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Poa L. (Gramineae) in Malesia
... The grass genus Poa, with some 500 species worldwide, is species-rich in the Australia–New Zealand–Malesian region (Australasia). In recent treatments, Poa included 43 endemic species from Australia (Walsh et al. 2009), 32 from New Zealand, with one coastal species native to both Australia and New Zealand (Edgar and Connor 2000), and 35 in the Malesian flora, with the majority endemic to New Guinea (Veldkamp 1994). The relationships of the majority of these species are poorly known and, up to now, very few have been placed in infrageneric classifications of the genus (Tzvelev 1976; Edmondson 1980; Soreng 1998 Soreng , 2007 Soreng et al. 2003; Gillespie and Soreng 2005; Zhu et al. 2006; Gillespie et al. 2007 Gillespie 2007). ...
... At this point, we can reasonably include P. keysseri in section Brizoides, and perhaps within subsection Australopoa; however, unlike other subsection Australopoa elements, it has a combination of a callus web and glabrous lemmas. The placement of any other Malesian Poa (Veldkamp 1994) in this section requires further study. ...
... Although we have included a series of representative Poa species from around the world, including multiple lineages from Eurasia and South America, we have not resolved a supported sister-group relationship for the Brizoides lineage. Asian Poa connections are certainly possible (Veldkamp 1994), and are hinted at in some most parsimonious nrDNA trees by the inclusion of Eurasian taxa (P. chaixii, P. ircutica and P. polycolea) in a polytomy with the Brizoides clade. ...
Phylogenetic relationships among Australian species of Poa and other subtribe Poinae genera were studied on the basis of plastid trnT–trnL–trnF and nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS DNA sequence data. Molecular evidence is provided for two new monotypic endemic Australian genera, Sylvipoa and Saxipoa, on the basis of two species formerly included in Poa, P. queenslandica and P. saxicola, respectively. Both new genera resolved in a clade with three subtribe Poinae genera, the Australian genus Hookerochloa, the South American genus Nicoraepoa, and the arctic genus Arctagrostis. Sylvipoa and Nicoraepoa are sister taxa. Saxipoa resolved as sister to these plus Arctagrostis, but also shares DNA sequence characters with Hookerochloa, suggesting a possible hybrid origin. All other Australian Poa species studied resolved in a subclade within the P. subgenus Poa supersection Homalopoa clade, supporting their classification together in an expanded P. section Brizoides. Five New Zealand and one New Guinea species also resolved in this subclade, supporting their membership in this section. We postulate a minimum of two dispersal events into Australia, one for Poa and one for other Poinae genera, and a minimum of three into New Zealand and two into New Guinea for Poa.
... Poa exhibits both high species diversity and a high degree of endemism in many regions. For example, there are 34 endemic species in Malesia (Veldkamp 1994), 36 species in Australia (Sharp and Simon 2002), and 34 in New Zealand (Edgar 1986), with only two or three native species shared between Australia and New Zealand, and none shared between these areas and the rest of the world. Extensive polyploidy, hybridization, and few useful morphological characters combine to make Poa a taxonomically challenging genus. ...
... The genus Poa has never been revised for more than one geographic region at a time, and in few cases has any one author been involved in revisions for more than one region. Poa has been revised in Europe and Turkey (Edmondson 1978(Edmondson , 1980(Edmondson , 1985, the former USSR (Tzvelev 1976), Siberia (Olonova 1990), Russian Far East (Probatova 1985), Ethiopia andEritrea (Phillips 1989, 1995), Iraq, Afghanistan, and Iran (Bor 1968(Bor , 1970, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, and the Himalayas (Bor 1952a(Bor , 1952b(Bor , 1960Melderis 1978;Rajbhandari 1991;Noltie 2002aNoltie , 2000b, Malesia (Veldkamp 1994), Australia (Vickery 1970;Simon 1993;Sharp and Simon 2002), New Zealand (Edgar 1986), and USA, Canada, and Latin America (Giussani 2000;Negritto and Anton 2000;Soreng et al. 2003a). A new treatment for China (Liou 2003) includes 231 validly published species, but this number is expected to decline substantially in the Flora of China, english edition (RJS with M. V. Olonova and Guanghua Zhu, in prep; the 575 world species estimate takes into account initial reductions to synonymy). ...
