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International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology
Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
A
ll
INTRODUCTION:
In underwater networking, the oceanographic
collection of data users radio meters to estimate
the sea surface temperature ,scatter meters to
measure the wav
e disturbances, wind speeds
and directions and altimeters to measure ocean
surface deformation to determine sea surface
slopes and ocean current. The underwater
vehicles are classified into autonomous
underwater vehicle(AUV) ,to detect and map
the underwat
er survey machines such as a
hazards. It is also determined as UUV(
Unmanned under water vehicles), also known
as underwater drones. These are the vehicles
that operate in underwater without a human
occupant. It would constitute a kind of a
Submerge Detection Of Sensor Nodes
S.Surya
P.G.Scholars, Department of CSE,
Assistant professor,
Department of ECE,
Abstract
In this paper, Underwater
networking sensor nodes provide the oceanographic collection of data and
monitoring of unmanned or autonomous underwater vehicle to explore sea recourses and gathering of
scientific data. The sensor network contains the statistical data about the sensor n
communication is provided between the nodes in a point to point fashion. The design emphasis on the
modulation and demodulation of the signals and thereby providing the synchronization between the nodes.
The challenges include wate
rproofing, casing, calibration. Furthermore the research issues are outlined.
ISSN
ISSN
Available online at
International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology
(IJARTET)
Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
in association with
Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY(ICON’15)
April 17, 2015
ll
Rights Reserved © 2015 IJARTET
In underwater networking, the oceanographic
collection of data users radio meters to estimate
the sea surface temperature ,scatter meters to
e disturbances, wind speeds
and directions and altimeters to measure ocean
surface deformation to determine sea surface
slopes and ocean current. The underwater
vehicles are classified into autonomous
underwater vehicle(AUV) ,to detect and map
er survey machines such as a
hazards. It is also determined as UUV(
Unmanned under water vehicles), also known
as underwater drones. These are the vehicles
that operate in underwater without a human
occupant. It would constitute a kind of a
robot.The sen
sor node is widely used for
processing ,gathering sensory information and
communicating with other nodes in networks. It
is used to provide a measurable response with
change in a physical condition such as
temperature or pressure. Sensors are classified
into passive, Omni -
directional sensors ;passive,
narrow-
beam sensor ;and active sensor.passive
sensors are self powered who
amplify analog signals. Active sensor actively
probe the environment.
The above described features enable wide range
of
applications for the underwater sensor
networks:
Ocean morsel networks
of the ocean deals with the exhaustive factors
which are determined through the sensors. The
robotic vehicles are used to sample the models
in the ocean. The characteristi
cs of the ocean are
observed and predict the activities that are
Submerge Detection Of Sensor Nodes
S.Surya
1
, Berlin Mary
2
, Christo Ananth
3
P.G.Scholars, Department of CSE,
Francis Xavier Engineering College,
Tirunelveli
Department of ECE,
Fra
ncis Xavier Engineering College,
networking sensor nodes provide the oceanographic collection of data and
monitoring of unmanned or autonomous underwater vehicle to explore sea recourses and gathering of
scientific data. The sensor network contains the statistical data about the sensor n
odes. High speed optical
communication is provided between the nodes in a point to point fashion. The design emphasis on the
modulation and demodulation of the signals and thereby providing the synchronization between the nodes.
rproofing, casing, calibration. Furthermore the research issues are outlined.
ISSN
2394-3777 (Print)
ISSN
2394-3785 (Online)
Available online at
www.ijartet.com
(IJARTET)
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
22
sor node is widely used for
processing ,gathering sensory information and
communicating with other nodes in networks. It
is used to provide a measurable response with
change in a physical condition such as
temperature or pressure. Sensors are classified
directional sensors ;passive,
beam sensor ;and active sensor.passive
amplify analog signals. Active sensor actively
The above described features enable wide range
applications for the underwater sensor
Ocean morsel networks
: The sampling
of the ocean deals with the exhaustive factors
which are determined through the sensors. The
robotic vehicles are used to sample the models
cs of the ocean are
observed and predict the activities that are
Submerge Detection Of Sensor Nodes
Tirunelveli
1,2
ncis Xavier Engineering College,
Tirunelveli
3
networking sensor nodes provide the oceanographic collection of data and
monitoring of unmanned or autonomous underwater vehicle to explore sea recourses and gathering of
odes. High speed optical
communication is provided between the nodes in a point to point fashion. The design emphasis on the
modulation and demodulation of the signals and thereby providing the synchronization between the nodes.
rproofing, casing, calibration. Furthermore the research issues are outlined.
