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Evaluation of chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil and methanolic extract of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. glandulosum (DESF.) Ietswaart from Algeria
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of O. vulgare L. ssp. glandulosum (Desf.) Ietswaart essential oil (EO), to determine total phenolic constituent in methanolic extract and investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oil and methanolic extract. For antibacterial activity, susceptibility tests were expressed as inhibition zone by the disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by broth microdillution method. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH scavaging capacity assay. GC and GC/MS analyses of the oil resulted in the identification of 43 compounds, representing 98.55% of the oil; para-cymene (25.615%), thymol (23.129%), carvacrol (20.321%) were the main components. The methanolic extract showed total phenolic contents of 526.75 μgGAE/mg. EO was particularly found to possess strong antibacterial capacity while methanolic extract remained inactive. In antioxidant activity, methanolic extract exhibited very high scavenging ability on DPPH radicals with IC50= 25.59 μg/ml whereas EO presented an IC50= 461.62μg/ml. © 2016, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. All rights reserved.
... Disc Broadcast Method: Discs of 6 mm in diameter filter paper were used and impregnated with different volumes of the aqueous extract ( 80, 100, 200 μL) . M-H gelose boxes were inoculated with each of the 3 bacteria strains and incubated in an oven at 37°C for 24 h [24]. ...
... The incubation of this covered microplate was carried out in an oven at 37°C for 24 hours. The reading was carried out using a plate reader of the MR-96A Microplate Reader type [24]. ...
... Inoculation on solid culture media (GN) was carried out and then incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The day after, the MBC was determined using this culture [24] ...
The clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is an aromatic herb that originates mainly from Central Asia and Africa. This herb has been used in many ways, especially in the medical field. Given its many therapeutic benefits, it would be interesting to identify the different phytochemicals of this plant. The 179 primary objective of this work is to measure the various phenolic compounds in the aqueous extract of the plant and to identify them, using the HPLC technique. The study of the antioxidant activity in vitro of this extract as well as its antimicrobial activity have been carefully carried out. According to the results of the phytochemical analysis, this plant contained, more or less, significant amounts of phenolic compounds such as total phenols (176.02 mg), flavonoids (23.5 mg) and ortho-diphenols (740,14 mg). Moreover, some phenolic compounds, in particular flavonols, were present in smaller amounts, (2.09 x 10-3 mg). The presence of certain compounds was then confirmed by the HPLC technique. The results of the study of the antioxidant activity of clove extract (DPPH, ABTS and -carotene test), showed values that were high. As for the antibacterial activity tests, they showed remarkably high inhibition zones and sensitivity (diameter 18mm and 15mm diameter) for the Gram negative bacteria : Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia Coli. As regards for the gram-positive strain which is Staphylococcus aureus, it had a high sensitivity and an inhibition diameter of (19 mm).
... [9] Different species of Origanum, plants of Lamiaceae family, have been the subject of numerous scientific studies. [6,10] Many reports have shown that Origanun vulgare L. is one of the most widespread and known species of this family which EOs is particularly rich in mono-and sesquiterpenes. [11] Pharmacognosy Research, Volume 11, Issue 3, July-September, 2019 ...
... This oil also contains sesquiterpene, terpinene, flavonoids, and other compounds with variable relative proportion. [7,10,12] By the way, these oils have been shown to possess antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, diaphoretic, carminative, antispasmodic, and analgesic activities. [11] Consequently, the EOs of this genus and its major constituents are considered a potential source of active compound interest. ...
... Purple DPPH turned yellow in the presence of antioxidants. [10] ...
Background: In recent years, antioxidants have become essential in nutrition because of their ability to protect the body against oxidative cell damage that can produce dangerous diseases. Medicinal plants are a major source of many bioactive molecules that act directly on the body. Objective: The main objective of our work is to highlight the antioxidant potential of the essential oil (EO) of Origanum elongatum Emb and Maire (endemic plant of Morocco), determine its composition, and carry out fractionation operations to isolate the molecule (s) responsible for this activity.
