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The Study of Dermatoglyphic in Simian Crease Group (The Human Masukake-Gata) at Minangkabau Ethnic, West Sumatra, Indonesia

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The research on dermatoglyphic study based on finge r print patterns, total finger ridge count, total number of triradius, a-b ridge count and atd angle in simian crease group (the human Masukakegata) was conducted at Minangkabau ethnic. The stud y used a purposive sampling method for the simian crease group and random sampling for the nor mal group. Data processing used qualitative and quantitative descriptive method and it was carr ied out in the Laboratory of Genetics and Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathemat ics and Natural Sciences, University of Andalas, Padang, West Sumatra. The results showed t hat the finger print pattern on the simian crease group was significantly different to the nor mal group. There was increased frequency of whorls in simian crease group. While the total fing er ridge count, total number of triradius, a-b ridge count and atd angle on simian crease group we re not significantly different to the normal group. The atd angle was recommended to be one of t he other markers to predict rapidly trisomy 21 besides simian crease on palmar and proposed to no longer define the simian line just as characteristic of people with Down’s syndrome.
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Tjong et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 4 (1): 9-14 (2016) ISSN: 2320 – 7051
Copyright © February, 2016; IJPAB 9
The Study of Dermatoglyphic in Simian Crease Group (The Human Masukake-
Gata) at Minangkabau Ethnic, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Muthiara Hidayah, Djong Hon Tjong* and Dewi Imelda Roesma
Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Andalas, Padang, West Sumatra
*Corresponding Author E-mail: tjong20@yahoo.com
Received: 27.01.2016 | Revised: 11.02.2016 | Accepted: 15.02.2016
INTRODUCTION
Dermatoglyphic is the scientific study of the skin ridge patterns on the fingers, toes, palms of hands and
soles of feet all primates
1
. Dermatoglyphic is used as a tool for detection a number of diseases which have
a strongly heredity basis and also to detect abnormality. Additionally, dermatoglyphic is also used in
forensic of individual identification, physical anthropology, human genetics and medicine
2, 3
.
A number of studies on dermatoglyphic showed the correlation between finger print patterns and
palm crease with the disease and psychological characters of human
3
. However, a study on psychological
trait which is associated to dermatoglyphic in human with simian line is very rare. Simian line or also
called simian crease is the transversal lines on the palms which usually use as one of characteristic
features in people with Down’s syndrome. Naming of simian crease based on the line of palms which
similar to primates
4, 5, 6
. Seven out of a hundred people in Japan have a simian crease and is often found in
members of genius families. This group was called the masukake-gata. People with this type hand are
strongly individualistic and emotionally irregular
7
.
Available online at www.ijpab.com
ISSN: 2320 – 7051
Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 4 (1): 9-14 (2016)
Research Article
ABSTRACT
The research on dermatoglyphic study based on finger print patterns, total finger ridge count, total
number of triradius, a-b ridge count and atd angle in simian crease group (the human Masukake-
gata) was conducted at Minangkabau ethnic. The study used a purposive sampling method for the
simian crease group and random sampling for the normal group. Data processing used qualitative
and quantitative descriptive method and it was carried out in the Laboratory of Genetics and Cell
Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of
Andalas, Padang, West Sumatra. The results showed that the finger print pattern on the simian
crease group was significantly different to the normal group. There was increased frequency of
whorls in simian crease group. While the total finger ridge count, total number of triradius, a-b
ridge count and atd angle on simian crease group were not significantly different to the normal
group. The atd angle was recommended to be one of the other markers to predict rapidly trisomy 21
besides simian crease on palmar and proposed to no longer define the simian line just as
characteristic of people with Down’s syndrome.
Key words: dermatoglyphic, simian crease.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2199
Cite this article:
Hidayah, M., Tjong, D.H. and Roesma, D.I., The Study of Dermatoglyphic in Simian Crease
Group (The Human Masukake-Gata) at Minangkabau Ethnic, West Sumatra, Indonesia, Int. J. Pure App.
