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Studying of interconnectios of morphological functional indicators of students, who practice martial arts

February 2016
Physical Education of Students 20(1):64-70

DOI:10.15561/20755279.2016.0109

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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

Authors:

L.V. Podrigalo

Kharkov State Academy of Physical Culture, Ukraine

Sergii Iermakov

Kharkov State Academy of Design and Arts

Purpose: to study interconnections of students’ morphological functional indicators and their influence on level of sportsmanship. Material: in the research 17 students, practicing martial arts, participated. 62 indicators were determined: anthropometrical, goniometrical criteria of arms joints’ status; tapping test and maximal frequency of grabs in impulse mode. Results: we found that maximal contribution in system is made by hand dynamometry of right and left hands, body length and mass, chest circumference, width of shoulders; maximal frequency of grabs by right and left hands. It was confirmed that there are correlations between students’ morphological functional indicators. The highest contribution to formation of functional system is characteristic for anthropometric indicators. Results of maximal grabs in impulse mode made rather sufficient contribution in system’s formation that is confirmed by great quantity of correlations. Analysis of character, strength and orientation of correlations witnesses about informative potential of this test and permits to recommend it as screening for control of sportsmen’s state. Conclusions: we determined that indicators of hand dynamometry system formation illustrate that for martial arts wrestlers strong grab was very important. It is ensured by strength of hand muscles.

Value of system formation indicator of the tested criteria: 1 –body length; 2 –body mass; 3 – chest circumference; 4 – right hand dynamometry; 5 – left hand dynamometry; 6 – maximal frequency of grab by right hand; 7 – maximal frequency of grab by left hand; 8 – width of shoulders; 9–14 – tapping test results – in every subtest accordingly. We have determined that right hand dynamometry is characterized by maximal value (1036.48), second place is taken by body mass (878.18), then go chest circumference (832.28), width of shoulders (791.34), left hand dynamometry

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PHYSICAL

EDUCATION

OF STUDENTS

Podrigalo L.V., Iermakov S.S., Alekseev A.F., Rovnaya O.A.

Kharkov State Academy of Physical Culture

Abstract. Purpose: to study interconnections of students’ morphological functional indicators and their influence on level

of sportsmanship. Material: in the research 17 students, practicing martial arts, participated. 62 indicators were

determined: anthropometrical, goniometrical criteria of arms joints’ status; tapping test and maximal frequency of grabs

in impulse mode. Results: we found that maximal contribution in system is made by hand dynamometry of right and left

hands, body length and mass, chest circumference, width of shoulders; maximal frequency of grabs by right and left

hands. It was confirmed that there are correlations between students’ morphological functional indicators. The highest

contribution to formation of functional system is characteristic for anthropometric indicators. Results of maximal grabs

in impulse mode made rather sufficient contribution in system’s formation that is confirmed by great quantity of

correlations. Analysis of character, strength and orientation of correlations witnesses about informative potential of this

test and permits to recommend it as screening for control of sportsmen’s state. Conclusions: we determined that indicators

of hand dynamometry system formation illustrate that for martial arts wrestlers strong grab was very important. It is

ensured by strength of hand muscles.

Key words: martial arts, morphological functional, indicators, correlations, students.

Introduction

Achievement of high sportsmanship depends on the whole complex of indicators, among which important places

are taken by peculiarities of physical condition and level of fitness. Besides their absolute values, when analyzing

sportsmen’s status, interconnections between them shall be considered. It permits to reflect the state of homeostasis and

is an illustration of prognosis of sportsmen’s success.

As on to day there has been sufficient quantity of works, devoted to this problem in different kinds of sports. For

example, Baláš, J. et al. [7], who studied body composition, muscular strength and endurance of sport mountaineers,

determined presence of correlations between these components. Authors outlined the most informative indicators, which

included strength of grab, hanging on bent arms and fingers, content of fat, rock climbing experience (dispersion 97%).

Studying men’s body composition (members of baseball combined team of Poland), Yagello V. et al. [6]

determined characteristic features of their somatic condition. The authors connect it with tactic and technical peculiarities

of this kind of sports.

Kocharian T.N. et al. [2], analyzed specific features of morphological development of elit e basketball players of

different game roles. The authors determined regularities of decreasing of absolute sizes of body (longitudinal, transverse

and perimeter) from central players to forwards and backs. They confirmed dependence of proportion types on basketball

players’ game roles.

Comparative analysis of power kind of sports’ sportsmen’ physical condition confirmed correlation between

anthropometrical indicators and sportsmanship. Besides, the most informative indicators and physical condition indices

were found [3, 11–13, 15-20].

The available results permit to conclude that studying of sportsmen’s physical condition shall consider peculiarities

of kind of sports. It permits to optimize the procedure of selection and substantially increase effectiveness of control and

prognosis of sportsmen’s success.

