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Bodies of knowledge: Shifting iconographies of'maternal-fetal conflict': A review of Colker (1994); Merrick and Blank (1993) and Boling (1995)

March 2000

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Is Internalism About Knowledge Consistent With Content Externalism?

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Mikkel Gerken

There is widespread suspicion that there is a principled conflict between epistemic internalism and content externalism (or anti-individualism). Despite the prominence of this suspicion, it has rarely been substantiated by explicit arguments. However, Duncan Pritchard and Jesper Kallestrup have recently provided a prima facie argument concluding that internalism about knowledge and externalism ... [Show full abstract] about content are incompatible. I criticize the incompatibilist argument and conclude that the purported incompatibility is, at best, prima facie. This is, in part, because several steps in the argument are faulty and, in part, because there are promising responses available to the compatibilists.

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The Changing Role of CIO to CEO

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Petter Gottschalk

Both the CIO and the CEO are practicing leadership. One of the defining charac-teristics of leadership is the ability to develop and implement appropriate responses to a variety of problem situations. Leaders must solve an array of problems includ-ing resource allocation, interdepartmental coordination, interpersonal conflict, and subordinate morale to name a few. In order to effectively solve ... [Show full abstract] such problems, leaders must draw on a body of knowledge gained from formal education, advice from other leaders, and personal experience (Hedlund et al., 2003).

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Locus of Knowledge as a Determinant of the Effects of Participation on Performance, Affect, and Perc...

February 1995 · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

Participation has been a concern of both theorists and practitioners for many decades, but sophisticated analyses of the literature have been inconclusive with respect to its performance and affective benefits (Wagner & Gooding, 1987). The present study used an experimental design to test the hypothesis that the effectiveness of participation in promoting high performance would depend upon the ... [Show full abstract] locus of knowledge. Thus, high performance would result if (a) there was no participation and the supervisor had correct information, and if (b) there was participation and at least one party had correct information and neither had incorrect (i.e., conflicting) information. Lower performance would result under other conditions. We also tested the hypothesis that supervisors and subordinates under participation would have more positive affect than those who did not. These hypotheses were supported in a 2 × 3 × 3 experiment varying participation (Participation and No Participation), supervisor information (Correct, Incorrect, and No Information), and subordinate information (Correct, Incorrect, and No Information). Both supervisors and subordinates reported more positive affect and perceptions under Participation (versus No Participation) regardless of their degree of correct knowledge.

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September 2003

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A Philosopher's Reflection on Commercialism in Medicine

February 2007 · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics

Jacob Needleman

The question of the influence of commercialism in medicine is often put in terms of how the money factor influences the actions and the judgments of the individual physician—just as in the culture at large there is and has always been the question of sacrificing personal moral values for financial gain. But it is necessary now, perhaps especially for physicians and others who are presumably ... [Show full abstract] operating in the “market-free zone,” to put the question in an even more intimate way. The question becomes to what extent does the pressure of financial gain influence perception itself in the clinical setting. To what extent do the pressures of commercialism block or interfere with perceptions of fact and truth in establishing diagnosis, in projecting methods and strategies of treatment, and in assessing the medical, psychological, and moral needs of the individual patient? To this extent, it is not so much a question of physicians making intentional, self-serving decisions. It is a question of physicians unconsciously making such decisions based on perceptions and processes of judgment subconsciously or semiconsciously governed by the monetary considerations that have permeated nearly every corner and pocket of the contemporary culture.

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The Goal Structure of Situations

October 1980 · European Journal of Social Psychology

An empirical method for analysing the goal structure within and between persons in different social situations is described. The method involves establishing the main goals of occupants of situational roles and then finding out how the different goals inter-relate in terms of degree and type/direction of conflict and compatibility. Principal components analyses were carried out on ratings of ... [Show full abstract] importance of goals of those in different situational roles. Criteria of high factor loadings combined with high mean importance ratings were used to produce the main higher order goals for each of the roles. The goals for the six roles studied were, in each case except one: social acceptance/developing relationships, own well being and achieving a specific situational task goal. However, the precise nature of these goals is rather different in the different situations. Inter-relationship of goals was studied using ratings of conflict or compatibility between pairs of goals within and across roles of each situation. The results were used to describe the goal structures of the different situations. The situation with the most conflict between goals was, as expected, the complaint. Ways were suggested in which knowledge of the goal structure, particularly the points of conflict, could help with skilful handling of potentially difficult social situations.

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Ewa Więcek-Janka

The paper presents selected aspects of micro-enterprises in the Wielkopolska district. Based on literature and own research author analyzed the micro-structure of its current market activities and organizational forms of popular internal and external communications, plans and forms of investment, the occurrence of conflicts and the used of knowledge in the management of the company.

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Effects of Background Knowledge on Category Construction

March 1996 · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

In category construction, participants are commonly asked to sort items into 2 groups. Although natural categories have a family resemblance (FamR) structure, participants rarely construct FamR categories in the sorting task. In previous research, participants constructed FamR categories when the features of the instances could be integrated into a coherent category, if the category theme was ... [Show full abstract] provided. In Experiments 1–4, participants constructed more FamR categories with thematic materials than with nonthematic materials, even without being cued with the theme. Experiments 5A and 5B showed that when instances contained conflicting features (i.e., features that are contradictory given background knowledge) participants were not more likely to construct FamR categories with the thematic materials, unless they had a way of discounting such features. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

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Error-Driven Knowledge Restructuring in Categorization

September 2005 · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

Knowledge restructuring occurs when people shift to a new strategy or representation during learning. Although knowledge restructuring can frequently be experimentally encouraged, there are instances in which people resist restructuring and continue to use an expedient but imperfect initial strategy. The authors report 3 category learning experiments that reconciled those conflicting outcomes by ... [Show full abstract] postulating that, for restructuring to occur, learners must be dissatisfied with their knowledge and a usable alternative must be available. In line with expectation, restructuring was elicited only when an alternative strategy was pointed out and when people's initial expedient strategy entailed performance error. Neither error nor information about the alternative strategy by itself was sufficient to induce restructuring.

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Finding optimal solutions to the graph partitioning problem with heuristic search

December 2005 · Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence

Ariel Felner

As search spaces become larger and as problems scale up, an efficient way to speed up the search is to use a more accurate heuristic function. A better heuristic function might be obtained by the following general idea. Many problems can be divided into a set of subproblems and subgoals that should be achieved. Interactions and conflicts between unsolved subgoals of the problem might provide ... [Show full abstract] useful knowledge which could be used to construct an informed heuristic function. In this paper we demonstrate this idea on the graph partitioning problem (GPP). We first show how to format GPP as a search problem and then introduce a sequence of admissible heuristic functions estimating the size of the optimal partition by looking into different interactions between vertices of the graph. We then optimally solve GPP with these heuristics. Experimental results show that our advanced heuristics achieve a speedup of up to a number of orders of magnitude. Finally, we experimentally compare our approach to other states of the art graph partitioning optimal solvers on a number of classes of graphs. The results obtained show that our algorithm outperforms them in many cases.

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[Self-chosen Cesarean section--conflict of choice and knowledge]

June 2003 · Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

Nina Husom

Bodies of knowledge: Shifting iconographies of'maternal-fetal conflict': A review of Colker (1994); Merrick and Blank (1993) and Boling (1995)

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