PERSPECTIVES AND POSSIBILITIES OF INDIAN SPECIES OF GENUS PHYSALIS (L.) – A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

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PERSPECTIVES AND POSSIBILITIES OF INDIAN SPECIES OF
GENUS PHYSALIS (L.) – A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Navdeep Sharma, Anisha Bano, Harcharan S. Dhaliwal, Vivek Sharma*
Akal School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib-173101 (H.P.) India.
Article Received on 13/01/2015 Article Revised on 04/02/2015 Article Accepted on 25/02/2015
ABSTRACT
Present review article reveals the importance of different species of
genus Physalis (L.) distributed in India and this extensive research
information on different species is significant for future researchers
worldwide. In this article cytomorphological, phytochemical,
biological activities and ethnobotanical inputs have been extensively
recorded for different species of the genus Physalis (L.). As a part of
our investigation on cytomorphological and phytochemical aspects for important medicinal
plants from India, the aim of this review article is to provide precise, truthful and detailed
information of six Indian species of the genus Physalis (L.) viz., (P. alkekengi L.; P. angulata
L.; P. ixocarpa Brot. Ex. DC.; P. longifolia Nutt.; P. minima L.; P. peruviana L.). As per our
knowledge, there is not even a single, combined, constructive review report available about
the different Indian species of genus Physalis (L.) evaluated by using cytomorphological,
ethnobotanical, phytochemical and biological activities based aspects from India.
KEYWORDS: Physalis spp., Cytomorphology, Phytochemistry, Ethnobotany, Biological
Activities.
INTRODUCTION
Plants and herbs are used in preparation of medicines and treatment of various diseases from
the ancient time. Over the past two decades there is increase in the use of herbal medicine.
According to the World Health Organization, 70-80% of world population uses the plant
derived traditional methods for the treatment of various health problems.[1, 2] The availability
of medicines plants and their cheaper cost in comparison to modern therapeutic agents makes
them more attractive as therapeutic agents.[3] India is crowned with a rich wealth of medicinal
plants, which ranked India on the top of the list for the production of herbal medicines.[4] It is
Review Article
ISSN 3294-3211
EJPMR
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL
AND MEDICAL RESEARCH
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ejpmr, 2015,2(2), 326-353
*Correspondence for
Author
Dr. Vivek Sharma
Akal School of
Biotechnology, Eternal
University, Baru Sahib-
173101 (H.P.) India

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clear that, the medicinal value of these herbs and plants is due to the bioactive constituents
present in the plants that have physiological effects on the human body. With the help of
various phytochemical techniques, it is easy to isolate and introduce valuable drugs in
modern medicinal system.[5] The present study is therefore, a continuation of on-going
labours to explore the traditional knowledge, cultural practices, cytomorphological, biological
and biochemical importance in these study areas with the ultimate aim of evaluating
medicinal plants for diversity and utilization pattern and also to protect from disappearance of
this treasure. Therefore, due to importance of different species of the genus Physalis L., it has
been taken in to consideration for future exploration and evaluation. As per the literature,
genus Physalis L. comprises 120 species distributed all over world and out of which six
species are distributed in different geographic regions of India. As a part of our investigation
on cytomorphological, phytochemical, biological activities and ethnobotanical inputs for
important medicinal plants from India, the aim of this review article is to provide precise,
truthful and detailed information of six Indian species of the genus Physalis L. (P. alkekengi
L.; P. angulata L.; P. ixocarpa Brot. Ex. DC.; P. longifolia Nutt.; P. minima L.; P. peruviana
L.) to future researchers worldwide. As per our knowledge, there is not even a single,
combined, constructive review report available about the different Indian species of genus
Physalis L. evaluated by using cytomorphological, ethnobotanical, phytochemical and
biological activities based aspects from India.
Botanical Classification Vernacular Name
Kingdom: Plantae Ben.: Ban tipariya
Order: Solanales Guj.: Parpoti, Popti, Moti popti
Family: Solanaceae Hin.: Rassbhary, Thlati pati, Tipari
Subfamily: Solanoideae Kan.: Gudde hannu
Tribe: Physaleae Mal.: Njodi njotta
Subtribe: Physalinae Mar.: Chirboti, Dhan mori
Genus: Physalis (L.) Ori.: Phutka
Tam.: Tholtakkali
Tel.: Kupanti, Budda budama, Budda basara

