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Submerge Detection of Sensor Nodes

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International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology
Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
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INTRODUCTION:
measure the wav
e disturbances, wind speeds
the underwat
er survey machines such as a
Submerge Detection Of Sensor Nodes
S.Surya
P.G.Scholars, Department of CSE,
Assistant professor,
Department of ECE,
Abstract
In this paper, Underwater
networking sensor nodes provide the oceanographic collection of data and
monitoring of unmanned or autonomous underwater vehicle to explore sea recourses and gathering of
scientific data. The sensor network contains the statistical data about the sensor n
communication is provided between the nodes in a point to point fashion. The design emphasis on the
modulation and demodulation of the signals and thereby providing the synchronization between the nodes.
The challenges include wate
rproofing, casing, calibration. Furthermore the research issues are outlined.
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In underwater networking, the oceanographic
collection of data users radio meters to estimate
the sea surface temperature ,scatter meters to
e disturbances, wind speeds
and directions and altimeters to measure ocean
surface deformation to determine sea surface
slopes and ocean current. The underwater
vehicles are classified into autonomous
underwater vehicle(AUV) ,to detect and map
er survey machines such as a
hazards. It is also determined as UUV(
Unmanned under water vehicles), also known
as underwater drones. These are the vehicles
that operate in underwater without a human
occupant. It would constitute a kind of a
robot.The sen
sor node is widely used for
processing ,gathering sensory information and
communicating with other nodes in networks. It
is used to provide a measurable response with
change in a physical condition such as
temperature or pressure. Sensors are classified
into passive, Omni -
directional sensors ;passive,
narrow-
beam sensor ;and active sensor.passive
sensors are self powered who
amplify analog signals. Active sensor actively
probe the environment.
The above described features enable wide range
of
applications for the underwater sensor
networks:
Ocean morsel networks
of the ocean deals with the exhaustive factors
which are determined through the sensors. The
robotic vehicles are used to sample the models
in the ocean. The characteristi
cs of the ocean are
observed and predict the activities that are
Submerge Detection Of Sensor Nodes
S.Surya
1
, Berlin Mary
2
, Christo Ananth
3
P.G.Scholars, Department of CSE,
Francis Xavier Engineering College,
Tirunelveli
Department of ECE,
Fra
ncis Xavier Engineering College,
networking sensor nodes provide the oceanographic collection of data and
monitoring of unmanned or autonomous underwater vehicle to explore sea recourses and gathering of
scientific data. The sensor network contains the statistical data about the sensor n
odes. High speed optical
communication is provided between the nodes in a point to point fashion. The design emphasis on the
modulation and demodulation of the signals and thereby providing the synchronization between the nodes.
rproofing, casing, calibration. Furthermore the research issues are outlined.
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sor node is widely used for
processing ,gathering sensory information and
communicating with other nodes in networks. It
is used to provide a measurable response with
change in a physical condition such as
temperature or pressure. Sensors are classified
directional sensors ;passive,
beam sensor ;and active sensor.passive
amplify analog signals. Active sensor actively
The above described features enable wide range
applications for the underwater sensor
Ocean morsel networks
: The sampling
of the ocean deals with the exhaustive factors
which are determined through the sensors. The
robotic vehicles are used to sample the models
cs of the ocean are
observed and predict the activities that are
Submerge Detection Of Sensor Nodes
Tirunelveli
1,2
ncis Xavier Engineering College,
Tirunelveli
3
networking sensor nodes provide the oceanographic collection of data and
monitoring of unmanned or autonomous underwater vehicle to explore sea recourses and gathering of
odes. High speed optical
communication is provided between the nodes in a point to point fashion. The design emphasis on the
modulation and demodulation of the signals and thereby providing the synchronization between the nodes.
rproofing, casing, calibration. Furthermore the research issues are outlined.
International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology
Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
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Monit
oring the stomp ground
derive the possibility o
f the disasters that may
occur.
Sunken explorations:
It is very much
include the finding
s of the minerals.The
human beings.
