Article

Seafaring

September 1974
Modern Language Journal 58(5/6):298

DOI:10.2307/325078

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Treasures Found by Seafaring Librarians

August 2009 · Virginia Libraries

Mary Johnston

Ahoy! To manage an undergraduate library sailing around the world, you will need your library skills and a bit of an adventurous spirit. In this article, the University of Virginia who have belayed their traditional landlubbing librarian jobs successfully navigated a at sea present their ideas on the value of embarking upon such an adventure.

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The Routine Activities of Maritime Piracy

October 2000 · Security Journal

John L. Worrall

Maritime piracy has been romanticized extensively by writers and film-makers, but has otherwise been consigned to the past. Over the last five years, however, there has been a phenomenal increase in the number of attacks on commercial seafarers and their vessels. Modern-day piracy is frequently a violent and ruthless practice, and it inspires considerable fear among the ship-owners and crew ... [Show full abstract] members who are responsible for carrying their cargo into the territorial waters of other nations. This paper introduces the subject of modern-day maritime piracy, reviews theoretical explanations of this emerging crime control problem, then attempts to explain the recent spate of piratical attacks by invoking a routine activities approach.

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Arbeitsmedizinische Belastungen in der Kauffahrteischifffahrt

July 2014 · Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie

Marcus Oldenburg

Die Arbeitsplatzanforderungen an einen Seefahrer in der Kauffahrteischifffahrt sind sehr vielschichtig. Die Besatzung an Bord arbeitet in einem nach wie vor hierarchisch gegliederten System, in dem jedes Crewmitglied in Abhängigkeit seines Aufgabenprofils spezifischen Arbeitsanforderungen ausgesetzt ist. Wachsende ökonomische Erwartungen und zunehmende Automatisierung des Schiffsbetriebs haben ... [Show full abstract] die Arbeits- und Lebenssituation des Seefahrers in den letzten Jahrzehnten erheblich geprägt. Die durchschnittliche Mannschaftsstärke an Bord hat im Verlauf der letzten Jahre trotz Zunahme des Ladungsumschlags deutlich abgenommen. Darüber hinaus wurden die Hafenliegezeiten der Kauffahrteischiffe kostenbedingt erheblich reduziert. Konsekutiv haben auch die Möglichkeiten sozialer Kontakte der Besatzungen (z.B. zu Familienangehörigen und Freunden) deutlich abgenommen. Dieses wird durch den seit 2004 eingeführten International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPSCode) noch verschärft. Aufgrund in der Regel monatelanger Heuerverträge sind Besatzungsmitglieder oft über längere Zeiten von Familie und Freunden getrennt. Auch die soziale Situation an Bord hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten stark gewandelt. Die heute üblicherweise multikulturellen Schiffsbesatzungen fördern Einzelgruppenbildung und Isolation. Weiterhin ist die Arbeitssituation in der Kauffahrteischifffahrt u.a. durch permanente Einwirkung von Umwelteinflüssen und durch eine große Führungsverantwortung der Vorgesetzten gekennzeichnet. In der Folge können sich Beanspruchungen einstellen, wie z.B. Fatigue. Insgesamt stellt der Seemannsberuf in mehrfacher Hinsicht hohe Anforderungen an die Schiffsbesatzungen. Deren genaue Ursachenermittlung und die Entwicklung erfolgsversprechender Präventionskonzepte sind aktuelle Herausforderungen für die Schifffahrtsmedizin. Hierzu werden konkrete Vorschläge zur Vermeidung von Über- und Fehlbelastungen an Bord entwickelt, die im Rahmen von Interventionsstudien noch zu erproben sind. Abstract The job-demands for the seafarer in the merchant shipping are very complex. The ship’s crew is still subject to a strong shipboard hierarchic structure in which the individual work-related stress load depends on the personal task profile. In the past decades, the seafarers’ working and living situation has been distinctly affected by increasing economic expectations and growing automation of the ship’s operation. The average crewing manning has considerably decreased in the course of the past years, in spite of an increase of the vessels’ cargo-handling. Furthermore, the stays in port of merchant vessels have been distinctly shortened due to high costs. In consequence, the crews have less often experienced opportunities for social contacts (e.g. to family or friends). This has been further exacerbated by the International Ship and Port Security Code (ISPS-Code) coming into force since 2004. Due to contract durations over normally several months, the crew members are often separated from their families and friends for long periods of time. The shipboard social situation has also distinctly changed in the past decades. The nowadays usually found multicultural shipping crews promote the development of group separation and isolation. In addition, the working situation in the merchant shipping is characterized e.g. by the permanent exposure to environmental factors and by a high leadership responsibility of the superiors. This may lead to an increased shipboard strain by fatigue or by high accidents rates. In total, seafaring occupation is very demanding for the seafarers in many respects. It is a current challenge for the maritime medicine to find the main reasons for this and to develop promising concepts for prevention. Therefore, specific recommendations have been developed to avoid excessive or improper stress aboard; these recommendations need to be tested in intervention studies.

