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Towards a personality model encompassing a Disintegration factor separate from the Big Five traits: A meta-analysis of the empirical evidence
Abstract
Relying on a recent re-conceptualization of psychosis proneness as a personality trait, its relations with the Big Five traits were investigated in a meta-analytic study. This re-conceptualized trait – named Disintegration – is articulated as a broad, hierarchically organized, nine-faceted behavioral disposition. Disintegration is postulated to be a basic personality trait distinct from the Big Five traits. In accordance with this conceptualization, all the articles considered for this meta-analysis carry information on the relationship between Disintegration-like phenomena (referring to various aspects of symptomatology with prefix ‘schizo-’, both at the clinical and the sub-clinical level), and at least one Big Five trait. The benchmark for assuming distinctness of the trait Disintegration was .40, based on the meta-analytically derived correlations found among the Big Five traits. By computing inverse sampling variance weighted mean correlation coefficients under a random-effects assumption, the following associations were found between Disintegration and N, E, O, A, and C, respectively: .24, −.27, 0, −.19, and − 13. The differences in true correlations between the studies were substantial for each coefficient. Three variables were found to moderate Disintegration–personality correlations. The finding about the distinctness of Disintegration from other personality traits can have repercussions on the taxonomy of traits.
... Koffel and Watson (2009) subsequently reviewed findings establishing that anomalous sleep experiences, dissociation, and positive symptoms of schizotypy all define a common domain. In addition, several studies have identified a related Disintegration factor that contains nine distinguishable elements, including perceptual distortions, paranoia, and magical thinking (Knezěvić et al., 2016(Knezěvić et al., , 2017(Knezěvić et al., , 2022Ristić et al., 2023). ...
... Watson et al. (2015) subsequently reported an Anomalous Sleep Experiences factor that was distinct from higher-order domain scores from both the FFM and the six-factor HEXACO model (Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness). Finally, Knezěvić and colleagues consistently have found a Disintegration factor that is distinct from the traits defined by both the FFM (Knezěvić et al., 2016(Knezěvić et al., , 2017Ristić et al., 2023) and HEXACO (Knezěvić et al., 2022). ...
... Nevertheless, there is continuing debate about whether psychotic-like experiences define a truly distinct domain of personality. In particular, some researchers have argued that Psychoticism represents an extreme, maladaptive form of Openness (for discussions of this issue, see Blain et al., 2020;Chmielewski et al., 2014;Knezěvić et al., 2016;Smith et al., 2023;Watson et al., 2008). The factor analytic evidence we have reviewed seems to suggest that Psychoticism emerges as a factor that clearly is distinct from Openness. ...
We examined psychotic-like experiences in adults. In Session 1, 404 participants completed domain measures of the Big Five and HEXACO. We identified 25 potential Psychoticism markers in Session 2, which was roughly 3 weeks later. Exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) of the Session 1 and Session 2 scales revealed six factors: the Big Five, plus Psychoticism. Eighteen scales marked the Psychoticism factor; in addition, five scales assessing negative symptoms of schizotypy defined low Extraversion. Finally, we identified a semioverlapping set of 22 potential Psychoticism markers in Session 3 (N = 292), which was roughly 9.5 months after Session 2. EFAs of the Session 1 and Session 3 scales produced the same six factors. Sixteen scales defined Psychoticism; four scales assessing negative symptoms of schizotypy again formed a bipolar factor with Extraversion. Scores on the Psychoticism factors correlated .78 (N = 287) across this 9.5-month interval, demonstrating a trait-like level of stability.
... Moreover, the distinctiveness of D is robust to the level of analysis (i.e., D is extracted with both items or facets; Knežević et al., 2017Knežević et al., , 2022a and the assessment method (found in both self-report and close others' ratings) (Knežević et al., 2017). It is also worth highlighting that a distinct D factor can be observed even in measures that were not designed to capture D, i.e., it is seemingly found independent of the specific operationalization (e.g., Ashton & Lee, 2019;Knežević et al., 2016). This is further supported by meta-analytic evidence showing that D cannot -due to low intercorrelations -be integrated into existing personality frameworks such as Eysenck's PEN model (Knežević et al., 2019), Cloninger's Psychobiological Model of Personality , or the Big Five Lindenmayer et al., 2004;Watson et al., 2008). ...
... As stated, D could not be adequately integrated into existing personality models (e.g., Knežević et al., 2016Knežević et al., , 2019Lazarević et al., 2016). Thus, D is unlikely to be absorbed by other traits as it is a unique dimension. ...
... Following previous meta-analytic assessments of the discriminant validity of D (e.g., Knežević et al., 2016), we used the range of the aggregated HEXACO intercorrelations as a reference point and the maximum absolute HEXACO intercorrelation as a benchmark for assuming the distinction of D. First, we computed the difference score between any absolute HEXACO-D intercorrelation (e.g., | |) and the amount of the benchmark (e.g., | |). ...
This pre-registered meta-analysis examines the discriminant validity of Disintegration (D), the trait-like conceptualization of psychotic-like experiences and behaviors (PLEBs), in relation to the HEXACO personality traits. The main finding is that D shows small to moderate intercorrelations (i.e., range = |.01| - |.31|) ranging within the HEXACO intercorrelations. The main implication is that D as a most recent operationalization of PLEBs is not covered by existing taxonomies, but rather suggests its addition, which may allow for improved predictions of personality outcomes by covering previously neglected variance, or by capturing new phenomena. Limitations of the primary studies aggregated and the extended HEXACO plus D model are discussed.
... The association between Openness to Experience and Disintegration has been primarily studied in the context of separating Disintegration from the traits of the Big Five model and arguing in favor of a personality model that would include Disintegration as a basic personality trait (Kne zevi c et al., 2016). In previous studies, correlations obtained between the Openness to Experience facets and Disintegration facets ranged from low to moderate intensity, while the correlations between the Openness to Experience and Disintegration domains were around zero (Kne zevi c et al., 2016;Kne zevi c et al., 2017). Null correlations can be explained in the same manner as in the case of the relationship between Openness to Experience and schizotypy, considering the similarity of these constructs (Chmielewski & Watson, 2008;Chmielewski et al., 2014). ...
... Hence, the current study looked to explore the personality and affective correlates of Openness to Experience domains and facets from the Big Five and HEXACO model. Based on past work on Openness to Experience, we hypothesized that (a) Openness to Experience domains from IPIP-NEO and HEXACO would have near-zero correlations with schizotypy and Disintegration (Chmielewski et al., 2014;Kne zevi c et al., 2016;Mededovi c, 2014), (b) Subdomains of Openness and Intellect would be extracted from IPIP-NEO Openness to Experience and would have distinctive patterns of correlations with personality and affective variables (DeYoung et al., 2012), (c) Intellect facet from IPIP-NEO would correlate more strongly with need for cognition compared to other Openness to Experience facets from IPIP-NEO and HEXACO (Fleischhauer et al., 2010), (d) Adventurousness facet from IPIP-NEO would correlate more strongly with subjective wellbeing compared to other Openness to Experience facets from IPIP-NEO and HEXACO (Anglim et al., 2020), and lastly, (e) Emotionality facet from IPIP-NEO would correlate more strongly with mania compared to other Openness to Experience facets from IPIP-NEO and HEXACO (Kne zevi c et al., 2017). ...
... Openness to Experience domains from Big Five and HEXACO exhibited non-significant relations with schizotypy and near-zero correlations with Disintegration. However, the correlation between HEXACO Openness to Experience and Disintegration was significant, which is in line with previous findings (Chmielewski et al., 2014;Kne zevi c et al., 2016;Mededovi c, 2014). When looking at facet-level correlations, it is evident that both Openness to Experience facets from Big Five and HEXACO model show significant correlations with need for cognition, with Intellect having the highest correlation, as it was expected based on previous research (Fleischhauer et al., 2010). ...
Openness to Experience is considered to be one of the broadest personality traits. Different operationalizations of Openness to Experience within and between personality models incorporate various features of this trait. Differences in Openness facets across inventories may lead to differences in relation to certain outcomes. Hence, the current study looked to explore the personality and affective correlates of Openness domains and facets from the Big Five and HEXACO model. The sample consisted of 540 participants who completed measures assessing Openness to Experience domains and facets from Big Five and HEXACO, schizotypy, Disintegration, need for cognition, subjective well-being, and mania. Results revealed that schizotypy and Disintegration had mostly non-significant correlations with Openness domains from both models. However, multiple facets of Openness had significant both positive and negative correlations with these constructs. In contrast to HEXACO, Openness from the Big Five model could be presented with two distinct subdomains. The Pure Openness subdomain is related to higher mania, while Pure Intellect is associated with lower schizotypy, higher well-being, and higher need for cognition. Our results suggest that measuring Openness at lower structural levels provides us with more nuanced patterns of relationships among constructs.
... Additional lines of the compelling evidence on the continual distribution of PLEs having the same meaning across clinical and non-clinical populations could be found elsewhere (see, for example, [8] Although the majority accepts the existence of the continuum of PLEs, some uneasiness seems to exist regarding its conceptualization as a personality trait, like Big Five or HEXACO traits. Even though some openly suggest to reconceptualize the tendency to PLEs as a personality trait separate from the other basic personality traits [9][10][11][12], the majority either understand it as something substantially different from so-called normal personality variations or-curiously-something that is already an aspect of the established taxonomy of personality variations. Thus, according to former, Psychoticism defined by the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders-AMPD [13] is a trait of maladaptive variations, not characterizing normal personality [14], or, as latter suggests, it should be conceptualized as extreme Openness (O) (e.g., [15]). ...
... Thus, according to former, Psychoticism defined by the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders-AMPD [13] is a trait of maladaptive variations, not characterizing normal personality [14], or, as latter suggests, it should be conceptualized as extreme Openness (O) (e.g., [15]). Understanding PLEs as extreme O seems to gain considerable support among the scholars in the field (e.g., [16,17]), despite the persuasive evidence that variously defined and assessed domains of PLEs tend to factorially separate from the Big Five O (e.g., [10,11,18]) or HEXACO O (e.g., [19,20]). However, this evidence seems to influence proponents of the view to adjust it: their refined claim is that only so-called positive PLEs are substantially related to O, but only to the aspects of O such as fantasy-proneness and aesthetic interests (e.g., [21]), that is, those labeled Openness to experience (OE). ...
... To conclude, the selected MPLEs are manifestations of the dispositional tendency beyond the HEXACO space. To have a comprehensive explanation of human behavior, which includes PLEs, it seems that the postulation of the existence of a Disintegration-like dispositional tendency is a reasonable and empirically well-sounded strategy [9][10][11][12]20]. ...
The relationships between Momentary Psychotic-Like Experiences (MPLEs) and HEXACO—complemented by the proneness to PLEs conceptualized as a basic personality trait (Disintegration), and a maladaptive trait (PID-5 Psychoticism)—were investigated in a prospective study that includes experience-sampling methodology (ESM). The main goal was to investigate whether MPLEs are better predicted by HEXACO or measures of the dispositional proneness to PLEs. A sample of 180 participants assessed MPLEs and affective states they experienced in the previous two hours, twice per day, with semi-randomly set assessment time-points, during seven days, by using ESM. Personality inventories were administered 1–2 months earlier. MPLEs were better predicted by the measures of dispositional tendencies toward PLEs than by the HEXACO, no matter whether it was broadly defined as the nine-faceted general tendency toward PLEs (Disintegration), or narrowly as three-faceted positive psychotic-like symptoms of maladaptive personality tendencies (PID-5—Psychoticism).
