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IEEE CPMT Workshop on Nanoscale Electronics Packaging,
Kollektorn A423, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology,
Kemivägen 9, Gothenburg, Sweden, Jun 10th 2014
Greening of electronics through
life cycle assessment
Otto Andersen, Western Norway Research Institute
www.vestforsk.no
Overview
INTRODUCTION
The ISO standard for LCA
Attributional vs. Consequential LCA
CASE 1: INTERCONNECT TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS MICRO-INTEGRATION
CASE 2: PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS
CONCLUSIONS
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INTRODUCTION TO LCA
LCA - an approach / methodology
Environmental aspects
Real and/or potential environmental impacts
A product´s (or technology´s) life cycle (”cradle-to-grave” / ”cradle-to-cradle”:
Raw materials
Energy extraction
Components manufacturing
Assembly
Distribution and sale
Use
End-of-life treatment
Disposal
Re-use / Recycling
Energy recovery
Environmental and resource impacts commonly include:
Climate change
Stratospheric ozone depletion
Toxicological stress on human health and ecosystems
Depletion of energy and material resources
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Methodological framework of life-cycle
assessment according to the ISO 14040 series
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Attributional vs. Consequential LCA
• LCAs are commonly conducted as either attributional LCA or as consequential
LCA
• Attributional LCAs (aLCAs) are also referred to as:
• descriptive
• accounting
• retrospective
• Consequential LCAs (cLCAs) are also know as:
• change-oriented
• prospective
• In the aLCA of an energy system, all the environmental impacts created in the life
cycle of the energy form are detailed and summarized
• The focus of an aLCA is on describing the environmentally relevant physical flows
to and from the life cycle stages and their subsystems
• The cLCA goes further, setting out to describe how environmentally relevant market
flows will change, in response to possible future decisions (e.g., energy policy
implementations)
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Case 1: Functional Joining of Dissimilar
Materials Using Directed Self-assembly
of Nanoparticles by Capillary-bridging
– HyperConnect
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Establishing of neck-based electrical
interconnects (NEI): Neck of silver
formed between micron-sized filler
particles
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Establishing of thermal joints by
percolating thermal underfill (PTU):
Sequential joining, including the neck
formation by capillary bridging
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IBM Research GmbH (Switzerland)
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft ENAS (Germany)
Lord Germany GmbH (Germany)
Intrinsiq Materials Ltd (UK)
Angewandte Micro-Messtechnik GmbH (Germany)
Conpart AS (Norway)
SINTEF (Norway)
Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry (Poland)
TU Chemnitz (Germany)
Vestlandsforsking (Norway)
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Common%life-cycle%impact%indicators
1. Climate metrics
2. Eco-Indicator 99
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Climate%metrics
• Expresses the impact in the form of emission of greenhouse
gases (GHGs), commonly referred to as climate change gases,
or the short form climate gases or climate forcers
• The indicator is termed GWP100, which implies that it is expressing
the emissions of gases with their combined Global Warming Potential
(GWP) assessed in a 100-years perspective
• GWPs are equivalency factors, expressing the relative heating
efficiency (i.e. “radiative forcing”) of a given climate forcer compared to
the net forcing of carbon dioxide
• The GWP factors of different climate forcers are aggregated into a
single value, expressed in kilogram or tons of carbon dioxide (CO2)
– equivalents, denoted as CO2e
GWP100 has focus on 6 types of GHGs:
1. CO2
2. methane (CH4)
3. nitrous oxide (N2O)
4. hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
5. perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
6. sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
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Eco-Indicator%99
• A compiled indicator expressing weighted results from several different impact
categories.
Overview of the methodology used for Eco-Indicator 99. White boxes refer to procedures, while the grey boxes refer to other components. Source: Goedkoop (2001): The Eco-
indicator 99. A damage oriented method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment. http://www.pre-sustainability.com/download/EI99_methodology_v3.pdf
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Global%warming
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Global%warming%(gold%included)
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Mul>ple%impacts
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Mul>ple%impacts%(gold%included)
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Why%is%Indium%considered%a%problem%metal?
China, 57 %
Canada, 11 %
Japan, 11 %
Korea, 11 %
Others , 10 %
Global&Indium&
&producers&
Source: Bloodworth, A (2014): Track flows to manage technology - metal supply. Nature, 2 January Vol 505:19-20.
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CASE 2: PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS
- Wet chemical etching of crystalline silicon photovoltaic wafers
- High water consumption from rinsing between successive chemical baths
- Emission of high-GWP gases
- New etching process needed (dry etching)
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THE SOLNOWAT PROJECT
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GWP comparison
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Water consumption comparison
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Toxicity comparison
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Conclusions
• Two cases illustrate and critically evaluate LCA as a
methodology for assessing environmental aspects of
electronics and impact of various stages og product´s
life cycle
• This has been done for interconnect technology in
electronics micro-intergration and photovoltaic solar
cells
• The two cases show how LCA can contribute towards
improving the sustainability of products through
reducing negative environmental impacts.
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Contact
information:
Name: Otto Andersen
Phone: +47 97710928
E-mail: oan@vestforsk.no
Vestlandsforsking / Western Norway
Research Institute
Postboks 163
NO-6851 Sogndal
Norway
Tel: +47 906 33 600