Materials and Methods: The measurement of the antioxidant activity of the EO is carried out by trapping the free radical 2,2‑diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl and the composition of the EO is determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The fractionation of the EO was carried out by various chromatography techniques. Results: The results show that the EO has an interesting antioxidant activity with an EC50 in the order of
1.2 in comparison with a reference antioxidant, δ‑tocopherol whose EC50 is 0.26. The EO of O. elongatum consists of 11 compounds, of which 3 are the majority: carvacrol (60.42%), para‑cymene (13.9%), and γ‑terpinene (9.4%).
Conclusion: Fractionation of the oil made it possible to isolate a purified antioxidant molecule consisting mainly of carvacrol (95%).
Key words: 2,2‑diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl, antioxidant activity, essential oil composition, fractionation, Origanum elongatum
... By hydrodistillation, the essential oil yield for Mentha pulegium L., is 2.31%. This proportion is the same as that found by Bouhaddouda et al. (2.69%;Bouhaddouda et al., 2016). and higher than that reported by Derwich et al., (1.66%;Derwich et al., 2010) and Aljaiyash et al., between 1.10 and 1.78% (Ahmed et al., 2018). ...
... This can be explained by the nature and type of chemical constituents present in our oil, e.g., Menthone, Eugenol, Menthol, Pulegone and Limonene, etc., which are known for their antioxidant effects. In our case, we can assume that the IC 50 = 1.550 mg/mL of MP essential oil is due to pulegone (80.038%), the majority compound in this oil, which is known to be a good antioxidant, which may also justify the high antioxidant power of our EO, unlike that found by Bouhaddoda, where she noted the total absence of pulegone (Bouhaddouda, 2016). As a result, our findings on DPPH radical scavenging activity demonstrated that our tested plant could be used as a promising Chromatographic profile of MP EO. ...
Mentha pulegium L., (MP) of the Lamiaceae family, endemic to Morocco, is a medicinal plant used in classical medicine. The aim of the present study is to enhance the value of this species by investigating the chemical composition of its essential oil (EO), antioxidant activity, toxicity, molecular docking and antimicrobial properties. In vitro measurement of antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) reduction assay and the 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid; ABTS) assay demonstrated the plant’s best performance. The toxicity test reveals that EO is non-toxic at an LD 50 of 2000 mg/kg rat body weight. Evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial effect by diffusion, direct contact, dilution and sporulation methods showed that all strains tested were sensitive to MP EO. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for clinical strains ranged from 2 mg/mL to 10 mg/mL. MP could therefore be a good alternative in the treatment of infectious diseases.
... biological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, antiviral, miracicidal and antioxidant [4][5][6][7]. EOs are relatively cheap, effective, safe and perceived as growth promoters in poultry diets [8], improve meat quality [9,10], alteration of lymphocyte distribution in the gut [11,12], potentiate the immune response [13][14][15] and high antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria [16]. ...
... According to Franz and Novak (2009), essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds produced by living organisms and isolated by physical means only (pressing and distillation) from the whole plant or plant part of known taxonomic origin. The composition of essential oil in plants depends on plant species and its age, harvesting periods, methods of processing, geographical location and soil types [4,5]. Scientific reports showed that essential oils (EOs) can perform several In view of these abundant potentials in EOs, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of turmeric oil on the haematology and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens. ...
... The supplementation of phytogenic supplements consisting of herbal extracts has been also reported to reduce the coccidian oocyst shedding and intestinal lesions in broiler chickens [16][17][18]. Ferulago angulata, known as Chavir in Iran, is a plant of the Apiaceae family and is a native species of the western mountainous regions of Iran. This plant contains flavonoid and phenolic compounds that have a wide range of pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and hemostatic activities [19,20]. ...
... Duffy et al. [38] also recorded a significant reduction in the average cecal lesion score in the broiler chickens fed plant-derived product Natustat or salinomycin compared to the challenged control birds on d 21. In another study, extracts of Tulbaghia violacea as an herbal plant, added in the feed of Eimeria-infected broilers exhibited a decrease in oocysts production [16]. In contrast, Scheurer et al. [33] examined the effects of different dietary phytogenic products on avian coccidiosis and showed that none of the phytogenic products was effective at the tested dosage in reducing intestinal lesion scores and oocyst shedding in coccidiosischallenged broilers. ...