... In the literature, this broad spectrum of psychological phenomena belonging to the psychosis phenotype that is expressed at levels below the clinical manifestation is referred to as psychosis proneness, schizotypy, oddity, apophenia (i.e., a tendency to see patterns in randomness; see Blain et al., 2020;Van Os et al., 2009;Watson et al., 2008). A growing body of research suggests that a significant dispositional tendencyproneness to PLEBsis not captured by the major personality models such as HEXACO (Ashton & Lee, 2012Knežević, Lazarević, Bosnjak, & Keller, 2022;Knežević, Lazarević, & Zorić, 2022), the Big Five (Ashton & Lee, 2020;Knežević et al., 2016Knežević et al., , 2017Watson et al., 2008), the PEN by Eysenck (Knežević et al., 2019), or the psychobiological model by Cloninger . ...
... Emerging literature shows that a personality model that includes Disintegration captures important personality variations that are not represented in either the Big Five or HEXACO models (e.g., Knežević et al., 2016Knežević et al., , 2023Scherhag et al., 2024;Stanković et al., 2022) while advancing theory and understanding of basic personality traits. Available data suggest that the Disintegration/PLEBs domain has temporal stability (Sanislow et al., 2009) and cross-cultural factor stability (Fonseca-Pedrero et al., 2018;Knežević, Lazarević, Bosnjak, & Keller, 2022). ...
This study investigated the robustness of the seven-factor HEXACO–Disintegration (HEXACOD) personality model in children and adolescents, across three age groups (10–13, 14–15, and 16–18 years). Using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), we assessed the invariance of the proposed seven-factor model. The results supported the HEXACOD model's metric invariance across age groups. The Disintegration factor lay outside the HEXACO traits, corroborating the claim that the HEXACO model does not capture a wide range of psychotic-like experiences and behaviors (PLEBs). Moderated nonlinear factor analysis (MNLFA) also showed stability of the HEXACOD model across ages. Furthermore, the results show that Disintegration presents a trait-like disposition on the same level of coherence and robustness as HEXACO traits even in children and adolescents.
... E-mail: hil-laya@edu.hac.ac.il For Knežević et al. (2016), the key trait here is Disintegration/positive schizotypy, and not P, which might well be diametrically opposite to O. This is exactly what DeYoung et al. (2012, p. 65) propose, but with a major caveat: While positive schizotypy should be positively correlated with O, negative schizotypy should be negatively correlated with O (Kemp et al., 2021;Knežević et al., 2016). ...
... For Knežević et al. (2016), the key trait here is Disintegration/positive schizotypy, and not P, which might well be diametrically opposite to O. This is exactly what DeYoung et al. (2012, p. 65) propose, but with a major caveat: While positive schizotypy should be positively correlated with O, negative schizotypy should be negatively correlated with O (Kemp et al., 2021;Knežević et al., 2016). To further complicate matters, in the O-LIFE (Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences) multidimensional measure of schizotypy, not only are positive and negative schizotypy distinguished, there is also a dimension, largely based on Eysenckian P (Batey & Furnham, 2008), termed Impulsive Nonconformity. ...
We investigated the predictive power of Psychoticism in distinguishing among five groups of individuals whose behavior should be reflective of Psychoticism: those presenting with psychopathology, creativity, or aggression. These five groups comprised: a group of 27 individuals suffering from mental disorders without a history of aggression, compared to a group of 23 individuals suffering from mental disorders with a history of aggression; our third group comprised 27 individuals who scored in the highest 10% on an Aggression Questionnaire; our fourth group comprised 26 creative individuals who studied in recognized institutions of fine arts and music or worked in creative fields; a control group of 27 participants having no psychiatric past, no indication of aggression, and who did not work in creative fields, comprised our fifth group. A discriminant analysis supported a model employing five predictors (Psychoticism, Neuroticism, Lie Scale, Schizotypy, and Absorption) and two interactions (Neuroticism × Psychoticism, and Neuroticism × Absorption). The individual group hit rates ranged between 35% and 65%. All groups had a higher level of Psychoticism (P) compared to the control group, which supports the Eysenckian view of a P-psychosis relationship, a P-psychopathy relationship, and a P-creativity relationship.
... Some prominent advocates of the lexical approach to personality claim that "evidence to date indicates that the replicability of the six-factor structure (roughly, Big Five + Honesty) across languages probably exceeds that for the Big Five" (Saucier, 2008, p. 41). However, there is growing evidence that the proneness to psychotic-like experiences is represented neither in the HEXACO (e g. 2020), nor the other most influential contemporary personality models, such as Big Five (Asthon & Lee 2020; Knežević et al., 2016Knežević et al., , 2017Watson et al., 2008), Eysenck's PEN model , or Cloninger's personality model (Lazarevic et al., 2016). ...
... There are numerous reasons which probably contributed to the fact that the tendency to psychotic-like experiences/behaviors has not been found or, at least, has not been consistently 1 found in lexical studies and these reasons were already discussed elsewhere (for example, Knežević et al., 2016or Watson et al., 2008. Instead of reiterating them here, we refer to a recent statement by proponents of the lexical approach -Ashton and Lee. ...
The goal of the study is to investigate the relationship between the HEXACO personality model and Disintegration – representing a broad spectrum of psychotic-like experiences and behavioral tendencies that are reconceptualized as a personality trait. In this pre-registered study, we predicted that the Disintegration factor would separate from HEXACO.The replicability of the factorial structures of HEXACO and Disintegration subcomponents are investigated across the three national samples (X, Y, and Z), matched on key socio-demographic variables. Exploratory Structure Equation Modeling (ESEM) is used to study the invariance of the hypothesized seven-factor structure. Support for the metric invariance of the seven-factor structure based on HEXACO and Disintegration subcomponents/facets across the three nations was found. The disintegration factor lied clearly outside the HEXACO personality space with each of its nine subcomponents. The disintegration factor appeared to be the most robust among the seven across the samples and units of measurement (facets and items). A broad spectrum of psychotic-like experiences/behavioral tendencies relevant in understanding and explaining many aspects of everyday and long-term (mal)adaptations – as expected - is not captured by the HEXACO model.
... We therefore complement our assessment of personality with a scale to measure disintegration (Knežević et al., 2017). The personality trait disintegration conceptualizes proneness to psychotic-like phenomena ranging from subclinical to clinically relevant manifestations (Knežević et al., 2016). Manifestations of disintegration are presumed to be grounded in disintegrated information processing, resulting in distorted cognitions, emotions and behavior (Knežević et al., 2016). ...
... The personality trait disintegration conceptualizes proneness to psychotic-like phenomena ranging from subclinical to clinically relevant manifestations (Knežević et al., 2016). Manifestations of disintegration are presumed to be grounded in disintegrated information processing, resulting in distorted cognitions, emotions and behavior (Knežević et al., 2016). ...
Emotional crying represents a specific form of emotion expression that did receive considerably less attention in emotion research than most other emotional phenomena. We examined the relation between personality traits and the frequency of emotional crying. In a well-powered, pre-registered study (N = 622), participants were asked to report the number of times they had been crying during the past four weeks. We assessed the personality dimensions represented in the HEXACO personality inventory and disintegration (proneness to psychotic-like experiences) as personality traits. Additionally, we asked respondents to report on the extent to which they (typically) perceive affect-and arousal-changes after crying episodes as well as on their subjective well-being. As predicted, emotionality and disintegration were positively associated with crying frequency. Explorative analyses revealed that extraversion, agreeableness and subjective well-being were negatively associated with crying frequency. Further, honesty-humility, extraversion and agreeableness were related to positive affect after crying, while arousal change (in direction of calmness) was a function of honesty-humility, agreeableness, and openness. The present study indicates that human emotional crying is not only related to emotionality (or neuroticism) but to a set of traits, depending on which aspect of crying is in the focus of attention.
... Researchers have over the years made efforts to conceptualise personality as a variety of traits in order to better understand the underlying reasons for different human behaviour and experiences (Knezevic et al., 2016). Pervin and Cervone (2010) describe personality as psychological qualities that influence an individual's enduring and distinctive patterns of thinking and behaving. ...
... The model suggests five broad domains that account for most of the variance in personality measures. These are openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and neuroticism (Knezevic et al., 2016;Nishimura and Suzuki, 2016). ...
... However, the FFM does not include the adaptively important phenomena of behavior, which would suggest the existence of a special regulatory mechanism, outside the premises of the FFM, but which lies in the basis of integration/disintegration of the psychic processes. For the purpose of a more detailed exploration of the basic personality structure, FFM has been supplemented with the Disintegration as the sixth, basic dimension of personality, which refers to the psychosis proneness (13). Thus, within this model, the basic personality structure has been defined by the Five Factor Model (11) and Disintegration (13,14). ...
... For the purpose of a more detailed exploration of the basic personality structure, FFM has been supplemented with the Disintegration as the sixth, basic dimension of personality, which refers to the psychosis proneness (13). Thus, within this model, the basic personality structure has been defined by the Five Factor Model (11) and Disintegration (13,14). ...
Background/Aim. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which include the ulcerative colitis (UC) and the Crohn?s disease (CD), are chronic diseases, the course of which is under the influence of numerous psychosocial factors. The aim of this study was the exploration of the personality traits of patients with IBD. Methods. This cross-sectional study has been conducted at the University Clinical Hospital Centre Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia. The study involved 150 patients suffering from IBD of both genders, out of which 50.7% and 49.3% of the patients suffering from UC and CD, respectively. The main inclusion criteria were: age 18 to 65 years and confirmed the diagnosis of UC or CD in remission. The sociodemographic and disease related data were collected from the hospital medical records. The personality traits related data were collected using the self-report forms of The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI?R) and the inventory for the Assessment of Dysregulation (DELTA 10). Results. At the domain-level, the significant differences between IBD sample and normative sample were found in the Neuroticism (p
... Recently, a new model was proposed with the intention of capturing psychotic-like experiences. It is named Disintegration and represents a broad and comprehensive trait which gathers a wide array of schizotypal characteristics ( Knežević et al., 2016). Disintegration was obtained as a result of factor analysis of roughly 2000 items which describe psychotic phenomena. ...
... The analysis yielded a hierarchical structure with a global trait at the top of the hierarchy and ten narrow subordinate traits: General executive impairment (aberrations in executive functioning), Perceptual distortions (depersonalization and derealization), Enhanced awareness (synesthesia, responsiveness to aesthetic stimuli), Depression, Paranoia, Mania, Social anhedonia (extreme avoidance of social interactions), Flattened affect (emotional indifference and numbness), Somatoform dysregulation (the impression of a change of internal organs, insensitivity to pain, and the feeling of corporal numbing) and Magical thinking (belief in telepathy, illogical thinking, superstition, etc). So far, empirical findings showed that the Disintegration is irreducible to the Big Five personality traits ( Knežević et al., 2016), the HEXACO model of personality ( Međedović, 2013) and the psychobiological model of temperament and character ( Lazarević et al., 2016). ...
In the present research we explored the presence of schizotypal traits in
painters. Furthermore, the relations of schizotypy and creativity-related
variables (intelligence, creativity and creative productivity) were analyzed.
