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Stone polishing. Measurement of surface finish
Abstract
Values obtained for different types of granite using a portable Talysurf instrument and a gloss meter are compared. The effects of mineral grain size and 'pull-out' have to be taken into consideration when analyzing the results.
... The subjects of the aforementioned studies clearly demonstrate the complexity of the mechanisms which must be considered for the evaluation of deterioration of stones, and to achieve progress toward a basic understanding of physical deterioration processes. Moreover, some researchers carried out investigations on the mechanisms of polishing by different sizes of abrasive particles under fixed polishing conditions by analyzing the surface quality of stone tiles with roughness and gloss measurements (Ersoy and Kose, 2001;Gorgulu and Ceylanoglu, 2008;Huang and Xu, 2004;Huang et al., 2002;Sari and Yavuz, 2001;Wright and Rouse, 1993;Yavuz et al., 2011). ...
... Gloss-meter used for determining surface gloss numerically sends light at a certain angle to the surface on which the measurements are made and determines the surface gloss numerically based on the reflection angle of the light (over R:100). In their study regarding the measurements of surface gloss of natural stones, Wright and Rouse (1993) pointed out that light is affected less by material properties when sent to the measurement surface with an inclination of 85°. Ozulogul and Erdogan (1995) determined the surface gloss by means of image analysis and indicated that the aforesaid angle should be 60°. ...
Natural stones, each with particular physical, mechanical, chemical and mineralogical and petrographic properties, are used as covering or pavement materials and thus are important because of their practical uses. The physical and mechanical properties of these materials used as the pavement of buildings in open areas are affected by temperature variations especially in cold regions. In construction projects, particularly in areas exposed to temperature variations, gloss value is one of the most essential physical features of natural stones that will be used as covering or pavement materials. Wetting–drying, heating–cooling, and freezing–thawing are environmental factors of considerable importance in the aging of natural stones. In order to determine the stone which is most suitable for use in the areas exposed to temperature variation under non-stable climatic conditions, gloss value (the surface brightness of the polished natural stones after freezing–thawing) was investigated using a thermostatic chamber. In this study, the effect of temperature variation on the surface brightness of polished natural stones (gloss value) and the relationship between gloss value and some physical, mechanical properties of natural stone samples and also calcite grain size were elucidated. As a result, it is revealed that natural stone samples except limestone used in the study are not suitable for outdoor applications in cold regions due to high variations in their gloss values.
... Işık düşen yüzeyin pürüzlülük derecesine göre, gelen ışığın bir kısmı yüzey tarafından yansıtılırken, diğer bir kısmı yutulmakta ya da yüzey içinde kırılarak arka tarafa geçmektedir. Yüzeyin yansıtma kapasitesi (parlaklık), yüzeyden yansıyan ışığın yüzeye gelen ışığa oranı şeklînde değerlendirilmekte ve ışığın düştüğü düzlemdeki yüzey özürleri azaldıkça parlaklık artmaktadır [5]. ...
... Yukarıda detay olarak tanımı ve uygulama prensibi anlatılan parlaklık ölçüm yöntemi, bu çalışma kapsamında geliştirilen pomza bileşik)i abrasiv formlarının, silim kalitelerinin belirlenmesinde kullanılmıştır. Konu üzerine, farklı aşındırıcı malzemelerin matriks yapıda kullanıldığı abrasiv formlarının, silim hattındaki silim sürecinde her bir silim aşamasında elde edilen yüzey parlaklık değerlerinin belirlenmesi çalışmalarının varlığı, literatürde görülebilmektedir [5]. Bu bağlamda yapılmış bir çalışmanın özet bulgusu Şekil 3de verilmiştir. ...
In this research, die problems caused for the production of marble abrasives and their unconscious usage for the polishing cycles in marble technology were experimentally analysed in detail and some sort of solutions for the problem were discussed. Therefore, the rapid acceleration for the improvement of the marble sector was aimed. A comprehensive laboratory work was carried out to improve and to produce the marble abrasives in a new mixture components. Because of its high abrasive manner, its high polishing abilities, the grounded pumice particles were used as a abrasive materia) for producing a new marble abrasive form. This form was then improved in different matrix structures. These forms were all produced in the marble technology laboratory of SDU in İsparta. Thus, a new pumice form of marble abrasive was acquired for the marble sector. The capacity of abrasion and polishing properties of the new form abrasives was analysed on hard rock plates and crystallised marble tiles in different marble factories. The Gloss Checker testing method was specifically applied on these analyses to define the abrasion and the polishing performance of pumice marble abrasive forms. According to experimental research findings, a new matrix form to be applied for marble abrasives was developed.
