Article

Turpentine and insect repellents

November 2011

Authors:

Turpentine, derived from pine resin and pine oil, is used in tree preparations to deter boring larva and in flea, tick, and lice treatments for pets and humans. Isolongifolenone, a natural compound with repellent effects, is produced from longifolene, but the process includes long reaction times, and has provided poor yields and unwanted byproducts. Another US patent was given to Aijun Zhang on August 25, 2009 for a method of repelling anthropods by treating an area with an anthropod-repelling effective amount of at least one isolongifolenone analog. After that, partners were sought to bring the technology into commercial production. Repellents that contain DEET are oily and must be reapplied frequently. The US Environmental Protection Agency says that DEET is safe when used in accordance with directions on the label. Incorrect applications, however, can lead to skin irritation, disorientation, dizziness and even seizures or death. DEET can penetrate human skin and negatively impact the central nervous system.

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Article

Protection From Ticks, Fleas, Chiggers, and Leeches

February 1966 · Archives of Dermatology

HARRY K. GOUCK

Protection from acarids, insects, and annelids is achieved mainly by treatment of the clothing with repellents. When properly used they will provide a high degree of comfort in the presence of large numbers of bloodsucking arthropods. None of our present repellents are completely satisfactory, but the better repellents are: for ticks—diethyltoluamide (deet) (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), Indalone ... [Show full abstract] (butyl-3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-2H-pyran-6-carboxylate), dimethyl carbate, and benzyl benzoate; for fleas—deet and benzyl benzoate; for chiggers (larvae of trombiculid mites)—dimethyl phthalate, ethyl hexanediol, or any of the tick repellents; for leeches—deet and benzyl benzoate. The only chigger repellent remaining effective after rinsing and washing in water is benzyl benzoate.

Article

Reported Residential Pesticide Use and Breast Cancer Risk on Long Island, New York

April 2007 · American Journal of Epidemiology

Pesticides, common environmental exposures, have been examined in relation to breast cancer primarily in occupational studies or exposure biomarker studies. No known studies have focused on self-reported residential pesticide use. The authors investigated the association between reported lifetime residential pesticide use and breast cancer risk among women living on Long Island, New York. They ... [Show full abstract] conducted a population-based case-control study of 1,508 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer between August 1996 and July 1997 and 1,556 randomly selected, age-frequency-matched controls. Comprehensive residential pesticide use and other risk factors were assessed by using an in-person, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Breast cancer risk was associated with ever lifetime residential pesticide use (odds ratio = 1.39, 95% confidence interval: 1.15, 1.68). However, there was no evidence of increasing risk with increasing lifetime applications. Lawn and garden pesticide use was associated with breast cancer risk, but there was no dose response. Little or no association was found for nuisance-pest pesticides, insect repellents, or products to control lice or fleas and ticks on pets. This study is the first known to suggest that self-reported use of residential pesticides may increase breast cancer risk. Further investigation in other populations is necessary to confirm these findings.

Article

Pharmacokinetics, formulation, and safety of insect repellent N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet):...

April 1998 · Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association

This review is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the all-purpose topical insect repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), with emphasis on its pharmacokinetics, formulation, and safety aspects. N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide is effective against a variety of mosquitoes, flies, fleas, and ticks, and its protection efficacy depends on factors such as type of formulation, ... [Show full abstract] application pattern, physical activity of the user, environment, and species and feeding behavior of the insects. It offers an inexpensive and practical means of preventing the attack of biting insects and, more importantly, the transmission of vector-borne diseases. In both humans and animals, deet skin penetration and biodistribution are rapid and extensive, and metabolism and elimination appear to be complete. As evidenced by over 4 decades of human experience and rigorous animal testing, deet is generally safe for topical use if applied as recommended, although it has occasionally been related to side effects such as toxic encephalopathy, seizure, acute manic psychosis, cardiovascular toxicity, and dermatitis, along with a few cases of death due to extensive skin absorption. N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide may compete in metabolism with and alter the biodistribution properties of other compounds to which a subject is simultaneously exposed, resulting in an added risk of side effects. The appropriate use of formulation techniques and new formulation excipients not only offers a way to extend the duration of protection, but also reduces deet skin penetration. In addition to extended repellency, minimal skin penetration of deet should be an important consideration in the evaluation of a deet formulation during new product development.