Study participants were divided into the criterion (132 students of art
academy and art high school) and control group (119 psychology students and
members of grammar school). Two hypotheses were set: 1) schizotypal traits
are more pronounced in painters than in control group; 2) schizotypy is more
closely associated with the creativitylinked variables in the criterion than
in control group. Schizotypy was operationalized by Disintegration construct
and measured via DELTA 10 inventory. Intelligence was assessed by Advanced
Progressive Matrices-18; creativity was measured by the same labeled scale
from HEXACO-PI-R inventory and creative productivity was explored by a set of
questions regarding the frequency of creative behavior. Results showed that
Magical thinking, Enhanced awareness, Somatoform Dysregulation, Perceptual
distortions and Social anhedonia were the schizotypal traits which were more
pronounced in painters as compared to the control group. Factor analyses
performed in each group separately revealed a latent component loaded both
with schizotypal traits, creativity and creative productivity, but only in
the group of painters: schizotypy and creativity were not so closely related
in the control group. Thus, the study hypotheses were largely confirmed.
Results provide a more detailed understanding of the relations between
schizotypy and creativity.
... These findings support both of our hypotheses: D was shown to be the only significant predictor of apophenia, and O did not yield any kind of significant relationships with any measure of apophenia. D and O were unrelated as well, in line with previous findings (e.g., Knežević et al., 2016). Equivalence testing was not particularly informative here. ...
Apophenia – the tendency to perceive meaningful patterns in randomness – has been proposed as a unifying framework for Openness and Psychoticism. While there is substantial evidence supporting a positive correlation between apophenia and susceptibility to psychotic-like experiences, the hypothesized connection to Openness lacks empirical support. In the present study, the association between apophenia and personality traits, particularly Openness and Psychoticism, was examined in three studies. Adult participants from two Serbian (N = 127 and N = 256) and one German community sample (N = 384) completed the HEXACO-PI to measure six personality traits, a Disintegration (Psychoticism) inventory assessing proneness to psychotic-like experiences, and several measures of apophenia. Application of various analytical tools revealed a robust positive relationship between apophenia and Disintegration in all studies. Openness showed either no significant or even a negative association with apophenia. These results cast doubt on the proposed unified role of apophenia in conceptualizing Openness and Psychoticism as manifestations along a shared personality continuum.
... Although Disintegration is a complex construct, the core features of the trait can be understood, largely simplified, as the tendency to see connections between seeemingly unrelated phenomena (Knežević et al., 2017), whether such relations could truly exist or not. Disintegration trait was proposed as the measure of individual differences, related to but irreducible to the Big Five (Knežević et al., 2016) and HEXACO models . ...
The Disintegration trait (i.e., proneness to psychotic-like experiences and behaviors) was recently proposed as the basic personality trait that supplements the space of individual differences framed by well-known Big Five and HEXACO models. In this research, we provided additional evidence of the unique contribution of Disintegration in predicting the individual differences in some outcomes whose relations with this trait are mainly unexplored. In the first study (N = 300), we employed a 20-item measure of Disintegration (DELTA-20), a short form of the Big Five Inventory (BFI-10), alcohol and drug use disorders identification tests (AUDIT, DUDIT), and Flanagan's Quality of Life Scale (QoLS). The results showed that Disintegration predicts higher levels of problem alcohol and drug use, and lower quality of life, over and above the Big Five traits, thus increasing the proportion of explained variance by 3% and 1%, respectively. In the second study (N = 537), we used a 10-item measure of Disintegration (DELTA-10), a 60-item form of HEXACO, and a Serbian version of the Modified and Revised Experiences in Close Relationship scale (SM-ECR-R). The results showed that Disintegration predicts higher levels of avoidance and anxiety in close relationships over and above HEXACO traits, with an incremental contribution in the explained variance of 2% and 11%, respectively. In sum, our findings suggested that the Disintegration trait, assessed by either the shorter or longer measure, accounts for unique variance in individual, wellbeing-related outcomes, and dyadic functioning-related outcomes. The limitations and future directions are discussed.
... If D factor was not a real and coherent personality dimension, its subdimensions would have been incorporated within the FFM factors postulated to comprehensively describe personality variations.There were previous arguments that the Big Five model can account for normal and abnormal personality variations through conceptualizing manifestations of proneness to Psy-likeE&B as extreme O. In the majority of the published studies up to date(Ashton & Lee, 2020;Ashton, Lee, de Vries, Hendrickse, & Born, 2012;Knezevic et al., 2017), including meta-analyses(Knežević et al., 2016), evidence that would support this view was weak (the meta-analytical zero correlation between the measures of proneness to Psy-likeE&B and O was based on 118 studies, including 32873 participants). A more refined version of that view -(e.g. ...
Objective:
Disintegration is a recently proposed broad, trait-like reconceptualization of the proneness to psychotic-like experiences/behaviors.
Methods:
We tested the assumption that the 6-factor model (Five-Factor traits plus Disintegration) was the most adequate one and that it was invariant across clinical and non-clinical populations. The clinical sample (n=161) consisted of patients who had at least one psychotic episode, duration of illness less than 10 years, currently in remission. The general population (n=409) was matched with the patient sample by age, gender, and education. NEO PI-R and DELTA were used to measure personality dimensions in both samples. Invariance of one to six-factor solutions was tested by Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling.
Results:
We found that: a) several criteria for deciding on the number of factors to retain converged to the conclusion that the assumed 6-factor model was the most adequate one, b) the assumed factorial structure appeared to satisfy the criteria for the scalar invariance across the two samples, c) all nine Disintegration subdimensions separated from the Big Five, forming the Disintegration factor, and d) Disintegration was unrelated to Openness.
Conclusion:
The Big Five personality structure - complemented with Disintegration - was invariant across individuals from the general population and patients with psychosis.
... Neuroticism in NEO PI-R has contents related to low Agreeableness (Angry Hostility, and Impulsiveness) and Depression, while Emotionality contains aspects characterizing agreeable persons (Dependability and Sentimentality) without Depression (Ashton et al., 2004). Alternatively, the fact that Neuroticism correlates to some extent with Disintegration (Knežević et al., 2016) might also explain this discrepancy. Though prolongation of QT interval is associated with a variety of acute and chronic cardio-vascular conditions (Campbell et al., 1985), its relationship with personality traits should be further explored. ...
Background
Based on the known relationship between the human emotion and standard surface electrocardiogram (ECG), we explored the relationship between features extracted from standard ECG recorded during relaxation and seven personality traits (Honesty/humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness, and Disintegration) by using the machine learning (ML) approach which learns from the ECG‐based features and predicts the appropriate personality trait by adopting an automated software algorithm.
Methods
A total of 71 healthy university students participated in the study. For quantification of 62 ECG‐based parameters (heart rate variability, as well as temporal and amplitude‐based parameters) for each ECG record, we used computation procedures together with publicly available data and code. Among 62 parameters, 34 were segregated into separate features according to their diagnostic relevance in clinical practice. To examine the feature influence on personality trait classification and to perform classification, we used random forest ML algorithm.
Results
Classification accuracy when clinically relevant ECG features were employed was high for Disintegration (81.3%) and Honesty/humility (75.0%) and moderate to high for Openness (73.3%) and Conscientiousness (70%), while it was low for Agreeableness (56.3%), eXtraversion (47.1%), and Emotionality (43.8%). When all calculated features were used, the classification accuracies were the same or lower, except for the eXtraversion (52.9%). Correlation analysis for selected features is presented.
Conclusions
Results indicate that clinically relevant features might be applicable for personality traits prediction, although no remarkable differences were found among selected groups of parameters. Physiological associations of established relationships should be further explored.
... Some claim psychosis-proneness could be reduced to Openness to experience (O) in the Big Five and HEXACO models of personality (e.g., DeYoung et al., 2012). However, the relation between Apophenia and O hasn't been consistent within data (see Knežević et al., 2016). This raises the question whether standard personality models should be expanded with an additional disposition that would explain these findings. ...
The current study aimed to explore the relationship between different value orientations (i.e., self-realization, conventional and hedonistic) and reactive and proactive aggression. Data was collected on 180 students (67% females) with a mean age of 22 years (SD = 4.14) from faculties in Zagreb, using the Value Orientation Scale (VOS, Franc, Šakić, & Ivčić, 2002) and the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ; Raine et al., 2006). As predicted, self-realization and conventional values were related to proactive aggression. Contrary to expectation, conventional values were unrelated to reactive aggression. As expected, hedonistic values showed a positive relationship with both proactive and negative aggression. The results indicated that values are an important predictor of aggression. Additionally, the results indicated that proactive and reactive aggression has different etiologic because dimensions of aggression are related to different values.
... Abundant empirical evidence suggests that proneness to psychotic-like experiences is not represented in the most influential models of personality structure, like the Big Five (Ashton & Lee, 2020;Knežević et al., 2016;Knežević et al., 2017;Samuel & Widiger, 2008), the HEXACO model (Ashton & Lee, 2012, Eysenck's PEN model (Knežević et al., 2019), or Cloninger's psychobiological model of temperament and character . Recently, a dimensional viewpoint of psychosis-proneness was proposed, reconceptualizing it as a hierarchically organized, multidimensional behavioral disposition, that is, a personality trait, named disintegration (D) (Knežević et al., 2017). ...
A process model of narcissism proposes two positively related but distinct subdimensions of grandiose narcissism: admiration (agentic/bright) and rivalry (antagonistic/dark). We explore the relationship between narcissism and the Big Five personality dimensions plus disintegration, that is, the dispositional tendency to psychotic-like experiences. We hypothesize that disintegration has an incremental contribution in explaining narcissism beyond the Big Five. The sample consisted of 2618 respondents representative of the German population. Narcissism was assessed by the NARQ questionnaire, Big Five traits by the Big Five Inventory, and disintegration by the DELTA scale. As expected, disintegration contributed to explaining both subdimensions of narcissism over and above the Big Five. A specific personality configuration we named “destructive personality profile,” composed of low conscientiousness (C), low agreeableness (A), and high disintegration (D), was related to both aspects of narcissism. Rivalry had a stronger relation to the “destructive personality profile” than admiration.
... The notion of this trait and its inclusion in the models of "normal" variations in personality builds upon a long-lasting tradition of conceptualization of the trait of Psychoticism as a basic personality trait tracing back to Eysenck's work (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1976; but see also Watson, Clark, & Chmielewski, 2008). Disintegration has shown to be fairly independent from the Big Five (Knežević et al., 2016), demonstrated predictive value for dysfunctional behaviors (Međedović & Knežević, 2019;Međedović, Kujačić, & Knežević, 2012), and proved to be associated with traits of the Dark Tetrad model -psychopathy and sadism (Međedović & Knežević, 2019), which on a conceptual level make it an inherent antithesis of the Light Triad, thus potentially highly relevant in this context. Despite demonstrating predictive value for a range of beneficent traits and outcomes, little is known about the predictive potential of the Light Triad for various adverse and transgressive tendencies. ...