Poa, with about 575 species, is the largest genus of grasses, and has diversified throughout temperate, boreal, and arctic regions, and similar habitats through the tropics. This new phylogenetic study of Poa based on analysis of restric- tion site data from PCR amplified regions of chloroplast DNA (trnT-trnF, trnF-trnV, trnV-rbcL, rbcL-ORF106, trnH-trnK )e x- pands previous sampling in the genus to where 1/5 to 1/6 of the species have been characterized for chloroplast DNA types. A broad phylogenetic structure detected in a previous study using restriction site mapping of Poa chloroplast DNA gained additional and robust support. Accounting for extended intra- and extrageneric sampling, Poa remains monophyletic if Austrofestuca and Parodiochloa are included as sections within P. subg. Poa ,a nd ifPoa subg. Andinae is removed from the genus. Two new combinations are made: Poa sect. Austrofestuca and Poa sect. Parodiochloa. This new analysis supports the recognition of five major clades within Poa: 1) ArcSyl, Poa subg. Arctopoa sects. Arctopoa and Aphydris ,a ndP. subg. Poa sect. Sylvestres; 2) BAPO, P. subg. Poa sects. (Bolbophorum 1 Alpinae )( Parodiochloa 1 Ochlopoa); 3) SPOSTA, P. subg. Poa sects. (Secundae (Pandemos (Orienos 1 Stenopoa 1 Tichopoa 1 Abbreviatae))); 4) PoM, P. subg. Poa sects. (Poa 1 Macropoa); 5) HAM- BADD, P. subg. Poa sects. (Homalopoa, Acutifolae, Brizoides, Madropoa, Austrofestuca, Dasypoa, Dioicopoa, and informal groups ''Punapoa'' and ''Australopoa''). These clades diverge in the following arrangement from the outgroups: ArcSyl (BAPO (SPOSTA ((PoM) (HAMBADD))).
... Sono forse semplici forme di un taxon variabile. Veldkamp (1991) ha giustamente affermato che le varie forme citate in letteratura si trovano in natura, ma non sono affatto correlate, incontrando qualsiasi combinazione teoricamente possibile". A. diandra s.l. è nota per le province di Brescia, Bergamo, Lecco (ATL-FAB, Martini et al., 2012) e Varese (Kleih, 2018 Fig. 1). ...
... Molecular data have been instrumental in identifying and/or confirming taxa that have been misplaced in Poa and genera that belong within the Poa clade. Armed with the above phylogenetic data and a broad taxonomic understanding of Poa (Tzvelev, 1976;Edmondson, 1980;Rajbhandari, 1991;Veldkamp, 1994;Soreng, 1998Soreng et al., 2003bSoreng et al., , 2009Zhu et al., 2006;Giussani et al., 2012 etc.), several cryptic genera were recently segregated from the genus Poa based on our initial discernment of odd morphological character combinations, and corroboration of their independent origins based on DNA sequence data. The Poinae genus Nicoraepoa Soreng and L.J. Gillespie was based on Poa subgen. ...
... Currently, Aniselytron clemensae (Hitchc.) Soják and Aniselytron pseudopoa (Jansen) Soják are placed in synonymy of Aniselytron treutleri (Korthof and Veldkamp, 1984); Aniselytron epileuca (Stapf) Soják was moved to the genus Poa, as Poa epileuca (Stapf) Stapf (Veldkamp, 1994); Aniselytron gracilis (Keng) N.X. Zhao and Aniselytron petelotii (Hitchc.) ...
The paper presents new records for 39 vascular plant species from eight Eurasian countries. Aniselytron treutleri (Poaceae), Hackelochloa granularis (Poaceae), Melica kozlovii (Poaceae) and Melica nutans (Poaceae) are reported from China; Dichondra micrantha (Convolvulaceae) from Hungary; Orobanche serbica (Orobanchaceae) and Viscum album subsp. austriacum (Santalaceae) from Italy; Petrorhagia prolifera (Caryophyllaceae), Puccinellia schischkinii and Stipa pulcherrima (Poaceae)from Kyrgyzstan; Megadenia speluncarum (Brassicaceae), Phelipanche lavandulacea (Orobanchaceae), Solanum physalifolium (Solanaceae), Thymus lenensis (Lamiaceae) from Russia; Rubus phoenicolasius (Rosaceae) from Slovakia; Atraphaxis karataviensis (Polygonaceae) from Tajikistan; as well as Rubus austroslovacus and R. crispomarginatus (Rosaceae) in addition to Taraxacum acervatulum, T. aequilobum, T. amplum, T. ancistrolobum, T. bellicum, T. collarispinulosum, T. copidophyllum, T. corynodes, T. dentatum, T. gelertii, T. infuscatum, T. ingens, T. lucidum, T. paucilobum, T. plumbeum, T. portentosum, T. sinuatum, T. subhuelphersianum, T. telmatophilum, T. undulatiforme and T. undulatum (Asteraceae) from Ukraine. For each species synonyms, general distribution, habitat preferences, notes on taxonomy with remarks concerning recognition and distinction of the species from the most similar taxa occurring in a given country, as well as a list of recorded localities (often far from the previously known areas) are presented.