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detected through the sensor nodes in the
network. The sensor network are responsible for
the varieties of the functionalities like the
pollution, exploration and disaster in the ocean.
oring the stomp ground
: The
monitoring of the stomp ground includes the
monitoring of the chemical, biological and
nuclear pollution that occurs in the underwater.
It may give the details about the amount of
chemicals that are mixed with the water. It may
derive the serious factors that disturbs the
organisms in the water. It also monitors the
oceanic currents, climatic changes and weather
forecasting. When there are periodic changes in
the high and low tides is very ,which helps to
f the disasters that may
It is very much
important to determine the oilfields and
reservoirs in the underwater. It helps in the
building in the sensor networks in the
underwater.In the exploration it may also
s of the minerals.The
underwater provides wide variety of the ores
and minerals that are very essential for the
Holocaust exploration
exploration of the holocaust, there is a greatest
possibility to determine the disasters before it
o
ccurs. It also provides the measures of the
events to be occurred in the mere future from
the remote areas. The submarine earthquakes
can be predicted as much as earlier to avoid the
damages in the coastal areas.
Aided triangulation:
The assist of the
sensors is done to identify the hazards on the
ocean. It helps in locating the dangerous rocks
in the seabed and the shoals in the shallow
waters. The submerging of the areas are assisted
to determine that there are defected areas in the
coastal region th
ereby providing an
improvement in the affected areas which also
affect the micro organisms in the ocean.
Distributed shield shadowing
shadowing is the mechanism to monitor the
areas.It helps to target any particular area
through which the situation in
can be determined.It enhances on the property
of providing shield that is, the detection of the
intrusion are done such that all the events are
done periodically without any problem that
leads to the death of the living organisms.The
sens
ory nodes provides the highest accuracy in
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Holocaust exploration
: In the
exploration of the holocaust, there is a greatest
possibility to determine the disasters before it
ccurs. It also provides the measures of the
events to be occurred in the mere future from
the remote areas. The submarine earthquakes
can be predicted as much as earlier to avoid the
The assist of the
sensors is done to identify the hazards on the
ocean. It helps in locating the dangerous rocks
in the seabed and the shoals in the shallow
waters. The submerging of the areas are assisted
to determine that there are defected areas in the
ereby providing an
improvement in the affected areas which also
affect the micro organisms in the ocean.
Distributed shield shadowing
: The
shadowing is the mechanism to monitor the
areas.It helps to target any particular area
any coastal area
can be determined.It enhances on the property
of providing shield that is, the detection of the
intrusion are done such that all the events are
done periodically without any problem that
leads to the death of the living organisms.The
ory nodes provides the highest accuracy in
International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology
Vol. II, Special Issue XXV,April 2015
Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil,Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
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of the underwater resources efficiently.
Mine reconnoiter
: All the operations are
are used for assessing the stomp g
round thereby
detecting the mine-
like objects for the discovery
of the minerals.
Since the world war II, the findings in the
frequencies of about 30-
300Hz.At the bot
disadvantages are as follows:
No concurrent monitoring: the beginning
recovered.
No disaster detection: If any failure
are recovered.
Limited Storage: only limited data can
devices are memories and hard disk.
The design in
cludes several challenges, they are
as follows:
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the gathering of the information and exploration
: All the operations are
performed concurrently through the sensors that
round thereby
like objects for the discovery
Since the world war II, the findings in the
submerge is unexplored. At the earlier stage,
radio waves were transmitted at the lower
300Hz.At the bot
tom
layer of the ocean if there is any difficulties
exists then it is difficult to overcome them. The
No concurrent monitoring: the beginning
of the monitoring mission, the recorded data can
not be accessed until the instrumen
ts are
No disaster detection: If any failure
occurs, it is not detected before the instruments
Limited Storage: only limited data can
be stored on the sensors. The onboard storage
cludes several challenges, they are
The limitations in the bandwidth
The limitation of the power in the
battery that cannot be recharged.
Failure arises due to corrosion and
fouling.
Sometimes shadow zones causes the
disconnection.
Delay in the
propagation in the
underwater.