The concept of Light Triad composed of Faith in Humanity, Humanism, and Kantianism, which describes loving and beneficent orientation towards others has been recently proposed as an antithesis to the Dark Triad concept of malevolent personality. Previous studies have shown these three traits are relatively distinct, that the Light Triad is largely irreducible to both the Dark Triad and basic personality traits, and that this construct predicts various growth-oriented and self-transcending outcomes. Two studies presented here aim to cross-validate the structural composition of this novel construct, test its irreducibility to the broader models of dark traits (Dark Tetrad) and personality (HEXACO + psychoticism), and examine its incremental value beyond dark traits in the prediction of social worldviews, militant extremist mindset, and conspiracism. Study 1 corroborated previous findings of three correlated yet distinct light traits that are related but not reducible to the Dark Tetrad. Study 2 has shown that the Light Triad is reducible to broad personality domains no more than the dark traits are, although the light traits, in contrast to the dark ones, proved to be poor predictors of adverse socio-psychological “outcomes”. Measurement and conceptual issues and limitations of the Light Triad are discussed.
... The remaining three structures are Depression, Mania (Excitement), and General Executive Impairment. These traits form a factor separate from the FFM, replicated across informants, samples, and units of analyses, and supported through meta-analytic findings (54). This model seeks to explain Disintegration as a trait-like characteristic, which is more in line with the aforementioned DSM-5 description of schizotypy. ...
Schizotypy is a construct used to describe a group of persons with symptoms which do not fulfill criteria for schizophrenia, but have some similarities with this complex and heterogeneous psychiatric disorder. ICD-10 describes schizotypy as a state (schizotypal disorder), while DSM-5 labels it as a trait marker (schizotypal personality disorder). Considering how schizotypy encompasses through the normal, subclinical and clinical population, a thorough theoretical understanding of this concept could be helpful in developing measures of assessment. So far, most of the tools for psychometric evaluation of schizotypy have focused only on abnormal personality. The present article focuses on the evolution of the term schizotypy, its current understanding, the possibilities of psychometric assessment in relation to contemporary constructs of personality and on clinical considerations for improved detection and intervention in this field.
... Disintegration clearly separates from the Big Five traits (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness; Costa & McCrae, 1992) assuming to comprehensively represent personality space. Therefore, it appears thatcontrary to some arguments (e.g., DeYoung, Grazioplene, & Peterson, 2012) -Disintegration or any other model of psychosis proneness (Knežević et al., 2016) cannot be adequately represented by the Big Five traits. Some previous findings (Stankov et al., 2010) suggested that Disintegration could contribute to our understanding of individual differences in proneness to MEM. ...
Earlier research suggested that militant extremists could have certain aspects of psychopathic and psychotic characteristics. Relying on these studies, we investigated whether the Militant Extremist Mind-Set (MEM) could be explained by psychopathy, sadism, and Disintegration (psychosis proneness), as subclinical manifestations of amoral, antisocial, and psychotic-like traits. In Study 1 (306 undergraduate students), it was shown that sadistic and psychopathic tendencies were related to Proviolence (advocating violence as a means for achieving a goal); psychopathic and disintegrative tendencies were associated to the Vile World (belief in a world as a corrupted and vile place), while Disintegration was the best predictor of Divine Power (relying on supernatural forces as a rationale for extremist acts). In Study 2 (147 male convicts), these relations were largely replicated and broadened by including implicit emotional associations to violence in the study design. Thus, while Proviolence was found to be related to a weakened negative emotional reaction to violent pictures, Vile World was found to be associated with stronger negative emotions as a response to violence. Furthermore, Proviolence was the only MEM factor clearly differentiating the sample of convicts from male students who participated in Study 1. Results help extend current understanding about personal characteristics related to militant extremism.
... Disintegration encompasses following facets: General Executive Impairment, Perceptual Distortions, Enhanced Awareness, Depression, Paranoia, Mania, Flattened Affect, Somatic Dysregulations, and Magical Thinking. The facets are postulated to stem from disintegration of the information processing systems responsible for reality testing, hence the name of the trait (Knežević et al., 2016). Autism and schizophrenia are distinct, but partially overlapping phenomena (e. g. ...
Broad Autism Phenotype (BAP) represents a group of personality traits expressed in limitations in social relations and pragmatic speech dimension, and rigid behavior. The Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ) measures personality traits which are crucial in defining the BAP. In the present research, three studies were conducted with the general aim to create a short form of the BAPQ. Study 1 was carried out to determine the factor structure of the BAPQ in a sample of 501 students and to select items for the short form. Obtained components: Aloofness, Rigidity, and Pragmatics, corresponding to the structure of the instrument proposed by authors, accounted for 26.61% of variance. Study 2 was conducted to examine factor structure of the BAPQ short form (BAPQ-SF), in a sample of 298 students. This solution explained 45.76% of the total variance. The aim of Study 3 was to determine psychometric characteristics of the BAPQ-SF in a sample of students (N = 294). Three-factor model of the BAPQ-SF was confirmed. Correlations of the BAPQ-SF with the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and the Delta 10 suggest convergent and discriminant validity of the BAPQ-SF.
... Only Neuroticism and low Honesty–Humility kept their relations with the criterion when other personality measures were controlled in the analysis. These results are in line with the meta-analytic evidence regarding the relations between personality and Disintegration-like traits (Knežević et al., 2016). Furthermore, high Neuroticism and low Extraverprimenjena psihologija, str. ...
The focus of the present research was the validation of the Serbian
version of Mini IPIP-6 personality inventory. It is a 24-item selfreport
questionnaire which measures six broad personality traits:
Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness,
Openness to Experience and Honesty–Humility. We examined
the scales’ reliability, latent structure and the relations of personality
measures with Perceived Infectability (physical health) and
Disintegration (mental health) in a sample of 218 undergraduate
students (82% females; Mage = 23.7, SD = 7.11). The data showed
that Mini IPIP-6 scales have adequate reliabilities (all αs >.70).
Furthermore, the factor structure was completely in accordance
with the expectations: all items loaded on their respectable factors.
Finally, personality traits predicted physical and mental health
in a theoretically expected manner: higher Neuroticism and
lower Extraversion and Conscientiousness independently predicted
physical health while higher Neuroticism and lower Honesty–
Humility and Agreeableness had a contribution in the prediction of
mental health. The study findings corroborated the reliability and
validity of the Mini IPIP-6. Combined with the fact that it is a very
short personality measure, the results speak in favor of using the
inventory in empirical research. Still, it was important to consider
the limitations of the instrument, such as narrowed psychological
content of the scales.
... The second one is schizotypy. It is a personality disposition defined as a proneness to psychosis (Claridge, 2010); it is irreducible to the Big Five traits (Knežević et al., 2016; Watson, Clark, & Chmielewski, 2008) and theoretically represents an important extension of the personality space. This part of the study aims to isolate the GFP in a sample of convicts and analyze its structure, comparing it to previous findings about the GFP. ...
This study looked for a General Factor of Personality (GFP) in a sample of
male convicts (N=226; mean age 32 years). The GFP was extracted from seven
broad personality traits: FFM factors, Amoralism (the negative pole of the
lexical Honesty-Humility factor) and Disintegration (operationalization of
Schizotypy). Three first-order factors were extracted, labeled
Dysfunctionality, Antisociality and Openness, and GFP was found through the
hierarchical factor analysis. The nature of the GFP was explored through
analysis of its relations with markers of fast Life-History strategy and
covitality. The results demonstrated that the GFP is associated with
unrestricted sexual behavior, medical problems, mental problems, early
involvement in criminal activity and stability of criminal behavior. The
evidence shows that the GFP is a meaningful construct on the highest level of
personality structure. It may represent a personality indicator of
fitness-related characteristics and could be useful in research of
personality in an evolutionary context.
This study’s objective was to conduct a reliability generalization meta-analysis of the DELTA scale capturing Disintegration, i.e., proneness to psychotic-like experiences and behaviors. Eligible studies applied various versions of the DELTA scale; 573 α coefficients nested in 76 reports were identified. The pooled effect of all included α coefficients was calculated by applying a 4-level meta-analytic random-effects model. Test length, sample type, demographic sample characteristics (mean age, share of females), language, the proportion of reverse-keyed items, publication status, documentation quality of reliability estimates (reported vs. post hoc computed reliabilities), and DELTA score M and SDs were tested as moderators. The model yielded an average Cronbach’s α for DELTA and its facets of .86 (95% CI [.84, .88]), with medium and long DELTA versions reaching .96 (95% CI [.94, .96]) and .97 (95% CI [.95, .98]), respectively. Moderators explaining the heterogeneity among α coefficients were as follows: test length (expectedly, higher reliability estimates for longer tests), mean scores and SD of the DELTA scores (lower α estimates for larger means and lower SDs), and language (highest α estimates for the German language). Overall, the DELTA scales used in past research showed high-reliability estimates.
Transliminality refers to permeable mental boundaries that entail a susceptibility to, and awareness of, material from unconscious sources and the external environment. Here, we examined the extent to which transliminality is associated with the personality trait of Openness to Experience. Three samples of visitors to art galleries (total N = 770) completed measures of transliminality and Openness. Initial analyses suggested that the construct of transliminality was multidimensional, consisting of mild absorption-like experiences and more disintegrative-like experiences, respectively. Transliminality, at both manifest and latent levels, was significantly, positively, and with medium to large effect sizes associated with higher-order Openness. However, this correspondence was primarily driven by associations with three lower-order Openness facets (Fantasy, Aesthetics, and Values). These associations were replicable across all three samples and robust after accounting for participant sociodemographic variables. These convergent, internally replicating findings suggest that transliminality may lie at the end of a continuum of experiential openness.
Unlike internalizing and externalizing symptoms, psychotic symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, delusions) are manifestations of personality disorders (PDs) that are more controversial and poorly understood. This leaves clinicians with very little guidance for clinical practice, especially for diagnosis. What is more, most reviews have focused strictly on the links between psychotic symptoms and the categorically defined borderline PD, which contrasts with the growing movement that emphasizes a dimensional perspective (especially in psychology). Thus, the objectives of this critical review will be to (a) expose typical cases where PDs and psychotic symptoms might cooccur; (b) assess the state of scientific knowledge surrounding PD and psychotic symptoms; and (c) provide clinicians and researchers with recommendations to keep the field moving forward. We conclude that researchers and clinicians should move past the false “PD or psychosis” dichotomy since they often cooccur, avoid (as far as possible) making psychotic symptoms an exclusion criterion in PD research to enhance ecological validity, and consider dimensional PD diagnosis as a potential unifying solution to the dilemma posed by this cooccurrence.
The widely used Rational-Experiential Inventory-40 (REI-40) assesses Rational and Experiential thinking styles. Recently, the authors have distinguished three aspects of the Experiential style: Intuition, Emotionality and Imagination and developed the Rational-Experiential Multimodal Inventory (REIm). In this study, we examined the internal consistency, structural/factorial, discriminant and known-groups validity of both REI-40 and REIm, in two samples of Serbian students. Participants in Study 1 (N = 819, mean age M = 19.81, 31% males) completed REI-40 and HEXACO Personality Inventory (HEXACO-PI-R), while participants in Study 2 (N = 304, mean age M = 19.47, 29% males) completed REIm, HEXACO-PI-R and Disintegration inventory DELTA. The internal consistency of both REI version subscales was acceptable to good. The results of CFA analyses indicated an acceptable fit for REI-40, while the structural validity of REIm was poor. Both REI-40 subscales (Rationality and Experientiality), as well as REIm Intuition demonstrated only a small content overlap with basic personality traits, while REIm Experientiality, Emotionality and Imagination correlated highly with Openness and Emotionality. We also observed some gender differences in the expected direction.