Biosci.
(
1
):
9
-
14
(201
6
).
doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/
2320
-
7051.2199
Tjong et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 4 (1): 9-14 (2016) ISSN: 2320 – 7051
Copyright © February, 2016; IJPAB 10
The simian crease is a familiar feature of Down’s syndrome
4
. Down’s syndrome is a genetic disorder with
abnormalities of chromosome 21 which resulted in patients with the physical and mental retardation
8,9
.
According to Global Down’s Syndrome Foundation, the average IQ of a person with Down’s syndrome
usually has a very low level of intelligence
10
. However, based on our observation, the simian crease is
also found in peoples with a normal until high level of intelligence without any disorder. Therefore, it is
possible that the presence of simian crease in the palm of the hand can be considered not to be used as an
identifiers patients with Down’s syndrome in the future.
Dermatoglyphics as well as palm creases are helpful in revealing the anthropological
characteristics of the populations of different ethnic origins
6,11
. In this study, we try to find the
characteristic of dermatoglyphics in simian crease group at Minangkabau ethnic (West Sumatra). The
results on this study are expected to be a reference to early detection of the tendency of the character or
nature and level of intelligence of children with simian crease so that the existing potential in those
children can be developed better. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The samples comprised of 30 students with simian crease on palmar (simian crease group) and 30
students without simian crease (normal group).
The dermatoglyphics taken consisted of fingerprint patterns and palms print. Right and left
palmar and digital prints were obtained by ink procedure
12
. The prints were obtained on A4 plain papers,
already marked right and left, and spaces provided for biographic information. A record of individual
biographical data consist of name, age, place and date of birth, gender, ethnicity, blood type and
medical history obtainable by interviews.
Prediction level of intelligence (IQ) was performed using a Windows-based computer application, are
unique IQ tests were designed by Andrew Lankin (2000) and IQ test shots by Anders Ditlev Jensen and
Mensa Danmark. Scores will be averaged from the results of the test.
RESULTS
The average IQ scores obtained from normal group and simian crease group are shown in Table 1. The
frequency of fingerprint patterns of the normal group and simian crease group and chi-square test are
shown in Table 2. The percentage of fingerprint patterns on every both finger of each hand and sequences
are available in Table 3. The average of total finger ridge count, total number of triradius, total a-b ridge
count and atd angle with t-test on normal group and simian crease group are shown in Table 4. Figure 1
shows the percentage of allergy history that found in normal group and simian crease group.
Table 1. The average IQ of normal group and simian crease group
Group Total Ratio Average
Normal 30 63,5-141,5 106,78
Simian Crease 30 93,5-150,5 113,72
Table 2. The frequency of fingerprint patterns on right and left hand of the normal group and simian crease
group and chi-square test
Group Total Whorl Ulnar Loop Radial Loop Arch X
2
1
X
2
2
n % n % n % N %
Normal R 150 43 28,67 100 66,67 4 2,66 3 2,00 0,272
ns
13,156*
L 150 43 28,67 98 65,33 5 3,33 4 2,67
Total
300 86 28,67 198 66,00 9 3,00 7 2,33
Simian
Crease R 150 60 40,00 86 57,33 3 2,00 1 0,67 6,96
ns
L 150 67 44,67 70 46,67 8 5,33 5 3,33
Total
300 127 42,33 156 52,00 11 3,67 6 2,00