Background
Two experiments were conducted to compare the growth-promoting (experiment 1), protective, and immunostimulatory effects (experiment 2) of salinomycin, probiotic, a vitamin-selenium complex, and Ferulago angulata hydroalcoholic extract (FAE) against coccidiosis in broilers. In each experiment, 350 1-day-old broiler chickens were equally divided in 7 groups: uninfected negative control (NC); infected positive control (PC); or PC supplemented with salinomycin (Sal); probiotic (Pro); a combination of vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium (ECSe); 200 mg/kg of FAE (FAE200); or 400 mg/kg of FAE (FAE400). All these groups (except NC) were challenged via oral gavage with oocysts of mixed Eimeria spp. on d 10 (experiment 1) or d 14 (experiment 2).
Results
In the first trial, all treatments improved growth and feed conversion compared with the PC group, where the best values were noticed in the NC and FAE400 groups throughout the entire experimental period (d 1 to 42). Further, a lower mortality rate ( P < 0.05) was observed in the NC, Sal, and FAE400 groups as compared to that in the PC group. In the second trial, intestinal lesion scores and total oocyst numbers were reduced in the Sal, Pro, and FAE400 groups compared to the PC group, albeit all coccidiosis-challenged groups had higher oocyst shedding ( P < 0.05) compared to NC group. Immune responses revealed that among challenged birds, those fed diets Pro, ECSE, and FAE400 had significantly higher primary total and secondary total and IgG antibody titers against sheep red blood cells, serum and cecum specific IgG levels, and serum IFN-γ concentration than the PC group.
Conclusions
Considering the results, dietary FAE, especially at high levels of inclusion in broiler diet (400 mg/kg), could beneficially influence growth performance and immune status under coccidiosis challenge, which was comparable to that of probiotic supplement.
... Thus, antibiotic alternatives, such as herbal products are becoming increasingly important in preventing and controlling infectious diseases including coccidiosis. The supplementation of phytogenic supplements consisting of herbal extracts has been also reported to reduce the coccidian oocyst shedding and intestinal lesions in broiler chickens (Bouhaddouda et al., 2016;Arczewska-Włosek et al., 2017;Tonda et al., 2018). Scrophularia striata (Scrophulariaceae) is a plant growing in parts of Asia (especially Iran, Turkey, and Azerbaijan), which has been used since ancient times as folk remedies to treat illnesses such as tumors, eczema, psoriasis, rheumatics, and inflammatory disorders (Azadmehr et al., 2009(Azadmehr et al., , 2013. ...
... Duffy et al. (2005) also recorded a significant reduction in the average cecal lesion score in the broiler chickens fed plant-derived product Natustat or salinomycin compared to the challenged control birds on d 21. In another study, extracts of Tulbaghia violacea as an herbal plant, added in the feed of Eimeria-infected broilers exhibited a decrease in oocysts production (Bouhaddouda et al., 2016). In contrast, Scheurer et al. (2013) examined the effects of different dietary phytogenic products on avian coccidiosis and showed that none of the phytogenic products was effective at the tested dosage in reducing intestinal lesion scores and oocyst shedding in coccidiosis-challenged broilers. ...
Poultry coccidiosis is an important disease affecting performance which is characterized by intestinal epithelium damageand increased mortality and is caused by the protozoa parasites of the genus Eimeria. This study evaluated the growth-promoting (experiment 1), protective, and immunostimulatory effects (experiment 2) of salinomycin and Scrophularia striata hydroalcoholic extract (SSE) against coccidiosis in broilers. Two experiments were conducted with 300 1-day-old broiler chickens, which were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 6 replicate pens of 10 birds (experiment 1) or 10 replicate cages of 6 birds (experiment 2). In both experiments, treatments were: negative control (NC: untreated, and uninfected); positive control (PC: untreated, infected); or PC supplemented with salinomycin (Sal); 200 mg/kg of SSE (SSE200); or 400 mg/kg of SSE (SSE400). All these groups (except NC) were challenged via oral gavage with of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria species (Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella) on d 10 (experiment 1) or d 14 (experiment 2). In the first trial, all treatments improved growth and feed conversion compared with the PC group, where the best values were noticed in the NC, SAL, and SSE400 groups throughout the entire experimental period (d 1 to 42). Further, a lower mortality rate (P < 0.05) was observed in the NC, Sal, and SSE400 groups as compared to that in the PC group. In the second trial, intestinal lesion scores and total oocyst numbers were reduced in the Sal and SSE400 groups compared to the PC group, although all coccidiosis-challenged groups had higher intestinal lesion scores (P < 0.05) compared to NC group. Immune responses revealed that among challenged birds, those fed diets Sal and SSE400 had significantly higher Eimeria-specific cecum IgG and IgM levels, but lower serum IFN-γ concentration than the PC group. Among the experimental treatments, broiler chickens fed diet SSE400 had greater (P < 0.05) Eimeria-specific serum IgG and TGF-β levels, but lower (P < 0.05) serum IL-6 concentration than those fed the PC diet at d 24. Considering the results, dietary SSE, especially at high levels of inclusion in broiler diet (400 mg/kg), could result in a comparable growth performance and a better immune response, compared to a salinomycin supplement under coccidiosis challenge.