International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology
Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
A
ll
detected through the sensor nodes in the
network. The sensor network are responsible for
the varieties of the functionalities like the
pollution, exploration and disaster in the ocean.
Monit
oring the stomp ground
monitoring of the stomp ground includes the
monitoring of the chemical, biological and
nuclear pollution that occurs in the underwater.
It may give the details about the amount of
chemicals that are mixed with the water. It may
derive the serious factors that disturbs the
organisms in the water. It also monitors the
oceanic currents, climatic changes and weather
forecasting. When there are periodic changes in
the high and low tides is very ,which helps to
derive the possibility o
f the disasters that may
occur.
Sunken explorations:
It is very much
important to determine the oilfields and
reservoirs in the underwater. It helps in the
building in the sensor networks in the
underwater.In the exploration it may also
include the finding
s of the minerals.The
underwater provides wide variety of the ores
and minerals that are very essential for the
human beings.
ISSN
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Available online at
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(IJARTET)
Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
in association with
Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY(ICON’15)
April 17, 2015
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detected through the sensor nodes in the
network. The sensor network are responsible for
the varieties of the functionalities like the
pollution, exploration and disaster in the ocean.
oring the stomp ground
: The
monitoring of the stomp ground includes the
monitoring of the chemical, biological and
nuclear pollution that occurs in the underwater.
It may give the details about the amount of
chemicals that are mixed with the water. It may
derive the serious factors that disturbs the
organisms in the water. It also monitors the
oceanic currents, climatic changes and weather
forecasting. When there are periodic changes in
the high and low tides is very ,which helps to
f the disasters that may
It is very much
important to determine the oilfields and
reservoirs in the underwater. It helps in the
building in the sensor networks in the
underwater.In the exploration it may also
s of the minerals.The
underwater provides wide variety of the ores
and minerals that are very essential for the
Holocaust exploration
exploration of the holocaust, there is a greatest
possibility to determine the disasters before it
o
ccurs. It also provides the measures of the
events to be occurred in the mere future from
the remote areas. The submarine earthquakes
can be predicted as much as earlier to avoid the
damages in the coastal areas.
Aided triangulation:
The assist of the
sensors is done to identify the hazards on the
ocean. It helps in locating the dangerous rocks
in the seabed and the shoals in the shallow
waters. The submerging of the areas are assisted
to determine that there are defected areas in the
coastal region th
ereby providing an
improvement in the affected areas which also
affect the micro organisms in the ocean.
Distributed shield shadowing
shadowing is the mechanism to monitor the
areas.It helps to target any particular area
through which the situation in
can be determined.It enhances on the property
of providing shield that is, the detection of the
intrusion are done such that all the events are
done periodically without any problem that
leads to the death of the living organisms.The
sens
ory nodes provides the highest accuracy in
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2394-3777 (Print)
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Holocaust exploration
: In the
exploration of the holocaust, there is a greatest
possibility to determine the disasters before it
ccurs. It also provides the measures of the
events to be occurred in the mere future from
the remote areas. The submarine earthquakes
can be predicted as much as earlier to avoid the
The assist of the
sensors is done to identify the hazards on the
ocean. It helps in locating the dangerous rocks
in the seabed and the shoals in the shallow
waters. The submerging of the areas are assisted
to determine that there are defected areas in the
ereby providing an
improvement in the affected areas which also
affect the micro organisms in the ocean.
Distributed shield shadowing
: The
shadowing is the mechanism to monitor the
areas.It helps to target any particular area
any coastal area
can be determined.It enhances on the property
of providing shield that is, the detection of the
intrusion are done such that all the events are
done periodically without any problem that
leads to the death of the living organisms.The
ory nodes provides the highest accuracy in
International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology
Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
A
ll
the gathering of the information and exploration
of the underwater resources efficiently.
Mine reconnoiter
: All the operations are
performed concurrently through the sensors that
are used for assessing the stomp g
round thereby
detecting the mine-
like objects for the discovery
of the minerals.