Article

Insect Bites and Stings

January 2009

Belen Dofitas

Insect bites and stings cause direct injury to the skin and may transmit several diseases. This chapter focuses on prevention and treatment of bites or stings due to mosquitoes, bees and wasps, ticks, sand fleas, and sand flies. Fair to good evidence has been found on various topical and systemic medications, personal protective measures, as well as educational interventions. © 2003 BMJ ... [Show full abstract] Publishing Group, 2008, 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Article

Full-text available

The Changing Parasite Landscape In Ontario: New dangers faced by pets and pet owners

April 2019

Chancie Bayer Knights

Pets have become true members of the family, living in close contact with us, sharing our lives and our homes. Fleas, ticks, mosquitoes and worms jeopardize pet health, and create potential health hazards for their owners as well, through increased exposure to parasites and zoonotic disease. In addition, climate change, pet owners vacationing with their pets (who may not be adequately protected ... [Show full abstract] from parasites), and the importation of animals into Canada are contributing to a changing parasite landscape in Ontario. Registered Veterinary Technicians (RVTs) will play a critical role in performing risk assessments, raising awareness about new parasites, and educating pet owners on the steps that can be taken to reduce the risk in both Ontario and when they travel to other areas.

Chapter

Toxic Skin and Animal Mops: Ticks and Humanimal Vulnerabilities

January 2016

Jacob Bull

This chapter draws attention to bodily boundaries between species of bacteria and the bodies of ticks, pets and humans, examining how ‘spot-on’ treatments for protection against ticks and fleas are used to protect human and companion animal bodies, relationships, and spaces from the threats of parasites. Such threats, it is argued, are controlled on the bodies of pets through the creation of ... [Show full abstract] ‘toxic skin’ that comes to serve as a protective boundary between human bodies and spaces and the threats of parasites. Suggesting that the parasitic relation can be used as an analytical tool for engaging with the politics of multispecies codependencies, the chapter addresses how parasitic relations challenge notions of human exceptionalism and the integrity of bodily boundaries. It demonstrates how spot-on treatments respond to such challenges by drawing lines through and around relations between human and non-human-animal bodies premised on the priority of particular bodily perspectives and ways of relating. The chapter concludes with the consideration that ticks, in spite of being an unwelcome parasite conceptualised and experienced as a threat, may be seen as the companion species par excellence as they bind together and are bound with a multitude of other species.

Article

Ectoparasites of dogs and cats

March 2014 · Kleintierpraxis

In this overview on the ectoparasites of dogs and cats, the most prevalent ticks, mites and insects in the Germanspeaking countries are discussed. In recent years, various tick species have spread further northwards. As a consequence, previously uncommon species are gaining increasing importance in the geographical area relevant for this overview as ticks are potent disease vectors in dogs. ... [Show full abstract] Various species of mites can cause skin diseases. Especially the follicle mite, Demodex, can still constitute a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Up-to-date information on the treatment of demodicosis is available. Besides the rather rare infestations with biting or chewing lice, flea infestations are still an abiding topic in small animal practice. Ticks and fleas can often be controlled simultaneously with modern chemotherapeutics. A sufficiently high frequency of treatment is important for efficient protection. As recommendations for diagnosis and treatment may change due to new findings, we also refer the clinician to the independent information site of the "European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites'(ESCCAP), www.esccap.org.

Article

Safety Evaluation of Permethrin and Indoxacarb in Dogs Topically Exposed to Activyl Tick Plus

January 2014 · Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology

Hailey Litchfield Ramesh C

The use of ectoparasiticides on pets is incredibly important since pets are commonly infested with fleas, ticks, and other external parasites. Unfortunately, there is very little data on the safety of these products for dogs, their owners, and veterinary personnel who come into contact with the animals on a daily basis. Therefore, this investigation was undertaken to determine the residue of ... [Show full abstract] permethrin and indoxacarb in the dog’s blood and to determine the transferable residues of these insecticides to gloves worn while petting six adult dogs after the topical application of Activyl® Tick Plus. Samples were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. At these time intervals, the dogs also underwent physical examination. The blood samples (approximately 4-5 ml) were collected into EDTA tubes. The glove samples were obtained by using 100% cotton gloves and petting each dog for 5 minutes, using a new glove each time. Blood and glove samples were extracted in methylene chloride:petroleum ether (1:1), and the extracts were assayed for residues of permethrin and indoxacarb using GC/MS. Blood analysis did not reveal the presence of permethrin or indoxacarb at any time during the investigation. In the gloves, the highest concentrations of permethrin and indoxacarb were determined at 24 hr (819.80 ± 253.22; 90.80 ± 35.16 μg/g, respectively). Residues of both compounds were found in significant concentrations in the gloves until day 7 (174.85 ± 46.98; 7.63 ± 2.83 μg/g, respectively). Permethrin residue was found in the gloves in detectable amounts until day 35 (28.12 ± 11.59 μg/g). Indoxacarb residue was found in the gloves in insignificant amounts until day 21 (0.65 ± 0.45 μg/g). In conclusion, Activyl® Tick Plus appears to be safe for dogs, as no adverse reactions occurred and residue was never found in the blood. Owners and veterinary personnel can be exposed to significant levels of permethrin and indoxacarb following daily exposure if proper precautions are not taken.