... Similarly, a mixture of castor oil and cashew nut shell liquid oil so-called "functional oil" added in the feed of broiler chickens after challenging with E. maxima, E. acervuline, and E. tenella exhibited improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio [30]. Extracts of Tulbaghia violacea, a herbal plant, showed a decrease in oocysts production in Eimeria-infected chickens [31]. The antioxidant present in the herbal extract is found to alleviate lipid peroxidation that occurs because of coccidia infection. ...
... Some of the factors associated with the variation in the results because of EO might involve stability and volatility of the compound, composition, ratio of oils, purity, and quality, methods of extraction, isolation, and standardization of the oils. Steam-distilled EO from Origanum vulgare has been found to produce an antibacterial activity, whereas methanolic extract of the same species has shown high antioxidant activity [31]. The use of essential oils has produced beneficial effects on the performance of birds, but it has not completely eliminated the incidence of cocci and NE or has consistently produced similar benefits as of AGPs in the diet. ...
Consumer demands for chickens raised without the use of antibiotics, legislative restrictions, and trade opportunities have encouraged many integrators within the poultry industry to raise poultry without antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) and ionophores. However, with the removal of AGPs and ionophores, the incidence of enteric diseases such as coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens, respectively, have increased, thereby gaining the attention of the poultry industry to look for alternative strategies to improve bird’s health. Coccidiosis and NE are 2 major enteric disease concerns in broilers because of their association with decreased performance, increased mortality, reduced welfare, and a higher risk of poultry product contamination. Necrotic enteritis is often induced after a coccidiosis infection and any factor that causes stress, reduces immunity, and disturbs intestinal ecosystem. Nutritional mitigation strategies have been widely used to reduce such enteric diseases with a greater focus on balanced gut health. Some of the nutritional interventions that have shown potential for improving gut health while reducing overall disease include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, essential oils, vaccination, and natural phytochemical extracts in poultry diets. A better understanding of the relationship between nutritional strategies, coccidiosis, and NE is crucial to improve gut health in the absence of AGPs in poultry production. This review will provide information and updates pertaining to current research focusing on several nutritional strategies that have helped to alleviate coccidiosis and NE, by modulating performance and gut health aspects.
... The essential oil yielded obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial part of Origanum vulgare was 2.50 %, the same yield was noticed in the sample collected from Nechmaya region of Guelma city (Algeria) by Bouhaddouda et al., (2016) [10], where it was reported that essential oil Origanum vulgare L. ssp. glandulosum (Desf.) ...
... The essential oil yielded obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial part of Origanum vulgare was 2.50 %, the same yield was noticed in the sample collected from Nechmaya region of Guelma city (Algeria) by Bouhaddouda et al., (2016) [10], where it was reported that essential oil Origanum vulgare L. ssp. glandulosum (Desf.) ...
... For example, the phenols (thymol and carvacrol) constitute about 80% of the essential oils of oregano, the most widespread species of Lamiaceae family, and are mainly responsible for its antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Besides thymol and carvacrol, r-cymene was found as another dominant component of oregano (Bouhaddouda et al., 2016). Although the rcymene is not an effective antimicrobial agent by itself, it could facilitate the transport of carvacrol across the cytoplasmic membrane (Oke et al., 2009). ...