Tjong et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 4 (1): 9-14 (2016) ISSN: 2320 – 7051
Copyright © February, 2016; IJPAB 11
Table 3. The percentage of fingerprint patterns on every both finger of each hand (I-V) and sequences
Finger Group W UL RL A Sequence
I N 41,67% 56,67% 1,67% 0,00%
ܷܮ
>
ܹ
>
ܴܮ
>
ܣ
SC 55,00% 45,00% 0,00% 0,00%
ܹ
>
ܷܮ
>
ܴܮ
>
ܣ
II N 28,33% 51,67% 11,67% 8,33%
ܷܮ
>
ܹ
>
ܴܮ
>
ܣ
SC 48,33% 35,00% 8,33% 8,33%
ܹ
>
ܷܮ
>
ܴܮ
=
ܣ
III N 15,00% 81,67% 1,67% 1,67%
ܷܮ
>
ܹ
>
ܴܮ
=
ܣ
SC 28,33% 70,00% 0,00% 1,67%
ܷܮ
>
ܹ
>
ܣ
>
ܴܮ
IV N 40,00% 58,33% 0,00% 1,67%
ܷܮ
>
ܹ
>
ܣ
>
ܴܮ
SC 53,33% 41,67% 5,00% 0,00%
ܹ
>
ܷܮ
>
ܴܮ
>
ܣ
V N 18,33% 81,67% 0,00% 0,00%
ܷܮ
>
ܹ
>
ܮܴ
>
ܣ
SC 26,67% 68,33% 5,00% 0,00%
ܷܮ
>
ܹ
>
ܴܮ
>
ܣ
Description: N= normal, SC= simian crease, I= thumb, II= index finger, III= middle finger, IV= ring finger, V= little
finger, Bold numeral show the value of the highest frequency of the fingers.
Table 4. The average of total finger ridge count, total number of triradius, total a-b ridge count and atd angle
with t-test on normal group and simian crease group
Group Total finger ridge count Total number of triradius Total a-b ridge count atd angle
ܺ
±
ܵܧ
t-test
ܺ
±
ܵܧ
t-test
ܺ
±
ܵܧ
t-test
ܺ
±
ܵܧ
t-test
Normal 128,40
±
8,11
0,94
ns
12,63
±
0,55
0,13
ns
35,13
±
1,07
0,39
ns
39,20
±
0,70
0,87
ns
Simian
Crease 137,50
±
7,61 14,03
±
0,68 35,53
±
0,88 40,30
±
0,66
Fig. 1: The percentage of allergy history that found in normal group and simian crease group
DISCUSSION
The average of IQ from simian crease group higher than normal group (Table 1). According to Asano
7
peoples with a simian crease are often found in the members of genius families. Classification by
Wechsler in Nur’aeni
14
categorize the normal group included average class and the simian crease group in
bright normal class
14
.
Tjong et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 4 (1): 9-14 (2016) ISSN: 2320 – 7051
Copyright © February, 2016; IJPAB 12
Asano
7
classified simian crease into three types, namely F1, F2 and F3 shown in Figure 2.
Fig. 2: Three types of simian crease
7
F1 F2 F3
Table 5. Types of simian crease and the highest IQ scores in simian crease group
No. Type Total The highest IQ
1. F1 1 137
2. F2 29 150,50
3. F3 0 0
Simian crease type F1 is often found in technicians, doctors (especially surgeons, radiologists, and
dentists), engineers and scholars. People with it frequently have IQs of above 130 and usually have good
powers of judgement and analytical thought. There is no information about the average of IQ in simian
crease type F2 and F3
7
.
Simian crease type F1 was also found in one of our samples who is a medical student with 137 IQ score.
However, the highest score (150,50) was found from an engineering student who has a simian crease type
F2. Simian crease type F2 found among 29 out of 30 samples. Simian crease type F3 was not found in our
research. According to Asano
7
the simian crease type F3 is very rare (1: 100) and is usually found in
people with congenital disorders.
In childhood and youth, peoples with simian crease type F2 are often physically frail and
especially afflicted with bronchial and cardiac ailments, but they have good artistic stense and perception
and are frequently people of genius. The simian crease type F2 is easily transmitted genetically and has a
high likelihood of appearing in twins
7
. Based on this study, peoples with simian crease type F2 did not
have a history of heart disease or throat. However, we found a history of some allergics more higher in
simian crease group than normal group (Figure 1).
