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Cortisol response to psychosocial stress in 5-to 7-year-old ADHD children
... However, the criteria of outcome uncontrollability and socialevaluative threat as posed by Dickerson and Kemeny (2004) apply to adults and may not be as suitable for children. Indeed, some studies using these types of stressors with children did not find a stress response at all (e.g., Maldonado, Cortes, Baena, & Trianes, 2006). There is accumulating evidence for the existence of a stress hyporesponsivity period that emerges in the course of the first year of life and extends throughout childhood (see Gunnar & Fisher, 2006;Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007). ...
An inverse relation between cortisol (re)activity and externalizing behavior has been hypothesized, but research findings seem equivocal. We tested this hypo(re)activity hypothesis in two meta-analyses, one for basal cortisol (k = 72 studies, N = 5,480) and one for cortisol reactivity to a stressor (k = 29 studies, N = 2,601). No association was found between cortisol reactivity and externalizing behaviors (r = -.04, 95% CI = -.11, .02). However, the relation between basal cortisol and externalizing behavior was significant but small (r = -.05, 95% CI = -.10, -.002). The age of the children significantly moderated this relation: Externalizing behavior was associated with higher basal cortisol (hyperactivity) in preschoolers (r = .09, 95% CI = .002, .17), and with lower basal cortisol (hypoactivity) in elementary school-aged children (r = -.14, 95% CI = -.19, -.08). There was no significant relation between cortisol and externalizing behavior in adolescents.
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