... These developments presented challenges to the concept of essential oils as well as the knowledge of biological activities of essential oils. For example, the steam-distilled essential oils from Origanum vulgare showed a great antibacterial activity against reference strains with a moderate antioxidant activity, while the methanolic extract exhibits no antibacterial activity but a high antioxidant activity (Bouhaddouda et al., 2016), which suggests that the bioactivity of essential oils is indeed based on the method of extraction (Vigan, 2010). In addition, there is a growing part of chemically-synthesized essential oils used in feed industry. ...
The increasing pressure of abolishing and/or decreasing the use of antibiotics as antimicrobial growth promoters for livestock calls for alternative solutions to sustain the efficiency of current livestock production. Among the alternatives, essential oils have a great potential and are generally considered natural, less toxic, and free from residues. Essential oils have been proven in numerous in vitro studies to exert antimicrobial effects on various pathogens. The current review touched on the basics of essential oils, and the in vivo effects of essential oils on growth, intestinal microflora, anti-oxidation, immune functionality, meat qualities as well as the possible modes of action in poultry and pigs, and the future research areas were proposed.
... According to Franz C, et al. [4] essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds produced by living organisms and isolated by physical means only (pressing and distillation) from the whole plant or plant part of known taxonomic origin. The composition of essential oil in plants depends on plant species and its age, harvesting periods, methods of processing, geographical location and soil types [5][6][7]. ...
The objective of this current study was to examine the effects of turmeric oil as a dietary supplement on some haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chicken. A total of two hundred 1-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308 strain) were randomly distributed to five treatments of 4 replicates consisting of 10 birds each in a completely randomized design. Birds in treatment 1 (T1) were fed basal diet + 0% turmeric oil (TOL), T2, T3, T4 and T5 were fed basal diet supplemented with TOL at 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% respectively. Basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of birds according to NRC (1994). Clean feed and water were also provided ad libitum throughout the experiment which lasted for 56 days. Results obtained showed that all the haematological parameters (Pack cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular heamoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, white blood cells and its differentials) were significantly (P˂0.05) different among the treatments. Serum biochemical parameters (Total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase) were influenced by the dietary supplementation of TOL (P˂0.05). Cholesterol level decreases as the dietary supplementation of TOL increases (P˂0.05). However, all values were within the normal physiological range for birds. It was concluded that TOL contains several bioactive chemicals which confers it the ability to perform multiple biological functions.
... As a result of their effects on improving the digestion process and increasing the growth performance, these EOs have recently been employed in poultry feed (Abu Isha et al. 2018;Torki et al. 2021) to replace antibiotics. Furthermore, EOs also contain antibacterial and antioxidant properties, which were previously measured in the study of Bouhaddouda et al. (2016). Improved body weight gain (Kim et al. 2015), feed conversion ratio (Pirgozliev et al. 2019), enzyme secretion (Zeng et al. 2015) and nutrient digestibility (Basmaciolu-Malayolu et al. 2016;Attia et al. 2019) were all favourable effects of EOs on broiler performance. ...
Antibiotics used in animal feeds have recently been strictly regulated to avoid antibiotic resistance in humans. Thus, scientists are compelled to find new feed additives to replace antibiotics in feed. Apart from having a zero effect on human health, new alternatives may even be able to further improve production performance. Essential oils (EOs) and organic acids (OAs) stood out as powerful and useful replacements for both animal production and human population. These are added to chicken diets and drinking water to induce a favourable growth response. Hence, enhancing the nutrient digestibility, performance, and immunity of birds, OAs and EOs are used in livestock production mainly to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and simultaneously maintain the balance of intestinal bacteria. This improves the digestion of nutrients and mineral absorption which will eventually lead to better feed efficiency. The addition of OAs and EOs also causes the intestinal lining to thin, which further enhances nutrient absorption and utilization. Not only for poultry production, the effect of OAs and EOs can also improve poultry immunity and antioxidant capacity. However, the effects will vary depending on the type of OAs and EOs because their mode of action is dependent on their pKa value. In the present review, beneficial properties of OAs and EOs, as well as various dose combinations, to promote their optimal use in poultry nutrition and production will be examined. Their effects on supporting protein digestion, faster absorption of minerals, especially microminerals, stimulating growth performance, regulating antioxidant capacity, and improving immune response will be explored.