Objectives:
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic was followed by the widespread proliferation of conspiracy beliefs (CBs) regarding the origin and harmfulness of the virus and a high level of hesitancy to vaccinate. We aimed to test a series of hypotheses on the correlates of CBs and vaccination, including socio-demographic factors, personality dispositions, somatic health, stressful experiences during pandemics, and psychological distress.
Method:
The sample (N = 1203), was based on a multistage probabilistic household sampling representative of the general population. The subjects were randomly split into two approximately equal subgroups, enabling cross-validation. Based on the findings in the exploratory, the SEM model was tested in the confirmatory subsample.
Results:
The correlates of CBs were Disintegration (proneness to psychotic-like experiences), low Openness, lower education, Extraversion, living in a smaller settlement and being employed. The correlates of vaccination were older age, CBs and larger places of living. Evidence on the role of stressful experiences and psychological distress in CBs/vaccination was not found. The findings of moderately strong and robust (cross-validated) paths, leading from Disintegration to CBs and from CBs to vaccination were the most important ones.
Discussion:
Conspiratorial thinking tendencies-related to health-related behaviour such as vaccination-appear to be, to a considerable extent, manifestations of the mechanisms that are part of our stable, broad, trait-like thinking/emotional/motivational/behavioural tendencies, primarily proneness to psychotic-like experiences & behaviours.
This study examined the effects of psychotic tendencies on aesthetic preferences for paintings. Although psychotic tendencies and related phenomena are often associated with creative achievements, little research in the field of experimental aesthetics has investigated their effects on the aesthetic experience. This study (N = 153) examined how the positive, negative and disorganized aspects of psychotic tendencies, defined through a comprehensive model of the Disintegration trait, are related to the aesthetic preferences of paintings. Results indicated a general trend whereby Disintegration and its modalities had a positive effect on the aesthetic preferences of non-canonical (Ugly and Incomprehensible) paintings, and a negative effect on canonical, traditional (Beautiful and Comprehensible) paintings. Examination of the Disintegration trait provides us with additional information regarding aesthetic preferences, compared to use of the Big Five model alone. Two processes – conservation and progression – are proposed as explanations for the findings.
This study aimed to explore the relationship between Disintegration (proneness to psychotic like experiences & behaviours) and achievement in the AX Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT), which is assumed to measure the efficiency of context processing. The study involved 273 university students. In order to test the research hypotheses, a series of hierarchical multiple regressions was performed. Control variables, including intelligence and basic personality traits, were placed in the first two blocks of regression, while Disintegration was placed in the third block. The criteria used in the analysis were: failure to give an accurate answer to the target stimulus pairs (AX), at the level of the task as a whole, as well as at the level of different interstimulus intervals (total AX errors, AX errors at shorter and AX errors at longer interstimulus interval), mislabeling of a non-target stimulus as a target (total BX errors), the average time of correct responses to stimulus pairs (elapsed time between the presentation of a stimulus pair on the screen and the response as to whether the target stimulus pair was presented - mean reaction time for: AX stimulus pairs at shorter and longer interstimulus interval, total AX, BX and AY stimulus pairs), as well as general sensitivity to context - index d'. Disintegration did not prove to be a significant predictor of these indices of the efficiency of context processing above other predictors. Various indices of task performance are consistently related only to intelligence. The sporadic contribution of other personality traits seems to reflect mostly a general importance of motivation for this type of cognitive tasks.
Background:
Social loafing (SL) has a detrimental impact on cooperative learning. SL dysfunctionalities are causing more faculty to avoid assigning group projects as part of their course work.
Aims:
This qualitative case study examines how students' personalities are expressed in social loafers' behavior during university-level group assignments at a Texas university. The case study added further depth and breadth to current literature on SL in cooperative learning by exploring the perpetrator's personality expressions.
Sample(s):
Ten faculty members were interviewed, 32 students were surveyed, and 10 loafers were identified and self-assessed.
Methods:
A qualitative case study was used to provide in-depth investigation of Big Five personality in SL behavior.
Results:
The faculty interviews and students' surveys revealed that Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness were not expressed in SL behavior for university-level group assignments assessed by four IPIP facets. Openness to Experience (values, ideas, actions, and fantasy) was not expressed. Faculty and students indicated that loafers were not curious, barely prepared, with very short attention spans after which they get lost. Social loafers showed no originality, no active imagination, and no deep thinking. Conscientiousness (achievement striving, dutifulness, competence, and order) was not expressed. For Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism, some facets were expressed, and others were withheld.
Conclusion:
The results of this study provide faculty with a multifaceted understanding of students' personality traits to better guide their group interaction and cooperative learning.
The goal of the study is to investigate the relationship between the HEXACO personality model and Disintegration-representing a broad spectrum of psychotic-like experiences and behavioral tendencies (Perceptual Distortions, General Executive/Cognitive Impairment, Enhanced Awareness, Paranoia, Mania, Flattened Affect, Apathy/Depression, Somatoform Dysregulation, and Magical Thinking) that are reconceptualized as a personality trait. In this preregistered study, we predicted that the Disintegration factor would separate from HEXACO. The replicability of the factorial structures of HEXACO and Disintegration subcomponents is investigated across the three national samples (UK, Germany, and Serbia), matched on key socio-demographic variables. Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) is used to study the invariance of the hypothesized seven-factor structure (six HEXACO plus Disintegration). Support for the metric invariance of the seven-factor structure based on HEXACO and Disintegration subcomponents/facets across the three nations was found. The Disintegration factor lied outside the HEXACO personality space with each of its nine subcomponents. The Disintegration factor appeared to be among the most coherent and replicable of the seven across the samples and units of measurement (facets and items). A broad spectrum of psychotic-like experiences/behavioral tendencies relevant in understanding and explaining many aspects of everyday and long-term (mal)adaptations is not captured by the HEXACO model.
The aim of the study is to test a model specifying the relations between personality traits, war-related traumas, PTSD and depression, as well as the measurement aspects of the model.
This study was carried out in hospital on 400 male participants. Five-Factor Model of personality was complemented by a recently proposed trait Disintegration representing proneness to psychotic-like experiences/behaviors in the general population. The proposed model had excellent fit, despite its complexity. The results show that PTSD or depression symptoms after traumas are largely related to the number of traumas, Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Disintegration, and their different configurations and quantities. Disintegration turned out to be one of the most important dispositional correlates of depression and PTSD, but also of trauma exposure.
Meta-analysis is frequently combined with multiple regression or path analysis to examine how the Big Five/Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality traits relate to work outcomes. A common approach in such studies is to construct a synthetic correlation matrix by combining new meta-analyses of FFM-criterion correlations with previously published meta-analytic FFM intercorrelations. Many meta-analytic FFM intercorrelation matrices exist in the literature, with 3 matrices being frequently used in industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology and related fields (i.e., Mount, Barrick, Scullen, & Rounds, 2005; Ones, 1993; van der Linden, te Nijenhuis, & Bakker, 2010). However, it is unknown how the choice of FFM matrix influences study conclusions, why we observe such differences in the matrices, and which matrix researchers and practitioners should use for their specific studies. We conducted 3 studies to answer these questions. In Study 1, we demonstrate that researchers' choice of FFM matrix can substantively alter conclusions from meta-analytic regressions or path analyses. In Study 2, we present a new meta-analysis of FFM intercorrelations using measures explicitly constructed around the FFM and based on employee samples. In Study 3, we systematically explore the sources of differences in FFM intercorrelations using second-order meta-analyses of 44 meta-analytic FFM matrices. We find that personality rating source (self vs. other) and inventory-specific substantive and methodological features are the primary moderators of meta-analytic FFM intercorrelations. Based on the findings from these studies, we provide a framework to guide future researchers in choosing a meta-analytic FFM matrix that is most appropriate for their specific studies, research questions, and contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
With the development of concrete performance research, more and more attention has been paid to the study of concrete performance, resulting in a variety of micro-structure finite element models, such as lattice model, beam-particle model, random aggregate model, with the emergence of CT technology, the realization of the non-destructive state of concrete internal micro-structure with digital The rendering method is presented. If the real or near-real finite element model of meso-structure can be established by using the information of CT plane images, it will play a certain role in the numerical simulation of concrete. Concrete includes aggregate, cement mortar and pore three parts, from the image characteristics, aggregate close to white, pore tend to black, cement mortar is between the two. Because of the relative obvious density difference between aggregate, mortar and pore, after CT scanning and converting to image, each component of concrete has better contrast, and it is easier to observe and extract aggregate contour. In this paper, CT image processing technology is used to preprocess the section image of concrete cylinder specimens in order to obtain accurate aggregate geometry and position information. On this basis, the reconstructed micro-finite element model is simulated and simulated in MATLAB, and the results are compared with those of other finite element models. The results show that the finite element concrete micro-model can make up for the shortcomings of the traditional random aggregate concrete model, and better reflect the mechanical characteristics of concrete materials, which opens up a new way for the ultimate in-depth study of the micro-damage mechanism of concrete materials.
We provide evidence on the convergence of language-based questionnaire and biological perspectives on personality traits. The first study, conducted on Serbian students, provided evidence on the position of Panksepp’s Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) in the personality space defined by HEXACO facets. The second, replicatory study was conducted on a sample of German young adults. Results show that the instruments based on these 2 approaches target highly similar personality phenomena, which is revealed in the high canonical correlations between them (the first 3 being above .70 in both samples). Despite the overlap, the scales measuring emotional systems do not map onto HEXACO factors one-to-one, and mostly have substantial loading on more than 1 HEXACO factor. The pattern of correlations between HEXACO and ANPS scales was highly similar in the 2 samples. The importance of the findings for the personality taxonomy and theory is discussed.
Eysenck's model of personality (PEN) was one of the most influential personality models in the 20th century. A unique characteristic of this model is the claim of psychosis-proneness being incorporated into it as one of its three basic traits - Psychoticism. The main goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to find out the associations between PEN traits and a diverse set of operationalizations of psychosis-proneness (PP). We set the benchmark for assuming their distinctness to a correlation coefficient amounting to 0.40. A systematic review has been conducted, yielding 350 correlations of interest. By computing inverse sampling variance weighted mean correlation coefficients, we found the following associations between psychosis-proneness and Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism, respectively: 0.21, −0.09, and 0.30. All prediction intervals around the three mean effect sizes do include zero, suggesting that psychosis-proneness is only marginally captured by the PEN model. Moderator analyses further demonstrated this distinctness and the lack of phenotypic validity of the Psychoticism scale/construct.
This study investigates the contribution of personality traits (HEXACO traits and Schizotypy) and social status dimensions (sociometric and perceived popularity) in understanding boys’ and girls’ respective academic achievement. The sample included 163 elementary school students from Serbia, aged 14–15 (87 girls and 76 boys). Regression analysis reveals that personality traits explain a similar amount of academic achievement variance in two gender groups (22% vs. 20% in girls’ favor), but social status proves to be a better predictor of academic achievement for boys (27% vs. 4% in boys’ favor). High Conscientiousness, perceived popularity as well as low extraversion turned out to be related to girls’ academic achievement. Low Schizotypy and Honesty‐Humility, as well as high openness, sociometric, and perceived popularity turned out to be related to boys’ academic achievement. Conscientiousness appears not to be related to boys’ academic achievement. The results are discussed and recommendations for improving educational practices are offered.