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Trade and Common Name: Winter cherry, Cape goose berry, Hogweed, Balloon cherry,
Coqueret, Strawberry tomato, Cutleaf ground cherry, Wild tomato, Winter tomato, Winter
cherry, Cow pops, Chinese lantern, Mullaca, Koropo, Camapu.
Geographic Distribution and Habitat: There are about 120 species of genus Physalis (L.)
distributed worldwide, P. alkekengi has an unknown center of origin and it is old world
species originated from Asia. Other species viz. P. angulata, P. peruviana and P. minima are
originated from tropical America.[6] P. peruviana (L.) found most commonly in Brazil. There
are six species of Physalis (L.) present in India, viz: P. alkekengi (L.); P. angulata (L.); P.
ixocarpa Brot. Ex. DC.; P. longifolia Nutt.; P. peruviana (L.) as cultivated species and P.
minima (L.) as common weed.[7] The number of species of Physalis (L.) occurring in the
India does not have the proper distinctions and certainty, this is due to introduction as weeds
and cultivated species and the hybridization problems amongst some of these species, a
reality outside their native habitats and beyond the experience of those who bred them under
captivity. Thus the various species of genus Physalis and their hybrids are now well
established weeds of disturbed landscapes and crops throughout the tropics, including Asia.[8]
Cytological Status: Cytological variations among the medicinal plants species caused by
environmental stress, genetic recombination and mutation. With the extensive study of
meiotic behavior among the populations of medicinal plants species, new cytotypes can be
recorded to look for genetic diversity. The genus Physalis (L.) is extensively studied by
various researchers from India and abroad. Here in this article the cytological data of six
Indian species have been extensively compiled and discussed. The cytological analysis of
first Indian species viz., P. alkekengi (L.) was done by various researchers world-wide and
reported 2n=2x=24.[9-11] The other variety named P. alkekengi var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino
was also analysed cytologically and reported 2n=2x= 24.[12] The second Indian species P.
angulata (L.) was cytologically well studied and reported 2n=4x=48.[13-17] The third species
of genus Physalis L. i.e. P. longifolia reported to have chromosome count 2n=4x=48 [18],
whereas 2n=2x=24 was also reported for P. longifolia var. longifolia.[19] The fourth Indian
species P. minima (L.) was also extensively studied on the basis of cytology and reported to
have 2n=4x=48 and 2n=6x=72 chromosome numbers.[20-23] The fifth Indian species P.
peruviana (L.) was also well studied and reported tetraploid and hexaploid i.e. 2n=4x=48 and
2n=6x=72.[24, 25] The sixth Indian species i.e. P. ixocarpa Brot. Ex. Hornem. was
cytologically examined and showed diploid (2n=2x=24) chromosome numbers.[26-28] From

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the cytological data it is clear that the Indian species of the genus Physalis (L.) exhibit
different (2x, 4x and 6x) ploidy levels. The role of cytological study is to conserve the genetic
diversity of medicinal plants especially the germplasm of new cytotypes for future research
purposes.
Morphological Description: With the help of morphometric characters new morphotypes
can be recorded. The morphological aspects of all the six Indian species of the genus Physalis
have been compiled. P. angulata is an annual, erect and branching herb having much
branched stems growing to 1m height. Leaves of plant are approximately 9cm long, ovate to
elliptic, having 1-2 nodes with pointed tips. Flower of plant is up to 6mm long and pale
yellow or white in color, solitary in the leaf axis, produces small, orange edible berries
surrounded by an inflated balloon like and ovoid calyx to about 3-5mm long. Seed is 1.0 to
1.5 mm having shape of disc with pale yellow color.[29, 30] The second Indian species P.
alkekengi is also called as winter cherry and it is an herbaceous perennial, erect and
ascending herb of height 25 inch approximately. Leaves are green and 3 inch long in size,
ovate and elliptic. Flowers are whitish and solitary. Fruit is opposite, globular, berry,
tasteless, scarelet when ripe. Seeds are numerous and reniform. P. peruviana is a herbaceous,
erect, subtropical zone plant and can grow up to 0.6-0.9m, but in some cases it can grow up to
the height of 1.8m. Leaves are ovate. Flowers with five large purple spots near the base and
pollinated by the insects, wind and by auto-pollination. The fruit is globose berry, ovoid in
shape, juicy having diameter 1.25 to 2.50cm, fruit is protected by inflated calyx or fruit
basket, protects the plant from insects, birds, diseases and harsh climatic conditions.[31, 32] P.
longifolia is a small herbaceous perennial herb growing 20 to 70cm tall with somewhat oval-
shaped leaf blades 5 to 9cm long. Flowers occur in the leaf axis. The bell-shaped corolla is up
to 2 cm wide and is yellow with purplish markings around the center.[33] P. minima herb is
commonly called bladder cherry. [34] It is an annual herb, 0.5-1.5m in height having dark
green dorsal and light green ventral, ovate leaves 9.7cm long and 8.1cm broad. The flowers
are solitary and yellow. The fruit is a yellow color berry, enclosed in the calyx, which is
4.1cm long and 2.5cm broad mature in autumn.[35-40] P. ixocarpa plant is an annual branched
herb having weedy appearance. It gets 3-6 feet (0.9-1.8 m) tall and falls over and sprawls on
the ground if not given support. The flowers are yellow with purple markings. The fruit
develops inside a green and purple bladder-like calyx that looks like a small Chinese lantern
hanging from the stem.