2.Communications and working
technologies of the sensor networks
In this section we discuss about how the sensor
node communicate with each other in the
underwater. It relates a various technologies and
terminologies to hand
le the sensor node that
they communicate with each other without any
intrusion. also, we discuss about the various
applications, tools and methods.
Physical layer: Multi-
path propagation
creates signal echoes that arrive with varying
delays. Delay spreadin
g depends on the system
location, and can range from a few
to several hundreds of milliseconds. In a
wideband system, this
leads to a frequency
selective channel transfer function as different
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The limitations in the bandwidth
The limitation of the power in the
battery that cannot be recharged.
Failure arises due to corrosion and
Sometimes shadow zones causes the
propagation in the
2.Communications and working
technologies of the sensor networks
In this section we discuss about how the sensor
node communicate with each other in the
underwater. It relates a various technologies and
le the sensor node that
they communicate with each other without any
intrusion. also, we discuss about the various
applications, tools and methods.
path propagation
creates signal echoes that arrive with varying
g depends on the system
location, and can range from a few
milliseconds
to several hundreds of milliseconds. In a
leads to a frequency
selective channel transfer function as different
International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology
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frequency
components may exhibit substantially
dif
ferent attenuation. The channel response
scale, fast variations, typically
caused by
surface (waves) or
of the system itself. While
large-scale variations influence
power control at
the transmitter, small-
scale variations influence
the design of adaptive signal
processing
algorithms at the receiver.
The
characteristics of the physical layer
protocol design. For example, the
same
protocol may perform
differently under a
different frequency allocation—
moving to a
higher frequency
region will cause more
interference
will attenuate more as
since a channel that is sensed
to be free may
length will affect
the probability of collisions
and the efficiency of re-
transmission
limit interference.
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components may exhibit substantially
ferent attenuation. The channel response
and
the instantaneous power often exhibit small
-
caused by
scattering and the rapid motion of the sea
of the system itself. While
power control at
scale variations influence
processing
characteristics of the physical layer
influence medium access and higher
layer
same
network
differently under a
moving to a
region will cause more
attenuation to the desired signal, but the
will attenuate more as
well,
possibly boosting the overall performance. Also,
propagation delay and packet duration matter,
to be free may
nonetheless contain interfering packets; their
the probability of collisions
transmission
(throughput).Finally, power control, coupled
with intelligent routing, can greatly help us to
Medium access control and resource
sharing: In designing resource
-
for underwater networks, one needs
mind the peculiar characteristics of the acoustic
channel. Most relevant in this context are long
delays, frequency-
dependent attenuation and the
relatively long reach of acoustic signals. In
addition, the bandwidth constraints of acoustic
hardw
are (and the transducer in particular) must
also be considered.
The network layer, routing and
transport:
In large networks, it is unlikely that
any pair of nodes can communicate directly, and
multi-
hop operation, by which intermediate
nodes are used to
forward messages towards the
final destination, is typically used
protocols are used to determine a variable route
that a packet should follow through a topology.
The design of transport protocols in underwater
acoustic networks is another critica
Protocols such as TCP are designed for low to
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Medium access control and resource
-
sharing schemes
for underwater networks, one needs
to keep in
mind the peculiar characteristics of the acoustic
channel. Most relevant in this context are long
dependent attenuation and the
relatively long reach of acoustic signals. In
addition, the bandwidth constraints of acoustic
are (and the transducer in particular) must
The network layer, routing and
In large networks, it is unlikely that
any pair of nodes can communicate directly, and
hop operation, by which intermediate
forward messages towards the
final destination, is typically used
. routing
protocols are used to determine a variable route
that a packet should follow through a topology.
The design of transport protocols in underwater
acoustic networks is another critica
l issue.
Protocols such as TCP are designed for low to
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suggest that end-to-
end retransmission will
perform poorly.
Fina
lly, an important issue is that of topology
control, where nodes sleep to
purpose.
Sensing and application techniques
Traditional bi
ology and oceanography rely on
traditional
underwater research has assumed
of sample-return relative to in situ
sensing to
force revisiting these assumptions.