... The specimens we examined which may be identified as P. acroleuca or P. annua, including some of those identified as P. acroleuca by Hsu ( 1978), are all hairless on callus and have indistinctly scabrous panicle branches. Furthermore, the characters of the speciemens all fit in with Veldkamp's descrioption of P. annua (Veldkamp, 1994). Thus we excluded P. acroleuca from the flora of Taiwan and all the specimens which were identified asP. ...
We examined herbarium specimens of the genus Poa L. (Festuceae, Festucoideae, Poaceae) in Taiwan and recognized seven taxa. The DELTA (DEscriptive Language for TAxonomy) database programs were used to generate an identification key and descriptions of the taxa.
... Molecular data have been instrumental in identifying and/or confirming taxa that have been misplaced in Poa and genera that belong within the Poa clade. Armed with the above phylogenetic data and a broad taxonomic understanding of Poa (Tzvelev, 1976;Edmondson, 1980;Rajbhandari, 1991;Veldkamp, 1994;Soreng, 1998Soreng et al., 2003bSoreng et al., , 2009Zhu et al., 2006;Giussani et al., 2012 etc.), several cryptic genera were recently segregated from the genus Poa based on our initial discernment of odd morphological character combinations, and corroboration of their independent origins based on DNA sequence data. The Poinae genus Nicoraepoa Soreng and L.J. Gillespie was based on Poa subgen. ...
Phylogenetic analyses within Poaceae tribe Poeae subtribes Puccinellinae (= Coleanthinae), Phleinae, Poinae s.l. (including Alopecurinae), and Miliinae (PPAM clade), revealed that one species formerly placed in Poa represents a new monotypic genus belonging to subtribe Poinae s.l., Dupontiopsis gen. nov., D. hayachinensis comb. nov. (based on Poa hayachinensis), endemic to wet, gravelly, serpentine, alpine habitats in northern Japan. This genus forms a strongly supported clade (DAD) with two circumarctic Poinae genera, Arctophila and Dupontia, in phylogenetic analyses of plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data. Both morphology and DNA sequence analyses provide support for D. hayachinensis as a lineage distinct from either Arctophila or Dupontia, with moderate DNA support for a position as sister to these two genera. Dupontiopsis resembles these other monotypic genera in its several-flowered spikelets, lemmas usually 3-nerved, with frequently awned attenuate scarious apices (as in Dupontia) and calluses with a crown of hairs around the base of the lemma, but differs in its keeled lemmas, scabrous palea keels, glumes shorter than the first lemma. Our investigation suggests that the most recent shared ancestor of the DAD clade evolved from a single hybridization event, as a hexaploid, probably in western Beringia. The probable parentage of the ancestor is considered to be within the Poinae-Alopecurinae clade excluding Poa. We provide evidence for possible secondary hybridization and introgression of duodecaploid Dupontia fisheri with Puccinellia. A key to perennial genera of PPAM with hairy calluses, and a supplemental table of morphological characters in the genera accepted in PPAM are provided.
... Distribution and Notes: Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass) is native in Europe, and naturalized in temperate region of Asia (Osada, 1993;Veldkamp, 1994) and North America (Koyama, 1987;Villasefior and Espinosa-Garcia, 2004). P. pratensis has few sparse hairs over the veins on the adaxial surface or is glabrous, the ligule is truncate, and the upper blade is relatively short. ...
Poa compressa L., P. pratensis L., and P. trivialis L. were recently naturalized in the central part of Taiwan. The existence of P. acroleuca Steud. in Taiwan was confirmed by examining the specimens deposited in HAST, NCKU, TNM, TNU, and TAI. We treated these four bluegrasses with corresponding descriptions, illustrations, and distribution maps.