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Chemical Constituents: Physalis (L.) species contains various carbohydrates, lipids,
minerals, vitamins and phytosteroles. They contribute in the withanolide type structures.
Withanolides are defined as a group of C28 ergostane type steroids with a C-22, 26 δ-lactone
group, first isolated from genus Withania (L.)[41] P. alkekengi (L.) sepals contain zeaxanthin
and betacryptoxanthin esters or carotenoid esters useful as food additives or nutraceuticals.[42]
The four steroids, physalin Y, physalin Z, physalin I and physalin II are isolated from the
calyces of P. alkekengi.[43] P. minima (L.) contains phenols, alkaloids, steroids, saponins,
fatty acids and flavonoids.[44, 45] The seeds of P. minima contain oil (palmitic, stearic, oleic,
linoleic and small amounts of hexadecenoic and hydroxy fatty acid) and protein.[46] The
leaves, roots stem of the plant contain withanone, withaferin A, withanolide A, stigmasterol
and sitosterol, while fruits and flowers contain withanolide A, withanone, withaferin,
dihydroxyphysalin B 2-4, physalin A, B and X. The plant also contain physalindicanols,
physalinicanol A, withametelins, physalin, withanolide, withanogulutins, vitasteroids,
phygrine, withaphysalin A, B, C, D, E and physalin A, C, B, D, I, L, withanone, withaferin A
and withanolide A.[47-53] There are presence of seven withanolides like physalindicanoles A
and B, withamin and withphysalin E and other includes physalin B, D, C and 3-O-glucosides
of kaempferol and quercetin. Physalin A, B, C and flavonoids, physalin H, isophysalin B and
5β, 6β-epoxyphysalin B, two new physalins have been isolated from the P. minima whole
plant.[54-56] Physalins are the main steroidal constituents and are characterized by their
modified ergostane type framework, being 16, 24-cyclo-13, 14- secosteroids.[57-66] It has also
been reported to contain withaminimin, phygrine (alkaloid), physalin L, a 13, 14-seco-16, 24
cyclosteroid, other compounds are physalin B, epoxyphysalin B, physalin D and
flavonoids.[67-73] The fruit of P. peruviana contains polyunsaturated fatty acids,
carbohydrates, vitamins A, B, C, E, K1, phytosteroles, essential minerals (phosphorus, iron,
potassium and zinc) and withanolides.[74-78] P. peruviana contain the pseudo-steroids,
physalins with physalin A, B, D, F and glycosides which show the anticancer activity.[79]
From the aerial parts of P. peruviana various withanolide glycosides such as, perulactone,
perulactone B, blumenol A, and (P)-(S)-dehydrovomifoliol have been isolated. Withanolides
E and 4β- hydroxywithanolide E have been tested as anti-cancer agents.[80] From the whole
plant material there is isolation of two withanolides, and characterized as (20R,22R)-
5α,6β,14α,20,27-pentahydroxy-1-oxowith-24-enolide and (20S,22R)-5β,6β-epoxy-
4β,14β,15α-trihydroxy-1-oxowith-2,24-dienolide.[81] The phytochemical study of P.
longifolia leads to the isolation of three different withanolides such as, withalongolide A,
withaferin A, withalongolide B in conjugation with 22 other withanolides. These three

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withanolides showed the promising anti-proliferative activity against human head and neck
squamous carcinoma (JMAR and MDA, 1986) and malenoma (B16F10 and SKMEL-28) cell
lines.[82-84] P. angulata (L.) contains carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins and
phytosteroles. It also have physalins B, E, F, G, H, I and withangulatin A. Withaferin A and
withangulatin A are structurally related to each other. Flavonal glycoside named as myricetin
3-O-neohesperidoside also present.[85-87] Physalin B and F are responsible for the reduction of
Leishmania infected macrophages and intracellular parasite number in-vitro at concentrations
non-cytotoxic to macrophages.[88] P. ixocarpa has slightly acidic flavor and a very good
source of vitamins A and C. The chemical present in P. ixocarpa is ixocarpalactone A and
may have chemoprotective activities.[89]
Pharmacological and Bioactivities of Six Indian Species of Genus Physalis (L.): The
genus Physalis has great economic importance not only as food supplier, but for its important
chemical compounds. Two major groups of chemical compounds are responsible for the
various medicinal properties, the tropane alkaloids (mainly tropine and tigoidine) and the
physalins (steroid compounds). Tropanes are responsible for an anti-muscarinic activity, they
block the activity of neurotransmitter acetylcholine by binding to muscarinic receptors of the
parasympathetic nervous system. These chemical compounds are useful in treatment of
gastrointestinal and muscular spasms and Perkinsons disease.[90, 91] Physalins are under
attention because of the anti-tumour and cytotoxic activity.[92-94] Physalis has a broad
spectrum of biological activities such as antibacterial, antiseptic, abortifacient, molluscicidal,
antiprotozoal, anticancer, cytotoxic and immune modulatory activities.[95-100] But,
unfortunately these medicinal properties are not used commercially.
The six species of Physalis in India are used for their various medicinal properties viz., P.
alkekengi (L.) has various activities like, diuretic, used in urinary and skin diseases, can use
to cure worm infections and has abortifacient properties. It is also used in kidney and bladder
stone, febrile disease, inflammation, constipation, general edema, arthritis and rheumatism.
The chemical components present in the extract are physalins, citric acid and vitamin C. P.
alkekengi has the antineoplastic and cancer static activity, whereas the P. ixocarpa fruits are
very rich in vitamin C and has antiseptic properties.[101-105] P. minima is used as a tonic for
purgative and diuretic properties and extract shows antifertility and antitumor properties.[106]
It is also used in the treatment of colic, gastrophy, earache, gonorrhea and the root paste is
used for backache and odeama treatment.[107-109] The leaf juice of P. peruviana is used for