The frequency of finger print pattern on the right and left hand in normal group and simian crease group
was not significantly different (p < 0,05, Table 2). Frequency of finger print pattern on the right hand and
left hand in both groups expressed a balanced, thus the frequency of attendance of each fingerprint pattern
on the right hand will be equal to the left hand of each group.
The frequency of fingerprint pattern between the normal group and the simian crease group was
significantly different (p > 0,05, Table 2). Ulnar loop patterns in normal group (66,00%) higher than
simian crease group (52,00%). Whorl patterns in normal group (28,67%) smaller than simian crease
group (42,33%).
In general, the proportion of the loop patterns on hand ranged between 60-70%, while the whorl
patterns between 25-35%
3, 13
. Thus, it can be stated that there was increased frequency of whorl patterns
in simian crease group. For the frequency of radial loop and arch patterns in both groups were almost
equal. According to Table 3, the highest frequency of whorl patterns were found on the same finger in
normal group and simian crease group (the fingers I and IV). The highest frequency of ulnar loop patterns
were found on the same finger in both groups (the fingers III and V). The highest frequency of arch
patterns were also found on the same finger in both groups (the second finger/index finger). According to
Bener & Erk
15
, in general the type of whorl patterns often appear on the fingertips I and IV, then the type
Tjong et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 4 (1): 9-14 (2016) ISSN: 2320 – 7051
Copyright © February, 2016; IJPAB 13
of loop patterns often appear on the fingertips III and V, the type of arch patterns often appear on the
fingertips II at right and left hand in both men and women were influenced by genetic factors.
The highest frequency of radial loop patterns were found on the same finger in normal group and simian
crease group (index finger/the second finger). Radial loop patterns commonly found on the second finger.
However, in simian crease group, radial loop patterns were also found on the fingers IV and V of 5.00%,
while the normal group of 0.00% (Table 3). The presence of radial loop patterns on the fingers IV and V
are very rare and can be used as a marker of a simian crease group.
The average amount of total finger ridge count, total number of triradius, a-b ridge count and atd angle on
simian crease group were not significantly different to the normal group (Table 4).
Medical experts always using simian crease as a marker in Down’s syndrome. These patients
have significantly different atd angle
3
. The atd angle of Down’s syndrome more larger than both groups
of this study, between 70
0
-85
0
in Andalas Medical Magazine (2002). Therefore, the atd angle was
recommended to be one of the other markers to predict rapidly trisomy 21 besides simian crease on
palmar. Based on our research, it was estimated that if a child has a simian crease on the palms and the
atd angle almost equal to the normal people (33
0
-51
0
), it can be foreseeable that the child does not have
the genetic disorder Down’s syndrome, but has a high degree of intelligence. However, if the child has a
simian crease on the palms and the atd angles very different from normal people (70
0
-85
0
), it can be
foreseeable that the child has a genetic disorder Down’s syndrome.
CONCLUSION
The finger print pattern on the simian crease group was significantly different to the normal group. There
was increased frequency of whorls in simian crease group, while the total finger ridge count, total number
of triradius, a-b ridge count and atd angle on simian crease group were not significantly different to the
normal group. The atd angle was recommended to be one of the other markers to predict rapidly trisomy
21 besides simian crease on palmar and proposed to no longer define the simian line just as characteristic
of people with Down’s syndrome.
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Syaifullah, Prof. Dr. Mansyurdin and Dr. Tesri
Maideliza for their valuable comments, supports, discussions and suggestions throughout the course of
this work.
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Central India. Int. J. Morphol., 29(3): 1069-1075. (2011).
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10. Global Down’s Syndrome Foundation. Available at: www.globaldownsyndrome.org/.
11. Dar, H., Schmidt, R. & Nitowsky, H.M. Palmar crease variants and their clinical significance: A
study of newborns at risk. Pediatr Res., 11(2): 103-108 (1977).
