC-23 lb 2.8E-15 2.8E-15 Phen ol, penta chloro- lb 6.6E-11 6.6E-11

Meth anes ulfon ic acid lb 2.0E-16 2.0E-16 Phen ols, un specified lb 3.1E-05 2.7E-05

Meth anol lb 0.013 0.013 Phosp hate lb 4.8E-15 4.8E-15

Meth yl acetat e lb 8.2E-18 8.2E-18 Phos phine lb 2.3E-17 2.3E-17

Meth yl acrylate lb 2.9E-14 2.9E-14 Pho s pho rus lb 3.4E-10 3.4E-10

Meth yl amine lb 1.4E-16 1.4E-16 Phth alate, dioctyl- lb 3.7E-08 3.6E-08

Meth yl borate lb 1.0E-17 1.0E-17 Platinum lb 3.4E-17 3.4E-17

Meth yl ethy l ketone lb 0.10 0.10 Pluton ium-238 Bq 2.9E-13 2.9E-13

Meth yl formate lb 1.2E-16 1.2E-16 Plutonium-alpha Bq 6.9E-12 6.9E-12

Meth yl lactate lb 6.4E-17 6.4E-17 Polonium-210 Bq 1.8E-05 1.8E-05

Meth yl mercaptan lb 2.2E-04 2.2E-04 Polych lorinated biph enyls lb 3.0E-12 3.0E-12

Meth yl methacrylate lb 1.8E-16 1.8E-16 Polycyclic organic mat ter, uns pecified lb 2.9E-05 1.5E-05

Meto lachlor lb 1.2E-12 1.2E-12 Pot assium lb 0.0012 0.0012

Metribuzin lb 3.0E-13 3.0E-13 Potas sium-40 Bq 2.2E-06 2.2E-06

Molybdenu m lb 2.9E-11 2.9E-11 Propanal lb 1.9E-07 1.9E-07

Mon oeth ano lamine lb 1.6E-09 1.6E-09 Propane lb 0.0010 0.0010

Naphth alene lb 2.3E-05 2.2E-05 Prop ene lb 1.2E-04 1.2E-04

Note: Radionuclides are in units of be cquerel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs o f fabricated plastic part.

Source: Franklin As sociates , A Division of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

CLIENTS\RPPG\KC112362

09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 35

Table 12. Cradle-to-Gate Atmospheric Emissions for Injection Molded Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 4 of 4)

PP Part LLDPE

Part PP Part LLDPE

Part

Propionic acid lb 1.0E-11 1.0E-11 TOC, Total Organic Carbon lb 2.2E-04 2.2E-04

Propylamine lb 1.4E-17 1.4E-17 Toluene lb 0.17 0.21

Propylene oxide lb 7.1E-07 7.1E-07 Toluene, 2-chloro- lb 1.6E-16 1.6E-16

Protactinium-234 Bq 3.6E-07 3.6E-07 Toluene, 2,4-dinitro- lb 1.4E-10 1.4E-10

Pyrene lb 1.0E-07 9.6E-08 Trichloroethane lb 2.4E-09 2.4E-09

Radioactive species , oth er beta emitters Bq 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 Trifluralin lb 6.7E-12 6.7E-12

Radioactive species , uns pecified Bq 1.7E+07 1.7E+07 Trimeth ylamine lb 1.5E-17 1.5E-17

Radionuclides (Including Radon) lb 0.022 0.022 Tung sten lb 4.9E-13 4.9E-13

Radium-226 Bq 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 Uranium lb 1.7E-13 1.7E-13

Radium-228 Bq 4.7E-06 4.7E-06 Uranium-234 Bq 4.4E-06 4.4E-06

Radon-220 Bq 6.3E-05 6.3E-05 Uranium-235 Bq 7.7E-07 7.7E-07

Radon-222 Bq 47.5 47.5 Uranium-238 Bq 6.7E-06 6.7E-06

Rhodium lb 1.9E-23 1.9E-23 Uranium alpha Bq 2.0E-05 2.0E-05

Ruthenium-103 Bq 4.7E-12 4.7E-12 Used air lb 2.7E-05 2.7E-05

Scandium lb 4.4E-12 4.4E-12 Vanadium lb 2.0E-10 2.0E-10

Selenium lb 4.0E-04 3.9E-04 Viny l acetate lb 3.8E-09 3.8E-09

Silicon lb 2.3E-09 2.3E-09 VOC, volatile organic compounds lb 1.08 1.25

Silicon tetrafluoride lb 2.4E-14 2.4E-14 Water lb 1.5E-05 1.5E-05

Silver lb 2.0E-13 2.0E-13 Xenon-131m Bq 4.1E-04 4.1E-04

Silver-110 Bq 4.7E-11 4.7E-11 Xenon-133 Bq 0.015 0.015

Sodium lb 2.7E-05 2.7E-05 Xenon-133m Bq 1.8E-05 1.8E-05

Sodium chlorate lb 2.8E-13 2.8E-13 Xenon-135 Bq 0.0060 0.0060

Sodium dichromate lb 3.1E-13 3.1E-13 Xenon-135m Bq 0.0037 0.0037

Sodium formate lb 2.7E-14 2.7E-14 Xenon-137 Bq 1.1E-04 1.1E-04

Sodium hydroxide lb 2.6E-13 2.6E-13 Xeno n-138 Bq 8.6E-04 8.6E-04

Strontium lb 2.3E-11 2.3E-11 Xylene lb 0.095 0.12

Styrene lb 4.5E-05 4.5E-05 Zinc lb 8.2E-06 7.1E-06

Sulfate lb 6.7E-09 6.7E-09 Zinc-65 Bq 9.1E-10 9.1E-10

Sulfur dioxide lb 12.9 13.0 Zinc oxide lb 1.6E-19 1.6E-19

Sulfur hexafluoride lb 7.6E-12 7.6E-12 Zirconium lb 2.0E-13 2.0E-13

Sulfur oxides lb 2.34 1.51 Zirconium-95 Bq 8.9E-10 8.9E-10

Sulfur trioxide lb 3.4E-15 3.4E-15

Sulfur, total reduced lb 0.0092 0.0092

Sulfuric acid lb 1.2E-13 1.2E-13

Sulfuric acid, dimethyl ester lb 2.4E-08 2.4E-08

t-Butyl methyl ether lb 1.9E-08 1.9E-08

t-Butylamine lb 1.6E-16 1.6E-16

Tar lb 1.7E-18 1.7E-18

Tellurium lb 1.7E-13 1.7E-13

Terpenes lb 0.0066 0.0066

Thalliu m lb 1.6E-12 1.6E-12

Thorium lb 1.4E-13 1.4E-13

Thorium-228 Bq 6.3E-07 6.3E-07

Thorium-230 Bq 1.4E-06 1.4E-06

Thorium-232 Bq 6.6E-07 6.6E-07

Thorium-234 Bq 3.6E-07 3.6E-07

Tin lb 1.2E-10 1.2E-10

Tin oxide lb 7.9E-20 7.9E-20

Titanium lb 2.2E-10 2.2E-10

Note: Radionuclides are in units of becqu erel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs of fabricated plast ic part.

Source: Franklin As s ociates, A Divis ion of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

CLIENTS\RPPG\KC112362

09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 36

Table 13. Cradle-to-Gate Waterborne Emissions for Injection Molded Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 1 of 4)

PP Part LLDPE

Part PP Part LLDPE

Part

1-But ano l lb 1.7E-13 1.7E-13 Benzene, pen tamethy l- lb 4.6E-08 4.9E-08

1-Pentanol lb 5.8E-17 5.8E-17 Benzenes , alkylated, unspecified lb 7.8E-05 7.9E-05

1-Pentene lb 4.4E-17 4.4E-17 Benzo(a)anthracen e lb 3.3E-15 3.3E-15

1,4-Butan ediol lb 2.5E-16 2.5E-16 Benzo(b)fluoranthe ne lb 3.7E-15 3.7E-15

2-Aminop ropanol lb 5.0E-17 5.0E-17 Benzoic acid lb 8.0E-04 8.1E-04

2-Hexanone lb 5.2E-06 5.3E-06 Beryllium lb 9.2E-06 9.2E-06

2-Methyl-1-propanol lb 1.6E-16 1.6E-16 Biphenyl lb 5.1E-06 5.1E-06

2-Methyl-2-buten e lb 9.7E-21 9.7E-21 BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand lb 0.42 0.41

2-Prop ano l lb 4.6E-13 4.6E-13 Borate lb 6.4E-15 6.4E-15

2,4-D lb 3.7E-14 3.7E-14 Boron lb 0.0025 0.0025

4-Methyl-2-pentan on e lb 2.6E-06 2.7E-06 Bromate lb 3.0E-10 3.0E-10

Acen aph thene lb 4.9E-14 4.9E-14 Bromide lb 0.14 0.14

Acen aph thy lene lb 7.8E-15 7.8E-15 Bromine lb 4.6E-09 4.6E-09

Acetaldehy de lb 9.5E-13 9.5E-13 Buten e lb 4.8E-14 1.0E-04

Acetic acid lb 1.4E-11 1.4E-11 Butyl acet ate lb 2.2E-13 2.2E-13

Acetone lb 6.2E-06 6.6E-06 Buty rolacton e lb 3.7E-16 3.7E-16

Acetonitrile lb 1.7E-16 1.7E-16 Cadmium lb 1.8E-11 1.8E-11

Acetyl chloride lb 4.6E-17 4.6E-17 Cadmium, ion lb 2.8E-05 2.8E-05

Acidity, unsp ecified lb 5.5E-05 5.5E-05 Calcium, ion lb 2.11 2.11

Acids , uns pec ified lb 1.2E-10 1.2E-10 Carbon -14 Bq 3.1E-06 3.1E-06

Acrylate, ion lb 6.1E-14 6.1E-14 Carbon disulfide lb 1.6E-15 1.6E-15

Acrylonitrile lb 4.1E-16 4.1E-16 Carbon ate lb 8.9E-10 8.9E-10

Actinides, radioact ive, uns pec ified Bq 3.5E-06 3.5E-06 Carboxylic acids, uns pecified lb 2.3E-08 2.3E-08