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worm infection treatment and bowel complaints and the plant has diuretic properties (103). P.
longifolia Nutt and other Physalis species are used as food and medicines to treat headache,
stomach trouble and to dress wounds.[110, 111] P. peruviana is a plant with different medicinal
uses, the fruit juice of P. peruviana is directly used in eye for the treatment of pterygium,
which is the common eye disease and it can cause progressive reduction of visual acuity in its
more advanced stages and may lead to blindness in Colombia.[112, 113] P. peruviana has the
anti-diabetic activity (114). Finally, P. angulata is medicinal plant used in traditional
medicine as anti-diuretic and cures the stomach troubles, analgesic, anti-rheumatic. It is also
considered as anti-pyretic, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory for hepatitis and
cervicitis.[115, 116] Few most important and well defined biological activities of the six Indian
species of genus Physalis (L.) are extensively compiled and discussed.
Hepato-renoprotective Activity: Liver is the largest organ of the body and is the main site
for the various processes like carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, detoxification,
storage of bile and storage of vitamins.[117] P. angulata and P. peruviana are the herbs which
are widely used in traditional medicine. Ahmed worked on the renoprotective effect of the P.
peruviana (L.) extract on acute renal injury in rats. P. peruviana extract pretreatment
improved kidney histology and reduce the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and
enhanced other antioxidant enzymes in kidney homogenate compared to cisplatin group.[118]
In another study the hepatoprotective activity of P. minima was checked against paracetamol
induced hepatic injury in rats.[119] Other activities like antioxidant, antibacterial were also
tested against the ethanolic extract. The results from this study indicated that the leaves of P.
minima were possessing hepatoprotective activity in comparison with standard
hepatoprotective drug silymarin. P. peruviana roots hepato-renal protective effects were seen
against fibrosis in rats. The results were confirmed by liver and kidney histopathological
analysis. P. peruviana succeeded in protecting the liver and kidney against fibrosis.[120] P.
peruviana was evaluated for its antihepatotoxic, phytochemical analysis and the acute
toxicity of the most promising extract in rats. Water, ethanol and hexane extracts of P.
peruviana showed antihepatotoxic activities against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. The ethanol
and hexane extracts showed moderate activity as compared to water extract. The results were
analyzed by the serum marker enzymes. Histopathological changes caused by CCl4 were also
significantly reduced by the extract. The extract administration to rats resulted in an increase
in hepatic glutathione and decrease in malondialdehyde. Preliminary phytochemical analysis
showed the presence of various components in the crude aqueous extract. There was no acute