... The PCE-RT 2200 consists of a body containing the electronics, a connected arm and a specially manufactured precision tip at the end of the arm. The needle at the precision tip moves on the surface along a plane, producing the roughness profile of the surface (Wright and Rouse 1993). The tip has a 5 µm radius, 90° angle natural diamond and ± 10% accuracy. ...
Air pollution is one of the most complex atmospheric conditions and causes the deterioration of the natural stone. Air pollutants are effective on the deterioration process of natural stones, and this process varies in wet and dry environmental conditions. In this study, the ageing resistance to H2SO3 (SSA) and HNO3 (NSA) solutions in the presence of moisture of four limestone samples from the Elmalı region were analyzed based on standard procedures. The mineralogical-petrographic features and pore size distribution were also determined using a polarized light microscope (PLM), scanning electron microscope (SEM–EDX), and high-pressure mercury porosimetry (MIP). Physical and morphological (weight, roughness, color and microtextural properties) variations were also observed in the studied samples after SSA and NSA treatments. Secondary gypsum with different crystal morphology was observed on the surfaces of calcite crystals under the influence of SSA. The NSA treatment caused the emergence of secondary pores. The weight, whiteness and roughness increased with the effect of SSA in the presence of moisture. The weight and whiteness decreased and the roughness increased after NSA exposure.
... Literatürde, mineralojik ve petrografik özellikler ile fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerin parlatmaya etkilerinin incelendiği çalışmalar da bulunmaktadır. Wright ve Rouse (1993), parlatma işleminde parlatma kafalarının basıncı, devir hızı, besleme hızı, seçilen abrasivler ve yapıları gibi birçok faktörün etkili olduğunu, pürüzlülüğün granitlerin tane sınırları geçişlerinde ve mineral kristallerinin özelliklerindeki farklılaşmaya bağlı olarak değiştiğini belirtmiştir. Gökaltun (1997), fiziksel ve kimyasal yapıları ile yüzey dokuları açısından farklılık gösteren kireçtaşlarının parlaklık kaybını araştırmış ve bunlarla parlaklık değişimi arasında bir ilişkinin varlığını tespit etmiştir. ...
Bu
çalışma, kireçtaşların parlatılabilirlik özellikleri üzerine abrasiv kafa
devrinin etkisinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada ticari olarak
üretimi yapılan iki adet kireçtaşı örneği kullanılmıştır. Parlatma işlemi,
30x30x2 cm boyutlarındaki kireçtaşı örneklerine aynı abrasiv serisi, sabit bant
hızı, sabit kafa basıncı ve sabit su miktarında, 400 D/D, 600 D/D ve 800 D/D
abrasiv kafa devrinde laboratuvar ölçekli cila makinasında yapılmıştır. Farklı
devir hızlarında parlatılan örneklerdeki değişimin tanımlanması amacıyla;
pürüzlülük parametrelerinden Ra, Rq ve Rz değerleri ve parlaklık ölçümleri
yapılmıştır. Parlatma deneyleri sonucunda, artan abrasiv devir hızına bağlı
olarak pürüzlülüğün azaldığı ve parlaklığın arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Bunun
yanısıra; parlatma işleminde devir hızının etkisi ile yüzey topografyasının
değişim sergilediği Rq ve Rz pürüzlülük değerlerinin artmasıyla gözlenmiştir.
Sonuç olarak, kireçtaşlarının farklı abrasiv kafa devrinde parlatılması ile
pürüzlülük ve parlaklık değerlerinin değişim gösterdiği ve abrasiv devrinin
pürüzlülük ve parlaklık özelliklerini önemli ölçüde etkilediği sonucuna
varılmıştır.
... Bunun yanı sıra, kalsit kristalleri çatlak dolgusu olarak görülmekte olup, yarı şekilli ve özşekilli kristallerle ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Daha önceki çalışmalarda da, karbonat dışı minerallerin hemen hemen hiç gözlenmediği örneklerde tane boyutu farklılıklarının kayacın cila alma özelliğini olumsuz etkilediği belirtilmiştir (Kun 2000, Wright and Rouse 1993, Gürcan 2012. Isparta Silver kireçtaşına ait farklı abrasivlere bağlı parlaklık değişim grafiği (Şekil 9) incelendiğinde ise; parlaklık değerinin Abrasiv A'da 80 nolu ve 400 nolu abrasivler arasında 2.02 ile 5.60 gloss arasında değiştiği görülmektedir. ...