Alachlor lb 2.7E-14 2.7E-14 Cerium-141 Bq 2.4E-08 2.4E-08

Aldehy des (unsp ecified) lb 2.3E-19 2.3E-19 Cerium-144 Bq 7.2E-09 7.2E-09

Aluminium lb 1.2E-06 1.2E-06 Cesium lb 5.6E-12 5.6E-12

Aluminum lb 0.055 0.056 Cesium-134 Bq 3.6E-06 3.6E-06

Americium-241 Bq 6.2E-08 6.2E-08 Ces ium-136 Bq 4.2E-09 4.2E-09

Ammonia lb 0.017 0.013 Cesium-137 Bq 4.4E-04 4.4E-04

Ammonia, as N lb 3.8E-04 3.8E-04 Chloramine lb 1.1E-15 1.1E-15

Ammonium, ion lb 1.8E-04 1.7E-04 Chlorate lb 2.3E-09 2.3E-09

Aniline lb 6.8E-16 6.8E-16 Chloride lb 24.5 24.6

Ant hracen e lb 3.9E-15 3.9E-15 Chlorinated s olvents, uns pecified lb 1.3E-12 1.3E-12

Ant imon y lb 3.0E-05 3.0E-05 Chlorine lb 7.7E-11 7.7E-11

Ant imon y-122 Bq 1.4E-08 1.4E-08 Chloroacetic acid lb 3.6E-12 3.6E-12

Ant imon y-124 Bq 1.0E-06 1.0E-06 Chloroacetyl chloride lb 6.6E-17 6.6E-17

Ant imon y-125 Bq 9.9E-07 9.9E-07 Chloroform lb 3.5E-15 3.5E-15

Ant imon y compou nd s lb 1.1E-19 1.1E-19 Chlorosulfonic acid lb 6.1E-16 6.1E-16

AOX, Adsorbable Organic Halogen as Cl lb 4.1E-04 4.1E-04 Chlorpyrifos lb 9.8E-15 9.8E-15

Arsenic lb 2.3E-12 2.3E-12 Chromium lb 0.0012 0.0012

Arsenic, ion lb 1.7E-04 1.7E-04 Chromium-51 Bq 4.5E-06 4.5E-06

Barite lb 1.8E-08 1.8E-08 Chromium VI lb 9.7E-07 9.7E-07

Barium lb 0.67 0.67 Chromium, ion lb 1.6E-04 1.6E-04

Barium-140 Bq 5.9E-08 5.9E-08 Chrys en e lb 1.9E-14 1.9E-14

Bentazone lb 2.2E-14 2.2E-14 Clomazone lb 5.1E-15 5.1E-15

Benzene lb 0.0011 0.0011 Cobalt lb 1.8E-05 1.8E-05

Benzene, 1-methy l-4-(1-meth ylethyl)- lb 6.2E-08 6.5E-08 Cobalt-57 Bq 1.3E-07 1.3E-07

Benzene, 1,2-dichloro- lb 7.5E-14 7.5E-14 Cobalt-58 Bq 2.0E-05 2.0E-05

Benzene, chloro- lb 1.5E-12 1.5E-12 Cobalt-60 Bq 3.1E-05 3.1E-05

Benzene, ethyl- lb 7.2E-05 7.2E-05 COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand lb 0.46 0.41

Note: Radionuclides are in units o f becqu erel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs of fabricated plastic part.

Source: Franklin Ass ociates, A Division o f ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

CLIENTS\RPPG\KC112362

09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 37

Table 13. Cradle-to-Gate Waterborne Emissions for Injection Molded Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 2 of 4)

PP Part LLDPE

Part PP Part LLDPE

Part

Copper lb 6.9E-05 8.5E-05 Hexan e lb 2.4E-18 2.4E-18

Copper, ion lb 2.7E-04 2.5E-04 Hexanoic acid lb 1.7E-04 1.7E-04

Cresol lb 2.1E-17 2.1E-17 Hydroca rbons , aliphat ic, alkan es, un sp ecified lb 7.2E-10 7.2E-10

Cumene lb 1.5E-08 1.5E-08 Hydro carbon s, aliphatic, unsat urated lb 6.7E-11 6.7E-11

Curium alpha Bq 8.2E-08 8.2E-08 Hydrocarbo ns , aromatic lb 3.0E-09 3.0E-09

Cyanide lb 4.6E-08 4.8E-08 Hydro carbon s, un sp ecified lb 2.9E-09 2.9E-09

Cyclohexane lb 4.6E-17 1.0E-04 Hydrogen-3, Tritium Bq 1.02 1.02

Decane lb 2.3E-05 2.3E-05 Hyd rogen chloride lb 1.3E-12 1.3E-12

Detergent, oil lb 4.0E-04 4.0E-04 Hydro gen fluoride lb 3.1E-15 3.1E-15

Detergents, un specified lb 1.9E-14 1.9E-14 Hydroge n peroxide lb 7.5E-13 7.5E-13

Dibenzofuran lb 1.2E-07 1.2E-07 Hydrog en s ulfide lb 2.8E-09 2.8E-09

Dibenzothioph ene lb 1.1E-07 1.1E-07 Hydro xide lb 3.7E-11 3.7E-11

Dichromate lb 1.1E-12 1.1E-12 Hypo chlorite lb 2.8E-11 2.8E-11

Diethylamine lb 3.2E-16 3.2E-16 Iod ide lb 5.6E-10 5.6E-10

Dimeth ylamine lb 1.7E-15 1.7E-15 Iodine -129 Bq 9.0E-06 9.0E-06

Dioxins, measu red as 2,3,7,8-tetra- Iodine-131 Bq 2.4E-07 2.4E-07

chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin lb 1.2E-19 1.2E-19 Iodine-133 Bq 3.7E-08 3.7E-08

Dipropylamine lb 1.8E-16 1.8E-16 Iron lb 0.11 0.11

Dissolve d organics lb 2.7E-17 2.7E-17 Iron-59 Bq 1.0E-08 1.0E-08

Dissolve d solids lb 9.74 9.70 Iron, ion lb 3.7E-06 3.7E-06

DOC, Diss olved Organ ic Carbo n lb 4.4E-06 4.4E-06 Iso propylamine lb 7.4E-17 7.4E-17

Docos ane lb 6.6E-07 6.9E-07 Lactic acid lb 1.4E-16 1.4E-16

Dodecan e lb 4.4E-05 4.4E-05 Lanth anu m-140 Bq 6.3E-08 6.3E-08

Eico san e lb 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 Lead lb 3.7E-04 3.7E-04

Ethane, 1,2-dichloro- lb 3.6E-13 3.6E-13 Lead-210 Bq 1.2E-05 1.2E-05

Ethanol lb 4.3E-13 4.3E-13 Lead-210/kg lb 8.2E-14 8.3E-14

Ethene lb 4.1E-11 4.1E-11 Lead 210 lb 8.9E-22 8.9E-22

Ethene, chloro- lb 6.9E-13 6.9E-13 Lithium, ion lb 0.50 0.54

Ethyl acetate lb 3.7E-16 3.7E-16 m-Xylene lb 2.3E-05 2.4E-05

Ethylamine lb 1.9E-16 1.9E-16 Ma gnesium lb 0.41 0.42

Ethylene diamine lb 8.4E-16 8.4E-16 M anga nes e lb 0.0059 0.0057

Ethylene oxide lb 2.4E-12 2.4E-12 Mang anes e-54 Bq 3.3E-06 3.3E-06

Fluoranth ene lb 3.9E-15 3.9E-15 Mercury lb 8.0E-07 7.8E-07

Fluorene lb 1.9E-06 1.9E-06 Me tallic ion s, un sp ecified lb 2.6E-07 2.6E-07

Fluorene, 1-meth yl- lb 7.0E-08 7.4E-08 Methane, dibromo- lb 1.0E-18 1.0E-18

Fluorenes , alkylated, uns pecified lb 4.5E-06 4.6E-06 Methan e, dichloro-, HCC-30 lb 5.9E-11 5.9E-11

Fluoride lb 0.0029 0.0028 Meth ane , mon och loro-, R-40 lb 2.5E-08 2.6E-08

Fluorine lb 2.4E-07 2.4E-07 Methane, trichlorofluoro-, CFC-11 lb 4.6E-13 4.6E-13

Fluosilicic acid lb 3.2E-09 3.2E-09 M ethanol lb 5.3E-11 5.3E-11

Formalde hyd e lb 6.4E-11 6.4E-11 Met hyl aceta te lb 2.0E-17 2.0E-17

Formamide lb 1.1E-16 1.1E-16 Meth yl acrylate lb 5.7E-13 5.7E-13

Formate lb 4.9E-14 4.9E-14 Met hyl amine lb 3.4E-16 3.4E-16

Formic acid lb 3.1E-17 3.1E-17 Met hyl eth yl ketone lb 5.0E-08 5.2E-08

Furan lb 1.4E-16 1.4E-16 Methy l formate lb 5.0E-17 5.0E-17

Gluta raldehyd e lb 2.2E-12 2.2E-12 Meto lachlor lb 5.2E-14 5.2E-14

Glyp hos ate lb 1.8E-12 1.8E-12 M etribuzin lb 1.3E-14 1.3E-14

Glyp hos ate-trimes ium lb 1.4E-13 1.4E-13 Mo lybden um lb 1.8E-05 1.8E-05

Haloalkanes lb 1.2E-13 1.2E-13 Molybd enu m-99 Bq 2.2E-08 2.2E-08

Heat, waste MJ 0.0033 0.0033 n-Hexacosan e lb 4.1E-07 4.3E-07

Hexadecane lb 4.8E-05 4.8E-05 n-Hexadecane lb 5.7E-15 5.7E-15

Note: Radionuclides are in units o f becque rel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs o f fabricated plastic part.

