ArticlePDF Available
Jahrgang 55, Nr. 11 (2004) DEUTSCHE ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR SPORTMEDIZIN 299
Borg-Skala Standards der Sportmedizin
Löllgen H
Das Anstrengungsempfinden
(RPE, Borg-Skala)
Sana-Klinikum Remscheid, ALK, Ruhr-Universität,
Bochum
Die Bestimmung des Anstrengungsempfindens bei körperlicher Arbeit,
insbesondere bei Belastungsuntersuchungen, gilt seit der Einführung
vor über 40 Jahren (1, 2) im angelsächsischen Sprachraum als Standard
(3). In Deutschland erschienen schon sehr früh Untersuchungen zum
Anstrengungsempfinden (4, 5). Auch führen die Standardlehrbücher
diesen Parameter auf (6). In der täglichen Routine aber wird die einfa-
che und aussagekräftige Skala noch zu selten eingesetzt.
Das Anstrengungsempfinden ist das subjektive Empfinden einer Ver-
suchsperson oder eines Patienten darüber, wie schwer und anstrengend
eine vorgegebene Leistung ist.
Das Anstrengungsempfinden gibt die subjektive Antwort wieder auf die
Reizintensität einer physikalischen Leistung. Es wird dabei mit einer nu-
merischen Skala erfasst (Borg-Skala, "Rate of perceived exertion"
[RPE]). Die Leistung ist zumeist eine körperliche Belastung (Ergometer
oder Wettkampf), doch lassen sich mit der Borg-Skala auch andere Emp-
findungen erfassen: Schmerz, muskuläre Anstrengung oder Dyspnoe.
Mit dem Anstrengungsempfinden können sowohl globale als auch re-
gionale Empfindungen abgeschätzt werden (z.B. muskuläre Anstren-
gung, isometrische Belastung oder Dyspnoe).
Vor einer Belastungsuntersuchung wird der Proband/Patient über die
Skala des Anstrengungsempfindens informiert. Man kann die Skala
auch dem Probanden vor dem Belastungstest zum Lesen geben mit der
entsprechenden Anleitung.. Die Skala des Anstrengungsempfindens
wird während der Belastung in Augenhöhe gehalten. Der Proband soll
in der Endphase, also noch während der Belastung, angeben, wie an-
strengend das Fahrradfahren (oder Laufen etc.) für ihn ist. Er soll eine
Zahl nennen, die beschreibenden Worte dienen zur Orientierung für das
Ausmaß der Anstrengung.
Die ursprünglich eingeführte Skala zum RPE reichte von 1-20. Es zeig-
te sich eine nichtlineare Beziehung des Anstrengungsempfindens zur
Leistung, so dass die Skala auf eine Einteilung von 6-20 geändert wur-
de, was sich über viele Jahrzehnte bewährt hat. Diese Skala hat dane-
ben die Eigenschaft, dass durch Multiplikation mit 10 die zugehörige
Herzfrequenz unter dynamischer Belastung näherungsweise bestimmt
werden kann (Skalenwert x 10 = Herzfrequenz).
In neuerer Zeit wurde eine weitere, neue Skala von 1-10 publiziert. Sie
eignet sich für weitere Fragestellungen wie Schmerzbeurteilung und iso-
metrische Belastung (1, 2).
Skala
Methodik
Definition
Einführung
Das Anstrengungsempfinden wird wie andere Parameter der Ergometrie
von Größe, Gewicht, Trainingszustand, Umdrehungszahl, Körperpositi-
on bei der Ergometrie sowie von Krankheiten bestimmt. Mit zunehmen-
dem Alter (vom Kindes- in das Jugendalter) nimmt das Anstrengungs-
empfinden zu, im Erwachsenenalter hingegen bleibt der Wert vom Al-
ter unbeeinflusst. Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Größen ändert sich
somit die RPE-Skala im Alter nicht!
Die Skala ist einfach zu handhaben. Auch Patienten sind sofort in der
Lage, die Skala zu verstehen und zu benutzen. Die Akzeptabilität ist sehr
gut. Die Reproduzierbarkeit liegt bei einem Korrelationskoeffizienten
von 0,91-0,92, der Variationskoeffizient bei 4-8 %. Weitere Gütekriteri-
en, u.a. zur Validität, finden sich in den aktuellen Publikationen (1).