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... Where as simian, sydney, and suwon creases were considered as a variant types of creases. Simian crease pattern is so named because it resembles the usual condition of non-human simians (primates) [7,17]. The sydney crease is so named, because it was first described in Sydney, Australia, 1968 [14,18,19]. ...
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The study is devoted to the dermatoglyphic substantiation of the criteria for determining the belonging of practically healthy men aged 19-35 years to one or another administrative-territorial region of Ukraine and the relationship of indexes of finger and palmar dermatoglyphics with indicators of personality characteristics. For the first time, qualitative and quantitative features of finger and palmar dermatoglyphics of practically healthy men in the whole country have been established and the contribution of each of the 5 territorial-administrative regions of Ukraine to the general phenotypical picture of dermatoglyphics of the male population of Ukraine, reflecting the formation of regional gene pools and the contribution of each nation, has been determined. It is demonstrated that the basic genetic landscape of the male gene pool of Ukraine, according to finger dermatoglyphics, form the central and northern regions of the country, and according to the palmar dermatoglyphics – quantitative indicators of the central and western regions and qualitative indicators of the southern and northern regions. At the same time, the association of the percentage distribution of the contribution of individual administrative-territorial regions in the overall picture of finger (but not palmar) dermatoglyphics of the country with the indices of inbreeding calculated by surnames Gorpinchenko M. and Atramentova L. (2015) is established. Men's dermatoglyphics were also identified individually for each of the five administrative-territorial regions, allowing them to identify a person's regional identity. It has been established that 22.22 % of finger dermatoglyphic indices are attributed to a person in the central or southern regions of the country; central or eastern – 20.37 %; central or western – 15.74 %; north or south – 17.59 %; north or west – 16.67 %; northern or eastern – 15.74 %; western or eastern and southern or eastern – 12.04 %. Finger dermatoglyphics does not differentiate administrative-territorial local groups of men between regions: north and center and south and west. High taxonomic value for intrapopulation differentiation of the local level have: types of patterns with high intensity of ridge formation and capacity of the pattern, especially III and IV fingers of the right hand and I and II fingers of the left hand. The administrative-territorial features of the palmar dermatoglyphics of men from regions with high heterogeneity of features are described by 20.0 % of indicators as criteria for a person's identity in the central or eastern regions; 16.9 % of indicators – to the central or northern and northern or western ones; 15.4 % of indicators – to the western or eastern regions of Ukraine. The complex of features of palmar dermatoglyphics that distinguishes men of the central region from the east includes the pattern of hypotenar, tenor, I and II of the interdigital space, the size of the dat angle, the Cummins index, additional axial triradius; central from the north – the pattern of hypotenar, tenor and IV interdigital space, the size of the angles atb and ctd, and the ridge count c-d; north from the west – pattern of the II interdigital space, additional axial triradius, angle сtd size and ridge count c-d; west from east – hypotenar pattern, additional axial triradius, size of angles atd, atb and dat, length of segment c-t. Men from the northern and eastern (6.2 % indicators), southern and western (6.2 % indicators) and southern and eastern (7.7 % indicators) regions of Ukraine show significant affinity according to palmar dermatoglyphics. Among the features of palmar dermatoglyphics, the following dermatoglyphic complexes of features have a high taxonomic value for the intra-population differentiation of regions with low heterogeneity: for the northern and eastern ones – the pattern of the II interdigital space, the additional axial triradius and the size of the angle atd; south and west – hypotenar pattern and ridge count a-b; south and east – the size of the palm angles atd and dat, the length of the segment c-t. In general, among the features of palmar dermatoglyphics, high taxonomic value for intra-population differentiation of the local level have: localization and saturation of palm patterns, size of palm angles, presence/absence of additional axial triradius, length of segment c-t, Cummins index. For the first time, reliable