Coming from the above mentioned, the purpose of the research was to study morphological functional indicators

of students (practicing martial arts) as factors of influence on level of sportsmanship.

Material and methods

In the research 17 students, practicing martial arts, participated. Mean age was (17.53±0.15) years. Level of

sportsmanship varied from sportsmen-beginners’ to candidate masters of sports and masters of sports. The participants

were representatives of strike kinds (karate, hand-to-hand fighting, thae-quan-do) and throw kinds of martial arts (Judo,

STUDYING OF INTERCONNECTIONS OF MORPHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONAL INDICATORS

OF STUDENTS, WHO PRACTICE MARTIAL ARTS

Rovnaya O.A., 2015

doi:10.15561/20755279.2015.0609

Greco-Rome wrestling). Design of the research implied determination of 62 morphological and functional indicators.

They included anthropometrical indicators (somatic-metric and physical-metric), reflecting general physical condition,

status of upper and lower limbs. We conducted goniometric researches of amplitude of movements in upper limbs’ joints.

Results of tapping test were used as illustration of nervous system’s liability. Peculiarities of martial arts conditioned

interest to study of maximal frequency of hand’s grab in impulse mode. For assessment of this quality we used electronic

device “Kepai” (made in China). The methodic implied registration of maximal quantity of device’s pressing during 10

seconds.

Statistical analysis of the received data was conducted with the help of licensed electronic tables Excel. On the

base of the received results we built correlation matrix, which included coefficients by Pirson. For analysis we chose only

confident dependences (r>0.482). Contribution of each indicator in system was assessed by indicator of system formation.

This criterion was offered by Zosimov A.N. [21] for analysis of correlation matrixes. It reflects quantity of connections,

formed by the tested indicator and their strength. The indicator is expressed in conventional units and calculated by

formula:

PS= rj  n,

where, rj – sum of values of significant correlation coefficients, formed by given indicator,

n – quantity of significant correlations of given indicator of structure.

Results of the research

For comparative analysis we determined indicators of system formation for values, which are traditionally used in

analysis of physical conditions: bode length and mass, chest circumference, width of shoulders, hand dynamometry by

both hands, tapping test results and maximal frequency of grabs by both hands. The received results are shown in fig.1.

Indicator of system formation,

Conventional units

Criteria

Fig. 1. Value of system formation indicator of the tested criteria: 1 –body length; 2 –body mass; 3 – chest

circumference; 4 – right hand dynamometry; 5 – left hand dynamometry; 6 – maximal frequency of grab by right

hand; 7 – maximal frequency of grab by left hand; 8 – width of shoulders; 9–14 – tapping test results – in every sub-

test accordingly.

We have determined that right hand dynamometry is characterized by maximal value (1036.48), second place is

taken by body mass (878.18), then go chest circumference (832.28), width of shoulders (791.34), left hand dynamometry

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

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(789.10); body length (669.06). The seventh rank place is taken by maximal frequency of left hand grab (616.78). Results

of this test’s fulfillment by right hand are at 11th place (221.11). Results of tapping test take 8–10 and 12–14rank places.

Their values are within 330–124.

Contribution of anthropometric indicators in system illustrates importance of physical condition for success in

martial arts. It is witnessed by closeness of system formation indicator of main physical condition values: body length,

body mass, chest circumference and width of shoulders. The used indicators are integral criteria of physical condition,

reflecting condition of muscular system. With it, in this context especially noticeable is the fact that system formation

indicators decrease in the following order: body mass- chest circumference- width of shoulders- body length. The least

value for body length is especially expressed because this indicator reflects genetically conditioned peculiarities of growth

and development. The rest criteria are more informative as reflecting development of just muscular mass. At the same

time values of system formation indicator of hand dynamometry substantially exceed values of main anthropometric

indicators. They can be a proof of importance of just arms’ strength in martial arts.

It is rather difficult to explain substantial difference between contribution of maximal grab’s frequency by right

and left hands due to little scope of available information. Such situation justifies detail analysis of available correlatio n

dependences.

Analysis of tapping test results’ contribution (see fig.1) permits to speak about different significance of this test’s

components for functional state. It is confirmed by wave-like character of dynamic of system formation indicator. Coming

from quantity of significant correlations, results can be divided into two groups: marginal (1,5, and 6) and middle (2–4).

With it, first group is characterized by less value. It is connected with adaptation to conditions of test and with complexity

of maintaining of high temp of its fulfillment. At the same results of second group can be interpreted as proof of high

lability of nervous system of martial art sportsmen, which ensure rather high success in sports.

Considering the purpose of the research it was interesting to analyze the character of dependences between maximal

frequency of left and right hands’ grabs and other indicators. We determined confident interconnections (p<0.05) between

maximal frequency of right hand grab with circumference of right and left wrist (r=0.483). It reflects direct dependence

between development of forearm muscles and ability for maximal quantity of pressing for short times. The presence of

these connections permits to offer determination of wrist circumference as screening test, which can be of prognostic

importance in martial arts.