Leistungsbezogene Referenzwerte (Watt) für Normalpersonen (Männer,
Frauen) sind in Abbildung 1 dargestellt (1). Abbildung 2 gibt Refe-
renzwerte für das Anstrengungsempfinden von Männern und Frauen
wieder in Abhängigkeit von der Herzfrequenz (6). Weitere Referenzwer-
te finden sich bei Löllgen und Erdmann (6).
Das Anstrengungsempfinden ist ein häufig benutzter Parameter in kli-
nischen Studien u.a. bei der koronaren Herzkrankheit, Herzinsuffizienz,
chronischen Lungenerkrankungen, aber auch in epidemiologischen Stu-
dien. Auch für Trainingsstudien bei Sportlern und im Rahmen der
Prävention und Rehabilitation wird die Borg-Skala eingesetzt.
Patienten mit einer koronaren Herzkrankheit oder einer obstruktiven
Atemwegserkrankung empfinden die gleiche Belastungsstärke als an-
strengender als eine gesunde Normalperson; trainierte Sportler wieder-
um schätzen diese Belastungsstufe als weniger anstrengend als untrai-
nierte Personen ein. Umgekehrt empfinden Personen mit einem hyper-
kinetischen Herzsyndrom oder "funktionellen" Herzbeschwerden eben
diesen Leistungsgrad als weniger anstrengend. Bei gutachterlichen Fra-
gestellungen werden meist höhere RPE-Werte angegeben im Vergleich
zu Normalpersonen oder auch Patienten. Weitere klinische Fragestel-
Beurteilung
Referenzwerte
Gütekriterien
Einflüssgrößen
6
7 Sehr, sehr leicht
8
9 Sehr leicht
10
11 Recht leicht
12
13 Etwas anstrengender
14
15 Anstrengend
16
17 Sehr anstrengend
18
19 Sehr, sehr anstrengend
20
6
7 Sehr, sehr gering
8
9 Sehr gering
10
11 gering
12
13 ziemlich stark
14
15 stark
16
17 Sehr stark
18
19 Sehr, sehr stark
20 zu stark, geht nicht mehr
Tabelle 1: links: Skala des Anstrengungsempfindens (nach 1, 2);
rechts: Skala des Dyspnoe-Empfindens (nach 6). Copyright der linken
Skala: ©1998 by Gunnar Borg
lungen nach Angina pectoris bei koronarer Herzkrankheit oder die Clau-
dicatio bei peripherer arterieller Verschlusskrankheit (Gehstrecke). Bei
Patienten mit medikamentöser (ß-Blocker) oder elektrischer Beeinflus-
sung (Schrittmacher) der Herzfrequenz ist die Borg-Skala ein sehr ge-
eignetes Verfahren zur Steuerung der Belastungsintensität.
Der Skalenwert der Borg-Skala eignet sich zur Beurteilung der Ausbe-
lastung bei Feldversuchen oder bei der Ergometrie. Nur Werte von 17
oder mehr zeigen eine Erschöpfung an. Werte von 18 und mehr werden
eher von Hochleistungssportlern erreicht. Es bestehen enge Korrelatio-
nen des RPE- Wertes zu physiologischen Parametern über die Herzfre-
quenz hinaus, so zu Laktatwerten, Sauerstoffaufnahme oder Atemfre-
quenz während Belastung (1, 3, 5).
Bei Trainingsempfehlungen von Leistungssportlern wird die Borg-Ska-
la ebenfalls eingesetzt (Literatur in 7), sie eignet sich aber auch für Trai-
nings- und Übungsvorgaben bei isometrischen Aufgaben oder für das
Krafttraining, auch in Fitness-Studios.
Weiterhin kann die Borg-Skala für die Beurteilung der Erholung nach
größerer Anstrengung herangezogen werden ("total quality recovery"
(TQR)) oder zur Erkennung des Übertrainings (Literatur in 7).
Üblicherweise wird dem Probanden ein Trainingsbeginn mit einem RPE-
Wert von 11 empfohlen, mit zunehmendem Training kann er auf 13 ge-
steigert werden, in der Regel wird man beim Ausdauertraining einen
Wert von 14 nicht überschreiten (1, 2). Für Kranke kann die Borg-Ska-
la zur Abschätzung der Anstrengung im täglichen Leben herangezogen
werden (z.B. Treppen steigen, Bergauf gehen etc.).