Source: Franklin A ss ociates, A Division of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Table 13. Cradle-to-Gate Waterborne Emissions for Injection Molded Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 3 of 4)

PP Part LLDPE

Part PP Part LLDPE

Part

Naphth alene lb 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 Radium-226 Bq 0.0056 0.0056

Naphth alene, 2-meth yl- lb 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 Radium-226/kg lb 2.9E-11 2.9E-11

Naphth alenes , alkylated, uns pecified lb 1.3E-06 1.3E-06 Radium-228 Bq 5.6E-04 5.6E-04

Nickel lb 1.7E-04 1.7E-04 Rad ium-228/kg lb 1.5E-13 1.5E-13

Nickel, ion lb 1.2E-07 1.2E-07 Rubidium lb 5.6E-11 5.6E-11

Niobium-95 Bq 9.9E-08 9.9E-08 Ruthen ium-103 Bq 4.6E-09 4.6E-09

Nitrate lb 6.9E-08 6.9E-08 Ruthenium-106 Bq 6.2E-08 6.2E-08

Nitrate compound s lb 6.2E-13 6.2E-13 Scandium lb 4.1E-10 4.1E-10

Nitric acid lb 9.8E-16 9.8E-16 Selenium lb 6.9E-05 6.7E-05

Nitrite lb 1.5E-10 1.5E-10 Silico n lb 1.5E-05 1.5E-05

Nitrobenzene lb 1.6E-15 1.6E-15 Silver lb 0.0013 0.0013

Nitrogen lb 0.0015 0.0015 Silver-110 Bq 1.7E-05 1.7E-05

Nitrogen, organ ic boun d lb 5.4E-09 5.4E-09 Silver, ion lb 5.2E-11 5.2E-11

Nitrogen, tot al lb 4.5E-04 4.3E-04 Sodium-24 Bq 1.6E-07 1.6E-07

o-Cresol lb 2.3E-05 2.3E-05 Sod ium dich romate lb 1.5E-07 1.5E-07

o-Xylene lb 4.0E-06 4.1E-06 Sodium formate lb 6.5E-14 6.5E-14

Octadecane lb 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 So dium hydroxide lb 2.5E-17 2.5E-17

Oils , uns pecified lb 0.022 0.023 Sod ium, ion lb 6.44 6.43

Organic sub stanc es, unspecified lb 4.3E-14 4.3E-14 Solids, inorganic lb 1.8E-07 1.8E-07

p-Cresol lb 2.4E-05 2.5E-05 Solved so lids lb 18.4 18.4

p-Xylene lb 4.0E-06 4.1E-06 Strontium lb 0.043 0.043

PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbo ns lb 8.1E-11 8.1E-11 Strontium-89 Bq 3.8E-07 3.8E-07

Particulates, < 10 um lb 1.6E-14 1.6E-14 Strontium-90 Bq 0.0015 0.0015

Particulates, > 10 um lb 2.7E-07 2.7E-07 Styrene lb 1.0E-06 1.0E-06

Pendimethalin lb 2.9E-13 2.9E-13 Sulfate lb 0.41 0.40

Phenan thren e lb 3.7E-07 3.7E-07 Sulfide lb 1.0E-04 5.6E-05

Phenan thren es , alkylat ed, un sp ecified lb 5.3E-07 5.4E-07 Sulfite lb 8.1E-11 8.1E-11

Pheno l lb 0.0012 0.0012 Sulfur lb 0.0020 0.0021

Pheno l, 2,4-dimeth yl- lb 2.2E-05 2.2E-05 Surfactants lb 6.3E-05 3.3E-05

Pheno ls, uns pecified lb 2.2E-04 2.4E-04 Surfactant s, un specified lb 1.3E-04 1.6E-04

Phos phate lb 3.5E-04 3.5E-04 Susp end ed s olids, un specified lb 4.68 4.75

Phos phorus lb 1.6E-10 1.0E-04 t-Butyl meth yl ethe r lb 3.3E-11 3.3E-11

Phos phorus compoun ds , uns pecified lb 8.7E-12 8.7E-12 t-Butylamine lb 3.8E-16 3.8E-16

Plutonium-alpha Bq 2.5E-07 2.5E-07 Tar lb 2.5E-20 2.5E-20

Polonium-210 Bq 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 Technetium-99m Bq 5.0E-07 5.0E-07

Potas sium lb 6.8E-12 6.8E-12 Tellurium-123m Bq 6.9E-08 6.9E-08

Potas sium-40 Bq 4.6E-06 4.6E-06 Tellurium-132 Bq 1.3E-09 1.3E-09

Potas sium, ion lb 7.9E-07 7.9E-07 Tetradecane lb 1.9E-05 1.9E-05

Process s olven ts , uns pec ified lb 1.4E-14 1.0E-04 Thallium lb 6.4E-06 6.5E-06

Propanal lb 8.4E-17 8.4E-17 Tho rium-228 Bq 0.0011 0.0011

Propane, 1,2-dichloro- lb 5.6E-21 5.6E-21 Thorium-230 Bq 9.0E-04 9.0E-04

Propano l lb 3.2E-16 3.2E-16 Thorium-232 Bq 6.5E-07 6.5E-07

Propene lb 5.4E-09 5.4E-09 Thorium-234 Bq 6.6E-06 6.6E-06

Propionic acid lb 2.4E-16 2.4E-16 Tin lb 1.4E-04 1.4E-04

Propylamine lb 3.4E-17 3.4E-17 Tin, ion lb 6.0E-09 6.0E-09

Propylene oxide lb 6.6E-12 6.6E-12 Titanium lb 2.8E-12 2.8E-12

Protactinium-234 Bq 6.6E-06 6.6E-06 Titan ium, ion lb 4.7E-04 4.7E-04

Radioactive s pecies , alpha emitters Bq 2.9E-08 2.9E-08 TOC, Tot al Organic Carbon lb 0.0010 0.0010

Radioactive s pecies , Nuclides, uns pecified Bq 26,043 25,099 Toluene lb 0.0011 0.0011

Radium-224 Bq 2.8E-04 2.8E-04 Toluene, 2-chloro- lb 3.0E-16 3.0E-16

Note: Radionuclides are in units of becquerel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs of fabricated plas tic part.

Source: Franklin Ass ociates, A Division of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Table 13. Cradle-to-Gate Waterborne Emissions for Injection Molded Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 4 of 4)

PP Part LLDPE

Part

Tributyltin compounds lb 6.4E-12 6.4E-12

Triethylene glycol lb 9.8E-12 9.8E-12

Trifluralin lb 1.7E-13 1.7E-13

Trimethylamine lb 3.5E-17 3.5E-17

Tungsten lb 1.1E-09 1.1E-09

Uranium-234 Bq 7.9E-06 7.9E-06

Uranium-235 Bq 1.3E-05 1.3E-05

Uranium-238 Bq 4.5E-05 4.5E-05

Uranium alpha Bq 3.8E-04 3.8E-04

Urea lb 1.1E-16 1.1E-16

Vanadium lb 4.9E-05 3.6E-05

Vanadium, ion lb 1.2E-08 1.2E-08

VOC, vo latile organic compounds, un specified origin lb 2.0E-09 2.0E-09

Xylene lb 5.2E-04 5.2E-04

Yttrium lb 5.3E-06 5.4E-06

Zinc lb 0.0014 0.0014

Zinc-65 Bq 2.2E-06 2.2E-06

Zinc, ion lb 9.2E-08 9.2E-08

Zirconium-95 Bq 2.6E-08 2.6E-08

Note: Radionuclides are in units of becquerel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs of fabricated plastic part.

Source: Franklin As s ociates , A Division of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 40

CHAPTER 3. THERMOFORMING

INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the thermoforming plastic fabrication process and presents LCI results for

1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic in terms of energy requirements, solid wastes, and

atmospheric and waterborne emissions. The production and combustion of fuels used for process

and transportation energy and generation of U.S. grid electricity were modeled using data sets

developed by Franklin for the U.S. LCI Database. The data for virgin PP are the ACC resin data

revised in 2011.

THERMOFORMING UNIT PROCESS

Like injection molding, thermoforming is a principal fabrication technique for rapidly creating

large quantities of plastic articles. This technique is relatively simple and well established. A

sheet of extruded plastic is fed, usually on a roll or from an extruder, into a heated chamber

where the plastic is softened. The sheet is then clamped over a negative mold while in a softened

state and then cooled. A punch loosens the plastic forms and eliminates sheet webbing that may

be recycled back into the process. Thin-gauge sheet or film is used in thermoforming to produce

disposable/recyclable food, medical and general retail products such as containers, cups, lids, and

trays. Thick-gauge sheet is used to produce larger, usually more permanent, items such as plastic

pallet, truck beds, and spas.

Figure 14. Main Stages of the Thermoforming Process per Hannay 2002 12

Though the mold limits the range of shapes available, this technique is particularly advantageous

for thin-walled packaging, and/or large formings. Vacuum/pressure is utilized to prevent air

traps, and plug-assisted devices are used to ensure uniform wall thickness and material

distribution. The process may also be varied to make multilayer barriers and add heat resistance

to the end product.

12 Hannay F. 2002. Rigid Plastics Packaging-Materials, Processes, and Applications. Smithers Rapra Publishing

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Parameters having an influence on the specific energy consumption (SEC) for the thermoforming

process are temperature-related, material-related, pressure/vacuum-related, and assisting plug-

related. Temperature-related aspects are the heating temperature and heating time at the

thermoforming machinery. Many thermoforming operations are continuous, meaning that sheet

is extruded at the thermoforming step rather than purchased and inserted into the thermoforming

machine on a roll. Continuous thermoforming can reduce overall SEC given that resin is heated

once to form sheet and then formed while it is still in a softened state, rather than being heated

twice (i.e., once to produce sheet and again to soften the purchased sheet at the thermoforming

step).

The part’s physical characteristics influencing overall energy requirements are the resin type, the

weight of the part, and the shape of the part which determines the percentage of material input

that becomes prompt scrap. The part’s resin type determines the processing temperatures

required for heating and cooling and these aspects can determine the optimal cycle time for

producing one part. Given a specific thermoforming machine and mold size, the resin type and

the dimensions of the resin sheet have significant influence on the heat requirements of the

thermoforming process. Assisted plug-related aspects are variations in the plug material, moving

speed, and moving distance or displacement. The wall thickness and uniformity of the

thermoformed part can be influenced by these plug assistance-related parameters. Of course,

plant management and operational characteristics, which determine machine downtimes and

frequency of start-ups, vary among facilities and can also significantly influence SEC.