Since the world war II, the findings in the
submerge is unexplored. At the earlier stage,
radio waves were transmitted at the lower
frequencies of about 30-
300Hz.At the bot
layer of the ocean if there is any difficulties
exists then it is difficult to overcome them. The
disadvantages are as follows:
No concurrent monitoring: the beginning
of the monitoring mission, the recorded data can
not be accessed until the instrumen
recovered.
No disaster detection: If any failure
occurs, it is not detected before the instruments
are recovered.
Limited Storage: only limited data can
be stored on the sensors. The onboard storage
devices are memories and hard disk.
The design in
cludes several challenges, they are
as follows:
ISSN
ISSN
Available online at
International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology
(IJARTET)
Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
in association with
Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY(ICON’15)
April 17, 2015
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the gathering of the information and exploration
: All the operations are
performed concurrently through the sensors that
round thereby
like objects for the discovery
Since the world war II, the findings in the
submerge is unexplored. At the earlier stage,
radio waves were transmitted at the lower
300Hz.At the bot
tom
layer of the ocean if there is any difficulties
exists then it is difficult to overcome them. The
No concurrent monitoring: the beginning
of the monitoring mission, the recorded data can
not be accessed until the instrumen
ts are
No disaster detection: If any failure
occurs, it is not detected before the instruments
Limited Storage: only limited data can
be stored on the sensors. The onboard storage
cludes several challenges, they are
The limitations in the bandwidth
The limitation of the power in the
battery that cannot be recharged.
Failure arises due to corrosion and
fouling.
Sometimes shadow zones causes the
disconnection.
Delay in the
propagation in the
underwater.
2.Communications and working
technologies of the sensor networks
In this section we discuss about how the sensor
node communicate with each other in the
underwater. It relates a various technologies and
terminologies to hand
le the sensor node that
they communicate with each other without any
intrusion. also, we discuss about the various
applications, tools and methods.
Physical layer: Multi-
path propagation
creates signal echoes that arrive with varying
delays. Delay spreadin
g depends on the system
location, and can range from a few
to several hundreds of milliseconds. In a
wideband system, this
leads to a frequency
selective channel transfer function as different
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The limitations in the bandwidth
The limitation of the power in the
battery that cannot be recharged.
Failure arises due to corrosion and
Sometimes shadow zones causes the
propagation in the
2.Communications and working
technologies of the sensor networks
In this section we discuss about how the sensor
node communicate with each other in the
underwater. It relates a various technologies and
le the sensor node that
they communicate with each other without any
intrusion. also, we discuss about the various
applications, tools and methods.
path propagation
creates signal echoes that arrive with varying
g depends on the system
location, and can range from a few
milliseconds
to several hundreds of milliseconds. In a
leads to a frequency
selective channel transfer function as different
International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology
Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
A
ll
frequency
components may exhibit substantially
dif
ferent attenuation. The channel response
the instantaneous power often exhibit small
scale, fast variations, typically
caused by
scattering and the rapid motion of the sea
surface (waves) or
of the system itself. While
large-scale variations influence
power control at
the transmitter, small-
scale variations influence
the design of adaptive signal
processing
algorithms at the receiver.
The
characteristics of the physical layer
influence medium access and higher
protocol design. For example, the
same
protocol may perform
differently under a
different frequency allocation—
moving to a
higher frequency
region will cause more
attenuation to the desired signal, but the
interference
will attenuate more as
possibly boosting the overall performance. Also,
propagation delay and packet duration matter,
since a channel that is sensed
to be free may
nonetheless contain interfering packets; their
length will affect
the probability of collisions
and the efficiency of re-
transmission
(throughput).Finally, power control, coupled
with intelligent routing, can greatly help us to
limit interference.
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Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
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Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY(ICON’15)
April 17, 2015
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components may exhibit substantially
ferent attenuation. The channel response
and
the instantaneous power often exhibit small
-
caused by
scattering and the rapid motion of the sea
of the system itself. While
power control at
scale variations influence
processing
characteristics of the physical layer
influence medium access and higher
layer
same
network
differently under a
moving to a
region will cause more
attenuation to the desired signal, but the
will attenuate more as
well,
possibly boosting the overall performance. Also,
propagation delay and packet duration matter,
to be free may
nonetheless contain interfering packets; their
the probability of collisions
transmission
(throughput).Finally, power control, coupled
with intelligent routing, can greatly help us to
Medium access control and resource
sharing: In designing resource
-
for underwater networks, one needs
mind the peculiar characteristics of the acoustic
channel. Most relevant in this context are long
delays, frequency-
dependent attenuation and the
relatively long reach of acoustic signals. In
addition, the bandwidth constraints of acoustic
hardw
are (and the transducer in particular) must
also be considered.