Die Borg-Skala zur Einschätzung des Anstrengungsempfindens während
körperlicher Aktivität ist eine preiswerte, dennoch zuverlässige "Mes-
sgröße". Gerade im Bereich gesundheitsorientierter Sportangebote eignet
sich die Borg-Skala für Trainingsempfehlungen. Im Rahmen der Primär-
und Sekundärprävention durch körperliche Aktivität ermöglicht die
Borg-Skala wichtige und gut verständliche Hinweise zur Belastungsin-
tensität. Gerade in diesen Bereichen sind aufwändige Testverfahren (Lak-
tat, Spiroergometrie) nicht oder nur selten möglich. Auch der Arzt kann
sich schnell mit dieser Form der Trainingsberatung ver
traut machen.
Fazit
Trainingsempfehlungen
Bewertung für die Praxis
Die Bestimmung des Anstrengungsempfindens während Belastung mit
Hilfe der Borg-Skala ermöglicht es, die subjektiv empfundene Anstren-
gung eines Menschen zu erfassen und zu beurteilen. Die Skala kann bei
allen Belastungsuntersuchungen schnell und unproblematisch einge-
setzt werden. Sie ist einfach zu verwenden, sehr zuverlässig und aussa-
gekräftig. Zahlreiche Untersuchungen belegen, dass der Parameter "An-
strengungsempfinden" Bestandteil jeder Belastungsuntersuchung sein
sollte. Zur Trainingsberatung ist die Skala eine einfache, aber effektive
Hilfe.
1. Borg G: Borgs perceived exertion and pain scales. Human Kinetics,
Champaign Il.,1998.
2. Borg G Anstrengungsempfinden und körperliche Aktivität. Dtsch. Ärzte-
blatt 101 (2004) A1016-1021.
3. Froelicher V, Myers JN: Exercise and the heart. Saunders, Philadelphia, 4.
Auflage, 2000.
4. Löllgen H, Ulmer HV, von Nieding G: Heart rate and perceptual response
to exercise with different pedalling speed in normal subjects and pati-
ents. Eur J Appl Physiol 37 (1977) 297-304.
5. Löllgen H, Graham T, Sjogaard G: Muscle metabolites, force and perceived
exertion bicycling at varying pedal rates. Med Sci Sports Exerc 12 (1980)
345-351.
6. Löllgen H, Erdmann E (Hrsg): Ergometrie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg,
2. Auflage, 2000.
7. Löllgen H ,Ulmer HV: Das "Gespräch" während der Ergometrie: Die Borg-
Skala. Dtsch Ärzteblatt 101 (2004) A1014-1015.
Korrespondenzadresse:
Prof. Dr. med. Herbert Löllgen
Sana-Klinikum Remscheid
ALK, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
Burgerstr.211
42859 Remscheid
E-mail: h.loellgen@sana-klinikum-remscheid.de
Literatur
Zusammenfassung
Standards der Sportmedizin Borg-Skala
300 DEUTSCHE ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR SPORTMEDIZIN Jahrgang 55, Nr. 11 (2004)
Abbildung 1: Referenzwerte für das Anstrengungsempfinden, bezogen auf die Leistung (in Watt). Links: für
Männer, rechts: Frauen. Mittelwert (dünne Linie) und Standardabweichung. Modifiziert nach 1
... 23,24 It appears that a minimum of ten minutes of exercise is necessary to achieve a pain-relieving effect. [25][26][27] At the same duration of exercise, higher intensities, as quantified by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) result in a stronger pain-relieving effect. 28,29 Several studies have concluded that strenuous physical activity reduces the risk of sickness absence and disability to a greater extent than moderate and light physical activity. ...