... The genus Poa L. has some 500 species distributed worldwide. There is no worldwide revision of the genus; however, it has been revised for major regions: Burma (Myanmar) to Iraq (Bor 1952aBor , 1952bBor , 1960Bor , 1968Bor , 1970), Australia (Vickery 1970; Walsh et al. 2009), USSR (Tzvelev 1976), New Zealand (Edgar 1986; Edgar and Connor 2000), Europe and Turkey (Edmondson 1980Edmondson , 1985), Malesia (Veldkamp 1994), Himalayas (Rajbhandari 1991), New World (Soreng et al. 2003), North America north of Mexico (Soreng 2007), China (Zhu et al. 2006) and southern South America (Zuloaga et al. 2008). Poa is 1 of 21–23 genera accepted in tribe Poeae subtribe Poinae (including Cinninae) ( Davidse et al. 2009). ...
Two species are removed from the genus Poa in Australia on the basis of morphology and DNA and placed in new genera. One is placed in Saxipoa Soreng, L. J. Gillespie & S. W. L. Jacobs - type: S. saxicola (R.Br.) Soreng, L. J. Gillespie & S. W. L. Jacobs; and one is placed in Sylvipoa Soreng, L. J. Gillespie & S. W. L. Jacobs - type: S. queenslandica (C.E. Hubb.) Soreng, L. J. Gillespie & S. W. L. Jacobs. An infrageneric classification of Poa is proposed that places all 41 indigenous Australian species in P. subg. Poa supersect. Homalopoa sect. Brizoides. Thirty-three of these species, plus six species of New Zealand Poa, are placed in a new P. subsect. Australopoa Soreng, L. J. Gillespie & S. W. L. Jacobs. Two species are placed in P. subsect. Austrofestuca (Tzvelev) Soreng, L. J. Gillespie & S. W. L. Jacobs, one in P. subsect. Brizoides (Pilg. ex Potztal) Soreng, L. J. Gillespie & S. W. L. Jacobs, and one in P. subsect. Neuropoa (Clayton) Soreng, L. J. Gillespie & S. W. L. Jacobs.
Bromus (Poaceae Bromeae) is a forage grass with high adaptability and ecological and economic value. Here, we sequenced Bromus ciliatus, Bromus benekenii, Bromus riparius, and Bromus rubens chloroplast genomes and compared them with four previously described species. The genome sizes of Bromus species ranged from 136,934 bp (Bromus vulgaris) to 137,189 bp (Bromus ciliates, Bromus biebersteinii), with a typical quadripartite structure. The studied species had 129 genes, consisting of 83 protein-coding, 38 tRNA-coding, and 8 rRNA-coding genes. The highest GC content was found in the inverted repeat (IR) region (43.85–44.15%), followed by the large single-copy (LSC) region (36.25–36.65%) and the small single-copy (SSC) region (32.21–32.46%). There were 33 high-frequency codons, with those ending in A/U accounting for 90.91%. A total of 350 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified, with single-nucleotide repeats being the most common (61.43%). A total of 228 forward and 141 palindromic repeats were identified. No reverse or complementary repeats were detected. The sequence identities of all sequences were very similar, especially with respect to the protein-coding and inverted repeat regions. Seven highly variable regions were detected, which could be used for molecular marker development. The constructed phylogenetic tree indicates that Bromus is a monophyletic taxon closely related to Triticum. This comparative analysis of the chloroplast genome of Bromus provides a scientific basis for species identification and phylogenetic studies.
VELDKAMP, J. F. 2017. Poa opinata (Gramineae), a new species from G. Binaiya, Ceram, Moluccas, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 16 (2): 73–75. — Poa species is described from Ceram, Moluccas and compared to Poa languidior from New Guinea.
MANSUR, M & KARTAWINATA, K. 2017. Phytosociology of a Lower Montane Forest on Mt. Batulanteh, Sumbawa, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 16 (2): 77-92. — While Indonesia’s forests are globally known for their high species diversity but many regions remain little known to investigate the tree community in a lower montane forest at Mt. Batulanteh in Sumbawa. We subjectively laid out plots of 1,800 m2 each, two in secondary forests and one in a disturbed primary forest. All stems over 5 cm diameters were measured and identified. In the plot of 0,54 hectare, we recorded 723 individuals, representing 78 species, 60 genera and 33 families. Estimated volume of boles was 183.2 m3/0.54 ha, biomass was 220.1 tons/0.54 ha, carbon stock was 110.0 tons/0.54 ha and CO2 sequestration was 403.1 ton/0.54 ha. The forest at Mt. Batulanteh is classified as Garcinia-Cryptocarya association consisting of Micromelum-Cinnamomum subassociation. Dipterocarpus-Calophyllum subassociation and Garcinia-Syzygium subassociation. Dominant species were Micromelum minutum (IV=27.24), Mallotus philippensis (IV=26.2), Cryptocarya ferrea (IV=24.71) and Cinnamomum burmanni (IV=23.81) in Plot 1, Dipterocarpus retusus (IV=77.4) and Calophyllum soulattri (IV=24.21) in Plot 2, and Garcinia celebica (IV=34.86) and Syzygium sp. 1 (IV=34.76) in Plot 3. Dipterocarpus retusus was unique of having restricted distribution. Fagaceae, typical family in montane forests, was absent. Shannon’s diversity index was low (H '= 1.61). It can be concluded that the plots do not constitute a representative of Mt. Batulanteh and the surrounding forests, but they were sufficient to provide an illustration of the forests locally. The diameter class distribution indicated that the forests were regenerating. They were developing secondary forest and regenerating disturbed primary forest; slow successions were in the process and could be enhancedby ecological restoration. Further botanical explorations in poorly known regions of Sumbawa should be intensified further.