... In fact, thymol and carvacrol are the two main phenols which account for almost 80% of the EO of oregano and are the main contributors to its antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The compound pcymene is another dominant component of oregano EO [30]. Even though this component is not considered as an effective antimicrobial agent, it is a precursor for carvacrol which possesses higher preference for liposomal membranes, enabling carvacrol to be more easily transported into the cell [31]. ...
Plant secondary metabolites and essential oils also known as phytogenics are biologically active compounds that have recently attracted increased interest as feed additives in poultry production, due to their ability to promote feed efficiency by enhancing the production of digestive secretions and nutrient absorption, reduce pathogenic load in the gut, exert antioxidant properties and decrease the microbial burden on the animal’s immune status. However, the mechanisms are far from being fully elucidated. Better understanding the interaction of phytogenics with gastrointestinal function and health as well as other feed ingredients/additives is crucial to design potentially cost-effective blends.
... In vitro effect of oregano essential oils on control reference strains The results of the aromatogram (Table 2) show that the highest diameters of inhibition were obtained with the solubilisation of the oil in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) for the two strains ATCC MU 50 and ATCC 25923, for a concentration of 10% with a diameter of 31.72 mm and 17.42 mm respectively. The efficacy of this oil against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was also found by Bouhaddouda et al. (2016) who obtained a high inhibition diameter of 51.83 ± 2.56 mm using 5 µl of undiluted essential oil of O. vulgare L. ssp. glandulosum (Desf.) ...
... In vitro effect of oregano essential oils on control reference strains The results of the aromatogram (Table 2) show that the highest diameters of inhibition were obtained with the solubilisation of the oil in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) for the two strains ATCC MU 50 and ATCC 25923, for a concentration of 10% with a diameter of 31.72 mm and 17.42 mm respectively. The efficacy of this oil against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was also found by Bouhaddouda et al. (2016) who obtained a high inhibition diameter of 51.83 ± 2.56 mm using 5 µl of undiluted essential oil of O. vulgare L. ssp. glandulosum (Desf.) ...
The study aims to test under in vivo condition the effect of Origanum vulgare essential oil (OEO) on the bacteriological quality of raw milk from cows affected by subclinical mastitis. The tested oil extracted from Algerian endemic oregano collected in Setif province (eastern Algeria) was characterised as carvacrol-chemotype using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro inhibitory effect of diluted OEO was tested on control reference strains. Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 700699 methicillin-resistant seemed more susceptible to OEO than ATCC 25923 methicillin-susceptible. The in vivo trial was conducted on lactating and non-pregnant cows selected according to their California mastitis test scores. The microbiological analysis was applied for 100 units of raw milk samples collected before and three days after the twice a day topical application of OEO diluted with vegetable oil (5%). Results showed the only presence of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TMAB) and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) in all samples with values close to the critical limit. After treatment, a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in the mean count of TMAB and a non-significant decrease in the number of CPS (P > 0.05) were noted. Results indicate that aromatherapy is a promising approach for improving udder health and raw milk microbiota.
... Many studies exploring the bioactivity of EOs have mainly attributed their antioxidant capacity to terpenoids with phenolic groups such as carvacrol, methyl chavicol, thymol, and eugenol, as they can donate hydrogen atoms to free radicals and transform them into more stable products [162,164]. For example, about 80% of oregano EOs are constituted by carvacrol and thymol, mainly responsible for its antioxidant activity [165,166]. Similarly, EOs from other aromatic plant species, like lemon balm, basil, thyme, and sage, have also been established as rich sources of antioxidants [162]. The study conducted by Viuda-Martos and co-workers demonstrated the ability EOs from oregano (Origanum vulgare), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and sage (Salvia officinalis) to chelate Fe 2+ , with rosemary EO displaying the highest effect (76.06%). ...