Sufficiently high correlation between fulfillment of maximal frequency of right and left hands’ grabs (r=0.695)

shall be interpreted as witness of harmonious physical condition and functional state of the tested sportsmen.

The found dependence on heart beats rate is also interesting (r=-0.529). The inverse nature of connection in our

context can be assessed as witness of stress and time consuming character of the applied methodic.

Analysis of results of test for maximal quantity of left hand pressing in impulse mode showed much higher quantity

of correlations. First of all there were more confident correlations with anthropometric indicators, illustrating general

physical condition and status of upper limbs. For example, we confirmed confident (p<0.05) correlations with body mass

(r=0.648), chest circumference (in pause, r=0.657; at inhale r=0.646; at exhale r=0.652) and width of shoulders (r=0,644).

It confirms again the made earlier assumptions about direct dependence of maximal grab’ frequency results on

development of muscles.

Analysis of correlations of maximal frequency of left hand grab showed confident correlations with length of right

(r=0.553) and left (r=0.529) forearms. It illustrates higher importance in comparison with results of right hand test. In our

opinion it witnesses about validity of earlier assumption about importance of upper limbs’ training for test’s efficiency.

One more witness in favor of it is confident correlations with circumferential indicators and results of hand

dynamometry. Results of maximal frequency of grab correlated with right arm parameters: circumference of biceps

(r=0.716), forearm (r=0.687) and wrist (r=0.67). Correlations with left arm were accordingly: (r=0.658), (r=0.61) and

(r=0.75). Value of correlation of grab’s maximal frequency with hand dynamometry was at the right (r=0.639) and at the

left (r=0.76). Thus, validity of assumption about importance of arm’ muscles’ development for maximally quick and

strong grabs, is confirmed again.

Correlation with systolic blood pressure was higher than with results of maximal frequency of right hand grab

(r=0.504). It must also be interpreted as witness of physical loads stresses’ progressing in fulfillment of this test.

Fulfillment of maximal frequency of right hand grabs did not have confident correlations with goniometric

indicators. For maximal frequency of left hand grabs we found dependence with bending in right elbow joint (r= -0.566)

and moving aside in left wrist joint (r=0.562). The latter dependence was the most important: it illustrates connection of

muscles, realizing grab and movement.

Assessment of sportsmanship level’s correlations with the tested indicators was also of certain interest. We found

confident correlations with body mass (r=-0.55), length of right (r=-0.526) and left (r=-0.49) forearms; results of last sub-

test in tapping test (r=-0.503), amplitude of moving inside in right wrist joint (r=-0.764), moving aside in right (r=0.573)

and moving inside in left (r=0.508) shoulder joints. The presented dependences reflect importance of morphological and

functional indicators for success in martial arts.

Discussion

Comparative analysis of morphological functional characteristics is widely used for analyzing of martial art

sportsmen’s state. For example Jesu’ et al. [9] offered to use mass of free fat, maximal strength in absolute and relative

expression, muscular strength, average and peak power in test Wingate, strength of direct and reverse grab as prognostic

indictors.

Jagiello et al [5], regarded interconnection of anthropometric indicators with sportsmanship level of elite Polish

Judo wrestlers. The authors noted tendency to increase of skeleton mass (width of pelvis, shoulder and elbows) and

muscles (diameter of forearm) with rising of sportsmanship. The found correlations of anthropometric indicators with

sport rating confirm its objectivity as criterion of wrestlers’ skillfulness.

Erkan Demirkan et al. [8] used complex of anthropometrical and functional indicators for comparison of free style

and Greco-Rome wrestlers. They determined that arms’ peak power, dexterity and flexibility were selective factors of

distinctions in these kinds of wrestling.

Researches of Parola F., Musso E. [10] witness about existence of problem of effective criteria’s determination in

assessment of physical fitness. To large extent this problem is conditioned by specific character of physical qualities’

manifestation in competition functioning.

A.V. Voronkov et al. [1] studied the problem of control of power fitness in arm-wrestling. The authors noted

authenticity of traditional tests. The received by them results prove demand in accounting of correlation dependences

between level of sportsmanship, competition success and fulfillment of tests and control exercises.

Effectiveness of muscular strength’s determination in separate movements in wrist joint for prognosis of

sportsmen’s success in arm-wrestling has been confirmed. Besides, there was established presence of correlation

dependences, permitting to assess and prognosticate sportsmen’s state [13].

Analyzing morphological predictors of sport talents in female free style wrestling, V.V. Semenov [4] outlines the

most informative indicators, which differ, depending on weight categories. They include longitudinal, transversal and

circumferential indicators of hip, shin, shoulder and forearm. On the base of them discriminant equations, permitting to

prognosticate success, were built.