Preprint
Lipedema is a chronic adipose tissue disorder that primarily affects women. The etiology remains unclear and involves abnormal buildup of fat mainly in the lower limbs. It causes physical and psychological morbidity, often with negative impact on daily life. Effective treatment options are still limited, primarily involving conservative treatment such as compression therapy and pain reliever. As endurance training is shown to have beneficial effects on both pain and obesity management in patients suffering of other disorders, LipidEx aims to explore the potential of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) as a novel therapeutic option for women with lipedema. We will perform a cross-over randomized controlled trial (RCT) exploring the effects of 12 weeks of HIIT compared to a control period of usual care. The primary outcome is changes in pain, and secondary outcomes are changes in adipose tissue mass and quality of life.
... Assessment of perceived exertion was performed using the CR10 scale, where no effort was rated as 0 and maximal effort was rated as 10. 26,27 EMG Measurements A Biopac system (Biopac Systems, Inc) was used to record the EMG signal from ES, GM, and MF. Electrode positions were first identified on the skin according to the SENIAM project recommendations. ...
Article
Full-text available
Context : Intermittent floor trunk extensions are popular exercises in group fitness programs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether fewer repetitions of longer isometric trunk extension efforts compared with more repetitions of shorter isometric contractions have different acute effects on muscle thickness and activation as well as perceived exertion. Design : This study followed a cross-sectional design. Methods : Twenty healthy young males performed floor prone trunk extension exercises using 3 different exercise protocols of repetition and duration: 10 × 5 seconds (D10 × 5), 2 × 25 seconds (D2 × 25), and 5 × 10 seconds (D5 × 10). Ultrasound multifidus thickness and rate of perceived exertion on a 10-point scale were measured immediately after each protocol. Electromyographic activation from the erector spinae, multifidus, and gluteus maximum during each protocol was measured using bipolar surface electrodes. Results : The longer duration (D2 × 25) protocol showed a significant greater rate of perceived exertion (6.22 [0.73]) and rest multifidus thickness change (median: 8.04%) compared with the other protocols ( P < .05). Within each protocol, root mean square of all muscles increased from trial to trial in the D2 × 25 and D5 × 10 ( P < .05), but not during the D10 × 5 protocol ( P > .05). The maximum root mean square was achieved in the shorter duration (D10 × 5) protocol compared with the other ones ( P < .05). Conclusion : If trunk extension exercises on the floor are used in a training setting, then using exercises with long duration and fewer repetitions may elicit a greater metabolic response.
... Many studies were missing key statistical information for one or more of their outcomes (see key below), and selectively reported findings for significant results a) No p-value provided (only significant.vs non-significant) b) No test-statistics provided c) No estimated effect size provided d) No confidence interval provided MMSE [62]; Modified Bruce Protocol [63]; Borg Scale Perceived Exertion (RPE) [64]; Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) [65]; forward digit sequence [66]; forward digit span [66]; backward digit sequence [66]; backward digit span [66]; categorical verbal fluency [67]; Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) face recognition [68]; picture recognition [68]; Eight words test [69]; Weschler Memory Scale (WMS)-Revised digit span [70]; category fluency [71]; attention network test [72]; geriatric depression scale [73]; Symptom Checklist Anxiety [74]; Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly [75]; 15 Word Test delayed recall [76]; Stroop Color Word Test Interference score [77]; Letter Fluency Test [78]; Digit Span backward test [70,79]; Location Learning Test [80,81]; Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) [82]; Six Minute Walk Test [83]; Rand-36 [84]; Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale [85,86]; Katz-15 [87]; Symbol Digit Modalities Test [88]; Neuropsychiatric Inventory [89]; Timed-Up-and-Go [90];Timed 10-m walk test [91]; timed 400-m walk test [92]; dual task performance [91]; [112][113][114]; Self-Ordered pointing task [115]; 1-back test [116]; 2-back test [117]; Eriksen flanker task [118]; task switching test [119]; Hopkins Verbal Learning Test [120], Wechsler Memory Scale-III [79]; 6 min walk test [83]; Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) [82]; FICSIT-4 [121]; Quadriso tester [122]; Span Forward [97] Digit Span Backward [97]; Visual Memory Span Forward [97]; Visual Memory Span Backward [97]; STROOP [123]; phonemic fluency [124]; Neuropsychological Test Battery (NTB) Extended [125]; Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE) [126]; Set switching [127,128]; Groton Maze Learning Test (CogState) [129]; Modified Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test [130,131]; Continuous paired associated learning (CogState) [129]; Digit symbol (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale [WAIS]-III digit symbol subtest [108]; Groton Maze Chase Test (CogState) [129]; Identification task (CogState) [129]; Controlled Oral Word Association Test [132]; Animal naming [133]; the 2 and 7 test [134]; WAIS-III letter-number sequencing [108]; N-back (CogState) [129]; Timed instrumental activities of daily living tasks (TIADL) [135]; Groton Maze Learning Test [136]; One-card learning task (OCL) [ [138,139]; verbal fluency (sum of animals and vegetables [133]; Trail making Test B [140]; Digit Symbol Subsitution test [79]; interference portion of the Stroop test [77]; ...