... Some of them are explicitly mentioned here. Wright and Rouse studied the marble gloss by using gloss meter and classified the marbles from cutting to polishing stages [2]. Erdoğan has compared the gloss of some marbles using the measurement of surface gloss by image analysis method in his study [3]. ...
Some natural stones, such as marble, onyx and limestone are translucent and commonly used in night lamps, lampshades, and backlit decorations in hotel lobbies and other facilities. However, there is no study in literature with respect to the luminous transmittance or transparency of natural stones. In this study, the luminous transmittance of 12 different carbonate based natural stones was assessed. An apparatus consisting of a light source, a light conducting tube and a luxmeter was designed to determine luminous transmittance. Also, the samples have been examined with regard to grain size to define their mineralogical and petrographical characteristics. As a result of the studies, it has been found that marble and onyx marble can transmit light to a greater extent compared to limestone. And it has been seen that the efficient factors in those samples are color, crystal type, grain sizes and cement substance of the rock.
... This kind of instrument is currently used in stone polishing assessment [39,16,6,40]. Moreover, after the cleaning operation, the different reflectance of cleaned and uncleaned masonry provides information about the intensity of soiling and the degree of cleaning [36]. ...
Natural stones, each featuring different physical, mechanical, chemical, mineralogical and petrographic
properties, play an important role in construction because they are often used as cladding or paving/
flooring materials. The physical and mechanical properties of the materials used as for cladding and/or
flooring open areas are affected by both the environment and people. In construction projects, gloss value
is one of the most essential physical features of natural stones that is used as a reference for cladding or
flooring materials. Solar exposition, often in combination with other environmental factors, has a considerable
importance in the aging of natural stones, particularly at lower latitudes. In order to determine the
stone behaviour in the areas exposed to sunlight, gloss value was investigated using a thermostatic
chamber. In this study, the effect of UV irradiation cycles on the surface brightness of polished natural
stones and the relationship between gloss values and some physical, mechanical properties and calcite
grain size of natural carbonatic stone samples were elucidated. As a result, it appears that marble samples
have less gloss variation if compared with limestones.
... Gloss meters used for determining surface gloss numerically send light to the surface on which the measurements are made with a certain angle and determine the surface gloss numerically based on the reflection angle of the light (over R:100) [7]. In their study regarding the measurements of surface gloss of marbles, Wright and Rouse [22] pointed out that light is affected less from the material properties when sent to the measurement surface with a 85°angle. Ozulogul and Erdogan [16] indicated in their study on measuring surface gloss by means of image analysis that the aforesaid angle should be 60°. ...
Marble slabs with rough surface have captured a large share in the market of ornamental stones in recent years. There are many different methods of stone surface treatment currently used to improve the aesthetic appearance of the surface of the marble slab or tile or to increase the roughness. Traditional methods like bush hammering, polishing or flaming have various disadvantages that may reduce the market interest for particular applications. The aim of this study is to compare the water jet surface treatment method with traditional methods. For this purpose five different types of stones (granite, basalt, serpentine, limestone and marble) were treated with water jet and the results were compared with the results obtained from traditional methods. The results of the color, gloss, luminance and roughness analysis were used as the comparison parameters. Results so far achieved indicate that the application of water jets in surface treatment can reduce (or even eliminate) some disadvantages of traditional methods because it enables to obtain a surface with required roughness while preserving aesthetic appearance of the stone.
... Conventionally, silicon carbide has been extensively used as an abrasive for stone polishing. In response to the growing need for more cost-effectively and environment-friendly machining of stone materials, diamond tools are gradually making inroads into the whole stages in stone machining from sawing to polishing [1,2]. Fig. 1 The relation between stone surface glossiness and roughness [3] In a recent study [3], the gloss reading on a granite surface finished with diamond tools was found to be closely associated with the value of roughness generated on the surface. ...
In the present study, natural granites were ELID ground with metal-resin bonded diamond wheels on a lap-grinding machine to achieve smooth surface. The surface roughness during the grinding process and final glossiness were examined to describe the formation of finely finished granite surfaces. According to the detailed micro-observation of ground surfaces, it can be concluded that natural granite surface on the main mineral components can be smoothly finished with ELID lap grinding. However, the appearance of natural defects and residual fracture on the ground surface lead to the scattered surface roughness, and restrict the improvement of surface glossiness.