The network layer, routing and
transport:
In large networks, it is unlikely that
any pair of nodes can communicate directly, and
multi-
hop operation, by which intermediate
nodes are used to
forward messages towards the
final destination, is typically used
protocols are used to determine a variable route
that a packet should follow through a topology.
The design of transport protocols in underwater
acoustic networks is another critica
Protocols such as TCP are designed for low to
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Medium access control and resource
-
sharing schemes
for underwater networks, one needs
to keep in
mind the peculiar characteristics of the acoustic
channel. Most relevant in this context are long
dependent attenuation and the
relatively long reach of acoustic signals. In
addition, the bandwidth constraints of acoustic
are (and the transducer in particular) must
The network layer, routing and
In large networks, it is unlikely that
any pair of nodes can communicate directly, and
hop operation, by which intermediate
forward messages towards the
final destination, is typically used
. routing
protocols are used to determine a variable route
that a packet should follow through a topology.
The design of transport protocols in underwater
acoustic networks is another critica
l issue.
Protocols such as TCP are designed for low to
International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology
Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
A
ll
moderate latencies, not the large fractions of a
second commonly encountered in underwater
networks, and limited bandwidth and high loss
suggest that end-to-
end retransmission will
perform poorly.
Fina
lly, an important issue is that of topology
control, where nodes sleep to
reduce energy while maintaining network
connectivity. Although coordination
scheduling mechanisms can be used for this
purpose.
Sensing and application techniques
Traditional bi
ology and oceanography rely on
samples that are taken in the environment and
returned to the laboratory for analysis. As
traditional
underwater research has assumed
personnel on site, the cost of sample return is
relatively small compared with the cost of
getting the scientist to the site. With lower cost
sensor networks and AUVs, we expect the costs
of sample-return relative to in situ
sensing to
force revisiting these assumptions.
Algorithms
for managing underwater sensing, sensor fusion,
and coordinated
and adaptive sensing are just
beginning to develop. As the
field matures, we
look forward to work involving online, adaptive
sampling using
communicating AUVs.
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Available online at
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(IJARTET)
Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
in association with
Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY(ICON’15)
April 17, 2015
ll
Rights Reserved © 2015 IJARTET
moderate latencies, not the large fractions of a
second commonly encountered in underwater
networks, and limited bandwidth and high loss
end retransmission will
lly, an important issue is that of topology
reduce energy while maintaining network
connectivity. Although coordination
and
scheduling mechanisms can be used for this
Sensing and application techniques
:
ology and oceanography rely on
samples that are taken in the environment and
returned to the laboratory for analysis. As
underwater research has assumed
personnel on site, the cost of sample return is
relatively small compared with the cost of
getting the scientist to the site. With lower cost
sensor networks and AUVs, we expect the costs
sensing to
Algorithms
for managing underwater sensing, sensor fusion,
and adaptive sensing are just
field matures, we
look forward to work involving online, adaptive
communicating AUVs.
Some
types of underwater sensors are easy and
inexpensive, but many rapidly become difficult
and expensive—
from a few dollars to thousands
or more. Inexpensive sensors include pressure
sensing, which can give
approximate depth, and
photo-
diodes and thermistors that measure
ambientlight and temperature.
Simulators and models:
communication ch
annel simulation, which is
OPNET platform built-
in, adopts 14 end
pipeline stage (Pipeline Stage) to simulate the
transmission of data frames in the channel as
truly as possible, and provides a default model
for each pipeline stage However, OPNET
pipeline stage model just simulates the air
wireless channel, and is
not suitable for the
underwater acoustic channel. Therefore, we
need to improve existing
models to
underwater acoustic channel
.
speed of wind is set as 10m/s, and the
shipping density is
set as 0.6. The network
includes a source node (node 0), a destination
node(node 2) and two relay nodes (node 1, node
3). The depth and locomotion speed of the
nodes are set as: node 2 (underwater 100m,
30km/h), node 1 (underwat
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types of underwater sensors are easy and
inexpensive, but many rapidly become difficult
from a few dollars to thousands
or more. Inexpensive sensors include pressure
approximate depth, and
diodes and thermistors that measure
Simulators and models:
Wireless
annel simulation, which is
in, adopts 14 end
- to-end
pipeline stage (Pipeline Stage) to simulate the
transmission of data frames in the channel as
truly as possible, and provides a default model
for each pipeline stage However, OPNET
pipeline stage model just simulates the air
not suitable for the
underwater acoustic channel. Therefore, we
models to
the
.