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toxicity in rats.[121] In another study, the aqueous and ethanol extracts prepared from the
whole plant were evaluated for the anti-hepatoma activity. Three human hepatoma cells, viz.
Hep G2, Hep 3B and PLC/PRF/5 were tested using XTT assay.[122]
Anti-inflammatory, Anti-arthritic and Immunomodulatory Activity: Anti-inflammatory
and anti-arthritic activities of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of P. angulata (L.)
leaves were checked by various workers. They checked the anti-inflammatory activity by
HRBC membrane stabilization method and in-vitro anti-arthritic activity by protein
denaturation method in different concentrations and found positive response shown by the all
extracts.[123] In one of the research work of P. angulata (L.), lyophilized aqueous extract from
the roots was used to control the inflammatory response induced by the injection of 1%
carrageenan into subcutaneous rat's air pouches. The inflammatory mediators action was
evaluated by Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity, nitrite level and prostaglandin E (2) level.
Tumor growth factor-beta level was used as a bio indicator of immunomodulatory response.
These results indicate that aqueous extracts showed powerful anti-inflammatory and
immunomodulatory activities. Juan and co-workers, worked on the fruit juice of P. peruviana
for treatment of pterygium. In this study the anti-inflammatory and cytosolic activities of the
fruit juice in rabbit eye was investigated.[124] Anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and
fractions obtained from P. peruviana calyces were analyzed in mice model of acute
inflammation.[125] The calyces were extracted using percolation, using different solvents. The
anti-inflammatory activity from P. peruviana calyces were confirmed and validated its use in
folk medicine. Fractions responsible for the anti-inflammatory action were identified and
seem promising for phyto-medicinal development. In few experiments, immunomodulatory
activities of physalins were tested from P. angulata extracts.[126] In these experiments,
Physalins B, F or G caused a reduction in nitric oxide production by macrophages stimulated
with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-g. Physalin B-treated mice had lower levels of serum
TNF-α than control mice after lipopolysaccharide challenge. When mice injected with
physalins B, F or G survived after a lethal lipopolysaccharide challenge. These results
demonstrate that seco-steroids are potent immunomodulatory substances and act through a
mechanism distinct from that of dexamethasone. On the basis of Draize test the anti-
inflammatory activity and by measuring and comparing growth rates of cultured fibroblasts
exposed and not exposed against various fruit juice concentrations were evaluated. The
results showed that the P. peruviana fruit was mild anti-inflammatory when compared with
anti-inflammatory drug methylprednisolone and a dose dependent cytotoxic effect on

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cultured fibroblasts was also formed. The different P. angulata (L.) extracts fractions (PA-
VII, PA-VII-A, PA-VII-B and PA-VII-C) were investigated for immunomodulatory
activity.[127] The results obtained were, PA-VII and PA-VII-C strongly enhance blastogenesis
response, PA-VII-B had moderate activity and PA-VII-A exerted only slight effect on cell
proliferation. PA-VII and PA-VII-C possessed stimulatory activity on B cells and have very
little effect on T cells. The antibody responses were also showed by PA-VII, PA-VII-B and
PA-VII-C, but not by PA-VII-A.
Aminociceptive Activity: Bastos and co-workers, identified the aminociceptive activity of
the P. angulata aqueous extract from the roots. Aqueous extract is given by half or an hour
before the acetic acid treatment which causes the abdominal contractions. Aqueous extract
inhibit these contractions. Mice treatment with extract or with morphine produced a
significant increase of the reaction time in the hot plate test. The results showed the aqueous
extract produce marked aminociceptive against the acetic acid induced visceral pain and
inflammatory pain responses induced by formalin in mice.[95]
Anti-diabetic Activity and Acute Toxicity: Sateesh and co-workers, reported the in-vitro
anti-diabetic activity on the P. angulata fruit. The extracts were prepared from powdered
material by sequential maceration method by using solvents namely, n-hexane, chloroform,
ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. The antidiabetic activity was evaluated using inhibition
of alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes. The study reveals that the methanol
extracts of fruits inhibited both of the enzymes in-vitro.[128] From one of the research work it
has been concluded that the aqueous decoction prepared from the dry powder of P. peruviana
reduces the concentration of glucose in the guinea pigs. So, it has been concluded that the
plant have hypoglycemic activity in animal model, but at high doses plant may cause severe
intoxication.[129] The hypoglycemic effects of different extracts from the P. minima in
alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats were studied .[130] The plant parts were powdered and
extracted using boiling water using soxhlet extractor. There was mild reduction in the fasting
blood glucose level when seen with the aqueous extracts of roots and stem of P. minima. On
chronic administration the effect of P. minima leaf and flower causes a significant fall in
fasting blood sugar of rats. This concludes that the anti-diabetic efficiency leaf and flower
extract of plant is almost same and both have a potent anti-diabetic activity than all other root
and stem extracts. Abo and Lawal, evaluated the anti-diabetic activity of P. angulata
aqueous, methanolic extracts and column fraction from whole plant. The extract shows

