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The diverging evolution of science and techniques on the two sides of the Mediterranean: Lessons from the history

January 1999

Authors:

Jacques Brasseul

University of Toulon

The «mereuporic theory» and the «thalassogaphic hypothesis» elaborated by Cosandey (1997) explain the different evolution of techniques and science in Western Europe and the Muslim countries. In the West, geography is more favourable: a profoundly indented coastline («articulated thalassography») gave birth to permanent nation-states, on the one hand, and trade on a large scale and economic prosperity, on the other hand. Both elements have caused the success story of Europe in techniques and science: the economic surplus available for research and the long-lasting competition between stable nations were the main reasons.

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In this paper, we investigate the impact of ascription on the process of identity formation of first- and second-generation Moroccans in Western Europe. We look at the general discursive context and levels of perceived acceptance amongst Moroccan migrants, and see how these factors influence three relevant dimensions of identifications. We distinguish between ethnic group identity, religious ... [Show full abstract] identity and national identity, and use recently collected data on first- and second-generation Moroccans in five European countries (EURISLAM 2011. Integrated report on survey analysis. Brussels: ULB). Our analysis shows that our measures of identity are correlated to elements of ascription. The second generation appears less affected by elements of ascription. Particularly in identifying with the country of settlement, second-generation Moroccans appear more impervious to external influences than the first generation.

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February 2011 · Mélanges de l École française de Rome Moyen Âge

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The evaluation of the transformations that occurred from the landing of the Muslim population in Sicily, and the timing and process of cultural acclimatisation, are the main concern of this research. Based on a blank bibliography, this article focuses on some issues relating to Islamic ceramics in eastern Sicily, paying particular attention to chronological and technological aspects, processes of ... [Show full abstract] cultural acclimatisation, to the networks of distribution and trade. The changes in material culture, of which ceramics are a good indicator, seem to focus on indications that the 8th and above all 9th centuries were an important moment of transformation, only clearly recognisable from the mid 10th to 11th centuries when Sicily had already undergone a profound process of Islamisation. This study proposes a reflection on a few chronological factors, considering the connections that such transformations in Sicily established with the contemporary panorama of material culture in the Mediterranean.

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October 2004

European governments must struggle with assimilating Muslim newcomers into their countries, with so many more now living in Western Europe. Britain, France, and Germany have dealt with the related problems differently. This book explains why their policies differ and proposes ways of ensuring the successful incorporation of practicing Muslims into liberal democracies. Resolving their issues has ... [Show full abstract] become all the more urgent in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Considers complicated questions of policy towards Muslims in Europe after 9/11. Emphasis on specifically religious aspects of Muslim mmigrants in Europe. Unique focus on church-state relations

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S. D. Goitein’s nuanced description of the structure, functioning, and administrative reach of the Jewish community, most fully articulated in the second volume of A Mediterranean Society, was enlarged on, revised, and challenged in the work of two subsequent generations of scholars. Addressing the mixture of hierocratic and democratic elements that Goitein identified within the medieval Jewish ... [Show full abstract] community, this growing body of scholarship has examined anew and in greater detail such issues as the balance of power between the centralized leadership and the local community, the extent of the Jewish community’s political autonomy, and the influential role in communal affairs played by wealthy and well-connected elites with access to the Muslim court.

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The application of stable isotope analysis to explore diets in late medieval Spain

July 2019

Michelle Alexander

This paper explores the application of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ13N) stable isotope analysis to human and animal populations from archaeological sites to explore diets in late medieval Spain (10th- 16th centuries AD). Until recently, most isotopic studies of medieval diet have focussed on northern areas of Western Europe, however, the Mediterranean, and Spain in particular, is drawing ... [Show full abstract] increasing attention. Medieval Iberia provides a novel setting for the study of diet, where, over much of the peninsular, communities of Muslims, Christians and Jews coexisted under first Muslim and then later Christian political rule. This review explores some trends in diet and resource exploitation that are beginning to emerge from the growing number of dietary isotope studies. Dietary variability in relation to faith, status and geographical location are discussed, with a particular focus on the exploitation of C4 crops. Potential avenues for future research are also highlighted.

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In their work on Muslims in Western Europe, social scientists often employ four theories to explain the state accommodation of Muslim minoritiesâ€™ religious practices: resource mobilisation theory, political opportunity structure theory, ideological theories, and approaches highlighting the influence of churchâ€“state relations. In this article, I propose a dynamic-compound framework which ... [Show full abstract] outlines the interactions between these four theories, and argue that it is necessary to include a fifth independent variable to account for the religious traditions characteristic of a particular group. In analysing the state accommodation of the religious practices of Muslim minorities, taking the institutional framework of Islam into account clarifies the impact of churchâ€“state structures, based on Christianity and a history of conflict between church and state in Europe.

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August 2018 · REMHU Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana

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