English-speakers sometimes say that they feel moved to tears, emotionally touched, stirred, or that something warmed their heart; other languages use similar passive contact metaphors to refer to an affective state. We propose and measure the concept of kama muta to understand experiences often given these and other labels. Do the same experiences evoke the same kama muta emotion across nations and languages? We conducted studies in 19 different countries, five continents, 15 languages, with a total of 3542 participants. We tested the construct while validating a comprehensive scale to measure the appraisals, valence, bodily sensations, motivation, and lexical labels posited to characterize kama muta. Our results are congruent with theory and previous findings showing that kama muta is a distinct positive social relational emotion that is evoked by experiencing or observing a sudden intensification of communal sharing. It is commonly accompanied by a warm feeling in the chest, moist eyes or tears, chills or piloerection, feeling choked up or having a lump in the throat, buoyancy and exhilaration. It motivates affective devotion and moral commitment to communal sharing. While we observed some variations across cultures, these five facets of kama muta are highly correlated in every sample, supporting the validity of the construct and the measure.
Data from three normal samples were used to examine links between personality disorder scales and measures of the five-factor model of personality. In the first study, self-reports, spouse ratings, and peer ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), a measure of the five basic factors of personality, were correlated with MMPI personality disorder scales in a sample of 297 adult volunteers. In the second study, self-reports on the NEO-PI were correlated with Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-I) scales in a sample of 207 adults; self-reports on the MCMI-II were examined in a sample of 62 students. Results generally replicated the findings of Wiggins and Pincus (1990), suggesting that the five-factor model encompasses dimensions of both normal and abnormal personality. Distinctions between the MMPI, MCMI-I, and MCMI-II scales are examined in light of the model, and suggestions are made for integrating traditional personality trait models with psychiatric conceptions of disorder.
According to recent theoretical models, autistic-like and schizotypal traits can be regarded as opposite sides of a single continuum of variation in personality and cognition, and may be diametrically associated with individual differences in life history strategies. Schizotypy is hypothesized to constitute a psychological phenotype oriented toward high mating effort and reduced parenting, consistent with a fast life history strategy; autistic-like traits are hypothesized to contribute to a slow strategy characterized by reduced mating effort and high parental investment. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that autistic-like and schizotypal traits would be diametrically associated with unrestricted sociosexuality, impulsivity, and sensation seeking (three key behavioral correlates of fast life history strategies in humans) in a sample of 152 young adults (18-38 years). The results were consistent with a diametrical autism-schizotypy axis of individual variation. In line with with our hypotheses, autism-schizotypy scores were uniquely associated with individual differences in impulsivity, sensation seeking, and sociosexual behavior, even after controlling for variation in Big Five personality traits. However, we found no significant associations with sociosexual attitude in the present sample. Our findings provide additional support for a life history model of autistic-like and schizotypal traits and demonstrate the heuristic value of this approach in the study of personality and psychopathology.
In two studies, we used structural equation models to test the hypothesis that a General Factor of Personality (GFP) occupies the apex of the hierarchy of personality. In Study 1, we found a GFP that explained 45% of the reliable variance in a model that went from the Big Five to the Big Two to the Big One in the 14 studies of inter-scale correlations (N = 4496) assembled by Digman (1997). A higher order factor of Alpha/Stability was defined by Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Agreeableness, with loadings of from 0.61 to 0.70, while Beta/Plasticity was defined by Openness and Extraversion with loadings of 0.55 and 0.77. In turn, the GFP was defined by Alpha and Beta with loadings of 0.67. In Study 2, a GFP explained 44% of the reliable variance in a similar model using data from a published meta-analysis of the Big Five (N = 4000) by Mount, Barrick, Scullen, and Rounds (2005). Strong general factors such as these, based on large data sets with good model fits that cross validate perfectly, are unlikely to be due to artifacts and response sets.
Psychotic disorders are characterized by profoundly blunted neural responses to errors, as indicated by reductions in two event-related potential (ERP) components: the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe). The potential utility of the ERN and Pe as biomarkers for psychotic disorders is currently limited, however, by an incomplete understanding of their psychometric properties. To address this gap in the literature, we considered the reliability and validity of these measures in both healthy individuals (n = 52) and patients with psychotic illness (n = 84) across two experimental paradigms that have been used in previous studies in schizophrenia: a flankers task and a picture/word matching task. Internal consistency reliability was higher on the flankers compared to the picture/word task overall. On the flankers task, fair internal consistency was achieved among patients with relatively few trials (ERN = five trials, Pe = 12 trials). The number of available error trials influenced reliability among patients more than among healthy individuals, and on the picture/word task more than the flankers task. Moderate convergent validity for the ERN and Pe was observed across tasks in both the patient and healthy groups. ERPs on the flankers task exhibited external validity, and were related to several clinical characteristics, including diagnosis, negative symptom severity, rehospitalization, employment, and neuroticism; associations with the picture/word task were generally weaker. These data indicate that task differences can strongly affect psychometric properties of error-related neural activity indices in healthy and patient populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).
A novel theory of Openness/Intellect is proposed, which integrates intelligence and positive schizotypy (or apophenia, false detection of patterns or causal connections) within the Big Five. Openness/Intellect comprises a simplex of subtraits arrayed along a single scaling dimension. Openness traits fall in one half of the simplex, bounded by apophenia; Intellect traits fall in the other half, bounded by intelligence. The simplex is paradoxical because intelligence and apophenia are negatively correlated despite both loading positively on the general Openness/Intellect factor. The model was supported in two samples and organizes theories of (1) the relation of intelligence and schizotypy to personality, (2) the psychological and biological mechanisms involved in Openness/Intellect, and (3) the costs and benefits of Openness, proximally and evolutionarily.
Examined the relationship between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-Revised (DSM-III-R) personality disorders and the interpersonal circumplex and Big Five models of personality traits. 102 consecutive referrals for group therapy for personality disorders were evaluated using the Personality Disorder Examination (PDE) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II) personality-disorder scales. Their placement in circumplex space was assessed using the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex Scales, whereas their standing on the Big Five traits was measured with the 50-Bipolar Self-Rating Scales (50-BSRS). The authors found that many disorders could be meaningfully located in circumplex space, whereas the use of the Big Five model led to even better placement for several disorders. Further examination of the residuals from the PDE, after the 50-BSRS scales were partialed out, indicated that the remaining common variance could also be understood in terms of the Big Five model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Schizotypy is phenotypically associated with neuroticism. To reveal the origin of this association, we assessed 3,349 (1,449 monozygotic, 1,105 dizygotic [DZ] same-sex and 795 DZ opposite-sex) twins on a 12-item version of Chapman's Psychosis-Proneness Scales and the short form of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised as measures of schizotypy and neuroticism. A substantial proportion (0.51 with 95 % CI from 0.38 to 0.64) of the phenotypic correlation of 0.37 between neuroticism and the perceptual and ideational components of schizotypy was accounted for by shared genetic influences on these two traits. Moreover, a Cholesky decomposition including anhedonia, hypomania and impulsivity fully accounted for the heritable variance in perceptual and ideational components of schizotypy. These findings suggest a shared genetic etiology between neuroticism and perceptual and ideational components of schizotypy and affect future investigations on the etiology of these phenotypically overlapping traits and affective and psychotic disorders.
This study examined the associations between the belief that intelligent extraterrestrial life has visited Earth and that governmental agencies have knowledge of this fact and various individual psychological difference factors. A total of 433 participants completed measures of extraterrestrial beliefs, paranormal beliefs, superstitious ideation, schizotypy, the Big Five personality factors, and demographic variables. Results showed that extraterrestrial beliefs were significantly predicted by paranormal beliefs, the unusual experience factor of schizotypy, Openness to Experience, and education. These results are discussed in relation to work suggesting that an individual differences approach may be useful to clarifying the underlying processes that give rise to extraterrestrial beliefs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The five-factor model of personality (FFM), derived from personality trait psychology, is increasingly used to describe personality disorders (PDs). Critics have argued, however, that the personality traits of the FFM fail to capture adequately the full range of personality psychopathology. In this investigation, the personality domains of the personality psychopathology five (PSY-5), an alternative model designed specifically to assess pathological traits, were compared to the domain traits from the FFM in the prediction of the PD symptom counts. The personality traits from both dimensional models were assessed in a sample of 138 psychiatric patients with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and the revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R), respectively. Both instruments significantly predicted all 10 PD symptoms and contributed on average an additional 10% of the variance beyond that predicted by the other instrument. Whereas the MMPI-2 PSY-5 scales were comparatively better predictors of paranoid, schizotypal, narcissistic and antisocial PD symptom counts, the NEO PI-R domain scales outperformed the MMPI-2 PSY-5 scales in the prediction of borderline, avoidant and dependent PD symptom counts. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The study explored the associations between the five-factor model (FFM) of personality and DSM-IV personality disorders (PDs) in a sample of child molesters. The sample displayed high rates of PD with 21 (48%) meeting the criteria for at least one PD. Correlations showed that PD were most strongly associated with the NEO domains of Neuroticism and Agreeableness. Comparison between non-PD and PD offenders revealed that individuals with PD reported higher levels of Neuroticism and lower levels of Agreeableness. Examination of the facet scores within these domains showed that offenders with PD reported higher levels of Anger–hostility, Impulsivity and Vulnerability, and lower levels of Trust, Straightforwardness and Compliance. Results suggest that the FFM can be used to differentiate PD from the general population, however, cannot differentiate specific PDs. The implications of these findings are discussed further.
The current study set out to investigate the relationship between creativity, multi-dimensional schizotypy and personality more generally. This was achieved by analysing scores on a range of personality scales and measures of creativity, where it was found that the creativity measures were more closely related to asocial-schizotypy than positive-schizotypy. The study also sought to test Eysenck's prediction (1993, 1995) that, given the putative relationship between creativity and psychosis-proneness, high psychosis-prone scoring individuals and high creativity scoring individuals would demonstrate the same cognitive style of ‘overinclusiveness’ on latent inhibition. However, the results failed to demonstrate any evidence of a shared ‘widening of the associative horizon’ between high creativity and high psychosis-prone scorers. The findings are discussed in relation to multi-dimensional schizotypy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The central theme of this title presents a challenging and controversial view of psychosis-that the features of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia actually lie on a continuum with, and form part of, normal behavior and experience. The dispositional or “schizotypal” traits associated with psychotic disorders, while increasing one’s chances for mental illness, also lead to positive outcomes such as enhanced creativity or spiritual experience. Each aspect of this theme is supported by extensive experimental and clinical evidence, questioning the conventional medical wisdom that treats psychotic illness in the narrow context of neurological disease. The result is an authoritative and provocative overview of an important topic in psychological research and clinical practice.
The relationship between the five-factor model (FFM) of personality and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (rev. 3rd ed.; DSM-III-R) personality disorders was examined in a sample of 54 psychiatric outpatients. Correlations between raw scores on the NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) and the number of DSM-III-R personality disorder symptoms rated present using a semistructured interview were computed. In addition, correlations between NEO-PI scores and scores on two self-report personality disorder inventories were also examined to determine which results replicated across instruments. Results indicated that the FFM personality dimensions of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Agreeableness were most apparent in the DSM-III-R conceptualizations of the personality disorders.