discriminatory models of belonging practically healthy men to a certain administrative-territorial region of Ukraine have been constructed which, depending on the features of indexes of finger and palmar dermatoglyphics, which correctly cover representatives of these regions from 67.8 to 82.9 % of cases and, in most cases, have slight discrimination level (Wilks lambda statistics range from 0.747 to 0.879). The highest levels of discrimination were found between northern and southern men (Wilkes lambda statistics equal to 0.665), northern and eastern (Wilks lambda statistics equal to 0.658), and western and eastern (Wilks lambda statistics equal to 0.640) regions of Ukraine. The most common discriminant variables between men in northern and other regions of Ukraine are the type of pattern on the fingers of the right hand and the asymmetry of the ridge count of lines a-b and c-d; between men of southern and other regions of Ukraine – the type of pattern on the fingers of the right hand and the asymmetry of the ridge count of the palmar lines; and between the men of the central, western or eastern regions of Ukraine, the type of pattern on the fingers of the left hand. For the first time the peculiarities of reliable, mostly single, direct and reverse weak forces, correlations between indices of personality characteristics and dermatoglyphic indices of practically healthy men of Ukraine were established. It is shown that the multiple nature of significant correlations is observed only between the majority of indicators of the Rotter subjective control scale and the presence of a pattern on the tenor of the corresponding palm (on the right hand r = 0.31 – 0.37; on the left hand r = 0.22 – 0.29); almost half of the indicators of the Rotter subjective scale and pattern type asymmetry on the first finger (r = 0.23 – 0.27); Lusher gray index, and ridge count of right hand I, III, and IV fingers and left hand I, II, fingers, total ridge count, and left hand delta index (r = -0.23 – -0.28). For the first time, using factor analysis, the main factors that have a significant influence on the personality traits of practically healthy Ukrainian men are identified – the "finger ridge count" (which includes virtually all the finger ridge count and delta index of both hands; the proportion of variance is 13.22 %) and the "magnitude of the atd angle" (which includes the magnitude of the atd angle on both hands; the proportion of variance is 10.66 %). The analysis of the obtained relationships showed that with increasing indicators of the factor "ridge count of the fingers" the degree of probability of growth of indicators of neuroticism according to Eysenck, situational (reactive) and personal anxiety according to Spielberger, accentuation of the character of the emotional and excitable types according to Shmishek, subjective control in the field of health and illness according to Rotter, black and gray color according to Luser decreases, and indicators of accentuation of the character of the anxious and demonstrative types by Shmishek, general internals and the level of subjective control in the field of education (professional) relationship by Rotter, blue and blue-green color by Luscher – increases; with increasing factor "magnitude of atd angle" the degree of probability of growth of indicators of neuroticism according to Eysenck, situational (reactive) and personal anxiety according to Spielberger, accentuation of the character of the emotional, anxious and arousing types by Shmishek, blue color according to Luscher increases, and indicators of accentuation of the character of the demonstrative type according to Shmishek, the general internality level of subjective control, in the field of educational (professional) relations and in the field of health and illness according to Rotter, blue-green, black and gray color according to Lucer – decreases.
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Dermatoglyphics is the study of finger print patterns and the term was coined by Harold Cummins in 1926. Finger prints are imprints of epidermal ridges, which are formed in early embryonic life, during 10 th to 16 th week of intrauterine life and remain permanent during whole life. Dermatoglyphic patterns have polygenic inheritance and are affected by environmental factors in the uterus. Finger print patterns are mainly of three types: arches whorls and loops; though there are more than 100 ridge characteristics, called Galton’s details, in a single rolled finger print. Dermatoglyphics is not only used in the identification of an individual but also serves as a mirror of one’s potential and talent. In this review, we will be discussing Dermatoglyphics and its important role in the diagnosis of chromosomal disorders and other diseases which have some genetic bases.
