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Application of improved LEACH to underground communication system
Abstract
Wireless sensor network contains a large number of nodes, whose battery power is very limited. By deploying these sensor nodes, we can gather useful information in certain areas. LEACH protocol gives a way of aggregating data by forming some clusters. Each randomly chosen cluster head incorporates data to reduce the amount of information received by other nodes in the same cluster, the aggregated result is transmitted to the sink node. It can avoid each node transmitting collected data to the sink node for a long distance, saving plenty of energy. It will improve the security of communication since wireless sensor network is applicable to the underground communication system. The coal mine is divided into several saps, each sap is regarded as a cluster, most of the sensor nodes are placed in certain position, only a few move with miners, and then the data that they collected were transmited to the sink node. This article proposes that LEACH protocol should be amended to fit the structure of coal mine, the choice of cluster head is optimized and some special nodes are permitted to communicate with sink node through multi-hop routing, so it can save much energy, and can prolong the lifetime of network efficiently.
An energy-balanced unequal clustering algorithm is proposed to solve the "hotspot" problem caused by long ribbon topology of mine roadway, in which the cluster heads close to the sink which has heavy burden leading to failure. A new threshold formula is constructed to elect the candidate cluster heads. Candidate cluster heads determine the cluster heads by certain campaign radius. After a reasonable partition, the clusters closer to the sink node have fewer nodes than those farther away from the sink node to balance the energy consumption; the hybrid communication mode within the cluster is adopted for the load balancing; for the data-forwarding between the cluster heads, the lowest energy consumption mechanism is proposed to select the next hop. Simulation results show that this protocol can balance energy consumption effectively to extend the network life cycle.
This paper describes the current developments and deployments of PLC technology in China. A perspective introduction of the technology and industry situation is given, and an analysis on the main problems is made, focusing the technology and standardization. To solve the technical problems in certain circumstances, two solutions are discussed. One is the Quasi-Broadband PLC, which combines the advantages of both Broadband and Narrowband PLCs; the other one is the dual mode communication technology, which integrates PLC and wireless together. These two new-born technologies are expected to be an effective solution for most of smart grid applications, especially for the Advanced Metering Infrastructure.
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