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positive significant lowered blood glucose level in the alloxan diabetic rats. The fraction
shows the significant reduction of blood glucose level when compared to crude extracts.[131]
Antidiabetic potential of ethanolic roots extract of P. angulata using alloxan induced diabetes
mellitus in rats were also evaluated. The extract was prepared and analyzed their fasting
blood glucose and lipid profile. This shows the significant results by reducing the blood
glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoproteins, while increases the high
density lipoproteins.[132] In one of the study it is reported that, P. alkekengi has the potential
to reduce the serum glucose level in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats, administrated orally.
These results in the reduction of glucose level and activity might be due to chemical
compounds specially physalins, citric acid and vitamin C.[114]
Anti-cancerous Activity: Anti-cancer activity of P. peruviana was demonstrated by Ngern
and co-workers. The methanolic extract of the aerial parts of the whole plant of P. peruviana
showed inhibition of both the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced NF-kappa B activity
and aberrantly-active Stat3 in human tumor cells. There was isolation of four new compounds
in the methanolic extracts of P. peruviana. These new isolated compounds showed the
inhibition of TNF-α-induced NF-kappa B activation.[133] It is concluded in one of the research
work, that physalin-F induces cell apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells by targeting NF-
kappa B cells and generating oxygen species in P. angulata. It has been resulted that
physalin-F appears to be a very promising anti-cancer agent and useful for further clinical
development. [134] One pure compound 4β-Hydroxywithanolide (4βHWE) was isolated from
the plant P. peruviana and checked its anti-proliferative effect on human lung cancer cell line
(H1299) using survival, cell cycle and apoptosis analyses. DNA damage due to drug is
analyses by the alkaline comet nuclear extract assay. The results were analyzed and found
that DNA damage induced significantly in a dose dependent manner. The proliferation of
cells was inhibited by 4βHWE in both dose and time dependent manner. Half maximal
inhibitory concentrations of 4βHWE in HI299 cells, suggests that it could be a potential
therapeutic agent against lung cancer.[135]
Anti-microbial Activity: Nathiya and Dorcus worked on the antimicrobial activity of P.
minima using different bacterial strains viz., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Citrobacter
sp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, P. fluorescens and Staphylococcus aureus using agar well diffusion method. The
result revealed that the ethanolic extract of leaf and stem was found to be more effective

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against bacterial strains.[136] Donker et al. compared the antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide
ointment and P. angulata crude fruit extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Staphylococcus aureus. The unformulated crude extract of plant fruit exhibited the highest
inhibitory activity against S. aureus. These result showed that plant fruit extract is useful
against the S. aureus infections.[137] The antifungal activity of P. alkekengi (L.) extracts
against Microsporum canis, Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Nocardia
asteroids were evaluated. The aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts were used against the
fungal strains using agar tube dilution method. Ethanol extracts showed the strongest
inhibition effect with minimum inhibition concentration of 15.62mg/mL for all tested fungus.
Nocardia asteroids was the most sensitive fungi found in this experimental study.[138] In other
report, the antimicrobial activity of P. angulata using essential oils from aerial and root parts
on Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus
aureus were tested. The fungal species used in this experiment were Candida torulopsis,
Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea. The results showed the minimum inhibitory
concentrations ranging between 3.75mg/mL and 4.0mg/mL for Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella
pneumoniae by the aerial and root extracts. The fungal strains were susceptible to the
essential oils from the aerial and root part of the plant. This study justified the use of plant for
treatment of cuts, sores, and some skin diseases often reported in folkloric medicine. Leaf and
callus extracts prepared in chloroform were found to be more effective against the pathogenic
bacteria and fungi.[139] Anti-microbial activity of methanolic extract from the aerial parts and
dichloromethane extract from the calyces of P. alkekengi was checked. These extracts were
tested against five gram-positive and five gram-negative bacteria and five Candida species.
The extracts were fractionated to isolate physalins using chromatographic techniques, and
physalin D was isolated from the extracts. The methods used to check the activity were disk
diffusion and broth micro dilution methods. The methanol extract showed moderate activity
against fungi at MICs ranging from 128 to 512 μg/mL, the dichloromethane extract and
physalin D had low activity against fungi at MICs ranging from 256 to 512 μg/mL.[140] Anti-
microbial activity of Physalis minima leaf and callus extract using solvents absolute alcohol,
benzene, chloroform, methanol and petroleum ether against pathogenic bacteria and fungi,
following broth dilution assay was evaluated.[141]
Anti-leshmaniasis Activity: The anti-leishmaniasis activity of physalins purified from P.
angulate was evaluated. This activity of physalins B, D and F was tested against intracellular
amstigotes of Leishmania amazonensis (MHOM/BR88/BA-125) and Leishmania major