Using plant essential oils (EOs) contributes to the growing number of natural plants’ applications in livestock. Scientific data supporting the efficacy of EOs as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant molecules accumulates over time; however, the cumulative evidence is not always sufficient. EOs antioxidant properties have been investigated mainly from human perspectives. Still, so far, our review is the first to combine the beneficial supporting properties of EOs in a One Health approach and as an animal product quality enhancer, opening new possibilities for their utilization in the livestock and nutrition sectors. We aim to compile the currently available data on the main anti-inflammatory effects of EOs, whether encapsulated or not, with a focus on mammary gland inflammation. We will also review the EOs’ antioxidant activities when given in the diet or as a food preservative to counteract oxidative stress. We emphasize EOs’ in vitro and in vivo ruminal microbiota and mechanisms of action to promote animal health and performance. Given the concept of DOHaD (Developmental Origin of Health and Diseases), supplementing animals with EOs in early life opens new perspectives in the nutrition sector. However, effective evaluation of the significant safety components is required before extending their use to livestock and veterinary medicine.
... Therefore, solvents with low to moderate polarity have to be used for the latter, while polar solvents seem to be more appropriate for the former. Common extraction solvents and extraction procedures/processes were widely reported in the literature (Krimat et al., 2017 ;Gonçalves et al., 2017 ;Stanković et al., 2017 ;Bouhaddouda , 2016 ;Bouhaddouda et al., 2016 ;Bouaziz, 2015 ;Basli et al., 2015 ;Ličina et al., 2013 ;Benchikha et al., 2013 ;Kaurinovic et al., 2011 ;Miron et al., 2011 ;Barros et al., 2010 ;Drużyńska et al., 2007 ;Rodríguez-Meizoso et al., 2006 ;Şahin et al., 2004 ;Dorman et al., 2003 ;Exarchou et al., 2002 ;Cervato et al., 2000). The data of phenolic extracts content from oregano and/or total phenolic yields (TPY) were reported for Origanum vulgare subspecies from several countries and are depicted in Table 1. ...
Integration of solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extractions, SLE and LLE, respectively, for selective recovery of Origanum vulgare subsp. glandulosum phenolics was studied. A Two-Phase Solvent Extraction (TPSE) was performed by maceration at room temperature using a green biphasic solvent system and compared to Centrifugal Partition Extraction (CPE). Up to 69 % of phenolics were similarly recovered by both CPE and TPSE techniques using the ethyl acetate/acetic acid/water solvent system (EAW) in immiscible proportions while only 56 % of purity was reached using the conventional successive technique. Up to 19 g GAE/100 g DW of total phenolics were recovered by solid-liquid-liquid extraction (SLLE) while only 12 g GAE/100 g DW was isolated by using SLE with EAW organic phase. Comparing TPSE to organic and aqueous macerations conducted separately, a clear positive impact of combination was observed, namely more than 57 % and 83 % enhancement of the extraction yields, respectively. Such extracts exhibited a very strong antioxidant activity as shown by the antioxidant activity index (AAI) higher than 2.
... This reduction is proved by the solution coloration that changes from purple (DPPH•) to yellow (DPPH-H). This coloration change which is proportional to DPPH reduction is measurable with a spectrophotometer at 515nm 12,30,31 . ...
p>Among natural remedies, aromatic and medicinal plants constitute an essential source that deserves scientific attention. Thus, our study aims to promote the virtues of two aromatic and medicinal plants found in the wild in the region of Ouazzane (Morocco). The phytochemical tests of these species have shown the presence of flavonoids, gallic and catechic tannins, cyanidin, sterols and triterpenes. However, alkaloids, carotenoids, saponosides and reducing compounds were not detected. Then, extraction of total polyphenols from O riganum compactum and Satureja calamintha nepeta was conducted for 48 hours by maceration with a mixture of methanol/water (80/20) used as a solvent. Extractions yielded 35.2% crude extracts for Origanum compactum and 34.4% for Satureja calamintha nepeta . The fractionation of these crude methanol extracts was performed with three organic solvents of increasing polarity (chloroform, ethyl acetate then, n-butanol). Total phenol content of the extracts and fractions was assessed by the method of Folin-Ciocalteu. This revealed that the phenol-rich fractions were the crude extract for Origanum compactum and the butanol fraction for Satureja calamintha nepeta . Finally, the evaluation of the antioxidant power which was carried out using the method of trapping the free radical DPPH• and the reduction of iron by the method of FRAP. The DPPH• test showed a high antioxidant activity of the samples: 53.1 µg/ml of crude extract of Origanum compactum was needed to reduce 50% of DPPH•. The same IC50 was obtained for ascorbic acid (standard antioxidant). For Satureja calamintha nepeta, the IC50 was 67.5 µg/ml. On the other hand, the FRAP test revealed that the methanolic extract of origanum compactum has higher reducing power than that of n-buthanolic extract of satureja calamintha nepeta. Still, it remains relatively low compared to ascorbic acid. The high antioxidant activity of these two species could justify their use in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases.</p