Taxonomic uncertainty exists regarding the circumscription of seven phenotypically similar
Australian taxa: Poa crassicaudex Vickery, P. hookeri Vickery, P. labillardierei Steud., P.
phillipsiana Vickery, P. poiformis (Labill.) Druce, P. porphyroclados Nees, and P.
sieberiana Spreng. Multivariate ordination and clustering analyses of morphological data
were conducted and the distribution of morphological diversity among taxa was assessed for
congruence with current taxonomic boundaries. One-way analyses of variance and Tukey’s
Honest Significant Differences tests were applied to identify continuous characters that
differentiate taxa. Utility of morphological characters was assessed in light of the distribution
of variation among and within taxa. Revisions of P. labillardierei and P. sieberiana
circumscriptions are proposed. These include recognition of P. porphyroclados and P.
serpentum at varietal rank within P. labillardierei, P. sieberiana var. cyanophylla at species
rank, and P. phillipsiana at varietal rank within P. sieberiana. Species boundaries are
supported by leaf, culm, panicle, spikelet and floret dimensions. This study enables increased
accuracy in taxonomic identifications for Poa species that are keystones in a range of
grassland vegetation types, including critically endangered Natural Temperate Grasslands and
Eucalypt Woody Grasslands ecosystems, therefore contributing to the effective biodiversity
monitoring and management of these ecosystems.
A new Peruvian, high Andean, gynodioecious, cushion grass, Poa unispiculata, sp. nov. is described and illustrated It is unique among all American species of Poa by having inflorescences composed of a single spikelet. It seems closely related to P. pcrligulata and differs by having a more compact habit, multiple equitantly distributed overlapping leaf sheaths with short distichous blades, presence of one spikelet per inflorescence, and gynodioecy with long anthers in bisexual plants.
Cafferty, S., Jarvis, C. E. & Turland, N. J. (eds.): Typification of Linnaean plant names in the Poaceae ( Gramineae ). – Taxon 49: 239–260. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.
Lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are designated by 26 specialists for 107 previously untypified Linnaean plant names belonging to the family Poaceae ( Gramineae ) and also for one Jacquin name. These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier but ineffective or supersedable type statements are discussed.
The Australasian region contains a significant proportion of worldwide Poa diversity, but the evolutionary relationships of taxa from this region are incompletely understood. Most Australasian species have been placed in a monophyletic Poa subgenus, Poa supersection Homalopoa section Brizoides clade, but with limited resolution of relationships. In this study, phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed for Australasian Poa, using three plastid (rbcL and matK genes and the rpl32-trnL intergenic spacer) and two nuclear [internal/external transcribed spacer (ITS/ETS)] markers. Seventy-five Poa spp. were represented (including 42 Australian, nine New Guinean, nine New Zealand and three Australian/New Zealand species). Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference criteria were applied for phylogenetic reconstruction. Divergence dates were estimated using Bayesian inference, with a relaxed clock applied and rates sampled from an uncorrelated log-normal distribution. Australasian Poa spp. are placed in three lineages (section Brizoides, section Parodiochloa and the ‘X clade’), each of which is closely related to non-Australasian taxa or clades. Section Brizoides subsection Australopoa is polyphyletic as currently circumscribed. In Australasia, Poa has diversified within the last 4.3 Mya, with divergence dating results broadly congruent with fossil data that record the appearance of vegetation with a prominent grassland understorey or shrubland/grassland mosaic vegetation dating from the mid-Pliocene. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 175, 523–552.
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