Thermoformed products generated by facilities providing data for this analysis were produced

using sheet manufacturing equipment in combination with either vacuum form (VF) or pressure

form (PF) equipment. All participating facilities use continuous thermoforming techniques.

Nearly all of the weight, of thermoformed products represented by the LCI data, was formed

from a PP-type resin. Product sizes produced by participating facilities varied but were largely

produced from thin-gauge PP sheet.

The average participating facility produces several varieties of parts and annually produces about

281 pounds of parts per square foot of manufacturing floor space. In terms of process energy

consumption, the average participating facility consumes electricity at molding equipment and/or

for printing and decorating. Natural gas is largely consumed at the finishing steps, and other

process fuels are consumed at this step and for molding equipment. The amount of incoming

corrugated box material is equivalent to that coming out of the process as it is purchased to be

used as shipping packaging for finished thermoformed items. An average of 149 pounds of rigid

plastic part scrap is produced for every 1,000 pounds of thermoformed parts produced; this scrap

is sold for recycling. The remaining solid waste generated from the facilities surveyed in this

analysis is landfilled. For every 1,000 pounds of thermoformed plastic, 2.10 pounds of solid

waste is sent to landfill. Of this solid waste, an average of 96 percent by mass is process waste

such as contaminated resin scrap, hydraulic oil, and/or inks; while, five percent is packaging

waste from incoming materials. Table 14 displays the weighted industry average LCI data

compiled from the data collected in this study for the thermoforming unit process.

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Table 14. LCI Unit Process Data for Thermoforming

Outputs to Technosphere

Rigid Plastic Part 1,000 lb 1,000 kg

Corrugate for Shipping 101 lb 101 kg

Rigid Plastic Scrap 149 lb 149 kg

Inputs from Technosphere (to Product)

Virgin Resin 1 ,158 lb 1,158 kg

Colorant 10.0 lb *10.0 kg

Inputs from Technosphere (to Process)

Corrugate for Shipping 101 lb 101 kg

Process Water Consumptio n 100 gal *834 liter

Total Total

Energy Usage Energy Energy

Thousand Btu

Gi gaJoul es

Process Energy

Electricity (grid) 1,058 kwh 10,889 2,333 kwh 25.4

Natural gas

143 c u ft 160 8 .93 cu meters 0.37

LPG 1.00 gal 108 8.34 liter 0.25

Gasoline 0.010 gal 1.42 0.083 lite r 0.0033

Diesel 0.10 gal 15.9 0.83 liter 0.037

Total Process 11,050 2 5.7

Incoming Materials Transportation Energy

Combination truck 76.1 to n-miles 245 tonne-km

Diesel 0.80 gal 127 6.67 liter 0.30

Rail 669 ton-miles 2,154 tonne-km

Diesel 1.66 gal 264 13.9 liter 0.61

Total Transportation 391 0.91

Environmental Emi ssi ons

Atmospheric Emissions

Particulates 0.0010 lb * 0.0010 kg *

Solid Wastes

Landfilled 2.10 lb 2.10 kg

*This parameter was reported by fewer than three companies. To indicate known values while protecting the

confidentiality of individual company responses, the parameter is reported only by order of magnitude.

Source: Franklin Assoc iates, A Division of ERG

Engli sh units (Basi s: 1,000 l b)

SI units (Basis : 1,000 kg)

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 43

CRADLE-TO-GATE LCI RESULTS FOR THERMOFORMED PLASTIC PARTS

For thermoforming, the cradle-to-gate results tables and figures break out results by four main

process steps: (1) production of the virgin resin inputs, (2) production of other material inputs,

(3) transportation energy required for incoming materials, and (4) required processing energy

input. The virgin resin data results are for ACC virgin resin data updated in 2011. Because nearly

all products fabricated by facilities surveyed for this analysis are made of PP, only results for

thermoforming of this resins are shown in this report. In the previous section, Table 14 shows the

industrial average for mass of colorant material input to 1,000 pounds of plastic parts produced

by thermoforming. However, not all thermoformed products are pigmented, and the material

composition of colorant for polymers can vary widely in the industry. Colorants may be organic

or inorganic, natural or synthetic, and have different toxicity properties depending on their

composition. Because of this wide variability and the fact that no representative LCI data for

colorants used in this application are available, the production of colorant is not included in the

cradle-to-gate LCI results.

The other material input to the thermoforming process is corrugated fiber boxes used for

shipping finished product. Corrugated fiber boxes are modeled using data adapted from the LCI

of converted corrugated boxes published by the Corrugated Packaging Alliance (CPA) in 2009.13

Though reported data indicated some lubricating oil used to maintain processing equipment, the

amount is a fraction of one percent of the material inputs to this process and is not included.

Throughout the cradle-to-gate LCI results shown in the remainder of this chapter, the results for

corrugated packaging (included in the results for “Other Materials”) correspond to the average

amount of corrugated packaging reported in Table 14. The amount of corrugated packaging used

for specific thermoformed products is expected to vary, depending on part size, configuration,

number of parts per box, etc. When using the generic thermoforming data set to model specific

product systems, actual packaging requirements should be used whenever possible.

Process energy is the energy used to extract, refine, and deliver electricity and/or fuels for

combustion required at the thermoforming step. Transportation energy is the energy for the

production and consumption of fuels used to deliver incoming materials to the thermoforming

facility. The production and combustion of fuels used for process and transportation energy and

generation of U.S. grid electricity were modeled using LCI data sets developed by Franklin for

the U.S. LCI Database.

Energy Results

Cumulative energy consumption for production of rigid plastic parts produced by thermoforming

is shown by energy category and process step for PP parts in Table 15 and Figure 15.

13 CPA (2010). Life Cycle Assessment of U.S. Industry-Average Corrugated Product, Final Report, Prepared for

the Corrugated Packaging Alliance, A Joint Initiative of the American Forest & Paper Association, the Fibre

Box Association, and the Association of Independent Corrugated Converters. Prepared by PE Americas and

Five Winds International, December 30, 2009.

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Table 15. Cradle-to-Gate Cumulative Energy Demand for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Production of

Resin Inputs

Production of Other

Materials

Transport

Energy

Process

Energy TOTAL (1) % TOTAL

(1)

Nuclear 0.42 0.069 0.0040 2.30 2.79 6%

Coal 1.10 0.19 0.010 08.1 09.4 19%

Natural Gas 22.2 0.14 0.020 2.24 24.6 50%

Petroleum 9.59 0.23 0.41 0.74 11.0 22%

Hydro 0.048 0.0073 4.6E-04 0.27 0.32 1%

Biomass 0.0010 0.77 9.9E-06 0.0058 0.78 2%

TOTAL (1) 33.4 1.40 0.45 13.7 48.9

% TOTAL (1) 68% 3% <1% 28%

(1) Totals may not sum due to rounding

Source: Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

Resin Production

Other Materials

Transport Energy

Process Energy

Million Btu

Biomass

Hydro

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Coal

Nuclear

Figure 15. Cradle-to-Gate Cumulative Energy Demand for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 45

The cradle-to-gate results show that total energy requirements for the fabrication step of

producing rigid plastic parts by thermoforming are less than half of the energy requirements for

producing the virgin resin input material. As shown in Table 16 and in Figure 16, 96 percent of

energy requirements for the fabrication unit process (i.e., gate-to-gate process) are in providing

electricity for thermoforming machinery, two percent of energy requirements are for delivery of

materials to the facility by rail, and one percent of energy requirements are for natural gas

supplied to finishing operations. The largest share of rail transport is required for delivery of

incoming virgin resin materials.

Table 16. Unit Process Energy Demand for Thermoforming Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Electricity Inputs Natural Gas Inputs Diesel Inputs LPG Inputs Gasoline

Inputs

Rail

Transport

Truck

Transport TOTAL (1) % TOTAL

(1)

Nuclear 2.30 4.2E-04 1.5E-04 9.3E-04 1.3E-05 0.0027 0.0013 2.31 16%

Coal 8.13 0.0011 3.9E-04 0.0025 3.4E-05 0.0070 0.0035 8.14 58%

Natural Gas 2.08 0.16 7.4E-04 0.0046 6.3E-05 0.013 0.0065 2.26 16%

Petroleum 0.63 5.7E-04 0.015 0.095 0.0013 0.28 0.13 1.15 8%

Hydro 0.27 4.9E-05 1.7E-05 1.1E-04 1.5E-06 3.1E-04 1.5E-04 0.27 2%

TOTAL (1)

13.4

0.16

0.016

0.10

0.0014

0.30

0.15

14.1

% TOTAL (1)

95%

<1%

(1) Totals may not sum due to rounding

Source: Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

0.0

1.5

3.0

4.5

6.0

Nuclear Coa l

Natura l Gas Petroleum Hydro

Million Btu

Truck Trans port

Rail Tran sport

Gas oline Inpu ts

LPG Input s

Die se l Input s

Natur al Gas Input s

Elect rici ty Inputs

Figure 16. Unit Process Energy Demand for Thermoforming Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Much of the energy demand for production of virgin resin and other materials is energy of

material resources (EMR). EMR is not an expended energy but the energy value of fuel

resources withdrawn from the planet’s finite fossil reserves and used as material inputs for

materials such as plastic resins or corrugated fiber. Use of these material resources as a material

input removes them as fuel resources from the energy pool; however, some of this energy

remains embodied in the material produced. A detailed description of EMR methodology can be

found in Chapter 1: LCI PRACTITIONER METHODOLOGY VARIATION. Table 17 and

Figure 17 show the relative amounts of cradle-to-gate EMR versus non-EMR energy demand for

thermoforming PP parts.

Table 17. EMR vs. Non-EMR Cradle-to-Gate Energy Demand for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Production of

Resin Inputs

Production of Other

Materials

Transport

Energy

Process

Energy

TOTAL (1) % TOTAL

(1)

Expended Energy 11 .5 0.68 0.45 13.7 26.3 54%

Natural Gas EMR 14.5 0.016 0 0 14.5 30%

Petroleum EMR 7.46 2.6E-04 0 0 7.46 15%

Biomass EMR 0 0.70 0 0 0.70 1%

TOTAL (1) 33.4 1.40 0.45 13.7 48.9

(1) Totals may not sum due to rounding

Source: Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

Resin Production Other Materials Transport Energy Process Energy

Million Btu

Biomass EMR

Petrole um EMR

Natural Gas EMR

Expende d Energy

Figure 17. EMR vs. Non-EMR Cradle-to-Gate Energy Demand for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Million Btu of energy per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Water Use Results

Consumptive water use for cradle-to-gate production of rigid plastic parts produced by the

thermoforming fabrication method is shown by process step in Table 18 and Figure 18.