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The ways of kastam: Tradition as category and practice in a Manus Village

June 1992 · Oceania; a journal devoted to the study of the native peoples of Australia, New Guinea, and the Islands of the Pacific

Ton Otto

In this paper I am not concerned with national political ideologies but with the everyday practices and representations in a Papua New Guinean village. I begin with a short story about three brothers each aspiring to assert some form of leadership. Not surprisingly they come into conflict with each other and with other people in the community.2 This story about real events in the lives of real ... [Show full abstract] people serves to suggest that, to an anthropological observer, Baluan culture is not a unity. Different spheres of meaning appear to be operational, leading to conflicts of definition and interpretation. One of these spheres may be called traditional in the sense of referring to older Baluan customs. Importantly, Baluan people conceive of their own society in a similar way. When discussing their choices of action and their conflicts of interest they divide their social world into three main ways of doing things: a person may act according to kastam (tradition), according to lotu (the church) or according to gavman (government and Western style development). In the second part of this paper I discuss the indigenous categories and suggest a way to theorise this kind of conceptual subdivision of a society. The phrase 'institutional and semantic domain' is introduced to refer to these subdivisions. In order to avoid the appearance of reifying or essentialising3 these domains as so many sub-cultures, I give an example of how definitions are negotiated in practice. Power and interest appear to be crucial factors in the process of redefinition and revaluation of existing or imported concepts.4 Finally, I indicate how the present configuration of semantic and institutional domains can be understood as the result of colonial and post-colonial history. Rather than being a monolithic and passively inherited tradition, culture is continuously recreated in practice and I show that elements of change are visible in the present configuration. Baluan is a small island to the south of Manus mainland in Manus Province. The island is inhabited by about 1000 people who mainly live at the north coast in 6 villages. Roughly another 500 Baluan people live outside the island because they have jobs in urban areas. The majority of tho Baluan people speak a language which is only spoken by them and a few hundred people on the much smaller Pam islands. A minority group on Baluan, living in Mouk village, speak the Titan language which occurs in different places in Manus. The Mouk people are traditional fishermen and seafaring traders who settled in the lagoon of a little island close to Baluan at the end of the last century. In the late 1940s they were invited by Baluan people to establish themselves on their island. The following deals primarily with the land-based Baluan people, but similar distinctions and conflicts apply to the Titan speaking population.

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Paleoindian Seafaring, Maritime Technologies, and Coastal Foraging on California’s Channel Islands

March 2011 · Science

Three archaeological sites on California’s Channel Islands show that Paleoindians relied heavily on marine resources. The Paleocoastal sites, dated between ~12,200 and 11,200 years ago, contain numerous stemmed projectile points and crescents associated with a variety of marine and aquatic faunal remains. At site CA-SRI-512 on Santa Rosa Island, Paleocoastal peoples used such tools to capture ... [Show full abstract] geese, cormorants, and other birds, along with marine mammals and finfish. At Cardwell Bluffs on San Miguel Island, Paleocoastal peoples collected local chert cobbles, worked them into bifaces and projectile points, and discarded thousands of marine shells. With bifacial technologies similar to those seen in Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition assemblages of western North America, the sites provide evidence for seafaring and island colonization by Paleoindians with a diversified maritime economy.

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Perdagangan Internasional: Pengaruhnya Terhadap Perubahan Sistem Nilai Budaya Orang Maluku

April 2016 · Kapata Arkeologi

Mus Huliselan

Abstrak Keterlibatan Orang Maluku dalam percaturan perdagangan internasional dan perjumpaan dengan berbagai pedagang asing telah membawa perubahan dalam peradaban Orang Maluku. Dari para pedagang asing ini para Sultan dan raja-raja memperoleh pengetahuan tentang: agama, perdagangan, pelayaran maupun berbagai teknologi baru. Perdagangan internasional membawa dampak yang cukup penting bagi ... [Show full abstract] kehidupan sosial budaya Maluku, karena menjadi ruang perjumpaan berbagai Negara dengan latar budaya yang berbeda-beda dan berpengaruh terhadap budaya asli Maluku, namun identitas Maluku tetap terjaga, yakni ciri kebudayaan monodualitas. Dalam kebudayaan monodualistis kedua kelompok harus tetap ada dan satu harus memberikan kemungkinan kepada yang lain untuk tetap hidup, sebab kalau satu tidak ada maka keberadaan yang lain tidak berarti. Dalam waktu bersamaan juga tumbuh ikatan-ikatan persaudaraan yang didasarkan pada nilai tolong menolong antar sesama. Hal ini lahir sebagai upaya penegakan keseimbangan baru dalam perbedaan untuk peredam kekerasan dan keinginan untuk hidup berdampingan secara damai. Abstract The involvement of the Moluccan in the international trade and the interaction with the foreign traders has brought the transformation in the civilization of tbe Moluccas. Through these foreign traders sultans and the kings achieving knowledge on religion, trade, seafaring and new technologies. The international trade has created major impacts on the social and cultural life in the moluccas asnit save as a interaction space for countries with variois background and has influenced the original cultural of the Moluccas although the identity of the Moluccas is the existed with the monodualism characteristic. In the perspective of the monodualistic culture every group has to still exist and must depend one another to support every part. As the meaning of one always depends on the existence of the other. In the same time the brotherhood relationship has grew based on tbe mutual benefit principal. This phenomenom was existed as an effort to create the new balance in difference to control the conflict and violence and as a good will to live in peace.

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Stone Age Sailors. Paleolithic Seafaring in the Mediterranean

April 2016 · Levant

Nikos Efstratiou

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The Emergence of Criminal Justice: Tracing the Route to Neolithic Times

January 1995

Referring to anthropology, the great French sociologist-anthropologist Marcel Mauss is reported to have quipped: “In that mighty ocean anyone can catch a fish.”1 In travelling the oceans we have never met a seafarer who travelled and knew them all. With this humble apologia we present this simple fish we caught to fellow sailor Jacob Sundberg, as an offing on the occasion of his retirement, not ... [Show full abstract] his retreat.

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