Article

Ectoparasites in the dog and cat: Parasitology and aetiopathogenesis of the most important vector-bo...

May 2012 · Kleintierpraxis

Norbert Mencke

Ectoparasites are those parasites belonging to the class of insects (such as fleas, lice, sandflies and mosquitoes) or the subclass of acarids (e.g. ticks or mites) that live on or in the skin of dogs or cats. The medical importance of ectoparasites is characterized by the primary or secondary impact on the pets' health. Furthermore, the capability of ectoparasites to function as a vector for ... [Show full abstract] pathogens transmittable to pets or humans are summarized under the terms canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) and feline vector-borne diseases (FVBD) or metazoonoses. Parasitic arthropods are effective vectors and in the present article selected vectorborne pathogens are reviewed with a special emphasis on the vector - host interactions, the epidemiology of the vector, the pathophysiology of the disease, diagnosis, and vector prophylaxis. Ectoparasite control is discussed with respect to not only the health and well-being of the individual pet but public health, too. Thus, ectoparasite control is a perfect example of the'One health'initiative.

Article

Full-text available

Harmonization of regulatory guidelines on efficacy of ectoparasiticides for companion animals: Statu...

December 2014 · Veterinary Parasitology

Marianne Curet

Ectoparasites of major clinical significance in companion animals include fleas, ticks, lice, mange, mite, mosquitoes and sandflies, as well as biting flies. Obtaining a marketing authorization (or licence) for an ectoparasiticide relies on the assessment by regulatory agencies of a comprehensive data package to confirm the quality, safety and efficacy of the product when used in the target ... [Show full abstract] animal species for the proposed claims. Such approval is done under a highly regulated system. However, the global regulatory framework for pet ectoparasiticides is complex, since these products may be classified either as pesticides or as pharmaceuticals depending on the country or even within a given country, based on the presentation or mode of action. Within each jurisdiction, regulatory guidelines provide standards relating to study designs, relevant parasite species, efficacy calculation and acceptable thresholds, and define the corresponding acceptable label claims. Despite some similarities, there is no formal international harmonization for development requirements. In some areas, gaps and/or inconsistencies are more marked than others. Published recommendations from scientific expert groups (e.g. W.A.A.V.P guidelines) are therefore a useful tool for regulatory bodies, researchers, developers and animal health companies. These expert recommendations reflect the current position of the scientific community and potentially address aspects not covered satisfactorily by regulatory texts while taking into account the latest advancements in experimental methodologies. Since the changes to official regulatory texts generally occur at a slower pace than the scientific state-of-the-art, and because of the lack of a harmonized approach, both scientific and regulatory guidance documents are necessary.

Article

Fenvalerate/ N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (Deet) toxicosis in two cats

February 1990 · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

Toxicosis attributable to fenvalerate and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (Deet) exposure was suspected in 2 cats. Clinical signs of toxicosis developed within 4 to 6 hours of dermal application of the pesticide. Clinical signs of toxicosis seen in both cats included hypersalivation, ataxia, and depression. In addition, seizures were seen in 1 cat. Both cats died. Analysis of skin, kidney/urine, liver, ... [Show full abstract] and brain tissues confirmed the presence of fenvalerate and Deet. The pyrethroid fenvalerate and the insect repellent Deet are used for the control of fleas and ticks on cats. Suspected fenvalerate/Deet toxicosis in cats is associated with tremors, hypersalivation, ataxia, vomiting, depression, and seizures.

Article

Insect repellents: An overview

March 1997 · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

The optimal management of arthropod bites is prevention, and many over-the-counter insect repellents are available. Since first marketed in 1956, deet has remained the most effective repellent against mosquitoes, biting fleas, gnats, and chiggers. Permethrin is applied to clothing rather than to skin, and it is a better repellent against ticks than deet. The risk of serious side effects with the ... [Show full abstract] use of deet is slight; nevertheless, the lowest effective concentration should be used. The current, popular repellent agents (for adults and children) and their active ingredients are discussed. In addition, the Environmental Protection Agency guidelines for the safe use of insect repellents are supplied.