Table 18. Cradle-to-Gate Water Use for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Gallons of water per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Resin

Inputs

Other

Materials

Transport

Energy

Process

Energy TOTAL (1)

Per 1,000 lb PP Part 1,093 216 16.2 6.51 1,332

% TOTAL (1) 82% 16% 1% 0%

(1) Totals may not sum due to rounding

Source: Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

500

1,000

1,500

Per 1,000 lb PP Part

Gallons Water

Process Energy

Transport Energy

Other Materials

Resin Inputs

Figure 18. Cradle-to-Gate Water Use for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Gallons of water per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

The cradle-to-gate results show that the bulk of water is consumed in production of the virgin

resin inputs. At the fabrication step, water consumed during production of other materials and

incoming process water are the next largest contributing aspects to total water consumption.

Water consumed at the thermoforming facility, 100 gallons per 1,000 pounds of fabricated

plastic, is included in the ‘other materials’ assessment. The remaining 116 gallons in the ‘other

materials’ step is consumed during the production of the corrugated fiber box material required

for outgoing shipment of the thermoformed parts. The ‘process energy’ and ‘transport energy’

columns show water consumption associated with the steps to extract, process, and deliver the

fuels used for process and transportation steps, including water consumption associated with

electricity generation.

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Solid Waste Results

Solid waste generation for cradle-to-gate production of rigid plastic parts produced by the

thermoforming fabrication method is shown by process step in Table 19 and Figure 19.

Table 19. Cradle-to-Gate Solid Waste Generation for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Pounds of solid waste per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Production of

Resin Inputs

Production of

Other Materials

Transport

Energy

Process

Energy

Process

Wastes

TOTAL (1)

Per 1,000 lb PP Part 130 19.2 1.68 238 2.10 391

% TOTAL (1) 33% 5% <1% 61% <1%

(1) Totals may not sum due to rounding

Source: Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Per 1,000 lb PP Part

Pounds Solid Waste

Process Wastes

Process Energy

Transport Energy

Production of Other Mat erials

Production of Resin Inputs

Figure 19. Cradle-to-Gate Solid Waste Generation for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Pounds of solid waste per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 49

The cradle-to-gate results for solid waste generation indicate that over half of total generation

occurs during the production and combustion of the fuels required directly for operations and to

produce electricity for operations at the thermoforming facility. The next largest portion of solid

waste is that generated during the production of the virgin resin material inputs. Scrap that is put

to some use on-site or by an off-site user is not included in the total solid waste generation

inventory. Also, because this is a cradle-to-gate LCI analysis, (i.e., extends only through

production of the fabricated plastic part) no postconsumer wastes are modeled. The disposition

of a fabricated plastic product depends on the product application (packaging, durable product,

etc.), its composition, access to recycling programs, and other product-specific factors that are

outside the scope of a generic cradle-to-gate LCI.

Atmospheric and Waterborne Emissions

The emissions reported in this analysis include those associated with production of materials and

production and combustion of fuels required for thermoforming rigid PP parts. The emissions

tables in this section present emission quantities based upon the best data available. However, in

the many unit processes included in the system models, some emissions data have been collected

as reported from the industrial sources, some are estimated from EPA emission factors, and some

have been calculated based on reaction chemistry or other information.

Atmospheric and waterborne emissions for each production of thermoformed PP plastic parts

include emissions from (1) production of the virgin resin inputs, (2) production of other material

inputs such as corrugated shipping packaging, (3) production and combustion of fuels during

transportation of incoming materials, (4) production and combustion of required processing fuels

and production of the required electricity at the thermoforming facility, and from (5) the

thermoforming facility itself during plastics fabrication processes. Non-fuel related emissions at

the thermoforming facility are particulate matter from the thermoforming process. The majority

of atmospheric emissions are often related to the combustion of fuels during any of these steps,

particularly in the case of greenhouse gas emissions, which are the focus of this discussion.

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions. The atmospheric emissions that typically contribute the

majority of the total greenhouse gas impacts for product systems are fossil fuel-derived carbon

dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Greenhouse gas impacts are reported as carbon dioxide

equivalents (CO2 eq). Global warming potential (GWP) factors are used to convert emissions of

individual greenhouse gases to the basis of CO2 eq. The GWP of each greenhouse gas represents

the relative global warming contribution of a pound of that substance compared to a pound of

carbon dioxide. For each emission at each step of the cradle-to-gate thermoformed PP part, the

weight of each greenhouse gas emitted is multiplied by its GWP, then the CO2 eq for all the

individual GHGs are added to arrive at the total CO2 eq. GHG results for production of

thermoformed plastic parts are shown in Table 20 and Figure 20.

The GWP factors that are most widely used are those from the International Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) Second Assessment Report (SAR), published in 1996. The IPCC SAR 100-year

global warming potentials (GWP) are 21 for methane and 310 for nitrous oxide. Two subsequent

updates of the IPCC report with slightly different GWPs have been published since the SAR;

however, some reporting standards that were developed at the time of the SAR continue to use

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

CLIENTS\RPPG\KC112362

09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 50

the SAR GWP factors.14 In addition to GHG results based on IPCC SAR GWP factors, the tables

in this report also show GHG results using IPCC 2007 GWP factors, which are 25 for methane

and 298 for nitrous oxide. The total CO2 eq using the 2007 factors is slightly higher than the CO2

eq calculated using 1996 SAR factors.

Table 20. Cradle-to-Gate GHGs for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Pounds CO2 equivalents per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

Production of

Resin Inputs

Production of

Other Materials

Transport

Energy

Process

Energy

TOTAL (1) % TOTAL (1)

Fossil CO2

1,500

138

68.2

1,768

3,475

87%

Methane

400

5.71

3.33

98.5

508

13%

Nitrous Oxide

6.88

0.62

0.53

11.7

19.8

<1%

Others 0.16 0.41 0.0066 0.0028 0.57 <1%

TOTAL (1)

1,908

145

72.1

1,878

4,003

100%

% TOTAL (1) 48 % 4% 2% 47% 100%

(1) Totals may not sum due to rounding

Source: Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

Fossil CO2

Methane

Nitrous

Oxide

Others

Pounds CO2 Equivalent

Process Energy

Incoming Transport

Other Materials

Resin Inputs

Figure 20. Cradle-to-Gate GHGs for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Pounds CO2 equivalents per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic)

14 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change reporting guidelines for national inventories

continue to use GWPs from the IPPC Second Assessment Report (SAR). For this reason, the U.S. EPA also uses

GWPs from the IPCC SAR, as described on page ES-1 of EPA 430-R-08-005 Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse

Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2006 (April 15, 2008).

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 51

The results show that over half of the GHG emissions are associated with production of

electricity and production and combustion of fuels used at the thermoforming facility. The

production of virgin resin, which requires a substantial amount of fuels production and

combustion, as well as some fugitive emissions of carbon dioxide and methane released during

the extraction, transport, and processing of natural gas and crude oil feedstocks for resin

production, produces the bulk of remaining GHG emissions. No GHG emissions were reported

for the process at the injection molding facility; the only GHG emissions from these operations

are associated with incoming transport or process energy inputs. The breakout by GHG shows,

again, that carbon dioxide emissions are the largest contributors to the global warming potential

(GWP) of the GHGs; methane emissions have the second largest contribution and nitrous oxide

emissions the third largest contribution. Several other emissions from the cradle-to-gate plastic

fabrication systems are GHGs (e.g., sulfur hexafluoride, CFCs, and HCFCs) but their cumulative

amounts and associated contribution to the overall GWP is less than one percent.

Other Atmospheric and Waterborne Emissions. Tables showing the full list of atmospheric

and waterborne emissions for cradle-to-gate thermoformed PP product are shown in Table 21

and Table 22, respectively.

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Table 21. Cradle-to-Gate Atmospheric Emissions for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 1 of 4)