Algorithms
and coordinated
and adaptive sensing are just
beginning to develop. As the
field matures, we
sampling using
communicating AUVs.
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moderate latencies, not the large fractions of a
second commonly encountered in underwater
networks, and limited bandwidth and high loss
end retransmission will
lly, an important issue is that of topology
reduce energy while maintaining network
connectivity. Although coordination
and
scheduling mechanisms can be used for this
Sensing and application techniques
:
ology and oceanography rely on
samples that are taken in the environment and
returned to the laboratory for analysis. As
underwater research has assumed
personnel on site, the cost of sample return is
relatively small compared with the cost of
getting the scientist to the site. With lower cost
sensor networks and AUVs, we expect the costs
sensing to
Algorithms
for managing underwater sensing, sensor fusion,
and adaptive sensing are just
field matures, we
look forward to work involving online, adaptive
communicating AUVs.
Some
types of underwater sensors are easy and
inexpensive, but many rapidly become difficult
and expensive—
from a few dollars to thousands
or more. Inexpensive sensors include pressure
sensing, which can give
approximate depth, and
photo-
diodes and thermistors that measure
ambientlight and temperature.
Simulators and models:
communication ch
annel simulation, which is
OPNET platform built-
in, adopts 14 end
pipeline stage (Pipeline Stage) to simulate the
transmission of data frames in the channel as
truly as possible, and provides a default model
for each pipeline stage However, OPNET
pipeline stage model just simulates the air
wireless channel, and is
not suitable for the
underwater acoustic channel. Therefore, we
need to improve existing
models to
underwater acoustic channel
.
speed of wind is set as 10m/s, and the
shipping density is
set as 0.6. The network
includes a source node (node 0), a destination
node(node 2) and two relay nodes (node 1, node
3). The depth and locomotion speed of the
nodes are set as: node 2 (underwater 100m,
30km/h), node 1 (underwat
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types of underwater sensors are easy and
inexpensive, but many rapidly become difficult
from a few dollars to thousands
or more. Inexpensive sensors include pressure
approximate depth, and
diodes and thermistors that measure
Simulators and models:
Wireless
annel simulation, which is
in, adopts 14 end
- to-end
pipeline stage (Pipeline Stage) to simulate the
transmission of data frames in the channel as
truly as possible, and provides a default model
for each pipeline stage However, OPNET
pipeline stage model just simulates the air
not suitable for the
underwater acoustic channel. Therefore, we
models to
the
.
generally, the
speed of wind is set as 10m/s, and the
waters
set as 0.6. The network
includes a source node (node 0), a destination
node(node 2) and two relay nodes (node 1, node
3). The depth and locomotion speed of the
nodes are set as: node 2 (underwater 100m,
30km/h), node 1 (underwat
er 50m,
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node 0 (in the surface, 10m/h).
and node 3
3.conclusions and future challenges
advanced communication techniq
ues for the
were to det
ermined the minimum number of
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11km/h),node 3 (underwater 60m, 11km/h),
Fig:The received power curve of node1,node2
This paper we describe the challenges posed in
the underwater with reference to monitoring the
applications in the ocean environment. The
ultimate objective of the paper is to encourage
more researchers for the development of
ues for the
efficient communication and networking. In
addition ,integration and testing of current ideas
will stress the seams that are often hidden in the
research, such as total system cost, energy
requirements and robustness. The objectives
ermined the minimum number of
sensor to be deployed for the efficient
communications, thereby studying the
robustness to determine the failure of nodes, and
estimate the number of required redundant
sensors.
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... Finally, to represent a given question/answer post, we take the average of the word2vec vectors of its individual words, e ectively giving us a fixed, compact (300 variable) numerical representation for every post in our corpus. [4] discussed about Submerge Detection of Sensor Nodes. Underwater networking sensor nodes provide the oceanographic collection of data and monitoring of unmanned or autonomous underwater vehicle to explore sea recourses and gathering of scientific data. ...