Thymus capitatus and Thymus broussonnetii are two Moroccan endemic medicinal plants used traditionally by the local population. The present study aims to investigate their essential oil chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined using the GC-MS analysis, the antioxidant activity assessed using DPPH and FRAP methods while the antimicrobial activity was evaluated against nine bacteria species tested (Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia fonticola, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella oxytoca, sensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae, sensitive Escherichia coli, resistant Escherichia coli, resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes). The major identified compounds of T. capitatus essential oil where carvacrol (75%) and p-cymene (10.58%) while carvacrol (60.79%), thymol (12.9%), p-cymene (6.21%) and γ-terpinene (4.47%) are the main compounds in T. broussonnetii essential oil. The bioactivity of the essential oils of the two species of thyme was explained by their richness in oxygenated monoterpenes known for their great effectiveness with an IC50 of 3.48 ± 0.05 and 4.88 ± 0.04 μL/mL and EC50 of 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.20 ± 0.02 μL/mL in the DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively, with an important antibacterial activity. These results encourage the use of these plants as a source of natural antioxidants, and antibacterial additives, to protect food from oxidative damage and to eliminate bacteria that are responsible for nosocomial infections.
Awareness about the quality of food has increased especially in regard to food spoilage and the type of preservative added. In view of this, plant products have emerged as a source of safe and eco-friendly compounds as a potent natural preservative. The present study establishes the role of stem extract of medicinal plant marjoram to inhibit two important food spoilage bacteria viz. Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium. Chemical compositions of the extract were identified using gas chromatography (GC–MS). The antibacterial activities and minimum inhibitiory concentration (MIC) value was calculated for both the microbes. The preservative activity of the extract was also evaluated in the homemade mango jam without adding any chemical preservative. Bacterial growth was inhibited with inhibition zones of maximum 15.5 mm at 100 mg/ml concentration for B. cereus, whereas for B. megaterium it was 13 mm (max) at the same concentration. Treatment of mango jam sample with extract significantly decreased the colony count of these bacteria during storage at 28 °C ± 2 for 30 days and compared with controls (P < 0.05). It was noticed that the sensory score of the treated samples was satisfactory in comparison to controls. Based on these findings, the hydro-alcoholic extract of marjoram stem can be used as natural preservative in foods.
L'Algérie est un pays riche en plantes aromatiques dont plusieurs sont endémiques. Parmi ces plantes figure l’origan (famille des Lamiacées). Les huiles essentielles et les extraits d'espèces d'origan sont largement utilisés dans l'industrie pharmaceutique, cosmétique et à la préservation de plusieurs produits alimentaires. Le présent travail, consiste à l’étude de l’espèce Origanum vulgare L. poussant à l’état spontané dans la région de Guelma (Est algérien). L’enquête ethnobotanique a permis de décrire les différentes utilisations de la plante, notamment son utilisation comme remède contre plusieurs maladies dont le syndrome grippal qui occupe la première place. L’étude morpho-anatomique a permis de confirmer l’identité botanique de l’espèce et de dégager les caractères distinctifs de l'anatomie d’origan. L’extraction de l’huile essentielle et son analyse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (CPG/ SM) a révélé la prédominance du thymol (32.85%). L’étude de l’activité anti-radicalaire par le test du DPPH a montré que l’huile essentielle possède une activité antioxydante modérée (IC50 = 1,28 ± 0,07 mg / ml). L’huile essentielle a été testée sur la reproduction et la mortalité de la mite de farine Ephestia kuehniella. Elle provoque le prolongement de la période de pré-oviposition et la réduction de la période de dépôt des œufs et la fécondité. Les souches bactériennes testées se sont avérées sensibles à l’huile essentielle étudiée qui a généré une activité antibactérienne dont les zones d’inhibition ont été comprises entre 9,8 mm et 37,7mm et des concentrations minimales inhibitrices (CMIs) allant de 0,314 à 5,025 mg/ml.
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