In this context and on the base of received results we can conclude that maximal frequency of grab is rather

important for success of martial art sportsmen. The value of system formation indicator of these criteria (especially for

left hand) is comparable with value of important anthropometric indicators (body length). It significantly exceeds

contribution to formation of system of tapping test’s results. The found indicators of hand dynamometry system formation

illustrate that strong grab is very important for martial art wrestlers. This ability is ensured by strength of hand muscles.

With it right hand (as stronger one) is characterized by much higher contribution. At the same time system formation

indicators has opposite character: value of indicator for right hand is practically three times less than indicator for left

hand. May be it is connected with different character of movements in determination of hand dynamometry and maximal

frequency of grab. In the first case there takes place maximal static single load, fulfilled during 1-2 second. In the second

case mean, multiple dynamic loads take place. It takes much more time. Different values of hand dynamometry pre-

condition different maximal frequencies of grab. With it, the higher static force is, the less dynamic manifestations are.

Just it is reflected by opposite values of system formation indicators.

Conclusions

The conducted researches confirmed presence of correlation dependences between morphological functional

indicators of students, who practice martial arts. It has been found that the highest contribution to formation of functional

system of sportsmanship growth is made by anthropometrical indicators (body length and mass, chest circumference,

hand dynamometry, width of shoulders). At the same time results of test for maximal grab in impulse mode also made

substantial contribution to system formation. It is confirmed by presence of great number of correlations. Analysis of

PHYSICAL

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OF STUDENTS

character, strength and orientation of correlations witnesses about high informative potential of this test. It permits to

recommend it as screening in control of sportsmen’s, practicing martial arts, state.

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Information about the authors:

Podrigalo L.V.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7893-524X;

l.podrigalo@mail.ru; Kharkov State Academy of Physical

Culture; Klochkovskaya str. 99, Kharkov, 61022, Ukraine.

Iermakov S.S.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5039-4517;

sportart@gmail.com; Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz;

Sport str. 2, of.209, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.

Alekseev A.F.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8018-170X;

l.podrigalo@mail.ru; Kharkov State Academy of Physical

Culture; Klochkovskaya str. 99, Kharkov, 61022, Ukraine.

Rovnaya O.A.; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1519-5632;

rovnayaolga@mail.ru; Kharkov State Academy of Physical

Culture; Klochkovskaya str. 99, Kharkov, 61022, Ukraine.

The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be

found online at: http://www.sportpedu.org.ua/html/arhive-e.html

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted

use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original work is properly cited

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en).

Received: 21.01.2016

Accepted: 29.01.2016; Published: 25.02.2016

Cite this article as: Podrigalo L.V., Iermakov S.S., Alekseev

A.F., Rovnaya O.A. Studying of interconnections of

morphological functional indicators of students, who practice

martial arts. Physical education of students, 2016;1:64–70.

doi:10.15561/20755279.2016.0109

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Aim. The paper is aimed at the elaboration and scientific argumentation of the optimum relationship between different components of elite judokas’ preparation during the annual training cycle. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the national judo male team of the Republic of Moldova (n = 24, 18–25 years). The research was focused on the elaboration of experimental methods for judokas’ preparation during the annual training cycle by using physical, technical-tactical, competitive and recovery training. A pre-competitive training mezzocycle (MzC) was planned by distributing the effort parameters to 5 micro-cycles (MiC-s), calculating the mean, ±SD and the correlation between the indicators of training MiC-s by using the Spearman Rank Correlation nonparametric test. The detailed analysis of the annual training plan highlights its structure formed of three periods, 12 MzC-s, and the relationship between physical, technical – tactical and recovery training. Results. The results of the statistical calculations reveal (mean; ±SD) the number of days per MiC, namely 3.6 ± 0.89 days; total duration per MiC – 280.35 ± 35.1 min; total duration per training session – 80.77±17.3 min; total duration of general physical training (GPT) 24.51±10.1 min; and of special training (ST) – 45.3 ± 56.3 min. Effort ratio per MiC is 19.08 ± 2.5 %; GPT is 30.0 ± 9.9 %, ST –70.0 ± 9.9 % and the ST means – 129.34 ± 42.92 reps; RANDOURI and SHIAI – 10 ± 5.0 min. The characteristics of elite judokas’ pre-competitive training and the correlation of effort parameters in the pre-competitive period were also analyzed. Conclusion. The results reveal strong correlations between all the indicators of effort and training means in each MiC of elite judokas’ pre-competitive training, which confirms that the combination of different training components improves motor skills and technical-tactical mastery.