This chapter focuses on the benign features of the schizotypal personality trait, and specifically the proposition that it may underlie what will be referred to as ‘spiritual experience’. It discusses quantifying the spiritual experience, studies and measurement tools, and illustrative case studies of ‘benign schizotypy’.
Connectionist models are used to explore the relationship between cognitive deficits and biological abnormalities in schizophrenia. Schizophrenic deficits in tasks that tap attention and language processing are reviewed, as are biological disturbances involving prefrontal cortex and the mesocortical dopamine system. Three computer models are then presented that simulate normal and schizophrenic performance in the Stroop task, the continuous performance test, and a lexical disambiguation task. They demonstrate that a disturbance in the internal representation of contextual information can provide a common explanation for schizophrenic deficits in several attentionand language-related tasks. The models also show that these behavioral deficits may arise from a disturbance in a model parameter (gain) corresponding to the neuromodulatory effects of dopamine, in a model component corresponding to the function of prefrontal cortex.
This volume considers the problem of quantitatively summarizing results from a stream of studies, each testing a common hypothesis. In the simplest case, each study yields a single estimate of the impact of some intervention. Such an estimate will deviate from the true effect size as a function of random error because each study uses a finite sample size. What is distinctive about this chapter is that the true effect size itself is regarded as a random variable taking on different values in different studies, based on the belief that differences between the studies generate differences in the true effect sizes. This approach is useful in quantifying the heterogeneity of effects across studies, incorporating such variation into confidence intervals, testing the adequacy of models that explain this variation, and producing accurate estimates of effect size in individual studies. After discussing the conceptual rationale for the random effects model, this chapter provides a general strategy for answering a series of questions that commonly arise in research synthesis: 1. Does a stream of research produce heterogeneous results? That is, do the true effect sizes vary? 2. If so, how large is this variation? 3. How can we make valid inferences about the average effect size when the true effect sizes vary? 4. Why do study effects vary? Specifically do observable differences between studies in their target populations, measurement approaches, definitions of the treatment, or historical contexts systematically predict the effect sizes? 5. How effective are such models in accounting for effect size variation? Specifically, how much variation in the true effect sizes does each model explain? 6. Given that the effect sizes do indeed vary, what is the best estimate of the effect in each study? I illustrate how to address these questions by re-analyzing data from a series of experiments on teacher expectancy effects on pupil's cognitive skill. My aim is to illustrate, in a comparatively simple setting, to a broad audience with a minimal background in applied statistics, the conceptual framework that guides analyses using random effects models and the practical steps typically needed to implement that framework. Although the conceptual framework guiding the analysis is straightforward, a number of technical issues must be addressed satisfactorily to ensure the validity the inferences. To review these issues and recent progress in solving them requires a somewhat more technical presentation. Appendix 16A considers alternative approaches to estimation theory, and appendix 16B considers alternative approaches to uncertainty estimation, that is, the estimation of standard errors, confidence intervals, and hypothesis tests. These appendices together provide re-analyses of the illustrative data under alternative approaches, knowledge of which is essential to those who give technical advice to analysts.
Some investigators have argued that emotions, especially animal emotions, are illusory concepts outside the realm of scientific inquiry. With advances in neurobiology and neuroscience, however, researchers are proving this position wrong while moving closer to understanding the biology and psychology of emotion. In Affective Neuroscience, Jaak Panksepp argues that emotional systems in humans, as well as other animals, are necessarily combinations of innate and learned tendencies; there are no routine and credible ways to really separate the influences of nature and nurture in the control of behavior. The book shows how to move toward a new understanding by taking a psychobiological approach to the subject, examining how the neurobiology and neurochemistry of the mammalian brain shape the psychological experience of emotion. It includes chapters on sleep and arousal, pleasure and pain systems, the sources of rage and anger, and the neural control of sexuality. The book will appeal to researchers and professors in the field of emotion.
College undergraduates (n = 34) identified by deviant scores (at least 1.96 SD above the mean) on the Revised Social Anhedonia (SocAnh) Scale (M. Eckblad, L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, & M. Mishlove, 1982) were compared with control participants (n = 139) at an initial assessment and at a 10-year follow-up evaluation. Twenty-four percent of the SocAnh group were diagnosed with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders at the follow-up compared with only 1% of the control group, despite the fact that there had been no such difference between the groups at the initial assessment 10 years earlier. The SocAnh group exceeded the control group on severity of psychotic-like experiences and had poorer overall adjustment at the follow-up but not at the initial assessment. The groups did not differ on mood symptoms or substance-use disorders. Thus, the SocAnh Scale, unlike the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales, appears to identify individuals at specific risk for future development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
Preface 1. Temperament and personality: trait structure and persistence 2. Psychobiological methods 3. Extraversion/sociability 4. Neuroticism 5. Psychoticism (psychopathy), impulsivity, sensation and/or novelty seeking, conscientiousness 6. Aggression-hostility/agreeableness 7. Consilience References.
IntroductionIndividual studiesThe summary effectHeterogeneity of effect sizesSummary points
Relationships between Axis II personality disorders (DSM-IV) and the five-factor model were explored in a non-clinical sample of late adulthood women. The sample consists of 90 women (M = 72.29 years of age, standard deviation = 7.10), who were administered with two measures, the NEO-FFI and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+. Some personality disorders scales such as paranoid, schizotypal, borderline and dependent demonstrate a differentiated pattern of five-factor model domain predictors. Low agreeableness predicted schizoid, narcissistic and antisocial; histrionic, obsessive-compulsive and negativistic were predicted by high neuroticism and low agreeableness; high neuroticism and low extraversion, in turn, predicted dependent and depressive scales. Also, two clusters of personality disorders are identified, one associated with low agreeableness and another with low agreeableness and high neuroticism. This study suggest that some traits become maladaptive personality traits, and correspond more closely to psychopathology, when they become opposite to what would be expected in line with studies in normal late adulthood development.
Section III of DSM-5 includes an alternative model for personality disorders comprising five higher-order pathological personality traits, four of which resemble domains from the Big Five/Five-Factor Model of Personality (FFM). There has, however, been considerable debate regarding the association of FFM Openness-to-Experience/Intellect (OE/I) with DSM-5 Psychoticism and Schizotypal Personality Disorder (STPD). The authors identify several limitations in the literature, including inattention to (a) differences in the conceptualization of OE/I in the questionnaire and lexical traditions and (b) the symptom heterogeneity of STPD. They then address these limitations in two large patient samples. The results suggest that OE/I per se is weakly associated with Psychoticism and STPD symptoms. However, unique variance specific to the different conceptualizations of OE/I demonstrates much stronger associations, often in opposing directions. These results clarify the debate and the seemingly discrepant views that OE/I is unrelated to Psychoticism and contains variance relevant to Psychoticism.
This paper reports the only study today into the empirical relationship between the Big Five dimensions of personality and symptoms of personality disorders according to both ICD-10 as well as DSM-III-R in two samples of ‘normal’ volunteers. Correlations were computed between the scores obtained with two different Big Five questionnaires and the number of personality disorder symptoms (criteria met) as measured by a self-report questionnaire (VKP). These questionnaires are the 23BB5: the 23 bipolar Big Five and the 5PFT: the Five Personality Factor Test. Furthermore, we compared the results of our studies with those of all studies we could trace in the literature (12 in all) regarding correlations between Big Five dimensions and the personality disorder symptoms, according to DSM-III-(R) only. It was concluded that: (a) our study is unique, because for the first time the relationships between ICD-10 personality disorders criteria and Big Five dimensions are investigated; (b) the differences found with regard to the ICD-10 personality disorders symptoms and the corresponding DSM-III-R personality disorder symptoms are relatively small; (c) therefore in terms of underlying personality dimensions the criteria in both systems are more or less the same.
Background. The usefulness of any diagnostic scheme is directly related to its ability to provide clinically useful information on need for care. In this study, the clinical usefulness of dimensional and categorical representations of psychotic psychopathology were compared.
Method. A total of 706 patients aged 16–65 years with chronic psychosis were recruited. Psychopathology was measured with the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS). Lifetime RDC, DSM-III-R, and ICD-10 diagnoses and ratings of lifetime psychopathology were made using OPCRIT. Other clinical measures included: ( i ) need for care; ( ii ) quality of life; ( iii ) social disability; ( iv ) satisfaction with services; ( v ) abnormal movements; ( vi ) brief neuropsychological screen; and ( vii ) over the last 2 years – illness course, symptom severity, employment, medication use, self-harm, time in hospital and living independently.
Results. Principal component factor analysis of the 65 CPRS items on cross-sectional psychopathology yielded four dimensions of positive, negative, depressive and manic symptoms. Regression models comparing the relative contributions of dimensional and categorical representations of psychopathology with clinical measures consistently indicated strong and significant effects of psychopathological dimensions over and above any effect of their categorical counterparts, whereas the reverse did not hold. The effect of psychopathological dimensions was mostly cumulative: high ratings on more than one dimension increased the contribution to the clinical measures in a dose-response fashion. Similar results were obtained with psychopathological dimensions derived from lifetime psychopathology ratings using the OCCPI.
Conclusions. A dimensional approach towards classification of psychotic illness offers important clinical advantages.
The Big Five Inventory (BFI) was designed to provide researchers and clinicians with an efficient measure of individual differences on the so-called Big Five factors of normal personality: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. The present article has two objectives: a) to introduce the BFI-Français, a French language version of the BFI; and b) to use the BFI-Français to study the relations between normal personality traits and the DSM classification of psychiatric disorders. Three French samples (161 medical students, 200 hospital employees, 106 psychiatric inpatients) completed the 44-item BFI-Français. DSM-IV diagnoses were made for each inpatient. The psychometric data obtained from the combined French samples were compared to US and Spanish samples. Means, standard deviations, internal consistency reliabilities, and factor structure were similar in all samples; thus, the BFI-Français provides an efficient, psychometrically sound way to measure the five personality factors in French samples. As expected, scores on the BFI-Français were related systematically to DSM diagnoses on both Axis I and II. Findings were consistent with the recent literature; since past research has relied primarily on Anglo-American and non-clinical samples, the present findings contribute importantly to establishing the generality of the links between personality traits and DSM.
This chapter presents a theoretical background to the title itself. It explores varieties of psychosis, the borderlands of psychosis, and dimensions of psychosis. It discusses whether continuity in serious mental illness exists and how far it can be generalized, and how this can be reconciled with the notion of a pathology for the abnormal state.