PP Part PP Part

1-Butanol lb 3.0E-17 Bentazone lb 5.2E-13

1-Pentanol lb 2.4E-17 Benzal chloride lb 3.1E-20

1-Pentene lb 1.8E-17 Benzaldehyde lb 8.6E-14

1-Propanol lb 3.3E-15 Benzene lb 0.11

1,4-Butanediol lb 6.4E-16 Benzene, 1-methyl-2-nitro - lb 3.1E-17

2-Aminopropanol lb 2.0E-17 Benzene, 1,2-dichloro- lb 6.6E-16

2-Butene, 2-methyl- lb 4.0E-21 Benzene, 1,2,4-trichloro- lb 5.2E-05

2-Chloroacetophenone lb 3.8E-09 Benzene, 1,3,5-trimethyl- lb 7.7E-19

2-Methyl-1-propanol lb 6.6E-17 Benzene, chloro- lb 1.2E-08

2-Nitrobenzoic acid lb 3.5E-17 Benzene, ethyl- lb 0.013

2-Propanol lb 9.9E-12 Benzene, hexachloro- lb 2.5E-12

2,4-D lb 8.6E-13 Benzene, pentachloro- lb 4 .7E-14

4-Methyl-2-pentanone lb 8.4E-05 Benzo(a)anthracene lb 3.0E-08

5-methyl Chrysene lb 8.3E-09 Benzo(a)pyrene lb 5.1E-08

Acenaphthene lb 1.9E-07 Benzo(b)fluoranthene lb 4 .5E-17

Acenaphthylene lb 9.4E-08 Benzo(b,j,k)fluoranthene lb 4 .1E-08

Acetaldehyde lb 6.6E-04 Benzo(ghi)perylene lb 1.0E-08

Acetic acid lb 2.6E-10 Benzyl chloride lb 3.8E-07

Acetic acid, methyl ester lb 4.5E-15 Beryllium lb 8.7E-06

Acetone lb 6.0E-04

Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-

lb 0.0011

Acetonitrile lb 1.8E-13 Biphenyl lb 6.4E-07

Acetophenone lb 8.1E-09 Boron lb 4.4E-10

Acid gases lb 7.8E-19 Boron trifluoride lb 4 .1E-21

Acidity, unspecified lb 3.3E-12 Bromine lb 5.0E-11

Acids, unspecified lb 1.4E-11 Bro moform lb 2.1E-08

Acrolein lb 0.0011 Bro moxynil lb 7.0E-13

Acrylic acid lb 2.6E-14

BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene), unspecified ratio

lb 1.1E-11

Actinides, radioactive, unspecified Bq 1.7E-08 Butadiene lb 2.5E-06

Aerosols, radioactive, unspecified Bq 1.9E-07 Butane lb 6.5E-09

Alachlor lb 6.2E-13 Butene lb 1.3E-10

Aldehydes, unspecified lb 0.0017 Butyrolactone lb 1.5E-16

alpha-Pinene lb 0.0019 Cadmium lb 3.0E-05

Aluminium lb 2.1E-08 Calcium lb 7.8E-10

Aluminum lb 4.6E-17 Carbon-14 Bq 0.0013

Ammonia lb 0.012 Carbon dioxide lb 0.14

Ammonium carbonate lb 1.2E-13 Carbon dioxide, biogenic lb 154

Ammonium chloride lb 0.0010 Carbon dioxide, fossil lb 3,475

Ammonium, ion lb 1 .2E-16 Carbon dioxide, land transformation lb 0.0020

Aniline lb 2.8E-16 Carbon disulfide lb 7.7E-08

Anthracene lb 7.9E-08 Carbon monoxide lb 7.92

Anthranilic acid lb 2.6E-17 Carbon monoxide, biogenic lb 2 .9E-09

Antimony lb 8.2E-06 Carbon monoxide, fossil lb 1.12

Antimony-124 Bq 2.5E-11 Carbonyl sulfide lb 3.4E-11

Antimony-125 Bq 1.6E-10 Cerium-141 Bq 2.5E-09

Argon-41 Bq 1.3E-04 Cesium-13 4 Bq 7.9E-09

Arsenic lb 1.7E-04 Cesium-137 Bq 1.8E-08

Arsenic trioxide lb 3.7E-19 Chloramine lb 1.3E-16

Arsine lb 3.1E-17 Chloride lb 1 .9E-12

Barium lb 6.6E-06

Chlorinated fluorocarbons and hydrochlorinated fluorocarbons, unspecified

lb 3.7E-12

Barium-140 Bq 1 .0E-08 Chlorine lb 1.6E-04

Note: Radionuclides are in units of becquerel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs of fabricated plastic part.

Source: Franklin Assoc iates, A Divisio n of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Table 21. Cradle-to-Gate Atmospheric Emissions for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 2 of 4)

PP Part PP Part

Chloroacetic acid lb 1.3E-04 Ethyne lb 3.9E-11

Chloroform lb 3.6E-11 Fluoranthene lb 2.7E-07

Chlorosilane, trimethyl- lb 2.5E-16 Fluorene lb 3.4E-07

Chlorosulfonic acid lb 2.3E-13 Fluoride lb 4.7E-05

Chlorpyrifos lb 1.1E-04 Fluorine lb 3.7E-08

Chromium lb 1.6E-10 Fluosilicic acid lb 1.8E-0 9

Chromium-51 Bq 3.0E-05 Formaldehyde lb 0.00 14

Chromium VI lb 1.3E-12 Formamide lb 4.4E-1 7

Chromium, ion lb 3.8E-08 Formic acid lb 1.3E-12

Chrysene lb 1.2E-13 Furan lb 1.7E-09

Clomazone lb 7.7E-05 Glyphosate lb 4.1E-11

Cobalt lb 2.7E-10 Glyphosate-trimesium lb 3.4E-12

Cobalt-58 Bq 3.2E-09 Heat, waste Btu 6,387

Cobalt-60 Bq 9.7E-07 Helium lb 5.1E-10

Copper lb 9.0E-09 Heptane lb 1.3E-0 9

Cumene lb 1.3E-06 Hexamethylene diamine lb 7.0E-18

Cyanide lb 2.0E-16 Hexane lb 7.0E-06

Cyanoacetic acid lb 4.5E-15 Hydrazine, methyl- lb 9 .1E-08

Cyclohexane lb 8 .6E-05 Hydrocarbons, aliphatic, alkanes, cyclic lb 7.5E-13

D-limonene lb 1.4E-17 Hydrocarbons, aliphatic, alkanes, unspecified lb 1.6E-08

Dibenz(a,h)anthracene lb 3.0E-21 Hydrocarbons, aliphatic, unsaturated lb 2.6E-09

Diethanolamine lb 1.3E-16 Hydrocarbons, aromatic lb 1.2E-08

Diethylamine lb 2.5E-16 Hydrocarbons, chlorinated lb 9.3E-12

Dimethyl malonate lb 0.001 8 Hydrocarbons, unspecified lb 0.072

Dimethyl sulfide lb 0.066 Hydrogen lb 0.005 4

Dinitrogen monoxide lb 8.9E-08 Hydrogen-3, Tritium Bq 0.0053

Dioxins, measured as 2,3,7,8-tetra- lb 7 .4E-17 Hydrogen bromide lb 2.3E-14

chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Hydrogen chloride lb 0.46

Dipropylamine lb 7.4E-17 Hydrogen cyanide lb 1.1E-12

Ethane lb 1.1E-08 Hydrogen fluoride lb 0.05 6

Ethane, 1,1-difluoro-, HFC-152a lb 5.8E-14 Hydrogen iodide lb 2.5E-17

Ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro -, HCFC-140 lb 1.1E-08 Hydrogen peroxide lb 6.9E-14

Ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro -, HFC-134a lb 1.5E-11 Hydrogen sulfide lb 7.2E-08

Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro -1,2,2-trifluoro-, CFC-113 lb 1.2E-15 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene lb 2 .3E-08

Ethane, 1,2-dibromo- lb 6.4E-10 Iodine lb 2.4E-11

Ethane, 1,2-dichloro- lb 2.2E-08 Iodine-129 Bq 1.0E-06

Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoro-, HCFC-123 lb 8.8E-14 Iodine-131 Bq 2.5E-05

Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-, CFC-114 lb 1.7E-1 2 Iodine-133 Bq 1.4E-08

Ethane, chloro- lb 2.3E-08 Iodine-135 Bq 3.7E-09

Ethane, hexafluoro-, HFC-116 lb 9.6E-10 Iron lb 6.6E-06

Ethanol lb 3.0E-11 Isocyanic acid lb 9.2E-13

Ethene lb 7.1E-10 Isophorone lb 3.1E-07

Ethene, chloro- lb 3.6E-11 Isoprene lb 5.0E-11

Ethene, tetrachloro- lb 1.7E-05 Isopropylamine lb 3.1E-17

Ethyl ace tate lb 4.6E-1 1 Kerosene lb 5.0E-04

Ethyl cellulose lb 9.3E-14 Krypton-85 Bq 2.2E-04

Ethylamine lb 8.0E-1 7 Krypton-85m Bq 1.05

Ethylene diamine lb 3.5E-16 Krypton-87 Bq 3.5E-05

Ethylene dibromide lb 2.2E-06 Krypton-88 Bq 4.6E-0 5

Ethylene oxide lb 4 .5E-12 Krypton-89 Bq 1.9E-05

Note: Radionuclides are in units of becquerel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs of fabricated plastic part.

Source: Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

CLIENTS\RPPG\KC112362

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Table 21. Cradle-to-Gate Atmospheric Emissions for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 3 of 4)

PP Part PP Part

Lactic acid lb 5.8E-17 Nitro gen lb 2.2E-09

Lanthanum-140 Bq 8.8E-10 Nitrogen dioxide lb 2.0E-05

Lead lb 1.8E-04 Nitrogen oxides lb 9.05

Lead-210 Bq 4.8E-06 Nitrogen, total lb 2.7E-13

Lead compounds lb 9.1E-19 Nitrous oxide lb 5 .5E-04

m-Xylene lb 1.6E-12

NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds, unspecified origin

lb 1.38

Magnesium lb 0.0041 Noble gases, radioactive, unspecified Bq 9.35

Manganese lb 3.0E-04 Octane lb 2.0E-12

Manganese-54 Bq 8.2E-11 Odorous sulfur lb 4.2E-14

Mercaptans, unspecified lb 1.1E-04 Organic acids lb 3.8E-06

Mercury lb 3.5E-05 Organic substances, unspecified lb 0.014

Metals, unspecified lb 0.0023 Oxygen lb 1.2E-08

Methacrylic acid, methyl ester lb 1.1E-08 Ozone lb 9 .1E-10

Methane lb 2 .75 P AH, polycycli c aromatic hydrocarbons lb 1.1E-05

Methane, biogenic lb 3.4E-09 Palladium lb 2.0E-23

Methane, bromo-, Halon 1001 lb 8.6E-08 Particulates, < 10 um lb 1.41

Methane, bromochlorodifluoro-, Halon 1211 lb 8.9E-13 P articulates, < 2.5 um lb 0.25

Methane, bromotrifluoro-, Halon 1301 lb 4.1E-12 Particulates , > 10 um lb 9 .1E-07

Methane, chlorodifluoro-, HCFC-22 lb 1.0E-06 Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um lb 0.23