Intra- and intergroup interrelations of parameters of physical development structure and speed-strength fitness of highly skilled combat athletes

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2025

Background and Study Aim. The objective of this work is to study intra- and intergroup interrelations of parameters of physical development (PD) structure and speed-strength fitness (SSF) of highly skilled combat athletes. Material and Methods. The research was conducted on 44 highly skilled athletes aged 18–30 years, members of the national teams of Ukraine in Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling, and judo. Most of them were students. In the course of studies, 39 PD and 11 physical fitness (PF) indices were recorded. Of the PD parameters, the circumferential (CBD) and transverse body dimensions, and skinfold (SF) thickness were registered, whereas of the PF parameters — indices of SSF and special work capacity of combat athletes. The methods of factor, correlation, regression, and canonical analysis were used to process and analyze the experimental material. Results. Statistical analysis revealed three key factors determining the general structure of PD and PF of combat athletes: 1) the factor of CBD; 2) the factor of SSF; 3) the factor of SF thickness and the total level of the fat component. As a result of stepwise regression analysis, multiple regression models characterizing the influence of the key PD and SSF indices on the level of special work capacity of combat athletes were developed. Canonical analysis of interrelations between the parameters of SSF and CBD revealed a high interdependence, indicating that the increase in the CBD of combat athletes contributes to the increase in their SSF and vice versa—the increase in SSF contributes to the increase in CBD. A moderate interdependence was disclosed between the parameters of SF and SSF, explaining the variability of a relatively small part of one group’s parameters when changing the parameters of the other group. The results of the interaction between SF and CBD indicate that the SF thickness indices show a low dependence on the changes in CBD, whereas the latter demonstrates a strong dependence on SF thickness. Conclusions. The key factors of the structure of PD and PF of combat athletes include CBD, SSF, and SF thickness. As a result of the canonical analysis: 1) the specificity of mutual influence and interrelations of the CBD, SSF, and SF indices was determined; 2) the key factors and indices determining the general variability (redundancy) of the parameters of each group under study were revealed; 3) strong, moderate, and weak intra- and intergroup paired interrelations of the CBD, SF thickness, and SSF indices were disclosed. The strongest intra-group interrelations are manifested between the CBD indices, whereas the strongest inter-group interrelations are between the CBD and SF thickness indices.

The Impact of Aerobic Dance Intervention on Postural Balance in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Article

Full-text available

May 2024

This study aimed to investigate the impact of an 8-week aerobic dance intervention on postural balance in children. Forty-one children, aged 9 to 11, were randomly assigned to either an aerobic dance group (ADG) or a control group (CG) from a primary school. Postural balance was assessed using center of pressure (CoP) excursions before and after the 8-week intervention period. Evaluations were conducted on both firm and foam surfaces in bipedal and unipedal stances under open-eyes (OE) and closed-eyes (CE) conditions, as well as on both medial–lateral (ML) and anterior–posterior (AP) surfaces in a bipedal stance under OE conditions. The ADG exhibited significantly decreased CoPVm values during firm bipedal CE, unipedal OE, foam bipedal OE and CE, and foam unipedal OE (p < 0.005). This study suggests that aerobic dance intervention improved postural balance in children, showcasing adaptability and improved stability under various conditions.

Correction of psychophysiological functions of cadets by means of hand-to-hand combat

Article

Feb 2023

Purpose: to determine the influence of hand-to-hand combat training on psychophysiological indicators of cadets of higher military educational institutions. Material and methods. The study was conducted in the period from September 2021 to December 2021 on the basis of the Kharkiv National Air Force University named after Ivan Kozhedub and was aimed at determining the dynamics of psychophysiological indicators of cadets. The study involved 45 cadets of the control group, who were engaged in the current program of sports and mass work and 32 cadets of the experimental group, who were engaged in the hand-to-hand combat section. The age of cadets is from 17 to 26 years. The research period was 4 months. To solve the problems of the study, the following research methods were used: theoretical analysis, systematization and generalization of data from scientific and methodological sources, pedagogical experiment, psychodiagnostic method of Bourdon-Anfimov's correctional test and methods of mathematical processing of the results. Results: during the experiment, the study of indicators of the qualities of attention and mental activity was conducted. After the pedagogical experiment, there was an improvement in the quality of mental activity (mental performance, accuracy of work, the amount of visual information) of representatives of both groups, the difference between the indicators of the cadets of the experimental and control groups was not statistically significant. At the same time, hand-to-hand combat training had a positive effect on the quality of attention of the cadets of the experimental group, which was statistically significantly better than that of the control group: the speed of attention of the cadets of the experimental group improved by 7,4% against 1,6% of the control group (p<0,05); concentration of attention, respectively, improved by 7,2% against 1,3% (p<0,05); attention sustainability improved by 14,4% against 2,1% (p<0,05); the speed of information processing improved by 7,2% against 3,1% (p<0,05). Conclusions. The results of the experiment indicate the expediency of using hand-to-hand combat in the program of special physical training of servicemen in order to correct the psychophysiological indicators of cadets characterizing the functions of attention.