Diamond tools suitable for machining operations of natural stones can be divided into two groups: cutting tools, including blades, the circular blades and the wires, and the surface machining ones, involving mills and grinders, that can be of different shapes. For the stone sawing process, the most adopted tool type is the diamond mill, whose duration and performance are influenced by various elements such as: the mineralogical characteristics of the material to be machined; the working conditions such as the depth of cut, the feed rate and the spindle speed; the production process of the diamond segment and the characteristics of both the matrix and the diamond, such as the size, the type and the concentration of the diamonds and the metal bond formulation hardness. This work allows to indirectly assess the wear of sintered diamond tools by signal analysis (in time and frequency domain) of the cutting force components acquired in the process. The results obtained represent a fundamental step for the development of a sensory supervision system capable of assessing the tool wear and hence to modify the process parameters in process, in order to optimize cutting performance and tool life.
This project deals with the design and development of an optoelectronic sensor system and its possible use in online applications There are two different configurations of this sensor a sensor for surface roughness and another for defect detection. In each configuration the mechanical and optical design are almost identical-optical fibres convey light to and from a surface. Light source driving circuits and photodetection circuits were developed for each sensor. Data acquisition and analysis algorithms were developed for each sensor.
In this paper, the influence of abrasive head rotation on surface quality was investigated under the process of marble polishing. For this purpose, five different samples known as Bursa Emprador, Seyitgazi Seashell, Muǧla White, Bucak Travertine Crema Bella were tested by using automatic narrow belt polish machine with 2+4 heads. The polishing experiments were conducted by keeping the head pressure and belt speed stable while head rotations vary. In some stages of this process, the surface glossiness and roughness were measured to identify the surface quality. As a result of the data, it can be seen that the surface roughness is rapidly decreasing in the rough polishing stage of the process and the surface glossiness is rapidly increasing in the fine polishing stage of the process. Moreover, glossiness and roughness are inversely proportional in addition to that smoother and brighter surfaces are obtained by increasing the abrasive heads rotation.
In this study, three kinds of granite were lapped and polished by loose abrasives. Different abrasives and different kinds of polishing plates were used. The material removal mechanism was investigated by tracing their morphological changes of granite surface during the successive lapping and polishing processes. The experimental results indicated that the material removal mechanism during the lapping and polishing with loose abrasives is a mechanical process and it is affected by the size of abrasive and the applied load. Smooth surface can be obtained through eliminating the pits remained by the grinding process. When the grit size was reduced to a critical value, further reduction of the grit size did not have any obvious effects on the increasing of glossiness even the polishing is prolonged. However, the material of the polishing plate may affect the glossiness.
The free diamond abrasive was used for thinning the diamond ultrathin cutting wheel which was sintered by vacuum hot pressing. The influences of lapping parameters on the results were discussed, such as the feeding way of free abrasive, the fixed mode of cutting wheel, the time of single side lapping, the speed of cast iron plate, the size of abrasive grains and the pressure of lapping thinning. Results showed that the thickness of diamond cutting wheel decreased from 0.5 mm to 0.38 mm, and that the thickness uniformity was improved and the relative warp degree of diamond ultrathin cutting wheel was reduced.
Lithoid material is a general definition to indicate a wide category of ornamental materials: they can be divided into natural (i.e. granite) or artificial (i.e. conglomerates and ceramics). All the lithoid materials are subjected to surface machining operations in order to obtain final work piece ready to be introduced on the market in form of slabs or tiles. This paper deals with the attempts of producing a machining diamond tools using a sintered steel binder. The opportunity of using a steel binder has been already highly studied by diamond tools industry, but with not satisfying outcomes and not longer developed, basically due to the catalysis action of iron and to the diamond degradation mechanism provided by high processing temperature. The binding matrix was produced by infiltration sintering. Infiltration requires the pore structure to be open and interconnected; thus, the sintered solid skeleton must have an at least 10% porosity. Therefore, the infiltration sintering of the steel skeleton uses a temperature lower than the usually required for steel sintering one. Using the suitable infiltration agent will result in low infiltration temperature levels too (1). This should give the opportunity to work with a steel binder for diamond dispersed machining tools, without causing excessive damages to the diamond mechanical properties. The paper aims at overcoming the diamond degradation by lowering the production temperature using a definitively controlled infiltration sintering process.