Methane, chlorotrifluoro-, CFC-13 lb 1.2E-05 Particulates , unspecified lb 1.48

Methane, dichloro-, HCC-30 lb 1.6E-04 Pendimethalin lb 6 .7E-12

Methane, dichlorodifluoro -, CFC-12 lb 3.7E-09 Pentane lb 8.2E-09

Methane, dichlorofluoro-, HCFC-21 lb 8.9E-18 Phenanthrene lb 1.0E-06

Methane, fossil lb 17.6 Phenol lb 1.0E-04

Methane, monochloro-, R-40 lb 2.8E-07 Phenol, 2,4-dichloro- lb 5.3E-17

Methane, tetrachloro-, CFC-10 lb 2.4E-06 Phenol, pentachloro- lb 6.6E-11

Methane, tetrafluoro-, CFC-14 lb 9.6E-09 Phenols, unspecified lb 3.5E-05

Methane, trichlorofluoro-, CFC-11 lb 3.9E-13 Phosphate lb 4.8E-15

Methane, trifluoro-, HFC-23 lb 2.8E-15 Phosphine lb 2.3E-17

Methanesulfonic acid lb 2.0E-16 P hosphorus lb 3.4E-10

Methanol lb 0.012 Phthalate, dioctyl- lb 3.9E-08

Methyl acetate lb 8.2E-18 Platinum lb 3 .4E-17

Methyl acrylate lb 2.9E-14 Plutonium-238 Bq 1.3E-13

Methyl amine lb 1.4E-16 Plutonium-alpha Bq 3.1E-12

Methyl borate lb 1.0E-17 Polonium-210 Bq 8.4E-06

Methyl ethyl ketone lb 1.1E-04 Polychlorinated biphenyls lb 3.0E-12

Methyl formate lb 1.2E-16 P olycyclic organic matter, unspecified lb 2.9E-05

Methyl lactate lb 6.4E-17 Potassium lb 0.0012

Methyl mercaptan lb 2.2E-04 Po tassium-40 Bq 1.0E-06

Methyl methacrylate lb 1.8E-16 Propanal lb 2.0E-07

Metolachlor lb 1.2E-12 Propane lb 7 .6E-09

Metribuzin lb 3.0E-13 Propene lb 1 .6E-04

Molybdenum lb 2.9E-11 Propionic acid lb 1.0E-11

Monoethanolamine lb 1.6E-09 Propylamine lb 1.4E-17

Naphthalene lb 2.5E-05 Propylene oxide lb 4.2E-06

Nickel lb 6.6E-04 Protactinium-234 Bq 1.6E-07

Niobium-95 Bq 9.8E-12 Pyrene lb 1.2E-07

Nitrate lb 1.5E-11 Radioactive species, other beta emitters Bq 6.4E-06

Nitric oxide lb 1.6E-13 Radioactive species, unspecified Bq 9.6E+06

Nitrobenzene lb 4.0E-16 Radionuclides (Including Radon) lb 0.028

Note: Radionuclides are in units of becquerel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs of fabricated plastic part.

Source: Franklin Associates, A Divisio n of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

CLIENTS\RPPG\KC112362

09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 55

Table 21. Cradle-to-Gate Atmospheric Emissions for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 4 of 4)

PP Part PP Part

Radium-22 6 Bq 6.5E-06 Thorium-234 Bq 1.6E-07

Radium-22 8 Bq 2.1E-06 Tin lb 1.2E-10

Radon-220 Bq 2.9E-05 Tin oxide lb 7.9E-20

Radon-222 Bq 21.6 Titanium lb 2.2E-10

Rhodium lb 1.9E-23 TOC, Total Organic Carbon lb 2.2E-04

Ruthenium-103 Bq 2.1E-12 Toluene lb 0.17

Scandium lb 4.4E-12 Toluene, 2-chloro- lb 1.6E-16

Selenium lb 4.9E-04 Toluene, 2,4-dinitro- lb 1.5E-10

Silicon lb 2.3E-09 Trichloroethane lb 3.2E-09

Silicon tetrafluoride lb 2.4E-14 Trifluralin lb 6.7E-12

Silver lb 2.0E-13 Trimethylamine lb 1.5E-17

Silver-110 Bq 2.1E-11 Tungsten lb 4.9E-13

Sodium lb 2.7E-05 Uranium lb 1.7E-13

Sodium chlorate lb 2.8E-13 Uranium-234 Bq 2.0E-06

Sodium dichromate lb 3.1E-13 Uranium-235 Bq 3.5E-07

Sodium formate lb 2.7E-14 Uranium-238 Bq 3.0E-06

Sodium hydroxide lb 2.6E-13 Uranium alpha Bq 8.9E-06

Strontium lb 2.3E-11 Used air lb 2.7E-05

Styrene lb 4.5E-05 Vanadium lb 2.0E-10

Sulfate lb 6.7E-09 Vinyl acetate lb 4.1E-09

Sulfur dioxide lb 15.5 VOC, volatile organic compounds lb 1.09

Sulfur hexafluoride lb 7.6E-12 Water lb 1.5E-05

Sulfur oxides lb 2.50 Xenon-131m Bq 1.8E-04

Sulfur trioxide lb 3.4E-15 Xenon-133 Bq 0.0068

Sulfur, total reduced lb 0.0092 Xenon-133m Bq 8.1E-06

Sulfuric acid lb 1.2E-13 Xenon-135 Bq 0.0027

Sulfuric acid, dimethyl ester lb 2.6E-08 Xenon-135m Bq 0.0017

t-Butyl methyl ether lb 2.0E-08 Xenon-137 Bq 5.1E-05

t-Butylamine lb 1.6E-16 Xenon-138 Bq 3.9E-04

Tar lb 1.7E-18 Xylene lb 0.097

Tellurium lb 1.7E-13 Zinc lb 8.3E-06

Terpenes lb 0.0066 Zinc-65 Bq 4.1E-10

Thallium lb 1.6E-12 Zinc oxide lb 1.6E-19

Thorium lb 1.4E-13 Zirconium lb 2.0E-13

Thorium-228 Bq 2.9E-07 Zirconium-95 Bq 4.0E-10

Thorium-230 Bq 6.2E-07

Thorium-232 Bq 3.0E-07

Note: Radionuclides are in units of becquerel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs of fabricated plastic part.

Source: Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

CLIENTS\RPPG\KC112362

09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 56

Table 22. Cradle-to-Gate Waterborne Emissions for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 1 of 4)

PP Part PP Part

1-Butanol lb 1.7E-13 Benzene, pentamethyl- lb 5.6E-08

1-Pentanol lb 5 .8E-17 Benzenes, alkylated, unspecified lb 8.1E-05

1-Pentene lb 4.4E-17 Benzo(a)anthracene lb 3.3E-15

1,4-Butanediol lb 2.5E-16 Benzo(b)fluoranthene lb 3.7E-1 5

2-Aminopropanol lb 5.0E-17 Benzoic acid lb 9.3E-04

2-Hexanone lb 6.0E-06 Beryllium lb 1.1E-05

2-Methyl-1-propanol lb 1.6E-16 Biphenyl lb 5.3E-06

2-Methyl-2-butene lb 9.7E-21 BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand lb 0.44

2-Propanol lb 4.6E-1 3 Borate lb 6.4E-15

2,4-D lb 3.7E-14 Boron lb 0.0029

4-Methyl-2-pentanone lb 3.1E-06 Bro mate lb 3.0E-10

Acenaphthene lb 4.9E-14 Bromide lb 0.16

Acenaphthylene lb 7.8E-15 Bromine lb 4.6E-09

Acetaldehyde lb 9.5E-13 Butene lb 4.8E-14

Acetic acid lb 1.4E-11 Butyl acetate lb 2.2E-13

Acetone lb 7.5E-06 Butyrolactone lb 3.7E-16

Acetonitrile lb 1 .7E-16 Cadmium lb 1.8E-1 1

Acetyl chloride lb 4.6E-17 Cadmium, ion lb 3.3E-05

Acidity, unspecified lb 5.5E-05 Calcium, ion lb 2.52

Acids, unspecified lb 1.2E-10 Carbon-14 Bq 1.4E-06

Acrylate, ion lb 6.1E-14 Carbon disulfide lb 1.6E-15

Acrylonitrile lb 4.1E-16 Carbonate lb 8.9E-10

Actinides, radioactive, unspecified Bq 1.6E-06 Carboxylic acids, unspecified lb 2.3E-08

Alachlor lb 2.7E-14 Cerium-141 Bq 1.1E-08

Aldehydes (unspecified) lb 2.3E-19 Cerium-144 Bq 3.3E-09

Aluminium lb 1.2E-06 Cesium lb 5.6E-12

Aluminum lb 0 .061 Cesium-134 Bq 1 .7E-06

Americium-241 Bq 2.8E-08 Cesium-136 Bq 1.9E-09

Ammonia lb 0.019 Cesium-137 Bq 2.0E-04

Ammonia, as N lb 5.0E-04 Chloramine lb 1.1E-15

Ammonium, ion lb 2.2E-04 Chlorate lb 2.3E-09

Aniline lb 6.8E-16 Chloride lb 29.2

Anthracene lb 3.9E-15 Chlorinated solvents, unspecified lb 1.3E-1 2

Antimony lb 3.3E-05 Chlorine lb 7.7E-11

Antimony-122 Bq 6.1E-09 Chloroacetic acid lb 3.6E-12

Antimony-124 Bq 4.7E-07 Chloroacetyl chloride lb 6.6E-17

Antimony-125 Bq 4.5E-07 Chloroform lb 3.5E-15

Antimony compounds lb 1.1E-19 Chlorosulfonic acid lb 6.1E-16

AOX, Adsorbable Organic Halogen as Cl lb 4.1E-0 4 Chlorpyrifos lb 9.8E-15

Arsenic lb 2.3E-12 Chromium lb 0.001 2

Arsenic, ion lb 2.1E-04 Chromium-51 Bq 2.0E-06

Barite lb 1 .8E-08 Chromium VI lb 1.3E-06

Barium lb 0 .74 Chromium, ion lb 2.1E-04

Barium-140 Bq 2.7E-08 Chrysene lb 1.9E-14

Bentazone lb 2 .2E-14 Clomazone lb 5.1E-15

Benzene lb 0.0013 Cobalt lb 2.0E-05

Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1 -methylethyl)- lb 7.4E-08 Cobalt-57 Bq 6.1E-08

Benzene, 1,2-dichloro- lb 7.5E-14 Cobalt-58 Bq 9.2E-06

Benzene, chloro- lb 1.5E-12 Cobalt-60 Bq 1.4E-05

Benzene, ethyl- lb 8 .4E-05 COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand lb 0.50

Note: Radionuclides are in units of becquerel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs of fabricated plastic part.