Effect of Repairing Tendon and Ligament Injury of Wushu Athletes by Medical Image

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022
Comput Intell Neurosci

Medical imaging can be used as a medical aid for diagnosis and treatment, and color Doppler ultrasound can also be used in life science research as a scientific research method. Wushu is a traditional sport in China, which has a long history of development. Martial arts are a very good fitness project, but different from ordinary people, professional martial arts athletes are often accompanied by a variety of sports injuries, and tendon ligament injury is one of the most common injuries. At present, there are many treatment plans for tendon and ligament injury, but there are few researches on the repair effect of tendon and ligament injury. This paper will take this as the main research purpose for in-depth study. In view of the problem that ligament injury is not easy to observe, this paper will use GE Lightspeed 64 row spiral CT as the main observation tool and use the method of hospital image observation to compare and analyze the repair effect of tendon and ligament injury of Wushu athletes. In this experiment, 88 professional Wushu athletes were gathered as experimental samples. After preliminary screening, 110 cases of ligament injury were counted. After analyzing the abnormal changes of tissue or structure, Lysholm, and IKDC treatment effect score data, this paper believes that, for type I patients, only conservative treatment can achieve good results. However, in the more serious and complex type II patients, local fixation is used after the onset of the disease, and very serious patients can achieve good results through surgical treatment. Postoperative care is also important, which helps reduce complications. This experiment has achieved ideal results and has played a blank role in the research of the repair effect of tendon and ligament injury of Wushu athletes at home and abroad.

Differentiation of the content of physical education lessons taking into account indicators of the state of the cardiorespiratory system of pupils in the secondary school

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

Purpose: to study the dynamics of the cardiorespiratory system indicators of 13 - 14-year-old pupils under the influence of the differentiated content of physical education lessons. Material and methods: 103 pupils of the comprehensive school No. 150 of Kharkov took part in the research. The methods were used in the research: theoretical analysis and synthesis of scientific-methodological literature; biomedical methods (tonometry, pulsometry, and spirometry); pedagogical experiment; methods of mathematical statistics. Results: the level of functioning of the cardiorespiratory system in 13 - 14-year-old pupils is below average. Taking into account the indicators of the functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of 13 - 14-year-old pupils, the content of physical education lessons is differentiated; the development and implementation of physical exercise complexes aimed at increasing the above indicators. Conclusions: as a result of the introduction of the developed physical exercise complexes in indicators characterizing the state of cardiovascular and respiratory systems of pupils of experimental groups, there were reliable positive changes in all the studied parameters (p

Design of Intelligent Martial Arts Sports System Based on Biosensor Network Technology

Article

Jun 2020
MEASUREMENT

Biosensor is a new type of analytical detection tool, which can be applied to various industries with its sensitivity, accuracy, easy operation, and online monitoring in vivo. Biosensors have a broad market in sports science, and can be applied to timely monitoring of sports training. It will also become an important method and technology of sports education and sports scientific research. The purpose of this article is to study the design of intelligent martial arts sports system based on biosensor network technology. This article studies the physical condition of martial arts athletes by installing biosensors on them, and uses a single variable method and mathematical statistics to record various martial arts athletes. The state of sports is designed by using big data intelligent monitoring system to design network nodes and real-time data transmission through network technology, so as to ensure the health of martial arts athletes and monitor the status of martial arts athletes in real time. Then compared with the traditional situation of remote mobilization, the feasibility of the application of intelligent martial arts sports system under the biosensor biosensor network technology is verified, and the intelligent martial arts sports system under the biosensor network technology is designed. Experimental data shows that the design of the intelligent martial arts sports system under the biosensor network technology effectively protects martial arts athletes and improves performance, and avoids injuries caused by intense sports. The experimental data show that the design of intelligent martial arts sports system under the biosensor network technology has guiding significance for the development of future martial arts sports system.

On the transfer of skills skill in different conditions of motor activity

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2013

The aim of the study is a metric description of the transport of mobility in terms of kinesthesia in examined in a comprehensive registration block of six different motor coordination tasks. A total of 56 students in six different test tasks coordination complexity. The results of the initial control of processed statistically. Two calculated correlation matrix 6x6. The efficiency of use in subsequent statistical operations previously only justified, metrological reliability of the results. The transfer of skills in terms of agility kinesthesia found only in two exercises of this nature, explicable by common physiological mechanisms of regulation. The results of the study confirm the well-known knowledge of the complexity of mobility and contrary to some of the original authors of the possible use of a single universal control exercise - test for evaluation.