The relationships between two measures proposed to describe personality pathology, that is the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-3) and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), are examined in an undergraduate sample (N = 240). The NEO inventories are general trait measures, also considered relevant to assess disordered personality, whereas the PID-5 measure is specifically designed to assess pathological personality traits, as conceptualized in the DSM-5 proposal. A structural analysis of the 25 PID-5 traits confirmed the factor structure observed in the U.S. derivation sample, with higher order factors of Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism. A joint factor analysis of, respectively, the NEO domains and their facets with the PID-5 traits showed that general and maladaptive traits are subsumed under an umbrella of five to six major dimensions that can be interpreted from the perspective of the five-factor model or the Personality Psychopathology Five. Implications for the assessment of personality pathology and the construction of models of psychopathology grounded in personality are discussed.
if full-blown psychotic states preclude concurrent creativity, what is one to make of the wealth of literature presented further on in this chapter, suggesting a relationship between the two / a number of researchers have already pointed out, in different ways, that the relationship is not between actual psychosis and creativity, but, rather, between 'schizotypy' or 'psychoticism' and creativity / in other words, the putative link is with non-clinical expressions of schizotypal temperament and information processing style, along a personality dimension that leads from 'normality' at one end, through differently weighted combinations of schizotypal traits, towards full-blown psychosis at the other end
the construct of schizotypy employed here refers to a set of behavioural, affective, and cognitive 'eccentricities' which, in addition to forming some of the underpinnings for episodes of psychotic illness, also exist in the normal population at a non-clinical level (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Ed Harris Cooper, Larry V Hedges, Russell Sage Foundation, $49.95, pp 573 ISBN 0-87154-226-9Methods for combining results across different studies have existed since the early ‘thirties, but the use of quantitative techniques for synthesising research results was rare until about 15 years ago. Meta- analysis, as the statistical analysis of a large collection of results from individual studies is called, has now achieved a status of respectability in medicine.This respectability, when combined with the slight hint of mystique that sometimes surrounds meta-analysis, ensures that results of studies that use it are treated with the respect they deserve. At the same time the technique is poorly understood by most medical researchers, who consequently make infrequent use of it. The problems in integrating unconnected and independent studies in order to create generalisations are not just statistical. Research synthesis seeks to discover consistencies and account for the variability of results from similar studies.Systematic synthesis of research evidence has already been covered in several texts, mostly focused on methods of statistical integration and often approaching the problem from different perspectives. The Handbook of Research Synthesis is different in that it approaches research synthesis as a whole and not only includes statistical techniques viewed from various meta-analytical perspectives but also gives detailed consideration to other aspects. These take up about half of the book and include subjects such as problem formulation in research integration, the identification of potentially interesting variables, the coding and evaluation of research reports, the management of datasets, publication bias, and the potentials and limitations of research synthesis, to paraphrase the title of just a few of the 32 chapters.Different statistical aspects of meta-analysis are more than adequately covered. The editors’ stated intention was to keep discussions of theory and proofs to a minimum in favour of descriptions of the practical mechanics needed. They have succeeded to a large extent, but the statistically oriented chapters could make demanding reading for non-statisticians. This should not be taken to mean that non-statisticians would not find it of considerable value. Points are illustrated by well chosen examples, and because of the overlap between chapters are often presented from several different angles, which many readers might find helpful.The Handbook of Research Synthesis is one of the most important publications in this subject both as a definitive reference book and a practical manual. It is unlikely to be superseded for some time.
The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), a new measure of maladaptive personality traits, has recently been developed by the DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorders Workgroup. The PID-5 variables were examined within the seven-factor space defined by the six HEXACO factors and the Schizotypy/Dissociation factor (Ashton & Lee, 2012) using participant samples from Canada (N = 378) and the Netherlands (N = 476). Extension analyses showed that several PID-5 facet-level scales represented each of the Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Schizotypy/Dissociation factors. In contrast, only one PID-5 scale loaded strongly on HEXACO Agreeableness, and no PID-5 scales loaded strongly on Openness to Experience. In addition, a joint factor analysis involving the PID-5 variables and facets of the Five-Factor Model was conducted in the Canadian sample and recovered a set of seven factors corresponding rather closely to the HEXACO factors plus Schizotypy/Dissociation. The authors discuss implications for the assessment and structure of normal and abnormal personality.
The relationship of the NEO-PI to personality disorders was evaluated in a clinical population. Eighty subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were given this measure, along with the MCMI-II and PTSD and combat scales. Two questions were addressed: (1) What is the relationship of NEO-PI domains and facets to personality disorders?; and (2) What is this scale's relationship to PTSD problems? Results support previous studies that employed a clinical population, but with lower correlation coefficients. For the most part, then, the NEO-PI domains and facets correlated in expected ways with the MCMI-II. On PTSD measures, N accounted for the majority of the variance, but other domains were entered when independent regression equations were calculated to account for different personality disorders. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Current knowledge of the associations between personality disorders (PDs) and the five-factor model (FFM) is based largely on the results of linear correlation statistics. Yet we do not know whether FFM–PD associations are indeed linear, and correlational statistics are not directly informative regarding the FFM deviations of individuals with PDs. In this study, graphical analyses of FFM–PD associations for a large, clinical and nonclinical combined sample revealed a diversity of linear and nonlinear FFM patterns, at both the domain and facet levels, for most PDs. However, the FFM deviations from normative levels were only moderate. The discussion focuses on the strengths and weaknesses of the FFM approach to PDs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
As part of an assessment centre 431 candidates completed three self-report measures: one of personality disorders (Hogan Development Survey, HDS; Hogan & Hogan, 1997), one of personality traits (NEO-PI, Costa & McCrae, 1992), and one of personality type (MBTI; Briggs & Myers, 1987). Correlational and regressional analysis tested various hypotheses about the overlap between the different dimensions and confirmed previous research using different instruments (Saulsman & Page, 2004). Results revealed highest correlation between the HDS and NEO, showing neuroticism correlating (as predicted) with excitable (borderline) and cautious (avoidant); introversion correlating with avoidant (cautious), schizoid (detached), and (negatively) with colourful (histrionic); openness correlating with schizotypal (imaginative) and conscientiousness with diligent (obsessive–compulsive). Many of the ‘overlaps’ were suggested by Widiger, Trull, Clarkin, Sanderson, and Costa (2002). The overlap and lack of overlap is considered at the psychometric and conceptual level. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Background Social problem solving therapy is one helpful approach to treating people with personality disorders (PD). Consequently, it is worthwhile to develop a greater understanding of the role of social problem solving in PD. One hypothesis is that social problem solving mediates the relationship between personality dimensions and personality disorder. This premise was explored in a sample of male prisoners, a population known to have a high prevalence of PD.
Method Sixty-eight men completed the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE), NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the Social Problem-Solving Inventory—Revised: Short Version (SPSI-R:S). The data were explored for direct and indirect mediational effects of social problem solving variables in the personality dimension—PD relationship, using methods appropriate for small samples and multiple mediators.
Results A number of relationships between personality dimensions, social problem solving, and personality disorder traits were identified, but only for paranoid, schizotypal, borderline, narcissistic, and avoidant PDs.
Discussion These findings support the hypothesis that social problem solving mediates between personality dimensions and some PDs. Further research is necessary to verify these relationships. However, these findings begin to clarify the mechanisms by which personality dimensions relate to PDs. This knowledge has potential to contribute to the development of more effective interventions for people with particular personality dimensions and specific personality disorders. Copyright
The present study investigated the relationship between the five-factor model of personality and dissociation in a large sample of university students. Participants were administered a battery of self-report measures that assessed personality, dissociation and childhood trauma and/or abuse. Significant correlations were found between the dimensions of the five-factor model of personality and dissociation. Cluster analytic techniques were also used to identify personality subtypes among participants scoring above average on the dissociation measure. Three reliable subtypes were identified with one subtype having a profile resembling personality profiles found in samples determined to have psychopathology. Differences among the subtypes were found in the levels of remembered childhood sexual abuse and amnestic dissociative experiences. Possible implications of these results for understanding the relationship between personality, dissociation, and dissociative pathology were discussed.
Offering pragmatic guidance for planning and conducting a meta-analytic review, this book is written in an engaging, nontechnical style that makes it ideal for ...
ABSTRACT Our review is concerned with the relationship of the five-factor model of personality to psychopathology, focusing in particular on Axis II personality disorders and depression. The five factors provide a particularly compelling model for interpreting the Axis II personality disorders as maladaptive variants of normal personality traits. However, we also discuss methodological and conceptual limitations of this application. There has been little research on the relationship of Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness to Axis I mental disorders, but considerable attention has been given to Neuroticism and Extraversion. We focus in particular on the difficulty in distinguishing between the various ways in which personality can relate to depression, either as a predisposition to, a complication of, a pathoplastic effect upon, or a spectrum variant of the mental disorder. We conclude with recommendations for future research.
Purpose. Sensational interests (e.g. an interest in the occult or the methods of violence) in mentally disordered offenders are claimed to signify greater risk of psychopathology, but evidence to support this view is slight.
Methods. The relationships between self‐reported DSM‐IV personality disorder (PD), general personality traits and sensational interests were examined in 155 of 167 consecutively referred offenders to a forensic psychology service. The subscales of the PD and personality trait measures were reduced to the four basic PD/trait dimensions (asocial, antisocial, anxious and anankastic) using confirmatory factor analysis.
Results. Those high on the ‘antisocial’ factor (which was primarily defined by low Agreeableness, low Conscientiousness, and substantial elements of Paranoid, Antisocial and Borderline PD) were more interested in ‘violent‐occult’ and militaristic topics.
Conclusions. The aspects of the antisocial factor primarily associated with an interest in sensational and potentially violent topics cover a wide range of putative disorders. However, the factors reflecting asocial, anxious or anankastic disorders do not show a reliable association with measures of sensational interests. These results suggest that the personality dimensions reflecting an interest in ‘sensational’ topics in mentally disordered offenders are relatively specific.
Genetic influences on personality differences are ubiquitous, but their nature is not well understood. A theoretical framework might help, and can be provided by evolutionary genetics. We assess three evolutionary genetic mechanisms that could explain genetic variance in personality differences: selective neutrality, mutation-selection balance, and balancing selection. Based on evolutionary genetic theory and empirical results from behaviour genetics and personality psychology, we conclude that selective neutrality is largely irrelevant, that mutation-selection balance seems best at explaining genetic variance in intelligence, and that balancing selection by environmental heterogeneity seems best at explaining genetic variance in personality traits. We propose a general model of heritable personality differences that conceptualises intelligence as fitness components and personality traits as individual reaction norms of genotypes across environments, with different fitness consequences in different environmental niches. We also discuss the place of mental health in the model. This evolutionary genetic framework highlights the role of gene-environment interactions in the study of personality, yields new insight into the person-situation-debate and the structure of personality, and has practical implications for both quantitative and molecular genetic studies of personality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Previous investigators have proposed that various kinds of person-descriptive content—such as differences in attitudes or values, in sheer evaluation, in attractiveness, or in height and girth—are not adequately captured by the Big Five Model. We report on a rather exhaustive search for reliable sources of Big Five–independent variation in data from person-descriptive adjectives. Fifty-three candidate clusters were developed in a college sample using diverse approaches and sources. In a nonstudent adult sample, clusters were evaluated with respect to a minimax criterion: minimum multiple correlation with factors from Big Five markers and maximum reliability. The most clearly Big Five–independent clusters referred to Height, Girth, Religiousness, Employment Status, Youthfulness, and Negative Valence (or low-base-rate attributes). Clusters referring to Fashionableness, Sensuality/Seductiveness, Beauty, Masculinity, Frugality, Humor, Wealth, Prejudice, Folksiness, Cunning, and Luck appeared to be potentially beyond the Big Five, although each of these clusters demonstrated Big Five multiple correlations of .30 to .45, and at least one correlation of .20 and over with a Big Five factor. Of all these content areas, Religiousness, Negative Valence, and the various aspects of Attractiveness were found to be represented by a substantial number of distinct, common adjectives. Results suggest directions for supplementing the Big Five when one wishes to extend variable selection outside the domain of personality traits as conventionally defined.