Source: Franklin Associates, A Divisio n of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

CLIENTS\RPPG\KC112362

09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 57

Table 22. Cradle-to-Gate Waterborne Emissions for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 2 of 4)

PP Part PP Part

Copper lb 6.9E-05 Hexanoic acid lb 1.9E-04

Copper, ion lb 3.3E-04 Hydrocarbons, aliphatic, alkanes, unspecified lb 7.2E-10

Cresol lb 2.1E-17 Hydrocarbons, aliphatic, unsaturated lb 6.7E-1 1

Cumene lb 1.5E-08 Hydrocarbons, aromatic lb 3.0E-09

Curium alpha Bq 3.7E-08 Hydrocarbons, unspecified lb 2.9E-09

Cyanide lb 5.5E-0 8 Hydrogen-3, Tritium Bq 0.46

Cyclohexane lb 4.6E-17 Hydrogen chloride lb 1.3E-12

Decane lb 2.7E-05 Hydrogen fluoride lb 3.1E-15

Detergent, oil lb 5.2E-04 Hydrogen peroxide lb 7.5E-13

Detergents, unspecified lb 1.9E-14 Hydrogen sulfide lb 2.8E-09

Dibenzofuran lb 1.4E-07 Hydroxide lb 3.7E-11

Dibenzothiophene lb 1.3E-07 Hypochlorite lb 2 .8E-11

Dichromate lb 1.1E-12 Iodide lb 5.6E-10

Diethylamine lb 3.2E-16 Iodine-129 Bq 4.1E-06

Dimethylamine lb 1.7E-15 Iodine-131 Bq 1.1E-07

Dioxins, measured as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

lb 1.2E-19 Iodine-1 33 Bq 1.7E-08

Dipropylamine lb 1.8E-16 Iron lb 0.13

Dissolved organics lb 2.7E-17 Iron-59 Bq 4.6E-09

Dissolved solids lb 9 .87 Iron, ion lb 3.7E-06

DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon lb 4.4E-06 Isopropylamine lb 7.4E-17

Docosane lb 8.0E-07 Lactic acid lb 1.4E-16

Dodecane lb 5.1E-05 Lanthanum-140 Bq 2 .9E-08

Eicosane lb 1.4E-05 Lead lb 4.3E-04

Ethane, 1,2-dichloro- lb 3.6E-13 Lead-210 Bq 5.5E-06

Ethanol lb 4.3E-13 Lead-210/kg lb 9.5E-14

Ethene lb 4.1E-11 Lead 210 lb 8.9E-22

Ethene, chloro- lb 6.9E-13 Lithium, ion lb 0.61

Ethyl acetate lb 3.7E-16 m-Xylene lb 2.7E-05

Ethylamine lb 1.9E-16 Magnesium lb 0.50

Ethylene diamine lb 8.4E-16 Manganese lb 0.00 72

Ethylene oxide lb 2.4E-12 Manganese-54 Bq 1.5E-06

Fluoranthene lb 3.9E-15 Mercury lb 9.0E-07

Fluorene lb 1.9E-06 Metallic ions, unspecified lb 2.6E-07

Fluorene, 1-methyl- lb 8.5E-08 Methane, dibromo- lb 1.0E-18

Fluorenes, alkylated, unspecified lb 4.7E-06 Methane, dichloro-, HCC-30 lb 5.9E-11

Fluoride lb 0.0036 Methane, monochloro-, R-40 lb 3.0E-08

Fluorine lb 3.1E-07 Methane, trichlorofluoro-, CFC-11 lb 4.6E-13

Fluosilicic acid lb 3.2E-09 Methanol lb 5.3E-11

Formaldehyde lb 6.4E-11 Methyl acetate lb 2.0E-17

Formamide lb 1.1E-16 Methyl acrylate lb 5 .7E-13

Formate lb 4.9E-14 Methyl amine lb 3.4E-1 6

Formic acid lb 3.1E-17 Methyl ethyl ketone lb 6.0E-08

Furan lb 1.4E-16 Methyl formate lb 5.0E-17

Glutaraldehyde lb 2.2E-12 Metolachlor lb 5.2E-14

Glyphosate lb 1.8E-12 Metribuzin lb 1.3E-14

Glyphosate-trimesium lb 1.4E-13 Molybdenum lb 2.1E-05

Haloalkanes lb 1.2E-13 Molybdenum-99 Bq 9.9E-09

Heat, waste Btu 1.41 n-Hexacosane lb 5.0E-07

Hexadecane lb 5.5E-05 n-Hexadecane lb 5.7E-15

Hexane lb 2.4E-18 Naphthalene lb 1.7E-05

Note: Radionuclides are in units of becquerel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs of fabricated plastic part.

Source: Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

CLIENTS\RPPG\KC112362

09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 58

Table 22. Cradle-to-Gate Waterborne Emissions for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 3 of 4)

PP Part PP Part

Naphthalene, 2-methyl- lb 1.4E-05 Radium-226/kg lb 3 .3E-11

Naphthalenes, alkylated, unspecified lb 1.3E-06 Radium-2 28 Bq 2.5E-04

Nickel lb 1 .9E-04 Radium-228/kg lb 1.7E-13

Nickel, ion lb 1.2E-07 Rubidium lb 5.6E-11

Niobium-95 Bq 4.5E-08 Ruthenium-103 Bq 2.1E-09

Nitrate lb 6.9E-08 Ruthenium-106 Bq 2.8E-08

Nitrate compounds lb 6.2E-13 Scandium lb 4.1E-10

Nitric acid lb 9.8E-16 Selenium lb 8.5E-05

Nitrite lb 1.5E-10 Silicon lb 1.5E-05

Nitrobenzene lb 1.6E-15 Silver lb 0.0016

Nitrogen lb 0.0015 Silver-110 Bq 7.9E-06

Nitrogen, organic bound lb 5.4E-09 Silver, ion lb 5.2E-11

Nitrogen, total lb 5.5E-04 Sodium-24 Bq 7.5E-08

o-Cresol lb 2.6E-05 Sodium dichromate lb 1.5E-07

o-Xylene lb 4.1E-06 Sodium formate lb 6.5E-14

Octadecane lb 1.4E-05 Sodium hydroxide lb 2.5E-17

Oils, unspecified lb 0.025 Sodium, ion lb 7.74

Organic substances, unspecified lb 4.3E-14 Solids, inorganic lb 1.8E-07

p-Cresol lb 2 .9E-05 Solved solids lb 24.0

p-Xylene lb 4.1E-06 Strontium lb 0.050

PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons lb 8.1E-11 Strontium-89 Bq 1.7E-07

Particulates, < 10 um lb 1.6E-14 Strontium-90 Bq 7.0E-04

Particulates, > 10 um lb 2.7E-07 Styrene lb 1.0E-06

Pendimethalin lb 2.9E-13 Sulfate lb 0.51

Phenanthrene lb 3.9E-07 Sulfide lb 1.1E-04

Phenanthrenes, alkylated, unspecified lb 5.5E-07 Sulfite lb 8.1E-11

Phenol lb 0.0013 Sulfur lb 0.00 24

Phenol, 2,4-dimethyl- lb 2.6E-05 Surfactants lb 6.4E-05

Phenols, unspecifie d lb 2.6E-04 Surfactants, unspecified lb 1.3E-04

Phosphate lb 3.5E-04 Suspended solids, unspecified lb 4.89

Phosphorus lb 1.6E-10 t-Butyl methyl ether lb 3.3E-11

Phosphorus compounds, unspecified lb 8.7E-12 t-Butylamine lb 3.8E-16

Plutonium-alpha Bq 1.1E-07 Tar lb 2.5E-20

Polonium-210 Bq 7.7E-06 Technetium-99m Bq 2.3E-07

Potassium lb 6.8E-12 Tellurium-123m Bq 3.2E-08

Potassium-40 Bq 2.1E-06 Tellurium-132 Bq 5.7E-10

Potassium, ion lb 7.9E-07 Tetradecane lb 2.2E-05

Process solvents, unspecified lb 1.4E-14 Thallium lb 7.0E-06

Propanal lb 8.4E-17 Thorium-228 Bq 5.0E-04

Propane, 1,2-dichloro- lb 5.6E-21 Thorium-230 Bq 4.1E-04

Propanol lb 3.2E-16 Thorium-232 Bq 3.0E-07

Propene lb 5.4E-09 Thorium-234 Bq 3.0E-06

Propionic acid lb 2.4E-16 Tin lb 1.6E-04

Propylamine lb 3.4E-17 Tin, ion lb 6.0E-09

Propylene oxide lb 6.6E-12 Titanium lb 2.8E-12

Protactinium-234 Bq 3.0E-06 Titanium, ion lb 5.1E-04

Radioactive species, alpha emitters Bq 1.3E-08 TOC, Total Organic Carbon lb 0.0010

Radioactive species, Nuclides, unspecified Bq 14,635 Toluene lb 0.0013

Radium-224 Bq 1 .3E-04 Toluene, 2-chloro- lb 3.0E-16

Radium-226 Bq 0.0025 Tributyltin compounds lb 6.4E-12

Note: Radionuclides are in units of becquerel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs of fabricated plastic part.

Source: Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

CLIENTS\RPPG\KC112362

09.30.11 3714.00.001.001 59

Table 22. Cradle-to-Gate Waterborne Emissions for Thermoformed PP Plastic Parts

(Per 1,000 pounds of fabricated plastic parts)

(Page 4 of 4)

PP Part

Triethylene glycol lb 9.8E-12

Trifluralin lb 1.7E-13

Trimethylamine lb 3.5E-17

Tungsten lb 1.1E-09

Uranium-234 Bq 3.6E-06

Uranium-235 Bq 5.9E-06

Uranium-238 Bq 2.0E-05

Uranium alpha Bq 1.7E-04

Urea lb 1.1E-16

Vanadium lb 5.3E-05

Vanadium, ion lb 1.2E-08

VOC, volatile organic compounds, unspecified origin lb 2.0E-09

Xylene lb 6.2E-04

Yttrium lb 6.2E-06

Zinc lb 0.0016

Zinc-65 Bq 1.0E-06

Zinc, ion lb 9.2E-08

Zirconium-95 Bq 1.2E-08

Note: Radionuclides are in units of becquerel (Bq) per 1,000 lbs of fabricated plastic part.

Source: Franklin Associates, A Division of ERG

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Abstract