Study and analysis of armwrestlers’ forearm muscles’ strength

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2015

Positive tendencies of arm-wrestling’s expansion condition demand in its scientific study and determination of sportsmen’s success factors. Such factors include strength of sportsman’s forearm muscles’ strength. The purpose of the research is comparative analysis of forearm movements’ power characteristics of different qualification sportsmen and students, who do not practice arm-wrestling. Material and methods: in experiment 33 students of physical culture academy participated. The students were divided in two groups: experimental group–armwrestlers, (n=16, age 21.94±1.18 years), the second (control) group) (n=17, age 19.94±0.31 years)–students, who do not practice armwrestling. Depending on level of sportsmanship experimental group was divided into two sub-groups: experienced sportsmen (n=5) and beginners (n=11). We used set of tests. In the tests we registered strength of flexing, extension, moving aside, forearm’s pronation and supination by value of maximal weight in these movements. Results: higher strength of sportsmen, in comparison with control group, by all tested parameters has been confirmed (p<0, 05). Especially greater sportsmen’s strength is expressed with flexing of forearm. It reflects better physical fitness and illustrates specialized training in this kind of sports. Indices of strength’s relation to mass improve visibility and permit to standardize the data for analysis and prognosis. Value of experienced sportsmen’s flexing indices was more than 100%. It proves again importance of this movement for success in armwrestling. Analysis of correlation matrixes confirmed greater stability of sportsmen’s condition. Reduction of functional tension happens at the account of 1.2–2.0 times increase of specific gravity of significant and confident correlations, as well as 2.48 times increase of synchronization indicators and 2 times increase of mean correlation coefficient. Conclusions: level of strength in flexing, extension, rotation and moving forearm aside is rather important for success in armwrestling. Usage of indices of strength-body mass relation is a promising way of selection and prognostication in armwrestling.

Study of specificities of arm wrestlers’ psychological status in competition period

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2015

Purpose: researching and analysis of psychological status dynamic of different qualification arm-wrestlers in competitions’ condition. Material: in the research 21 students-sportsmen of 17-24 years’ age participated. Results: before the beginning of competition experienced sportsmen are characterized by higher workability in comparison with beginners - (56.61±8.31) % against (23.23±11.93) %. After competitions among experienced sportsmen 57.14% had reduced anxiety; 71.43% - reduced activity and self-feeling; 50% - had worse mood. After competitions among sportsmen-beginners 73.73% demonstrated reduction of workability; 54.54% had weakened activity, mood and self-feeling. We established significant prevalence of statistically confident correlations among experienced sportsmen: 65.15% against 46.97%. Contribution of psychological components in system of sportsmen-beginners is significantly lower than of experienced sportsmen. Conclusions: we determined certain changes of psychological status of arm-wrestlers of different qualification under influence of competitions. For experienced sportsmen we confirmed more optimal status and favorable dynamic, illustrating high reliability of functioning.

Zaporozhanov VA, Boraczyński T. Discussion on the concept of “coordination” and “agility” in terms of physical education. Pedagogics, Psychology, Medical-Biological Problems of Physical Training and Sports. 2015, 03: 15-19. doi:10.15561/18189172.2015.0303

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2015

In the scientific and methodological literature and practice of physical education concepts of "coordination" and "agility" are often used synonymously. And discussion about the appropriateness distinguish these concepts is mainly analytical character. Purpose: to evaluate the nature of the relationship metrically between indicators kinesthesia (which characterize the internal processes of interaction in the neuro-muscular system - coordination) and the efficient delivery of a complex exercise (in cooperation man in the external environment of physical education - agility). Material: 77 students surveyed. Students performed on 100 strikes the ball into the goal in terms of golf (10 control measurements). The experiment was conducted for 8 months. 7700 measurement precision of centimeters processed statistically. Calculated reliability of measurements: 100 comparability repetitive beats, accuracy hitting the ball into the goal and the pace of learning in terms of the impact of blows. Results: the total volume measurements was characterized by high variability (V% = 53,5), indicating that the low status of kinesthesia surveyed. This reduces the reliability of the correlation coefficients according to 30 and then 10 of the best students in the general rank in terms of reliability of measurements. Significant correlation occurred only in terms of performance beats the purpose of learning the technique and pace (0,417; n = 30, p <0,05; and 0,677; n = 10, p <0,05). Conclusions: Overall, the results of our study showed that the concept of "coordination" and "agility" should still be distinguished. In some cases, students with a good level of kinesthesia occurred and high mobility in complex locomotion. If we recognize it expedient to continue this discussion, then we must rely on objective, metric information. This information should be obtained in studies with a broad contingent surveyed, consistently show good concentration and high reliability results in a series of repeated measurements.

The Functions and Methods of Mental Training on Competitive Sports

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2012

Jianshe Xiong

Mental training is the major training method of the competitive sports and the main factor of athletes skill and tactics level.By combining the psychological factor with the current competitive sports characteristics, this paper presents the function of mental training forward athletes, and how to improve the comprehensive psychological quality by using mental training.