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In a sample of 539 Polish families, 1000 individuals (515 males and 485 females) were analysed to determine the distribution of whorl patterns on specific fingertips, to compare their frequencies in males and females, and to determine whether asymmetry of these dermatoglyphic pattern elements is genetically controlled. Whorls occur most commonly on digit VI on both hands and in both sexes. The difference between males and females for mean values of occurrence is not significant. Using the bimanual difference between hands (right minus left), the digital asymmetry was determined, and correlations with asymmetrical occurrence of whorls was made between parents and children, and between sibs, in all combinations. In each case, there was a positive correlation pairs of relatives, demonstrating a genetic component in whorl determination and their asymmetrical occurrence.
Article
The Simian and Sydney creases are variant palmar creases which have now drawn medical attention as their presence correlates strongly with numerous chromosomal anomalies and diseases. Works on these creases have been done on several human communities, racial and ethnic but no specific study is focussed out on the Indian populations. In this study 1000 Central Indian subjects (500 males and 500 females) aged between 5 to 70 years were randomly selected and examined by the authors. We found the prevalence of Simian, Sydney and Suwon creases in studied population of Central India is 14.4%, 3.6% and 2.4% respectively, which is a little higher than the figures for Asians and Caucasians claimed by earlier studies. There is no any association between these creases. The Simian crease is predominantly unilateral right side and associated with handedness. It is more common in males. The Sydney crease does not have unilateral or bilateral predominance and association with handedness but it is more common in females. The Suwon crease does not have unilateral or bilateral predominance and association with handedness but it is more common in males. There is no association of these creases with anomalies/diseases/syndromes. Conclusively this work draws attention to the importance of undertaking parallel investigations on every socio-cultural human group or population wherever possible.
Article
An analysis of palmar crease variants was carried out in a group of "at risk" newborns, without any evident congenital anomalies. This group consisted of 108 prematures, 74 infants who were small for gestational age, 62 newborns with history of gestational complications, and 46 newborns with a history of intrauterine methadone exposure. A system of classification was developed based on observations of 500 normal newborns as control subjects, 466 normal mothers, and 200 normal children. The palmar crease variants can be divided into four main groups, schematically presented as normal variants, simian crease and its variants, Sydney line and its variants, and another group of unusual variants which do not fit into the other groups. A study of these groups revealed that familial components, race, sex, and age are factors that can influence the expression of palmar crease patterns. There is an increased frequency of abnormal creases in each of the groups of "at risk" newborns. Moreover, there is an apparent association of interrupted transrerse creases and intrauterine methadone exposure.
Article
SYNOPSIS The simian crease is a familiar feature of Down's syndrome. Less well known is the extended proximal transverse palmar crease (‘the Sydney line’). A study of the incidence of unusual palmar creases in 105 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Down's syndrome has shown a statistically significant increase in the incidence of both the simian and Sydney lines in these patients. The total incidence of unusual palmar creases in Down's syndrome is thus higher than it was previously thought to be.
Article
I applied Okajima's technique of exposing the dermal surface by chemical and mechanical treatment followed by toluidine blue stain to inspect the dermatoglyphic features of hands of aborted human fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities. The dermatoglyphic patterns of five fetuses, three with Down syndrome, one with 5p--, and one with 18 trisomy, were analyzed to determine whether the patterns were sufficiently specific to be used for diagnostic purposes. Apparently unique patterns were obtained. Observation of the dermal surface suggested that the developmental sequence of the ridges in fetuses with chromosomal disorders was retarded by more than 2 weeks as compared with that of normal fetuses of th same gestation.
Available at http://www.dermatoglyphics
  • Campbell
  • Dermatoglyphics
Campbell. Fingerprints & Palmar Dermatoglyphics. Available at http://www.dermatoglyphics.co./. (1998).
Available at http://www.simian
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Rodrigues, L. Simian Line. Available at http://www.simian.com/. (1998).
Hands: The Complete Book of Palmistry
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Asano, H. Hands: The Complete Book of Palmistry. Japan Publication, Inc. Japan. (1985).16-19.