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(MHOM/RI/-/WR-173). The in-vivo study was done in the BALB/c mice infected with
Leishmania amazonensis subcutaneously. The results showed that the physalin-F is
significantly potent against the leishmania, and suggests these chemical compounds for the
development of new therapeutic drugs for cutaneous leishmaniasis. The leishmanicidal
activity of P. minima was also analyzed by isolating two compounds and these isolated
compounds were physalins. The results showed the potent leishmanicidal against the
promastigoes of Leishmania major.[142] P. minima shows the anti-leshmaniasis, had been
investigated by isolating the different compounds. Three new physalins 1-3 and a new
withanolide 7 were isolated. The results showed that the compounds 1-6 were significant in
vitro leishmanicidal activities against promastigotes of Leishmania major.[143]
Anti-asthmatic Activity: The anti-asthmatic activity of the P. angulata roots alcoholic
extracts in albino mice was also checked, the asthma was introduced in the rats with
ovalbumin. The extract results inhibited ovalbumin induced asthma by decreasing the release
of inflammatory mediators. The anti-asthmatic activity is due to the reduction in
inflammatory mediator release.[144]
Analgesic and Anti-spasmodic Activity: The analgesic activity of methanolic extract of P.
alkekengi, using acetic acid and tail immersion method in rats was also evaluated, the
abdominal writhings were reduced when methanolic extract of the plant is given and
compared with control and standard drug Aspirin, from this it has been concluded that the
methanolic extract of P. alkekengi have significant analgesic activity.[145] Mohammad et al.,
studied the effect of hydrochloric extract of P. alkekengi ripe fruits on the uterine contraction.
The ripened fruit extract prepared by marceration method (70%). The uterus from adult non-
pregnant rat was removed and treated by KCl (60mM) or oxytocin (10mU/mL), lead to
contraction. The uterus was kept in the organ bath containing De Jalon solution and effect of
fruit extract was studied. According to the results KCl and oxytocin induced uterine
contractions were inhibited by the extract in the concentration dependent manner. The
working mechanism of this extract was mainly via calcium influx blockade, partially through
blocking β-adrenoceptors and nitric oxide synthesis.[146]
Molluscicidal Activity: The mulluscicidal activity of P. angulata (L.) was studied on
different extracts, fractions and also on the physalin modified steroids of this plant species.
The results indicated that ethyl acetate and acetone extracts from the whole plant, the

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ethanolic extracts of roots, the physalins extracted from stem and leaves were active against
Biomphalaria tenagophila.[147]
Gastric Inflammation and Gastric Ulcer: The effect of methanolic extract of P. minima
(L.) in gastric inflammation and gastric ulcers in rats was also investigated and when
compared to the aspirin, the methanolic extract has the lower gastric ulcer formation side
effects.[148]
Diuretic Activity: The methanolic extract of the plant P. minima was prepared by soxhlet
extractor and its diuretic effect was checked on albino wister rats. Furosemide was used as
positive control. The diuretic activity was analyzed by checking the urine volume, sodium
and potassium content. The study concluded the methanolic extracts produce a significant
diuretic activity.[149] The diuretic activity of methanolic extract of P. angulata L. were
investigated in rats, furosemide was used as the positive control. The diuretic effect of the
extract was evaluated by measuring urine volume and excretion of sodium, potassium and
chloride ion content. From the results it had been concluded that P. angulata shows the
significant diuretic activity.[150]
Anti-malarial Activity: Anti-plasmodial and cytotoxic activity of methanolic and
dichloromethane extracts of P. angulata in-vivo and in-vitro against the Plasmodium berghei
infected mice were checked by various researchers. The extract showed the significant anti-
plasmodial and anti-malarial activity.[151]
Anti-oxidant and Cytotoxic Activities: The anti-oxidant and cytotoxic activities of P.
peruviana fruit extracts were evaluated by using DPPH and MTT assay. Anti-oxidant
potential of crude extract and IC50 values were calculated as 0.43±0.003mg/mL and the IC50
values of cytotoxicity for cell lines namely HT-29, Hep3B, SaOS-2 and SH-SY5Y were
calculated as 40.79, 24.92, 15.44 and 44.24µg/mL. The plant extract had no cytotoxic effect
on MCF-7, LNCap and vero cells. According to these results P. peruviana fruit‟s crude
extract was more cytotoxic than the whole plant extract.[152] In one of the research
investigation, the antioxidant properties of leaves, stem, fruit and root of P. angulata using
methanol as a solvent for extracts was also evaluated. The DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide,
hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical were used for the investigation. The fruit and leaf
extracts were found to be more effective than stem and root extracts. While the total content
of phenols and flavonoids were found high in leaves and fruit extracts.[153] The aqueous