generally, the
speed of wind is set as 10m/s, and the
waters
set as 0.6. The network
includes a source node (node 0), a destination
node(node 2) and two relay nodes (node 1, node
3). The depth and locomotion speed of the
nodes are set as: node 2 (underwater 100m,
30km/h), node 1 (underwat
er 50m,
International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology
Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
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11km/h),node 3 (underwater 60m, 11km/h),
node 0 (in the surface, 10m/h).
Fig:The received power curve of node1,node2
and node 3
3.conclusions and future challenges
This paper we describe the challenges posed in
the underwater with reference to monitoring the
applications in the ocean environment. The
ultimate objective of the paper is to encourage
more researchers for the development of
advanced communication techniq
ues for the
efficient communication and networking. In
addition ,integration and testing of current ideas
will stress the seams that are often hidden in the
research, such as total system cost, energy
requirements and robustness. The objectives
were to det
ermined the minimum number of
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Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
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11km/h),node 3 (underwater 60m, 11km/h),
Fig:The received power curve of node1,node2
This paper we describe the challenges posed in
the underwater with reference to monitoring the
applications in the ocean environment. The
ultimate objective of the paper is to encourage
more researchers for the development of
ues for the
efficient communication and networking. In
addition ,integration and testing of current ideas
will stress the seams that are often hidden in the
research, such as total system cost, energy
requirements and robustness. The objectives
ermined the minimum number of
sensor to be deployed for the efficient
communications, thereby studying the
robustness to determine the failure of nodes, and
estimate the number of required redundant
sensors.
4.References
1.Ian F. Akyildiz, Dario Pompili, T
Melodia.
Challenges for
EfficientCommunication inUnderwater Acoustic
Sensor Networks,January 2005.
2.
I. Vasilescu, K. Kotay, and D. Rus, M.
Dunbabin and P. Corke,
Data Collection,
Storage, and Retrieval with an Underwater
Sensor Network,april2004
3.
John Heidemann, Wei Ye, Jack Wills, Affan
Syed, Yuan Li Information Sciences Institute,
University of Southern California, Research
Challenges and Applications for Underwater
Sensor Networking,July 2005
4. Chengsheng Pan1;
2, Liangchen Jia1
Ruiyan Cai1;
3 and Yuanming Ding1
modeling and simulation of channel for
underwater
communication network,
International Journal of
Innovative
Information and Control
Volume
3(B), March 2012.
5.
John Heidemann, Milica Stojanovic
Michele Zorzi,
advances and challenges
Underwater sensor networks: applications
2012
6.
Raja Jurdak, Antonio G. Ruzzelli, Gregory
M.P. O'Hare,
Design Considerations for
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sensor to be deployed for the efficient
communications, thereby studying the
robustness to determine the failure of nodes, and
estimate the number of required redundant
1.Ian F. Akyildiz, Dario Pompili, T
ommaso
Challenges for
EfficientCommunication inUnderwater Acoustic
Sensor Networks,January 2005.
I. Vasilescu, K. Kotay, and D. Rus, M.
Data Collection,
Storage, and Retrieval with an Underwater
John Heidemann, Wei Ye, Jack Wills, Affan
Syed, Yuan Li Information Sciences Institute,
University of Southern California, Research
Challenges and Applications for Underwater
2, Liangchen Jia1
;3,
3 and Yuanming Ding1
;3,
modeling and simulation of channel for
communication network,
Innovative
Computing,
Volume
8, Number
John Heidemann, Milica Stojanovic
and
advances and challenges
Underwater sensor networks: applications
,June
Raja Jurdak, Antonio G. Ruzzelli, Gregory
Design Considerations for
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,July
Balakrishnan, and
coordination algorithm for topology
maintenance in ad hocwireless networks. In
Proceedings of the ACM International
Conferenceon Mobile Computing and
Priyantha, A. Chakraborty, and H.
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EE
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Autonomous Ocean Sampling Network
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2394-3785 (Online)
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