The present work was undertaken to experimentally elucidate the interfacial interactions between diamond disk and workpiece during vertical spindle grinding of three natural granites. Measurements were made of the spindle power and the disk–granite interfacial temperatures using a pair of grindable foil thermocouples. The energy partition to the granite was subsequently estimated by using a temperature matching method. The ground granite surfaces were examined using SEM and XRD at each separate stage ranging from rough to fine grinding. The experimental results showed that maximum temperature rise at the disk–granite interface was unlikely to be a significant factor governing the formation of high gloss on the ground granite surfaces. New composition was not detected on the ground granite surfaces. SEM observations indicated that the granite workpieces were removed mainly by ductile mechanism, with some evidence of brittle fracture especially for rough grinding and to a much lesser extent for fine grinding. The gloss of a ground granite surface was found to be directly associated with the relative amount of ductile flow on the surface.
Polishing experiments were carried out on eight different carbonate stones with a machine designed for simulating industrial scale tile polishing process. Polishing was performed at 0.8, 1.3, 1.8 and 2.3m/min belt speeds under fixed rotational speed and pressure of a polishing head. During the tests, calibrated stone tiles were sequentially polished with 60, 80, 120, 220, 320, 400 and 600 grit SiC abrasive stones at each belt speed. After polishing of each abrasive size, the quality of surfaces was assessed by measuring the surface roughness and gloss. As abrasive grit size gradually reduced to 320 grit, the roughness on the stone surfaces decreased greatly while gloss readings did not change significantly. But after 320 grit, gloss values increased greatly while change in roughness values was not significant. Reducing the belt speed resulted with a significant decrease in roughness for each grit size of abrasive, but after polishing with abrasive size larger than 320 grit, the influence of belt speed on the reduction in roughness values became less. Among the carbonate stones, micritic limestone tiles, which were homogenous in mineral composition with strong and hard structure, resulted with good surface finish. But clay minerals existing in other limestone and heterogeneous porous structure of travertines had an adverse effect on surface quality of tiles. Results from polishing tests suggest that belt speed value of 1.3m/min provide optimum polishing quality conditions since optimum consistency in roughness and gloss of tile surfaces was reached at this belt speed. This findings were very valuable information for operating factories in which polishing is carried out. The gloss reading on stone surfaces was found to increase exponentially with decrease in surface roughness. Good correlation was found between surface roughness and gloss quality of micritic limestones and marbles compared to travertines.
In this study, several kinds of rock minerals with different chemical compositions were finely ground to study the characteristics
of smooth stone surface formation. These rock minerals used in the grinding tests were the typical components for decorative
stone materials. In order to get precision surfaces, the Electrolytic In-Process Dressing (ELID) grinding technology with
different mesh size diamond wheels was applied in experiments. The changes of surface roughness of different rock minerals
were measured during the grinding process. The finally ground rock specimens surfaces were analyzed with 3D surface texture
analyzer. Based on the micro-observation of rock specimen surfaces, it was found that the rock minerals used in the tests
could be finished to smooth surfaces with ELID grinding technology. The results also showed that rock minerals surfaces with
different chemical compositions revealed different surface patterns during the grinding process.
In this paper, three kinds of granite were lapped and polished by loose abrasives. Glossiness and surface roughness of the lapped and polished granites were measured and the surface morphologies were observed. The experimental results revealed that the readings of roughness were very discrete. High glossiness can be achieved only when the surface roughness is decreased to a certain level. The average surface roughness of the three kinds of granite after being finely polished can reach 0.02～0.04um. Further reducing of roughness has little effect on the glossiness because the existence of the defects, which prohibits the further increase of the glossiness.
This paper deals with the results of continuous grinding tests carried out with two different grinding machines on some marble and limestone units with silicon carbide and diamond type abrasives. The results showed that the relationship between the surface roughness and the surface glossiness of stones with homogeneous structure are independent of abrasive types. However, this argument is not valid for stones giving orange peel effect and not going through entire ductile behaviour due to their softer mineral and other materials content. Appropriate series of abrasives and operational conditions should be chosen for obtaining desired surface quality. For this reason, the results of surface quality measurements should be used in conjunction with stone properties.