Article
Full-text available
Background Alzheimer’s disease is caused by modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Randomised controlled trials have investigated whether the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease, APOE4, impacts the effectiveness of exercise on health. Systematic reviews are yet to evaluate the effect of exercise on physical and cognitive outcomes in APOE genotyped participants. A quality assessment of these randomised controlled trials is needed to understand the impact genotype has on the potential success of intervention. This systematic review aimed to determine if the APOE4 genotype influences the effectiveness of exercise-based randomised controlled trials. Method Searches on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO identified eligible exercise based randomised controlled trials incorporating participants with varied cognitive abilities. Quality assessments were conducted. Results Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria for systematic review, and 3 for the meta-analysis. Very low to moderate quality evidence showed that APOE4 carriers benefitted more than APOE4 non-carriers on cognitive (e.g. executive function, learning) and physical (e.g. relative telomere length) outcomes after exercise; and that APOE4 non-carriers benefited over carriers for physical (serum BDNF, gait speed) and cognitive (global cognition, verbal memory) markers. Very low quality evidence indicated that there was no evidence of difference between APOE4 carriers and non-carriers on physical function outcomes in meta-analysis. Several areas of study design and reporting, including maintenance of relative exercise intensity and complete statistical reporting, were identified as needing improvement. Discussion This systematic review found very limited evidence to suggest that exercise interventions can benefit APOE4 carriers and non-carriers equally, though conclusions were limited by evidence quality. Further randomised controlled trials, stratifying participants by APOE status are required to better understand the relationship between APOE genotype and the effect of exercise on health-related outcomes. Trial registration This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023436842). Registered on June 16, 2023.
... For the assessment of the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) or the subjective monitoring of exercise intensity, the Borg Category-Ratio-10 scale was used. Players were given instructions on how to use this scale [38]. Participants were instructed to focus on how difficult, strenuous, and demanding the physical task was, rather than on any sensations of pain or discomfort [39]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of foam rolling and traditional stretch treatments on physical performance and self-perceived fatigue in youth football players. Methods: The sample of participants consisted of 20 youth football players from the Serbia Under-17 league. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups, the Foam group (age: 16.6 ± 1.5 years) or the Stretch group (age: 16.9 ± 1.0 years), with each group consisting of 10 participants. The first measurement (I) was conducted before the match; then, the football players played the match, which was followed by the second measurement (II), and afterward, the groups performed their foam and stretch activities. The third measurement (III) was conducted 2 h after the recovery interventions, and the fourth measurement (IV) was conducted 24 h after the match. Players were tested for the following: linear sprints at 5 m, 10 m, and 20 m, squat jumps (SJs), countermovement jumps (CMJs), and arm-driven countermovement jumps (ACMJs). Participants also completed self-assessment questionnaires on fatigue (Hooper scales) and perceived exertion (Borg scales). Results: A 2 × 4 split-plot ANOVA revealed that there were no differences between the foam rolling and stretching treatments in any parameter of physical performance or self-perceived fatigue. However, a separate within-group analysis showed that the Foam group achieved significantly better sprint times in the third and fourth measurements (2 and 24 h post-match, respectively) compared to measurements taken immediately after the football match. Regarding self-perceived parameters , foam rolling reduced fatigue and stress at 2 and 24 h post-match. On the other hand, the stretching treatment only affected the stress parameter, which was reduced 24 h after the football match. Conclusions: These findings indicate that although there were no significant differences between treatments, foam rolling demonstrated certain advantages compared to stretching. Specifically, foam rolling may offer benefits in enhancing subjective recovery and reducing perceived exertion in young football players. However, these conclusions should be interpreted with caution, as the study was cross-sectional and involved a small sample of young football players.