Article
Community blogs and Q/A websites have always been very helpful for the vast internet community in providing ideas, answers and suggestions to their various diversified questions, they range from technical, social, political, education etc. hence, providing the best results for the questions posed in the sites makes the lives of the people better and more efficient. This paper focusses on providing a new method for ranking the best answer for any given question posed in the community Q/A websites which is different from the traditional ranking based on sole point of ranking only with the help of number of votes that each answer obtains. Here in this paper we presented a new ranking method based on reviews/comments on the answer posts. Keywords: Machine learning, Natural language processing.
... The idea of reducibility in multilayer networks was previously explored using an information-theoretic notion of distance between pairs of network layers, the authors performed hierarchical clustering of layers and chose the partition that maximized a quality function reflecting information loss due to the aggregation of layers. [9] discussed about Submerge Detection of Sensor Nodes. Underwater networking sensor nodes provide the oceanographic collection of data and monitoring of unmanned or autonomous underwater vehicle to explore sea recourses and gathering of scientific data. ...
Article
Multilayer networks are a useful data structure for simultaneously capturing multiple types of relationships between a set of nodes. In such networks, each relational definition gives rise to a layer. While each layer provides its own set of information, community structure across layers can be collectively utilized to discover and quantify underlying relational patterns between nodes. To concisely extract information from a multilayer network, we propose to identify and combine sets of layers with meaningful similarities in community structure. In this paper, we describe the “strata multilayer stochastic block model” (sMLSBM), a probabilistic model for multilayer community structure. The central extension of the model is that there exist groups of layers, called “strata”, which are defined such that all layers in a given stratum have community structure described by a common stochastic block model (SBM). That is, layers in a stratum exhibit similar node-to-community assignments and SBM probability parameters. Fitting the sMLSBM to a multilayer network provides a joint clustering that yields node-to-community and layer-to-stratum assignments, which cooperatively aid one another during inference. We describe an algorithm for separating layers into their appropriate strata and an inference technique for estimating the SBM parameters for each stratum. We demonstrate our method using synthetic networks and a multilayer network inferred from data collected in the Human Microbiome Project.
... This work can be tested in real time with user query results. Christo Ananth et al. [12] discussed about Submerge Detection of Sensor Nodes. Underwater networking sensor nodes provide the oceanographic collection of data and monitoring of unmanned or autonomous underwater vehicle to explore sea recourses and gathering of scientific data. ...
Article
ICT has now turned into an imperative division for the achievement of any association. The vast majority of the organizations depend on the many advantages PCs give by utilizing registering assets to play out a huge number of undertakings, including work, research, educating and learning. However the IT office is normally dependably the one division that uses the most measure of force which thusly is an unreasonable measure of overhead for a business and in addition a hotspot for poisonous waste. Making IT "Green" can spare cash as well as help spare our reality by improving it a place through diminishing as well as taking out inefficient practices and utilizing non dangerous materials. While utilizing ICT, numerous organizations are a hotspot for exorbitant power utilize, inordinate spending of assets, and utilizations numerous poisonous materials. These things are terrible practices and changing over an organization's IT division to a more streamlined green idea is significantly more financially savvy and also better utilization of assets. This paper inspects the need and gives a rule which highlights our duties as PC clients and urges us to take activities that boost the helpfulness of these astonishing devices while limiting the negative outcomes that may happen amid their utilization.
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In this paper we present a novel platform for underwater sen-sor networks to be used for long-term monitoring of coral reefs and fisheries. The sensor network consists of static and mobile underwater sensor nodes. The nodes commu-nicate point-to-point using a novel high-speed optical com-munication system integrated into the TinyOS stack, and they broadcast using an acoustic protocol integrated in the TinyOS stack. The nodes have a variety of sensing capa-bilities, including cameras, water temperature, and pres-sure. The mobile nodes can locate and hover above the static nodes for data muling, and they can perform network maintenance functions such as deployment, relocation, and recovery. In this paper we describe the hardware and soft-ware architecture of this underwater sensor network. We then describe the optical and acoustic networking protocols and present experimental networking and data collected in a pool, in rivers, and in the ocean. Finally, we describe our experiments with mobility for data muling in this network.