The natural granite includes various hard and brittle minerals with different material behaviors. In this paper, the discrete distribution parameters of microhardness and microbrittleness are proposed to describe its micron-scale material behavior. The objective is to evaluate and predict the precision grindability of various granites by using its microhardness and microbrittleness. First, the relative values of microhardness and microbrittleness were defined by measuring diagonal length and crack spreading length of micron-scale indentation in a micro-indentation experiment; then the microhardness, the microbrittleness, and their average deviations were introduced as discrete distribution parameters with regard to the weighted coefficients of various minerals in granite; finally, a precision grinding experiment was carried out to investigate the grinding force and surface roughness with regard to different grinding variables. It is found that grinding force and surface roughness have good and very good correlations with the microhardness and its average deviation, respectively, but they have no obvious relations with the microbrittleness. The ground surface can be improved when grinding the granite with high microhardness and its uniform distribution even if leading to large grinding force. For grinding variables, the grinding force increases with the decrease in the depth of cut and the work speed in brittle-mode grinding, but it has little correlation with work speed when approaching ductile-mode grinding. It is concluded that the precision grindability of granite may be evaluated and predicated by the relative microhardness and its average deviation.
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is usually used in conjunction with inert gas ion sputtering to obtain composition-depth profiles through surface layers. In certain cases the mechanical lapping of a taper through this region prior to analysis by AES is advantageous in terms of the depth resolution achieved. The regimes of preference of each technique are delineated by considering individually each of the terms contributing to interface degradation for the various types of layered structures encountered in practice, e.g. evaporated films and oxide layers. Illustrations of the effects of relevant parameters are given by measurements for a sharp deep interface between silver and iron.
Dry electro-contact discharge (ECD) dressing of metal-bonded #600 diamond grinding wheel is proposed for grinding of various granites. As compared to mechanical GC dressing, Dry ECD dressing can not only protrude fine diamond grains from wheel metal-bond without any damage, but also eliminate bond-tail behind the protruded grain. The objective is to understand how the synthetic factors including granite structure, grinding parameters and dressing method influence the ground surface integrity of multi-crystal granite such as surface roughness and surface crack appearance in contrast to homogeneous optic glass. First a micron-scale indentation experiment was carried out to display the growth mechanism of micro-cracks on polished surface, then Dry ECD dressing and mechanical GC dressing were carried out in grinding experiment, respectively, finally surface roughness and micro-surface crack were investigated in connection with granite crystal size, work speed and dressing method. It is found that in almost all cases the multi-crystal granite has always worse ground surface than homogeneous optic glass even if grinding parameter is changed. Moreover, the improvement of ground surface for granite is more sensitive to grain protrusion feature than that for optic glass. Although it is very difficult to find out obvious relationship between surface roughness and grinding parameter such as work speed, it has a good correlation with granite structure such as granite crystal size: it decreases with the increase of the granite crystal size. It is concluded that Dry ECD dressing may more greatly improve the ground surface integrity of various granites than mechanical GC dressing.
A novel machine vision based inspection technique was developed for the analysis of three-dimensional (3D) surface textural patterns. Previous machine vision based methods of texture analysis have in general analysed projected two-dimensional (2D) textural patterns. This paper presents an innovative approach for the direct analysis of 3D texture topography. The method employed has particular application for the evaluation of textures frequently encountered during numerous manufacturing and finishing processes. A 3D surface topographic description is acquired using a photometric stereo technique. A method of gradient space domain mapping and surface reconstruction are used to characterise textural form, shape and regularity, and to quantify any observed deviation in an idealised form in relation to a CAD based prototypical texture model. Unlike conventional viewer centred methods for the assessment of projected texture, the technique offers a 3D object centred analysis, uses a fixed lighting configuration, is largely insensitive to a variation in object pose, and is rapid in operation. These aspects are of considerable advantage in terms of practical application. The technique was applied to real texture samples, and a selection of experimental results are presented in this paper.
In the construction industry, the decorative value of natural granite material depends mainly on its colour and surface glossiness, which are separately lien on its natural mineral components and the machining process. In order to find the mechanism of generating high glossy surface for the natural granite, grinding of several brittle materials with the Electrolytic In-process Dressing (ELID) system were conducted to get super smooth granite surfaces in this study. The surface roughness after grinding with different mesh size diamond wheels was examined to describe the surface characteristics for natural granites. According to the inherence of these brittle workpieces and measured surface roughness in the grinding tests, the surface roughness characteristics of granite grinding were discussed.
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