... For this reason, it is important to predict and limit fatigue in order to preserve workers' strength, health, and work performance. Localized muscle fatigue can either be assessed objectively (i.e., surface electromyography), or by rating perceived exertion (RPE) [10]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Musculoskeletal disorders are the most prevalent occupational health problem and are often related to biomechanical risk factors. Over the last forty years, observational methods for exposure assessment have been proposed. To apply them effectively in the field, an in-depth knowledge of each methodology and a solid understanding of their actual predictive value and limitations are required. In this two-part guide, we discuss methods that have a solid scientific background, are based on expert consensus, and that do not require disproportionate technical, material, financial, and time resources. In Part 1, we focused on the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation as a validated method for assessing manual material handling and discussed its application when dealing with task variability. In Part 2, we look at methods for the assessment of upper-limb biomechanical exposure in manual jobs. According to the above-mentioned criteria, we discuss methodologies proposed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and evaluate activities requiring high-speed continuous movement and the use of hand force, working with the arms above the shoulder level, to prevent localized fatigue in the upper extremities in cyclical work tasks. Finally, a preliminary proposal of a proportionate risk assessment of working duration in part-time jobs is presented.
... Think-Aloud was used to raise users' challenges during the interaction and possible improvements in the system. The SUS, NASA-TLX, Borg CR-10 [Borg, 1998], Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q) [Seguí et al., 2015], and UEQ questionnaires were also applied for this solution. The other evaluation of the solution was through an ad-hoc usability test based on data records. ...
Article
Full-text available
This article presents an extended Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) focused on usability and user experience (UX) valuation technologies for Touchable Holographic Solutions (THS). Given the growing integration of holograms in Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) settings, evaluating usability and UX becomes highly important. Our study expands on previous research by analyzing an additional two years of publications, covering 5429 studies, and selecting 65 that discuss 200 evaluation technologies. The main problem addressed is the gap in comprehensive evaluation frameworks that integrate usability and UX criteria. We followed systematic guidelines to identify and analyze evaluation technologies, highlighting an increased focus on UX alongside traditional usability. Key findings include the persistent emphasis on time efficiency in usability evaluations and the dominance of generic UX, usability, and pleasure/fun in UX assessments. However, unique aspects of MR, such as presence, are often overlooked. The study also reveals a preference for empirical validation through controlled experiments and case studies, although few technologies have undergone such validation. Head-mounted displays (HMDs) and smart glasses, especially Microsoft Hololens™, remain prevalent due to their advanced capabilities. Our findings underscore the need for integrated evaluation technologies and empirical validation to ensure reliability. This work contributes to the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) area by mapping current evaluation technologies, identifying research gaps, and providing a foundation for developing innovative and effective evaluation methods for THS, thus advancing the understanding and improvement of user interaction in immersive environments.
... Conditioning sessions were scheduled with a minimum interval of 48 h. The duration of technical work varied daily, ranging from 90 to 120 min with an RPE load of 6-7 [48]. For additional details regarding the practices and their periodization, refer to Tables 2 and 3. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background and objectives: In karate, particularly in the kata discipline, there is a notable lack of studies focused on specific physical preparation for competitions. This highlights an urgent need for more in-depth research into this crucial aspect of athletic training to optimize performance and athlete preparation. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of a dietary plan combined with specific physical preparation on the performance and body composition of a professional kata athlete preparing for a Pan American championship. Methods: A 20-year-old elite female karateka (60.7 kg, 165.4 cm) followed a nutritional plan with an isocaloric diet. The strength and power of the upper and lower limbs were evaluated through countermovement jump (CMJ) and one-repetition maximum (1RM) tests in bench press and free squat over a five-month period before the competition. Results: Following the nutritional plan and physical preparation, the athlete’s body composition improved in terms of fat loss (from 12.17% to 10.68%) and increased muscle mass (from 51.45% to 53.09%). Moreover, these improvements translated into better performance in tests such as CMJ (from 38.29 cm to 44.14 cm), 1RM bench press (from 54.5 kg to 67.6 kg), and 1RM free squat (from 65.1 kg to 78.4 kg). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a comprehensive approach to personalized physical, technical, and nutritional preparation over 16 weeks significantly improves muscle strength and performance in karate kata. The novelty of this intervention lies in the detailed description of the total workload, encompassing both physical and technical performance, with a specific plan tailored to the athlete’s needs. Additionally, the preparation was precisely designed for a specific tournament, addressing the sport’s unique demands.