Physical Fitness Differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman Junior Wrestlers

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2014

The aim of the present study was to examine physical fitness differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman junior wrestlers. One hundred twenty-six junior wrestlers, comprising 70 Freestyle and 56 Greco-Roman wrestlers, participated in this study. The somatic and physical fitness profile included body mass, body height, body mass index, body composition, flexibility, maximal anaerobic power of the legs and arms, aerobic endurance, hand grip strength, leg and back strength, and speed. No significant differences were found in the anthropometric and physical features between Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. The Greco-Roman wrestlers had a significantly higher level of relative leg power, peak arm power, relative peak arm power, and relative average arm power than Freestyle wrestlers (p < 0.05). Greco-Roman wrestlers were significantly faster, had better agility, and had a greater level of leg strength than Freestyle wrestlers, but Freestyle wrestlers were more flexible than Greco-Roman wrestlers (p < 0.05). Discriminant function analysis indicated that peak arm power, agility, speed, and flexibility were selective factors for the differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the differences between these wrestling styles promote physical fitness differences in elite wrestlers. The results reflect specific features of each wrestling style.

Hand–arm strength and endurance as predictors of climbing performance

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2012

The aims of this study were to examine training characteristics, body composition, muscular strength, and endurance in sport climbers, and to demonstrate the relationship among these components by means of structural equation modelling. Altogether, 205 sport climbers (136 males, 69 females), with a performance RP (red point) of grade 4 to 11 on the Union Internationale des Association d'Alpinisme (UIAA) scale, took part in the study. The proposed structural model, with latent variable hand–arm strength and endurance (developed from reference values for simple tests), indicated by three manifest variables (grip strength, bent-arm hang, and finger hang) and three exogenous variables (body fat, volume of climbing, and climbing experience), explained 97% of the variance in climbing performance. The relationship between body fat and climbing experience/volume with climbing performance was not direct, but was better explained using the mediator hand–arm strength and endurance. We conclude that these simple tests, together with percent body fat, volume of climbing, and climbing experience, can satisfactorily predict climbing performance.

Anthropometric characteristics and body composition of Italian national wrestlers

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2012

Luciana Zaccagni

The aim of this study was to examine the anthropometric characteristics and body composition of wrestlers from the Italian national team. The study was carried out on a sample of 23 wrestlers (9 females and 14 males) aged 18–33 years. Various anthropometric measurements were performed (weight, height, sitting height, some girths and skinfold thicknesses) and anthropometric indices calculated (body mass index, cormic index, upper arm muscle area, upper arm fat area, and arm fat index). Body composition was assessed and minimum wrestling weight was determined based on a minimum body fat percentage of 5% for males and 12% for females. We undertook comparisons by sex, wrestling style (for males), and weight category. The comparison between men's and women's wrestling corroborated known differences between the sexes; the comparison between wrestling styles stressed the relevance of the cormic index. The most interesting finding of this study was that no female wrestler competed in a lower weight class than her minimum wrestling weight, even if all of them were heavier than values allowed for their weight class. Five of 14 male wrestlers competed in a weight class lower than their minimum wrestling weight, and all of them, except two, were heavier than the uppermost limit of their weight class.

Talking Smack: Verbal Aggression in Professional Wrestling

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2008

The current study presents the results of a content analysis of the verbal aggression found in 36 hours of televised professional wrestling. The coding scheme was adapted from the National Television Violence Study and past research on television verbal aggression. Results show that an abundance of verbal aggression occurs in televised professional wrestling, with swearing, competence attacks, and character attacks being the most common types. In addition, the primary motives for verbal aggression use are amusement and anger. Furthermore, verbal aggression tends to be communicated and received by White, male individuals with no clear dispositional characteristics. The results are discussed in terms of potential effects of exposure to the verbal aggression found in professional wrestling.

Market structures and competitive strategies: The carrier-stevedore arm-wrestling in northern European ports

Article

Jun 2007

Over the last few years, liner and stevedoring markets have been facing new challenges. The progressive concentration on the demand side (carriers) and the emergence of global alliances in the mid-1990s have triggered a similar process of consolidation on the supply side (stevedores). In turn, more recently, the strategic choices of pure terminal operators have led to the progressive involvement of carriers in port operations, both from a financial and a managerial point of view. This paper aims at analysing the current contest in northern Europe between customers and suppliers of port services. Substantial concentration in the stevedoring market and the emergence of dedicated facilities in that area, make this arm-wrestling stronger and stronger.At present, the liner market is following a number of strategic directions including the pursuit of economies of scale (larger vessels) and the supply of services using faster vessels (deployment of ‘fewer’ assets) in order to offer either new services or additional loops (scope). By exploring the strategic behaviours of the top carriers (‘bigger’ or ‘more effective’), the paper attempts to outline the future evolution of the two industries in a 2015 vision, highlighting in particular scenarios for north European ports. Global alliances are weakening and a new era of M&As is probably approaching: how will the bargaining power change between port users and port customers? Which competitive paradigm will dominate?