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extract from the leaves of the P. minima was evaluated to study the in vitro antioxidant
activity. Two methods viz. DPPH radical scavenging assay and nitric oxide scavenging assay
were used to check antioxidant activity of the plant leaves. The results indicated that aqueous
extract of leaves of P. minima is effective in scavenging free radicals and has the potential to
be a powerful antioxidant.[154] The methanolic extract and chloroform fraction of P. minima
(L.) were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic activity in
NMRI mice and Wistar rats. Both crude extract and chloroform fraction showed remarkable
anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The anti-pyretic activity was checked against
Brewer‟s yeast fever model, both extracts were insignificant.[155] The work by Chang et al.
demonstrated the anti-oxidant activity of P. peruviana (L.) aqueous extract and its
hepatoprotective effects in rats. This study concludes that the water extract possesses anti-
oxidant activity and potent hepatoprotective effect against acetaminophen induced liver
injury in rats.[156] The anti-oxidant, total flavonoid, phenolic anti-inflammatory activities of
different extracts of P. peruviana were also analyzed. The superficial carbon dioxide (SFe-
CO2) method was used to prepare the three extracts (SCEPP-0, SCEPP-4 and SCEPP-5).
These extracts were compared against the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. peruviana.
The different extract concentration showed the positive results against the tested activities[157]
Sue-Jing Wu and co-workers, worked on the anti-oxidant activity of the P. peruviana, the hot
water and ethanol extracts were prepared in the different concentration of 20, 40, 60, 80 and
95% from the whole plant. Results obtained show that at 100µg/mL, the 95% ethanolic
extract exhibit most potent inhibition rate on FeCl2-ascorbic acid induced lipid proliferation
in rat liver homogenate. The ethanolic extract shows a very significant and stronger anti-
oxidant activity than α-tocoferol and hot water extract. These studies conclude that ethanolic
extract have a very potent anti-oxidant activity and the extract with 95% of ethanol possesses
highest anti-oxidant activities.[158]
Ethnobotanical Aspects: Traditional uses of P. angulata leaves showed that herb is used to
reduce spleen, liver and bladder inflammations. The whole cooked plant is used in baths for
inflammatory processes like rheumatism. Its juice is used as a sedative, depurative, anti-
rheumatic and for earache in Amazon valley.[159] In Taiwan, it is used in the medicine
preparation of diabetes, malaria and asthma.[160] The rural people of Peruvian Amazon uses
the leaves for problems related to malaria, liver and hepatitis.[161, 162] The herb is used in
Western Africa as a traditional treatment of cancer.[163] The fruit and aerial parts of the plant
are used in the treatment of boils, sores or wounds, constipation and digestive problems.[164]

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P. alkekengi is distributed and used in Asia (Iran, India, Japan and china) and Europe (Spain,
Italy and Turkey) but not much used in modern practices.[165] It is also used in Iranian herbal
medicine for curing the disease related microbes, urinary tract, kidney and bladder stones.[166]
This plant possesses multiple traditional uses, in Colombia the fruit juice of the plant used for
the treatment of „pterygium‟. Traditional uses of the herb P. longifolia is extensively reported
as medicine, the Omaha and Ponca tribes generally using the “crooked medicine” to treat
headache, stomach problems and to dress wounds.[33, 110] P. minima is diuretic, laxative and
appetizing bitter tonic used in inflammations, antigonorrheic, enlargement of the spleen and
abdominal troubles.[167-169] The fruits and flowers of the plant used in the stomach pain,
constipation and herb paste is used in ear problems.[170] Traditionally P. ixocarpa fruit juice is
used as eyewash and in Guatemala the plant juice is used to cure for the respiratory and
gastrointestinal problem.
CONCLUSION
The species Physalis is widely available as weed and is cultivated for differnt purposes like,
medicinal, food, forage, ornamental and other usages. The manifestations can be made on the
basis of this comprehensive perusal of literature, that the Physalis spp. are being used
traditionally, due to their immense therapeutic potential to treat/cure various diseases. The
species is a rich source of bioactive compounds like, physalins, secosteroids, and
withanolides etc. with wide range of health benefits. Cytomorphological data reveals that
there is an immense need to find out new cytomorphotypes for further germplasm
maintenance and evaluation, because till today no body is working on these important
aspects. As per reported phytochemical data, it is concluded that there is a need to identify
few more chemotypes for further herbal and allopathic drugs formations. There is huge need
and possibilities to isolate new active components from untouched species of the genus
Physalis from India. Many studies demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer,
anti-asthmatic, anti-diabetic and anti-bacterial activities etc. which are reported in the extracts
of different parts and from its phytoconstituents. As per the recorded data it is cleared that six
species have been extensively studied on different parameters but need to do further
extensive bioactivities on these species. The various existed therapeutic methods to treat
rheumatoid arthritis and other immunological disorders, having lots of future possibilities.
Different studies and investigations showed that, these plant species mainly involved in the
immunological effects. Thus, evidences promising drug therapy for immunological disorders.
These pharmacological activities and identified compounds provide solid scientific evidence

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for some of the traditional therapeutically claims. A variety of phytoconstituents has been
isolated from the different parts of various species. Thus, there remains a very wide scope for
further scientific exploration of Physalis spp. to establish their therapeutic efficacy and
commercial exploitation. Further it is the first constructive, concise and seemed to be more
important review article for the genus Physalis (L.) from Indian origin, which will definitely
help researchers from India and abroad.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to His Holiness Baba Iqbal Singh Ji President, The Kalgidhar Trust
& Founder Chancellor of Eternal University (H.P.), Hon‟ble Vice Chancellor, Eternal
University, Baru Sahib (Himachal Pradesh) India and former Head, Dr. R. C. Gupta,
Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab) India for providing necessary
facilities and logistic support for carrying out the study.
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