... The measurements were conducted in dry weather with tem-peratures ranging from 10 to 22°C. The Borg CR10 scale was used to query perceived exertion before each sprint (Borg, 1998). If the estimated subjective exertion was between 7-9, the break was extended until the value was 6 or less. ...
Article
Athletes exhibit different limb kinematics when sprinting in a curve (curvilinear) compared to sprinting in a straight line (linear). However, it is unclear to what extent these changes are reflected in changes in the underlying dynamics, in particular the joint contact forces. It is important to increase our knowledge in this area to understand the different roles of the legs during curve sprinting and any associated differences in joint loading. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in predicted shear joint contact forces (shearJCFs) of the lower extremities during sprinting in curves with different degrees of curvature and during straight running. Twelve experienced sprinters sprinted 100 m on the straight, the inner and outer curve of a 400 m track. Kinematics were recorded using full-body motion capture suits. A musculoskeletal model estimated the corresponding shearJCFs for the hip, knee and ankle joints. The data were analysed using generalised linear mixed models. Significantly different shearJCFs were found between curve and straight-line sprinting in the hip and ankle, but not in the knee. Additionally, there were significant differences between left and right shearJCFs in the hip and ankle joint in all lanes. Based on the results, we suggest that specific strength training be introduced to meet the demands of curve sprinting, which focuses on the ankle and the surrounding muscles. Athletes returning from joint injuries could also benefit from the results by becoming aware of conditions that lead to high joint loading.
... Veterans were monitored in-session to ensure they were at an optimal level of exertion. To determine exertion level, Veterans were asked to subjectively rate their self-perceived exertion level based on a standardized scale (Borg, 1998) throughout the Fit for Life sessions. The physical therapist would then adjust and tailor the exercises to ensure Veterans were at a moderate level of exertion. ...
Article
Full-text available
A growing body of evidence suggests group rehabilitation may empower patients to achieve functional goals by leveraging social connectivity. From previous work, we adapted an in-person group for older Veterans to a telerehabilitation group called Fit for Life. The current quality improvement project aimed to evaluate the feasibility of implementing Fit for Life. Eligible Veterans lived in the community and were at risk for falls or hospitalization per functional performance measures. We used convergent parallel mixed methods approach in the evaluation. Eighteen Veterans ≥55 years old (all male, mean 77 years, 39% rural) received a referral to Fit for Life, two did not participate. We analyzed and integrated adaptations posed by clinicians and Veterans in real-time to enhance access to and participation in Fit for Life. Future work will explore clinical effectiveness, tools to identify patients most likely to benefit, and care delivery structures that integrate telerehabilitation groups for older Veterans.
... The surfing activities were characterised by preparatory exercises mainly focused on balance by using stand-up-paddle boards on land and then on water, while the sailing activities included gradually more intense trails, organised in the form of challenges between teams to also establish a sense of group and competition. The rating of perceived exertion of each land and water session was recorded using the Borg scale [31]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose To test, in persons with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD), safety, feasibility and PRE-to-POST changes of land- and water-based activities on clinical, psychosocial and motor-functional domains. Methods Single-group interventional, feasibility study. Twelve mildly disabled participants (9 M:3W; Hoehn–Yahr: 2) volunteered for a 10-week, biweekly outdoor multisport program of alternating sessions of land- and water-based activities (basic skills, kayaking, surfing, sailing). The abovementioned were assessed at baseline (PRE), after the program (POST), and three months after intervention completion (FOLLOW-UP). Results None of the participants reported adverse events during the intervention period. The compliance rate was high (88%). PRE-to-POST pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni adjustments showed significant reductions in UPDRS-I (mentation/behaviour/mood; − 2.2 ± 1.2pts; Z = − 3.02; p = 0.003) and BDI-II (− 2.8 ± 2.6pts; Z = 2.66; p = 0.008), and significant increases in distance covered during 6MWT (+ 8.3 ± 8.1%; p = 0.03) and 2MWT (+ 11.2 ± 13.0%; p = 0.03), which were maintained at follow-up (6MWT: + 5.9 ± 6.4%; p = 0.02; 2MWT: + 8.1 ± 7.3%; p = 0.003). A significant reduction in TUG time (− 9.1 ± 8.3%; p = 0.04) was detected and retained at FOLLOW-UP (− 9.8 ± 9.0%; p = 0.03). Gait analysis by wearable inertial sensors revealed significantly increased gait speed (+ 9.4 ± 10.1%; p = 0.04) maintained at FOLLOW-UP (+ 7.6 ± 7.5%; p = 0.005). No changes were detected in balance and strength. Conclusions Green–blue exercise proved safe and feasible in mildly disabled PwPD, as demonstrated by high compliance rate and absence of adverse events. Data suggest that supervised, land and water activities that challenge the individual in natural environments are appealing health-enhancing initiatives to cope with PwPD’ physical and psychosocial constraints. Lack of improvements’ retention in selected motor-functional outcomes at the 3-month FOLLOW-UP confirms the need for constant exercise rather than one-off programs.
Article
Full-text available
Muscle metabolites, force, and perceived exertion bicycling at varying pedal rates. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, Vol 12, No. 5, pp. 345-351, 1980. The relative significance of central (VE, Vo2, heart rate) or peripheral (muscle tension, muscle metabolites) factors on perceived exertion (RPE) was investigated with bicycle exercise by varying pedal rate while maintaining a constant power output. Six healthy male subjects exercised at zero load, submaximal (70% Vo2max) and maximal exercise intensities with pedal rates of 40, 60, 80, and 100 rpm. With changing pedal rate and constant power output, there were numerous examples of significant changes in the central factors with no change in RPE and vice versa. Similarly, measures of muscle and blood lactate, NAD, glycogen, ATP, and CP failed to demonstrate any local metabolic factor that correlated with RPE. Force exerted on the pedals and the rate of force generation approximated RPE changes, but the detailed correlation analysis was nonsignificant. None of the central or peripheral factors alone are related to RPE. Thus, RPE must be derived from a number of peripheral and/or central factors in a complex manner.
Article
Describes (in English) several studies in this field. Using a bicycle ergometer for both short and longer time (6 min.) periods, Ss worked at a standard and then adjusted the power by halving or doubling the setting, as the case may be. In some studies they worked shorter times at the lower settings. Ss for the studies were physicians, students, nurses, and forestry workers. A chapter deals with perception of exertion and factors such as pulse-rate and lactic acid in the blood. Another chapter is entitled "The Psychophysics of Muscular Work and Adjacent Fields." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
The perceived exertion rating (RPE) scale of Borg was used to investigate the relationship between perceived exertion and pedalling rate. Normal subjects and patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (Cold) were studied in repeated test series. Work load, applied in a random order, varied from 2.5 to 10 mkp/s (patients) and 5 to 20 mkp/s (normals). Pedalling rate varied from 40 to 60, 80, 100 rpm. At constant work load, RPE decreases during increasing pedalling rate. With respect to validity, RPE, showing a closer relationship to work load than to heart rate, seems to reflect perception of physical stress rather than perception of physiological strain. In addition, the results raise the question of standardization of pedalling rate in bicycle ergometry.
Article
There is a great demand for perceptual effort ratings in order to better understand man at work. Such ratings are important complements to behavioral and physiological measurements of physical performance and work capacity. This is true for both theoretical analysis and application in medicine, human factors, and sports. Perceptual estimates, obtained by psychophysical ratio-scaling methods, are valid when describing general perceptual variation, but category methods are more useful in several applied situations when differences between individuals are described. A presentation is made of ratio-scaling methods, category methods, especially the Borg Scale for ratings of perceived exertion, and a new method that combines the category method with ratio properties. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods are discussed in both theoretical-psychophysical and psychophysiological frames of reference.
Borg´s perceived exertion and pain scales. Human Kinetics Champaign II
  • G Borg
Borg G: Borg´s perceived exertion and pain scales. Human Kinetics Champaign II 1998.
An introduction to Borg´s RPE-Scale
  • G Borg
Borg G: An introduction to Borg´s RPE-Scale. New York: Movement Publications. Ithaca 1985.