No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Globalization: A critical introduction
... El aporte principal de esta investigación reside en su capacidad para comparar las respuestas nacionales al fenómeno de la globalización y proponer recomendaciones aplicables al contexto ecuatoriano. Desde el estado del arte, estudios como los de Scholte (2005) y Sen (1999 han demostrado que los marcos normativos sólidos, integrados con estándares internacionales, son fundamentales para mitigar los impactos negativos de la globalización. Sin embargo, esta investigación amplía dicha perspectiva al incluir el análisis específico de la realidad ecuatoriana, estableciendo paralelismos y diferencias con otras economías emergentes. ...
... La Constitución Alemana, por ejemplo, incluye disposiciones específicas que garantizan la negociación colectiva, la libertad sindical y la protección social como derechos fundamentales. Estas medidas han permitido que el país equilibre las demandas de un mercado global competitivo con la protección del bienestar de los trabajadores (Scholte, 2005). ...
... Alemania garantiza un equilibrio entre competitividad económica y bienestar social. La negociación colectiva y la libertad sindical están consagradas como derechos fundamentales, y el sistema de seguridad social robusto actúa como un amortiguador frente a los efectos adversos de la globalización (Scholte, 2005). Este modelo fomenta la estabilidad social mediante la participación activa de los trabajadores en la toma de decisiones económicas. ...
La globalización ha transformado profundamente las dinámicas laborales, sociales y económicas, presentando tanto oportunidades como desafíos, especialmente para las economías emergentes. Este estudio analiza cómo los marcos constitucionales y normativos enfrentan los retos impuestos por la globalización, con énfasis en los derechos laborales, sociales y económicos. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática, un análisis documental de tratados internacionales y marcos constitucionales, y un estudio de casos en países como Alemania, Brasil, Sudáfrica, México y Suecia, comparando sus estrategias con la realidad en Ecuador. Los resultados muestran que, aunque los estándares internacionales como los convenios de la OIT fortalecen los marcos normativos, su implementación enfrenta barreras estructurales, especialmente en contextos de alta informalidad laboral y dependencia de recursos extractivos. Países como Alemania y Suecia han logrado integrar estrategias inclusivas, mientras que economías emergentes como Brasil y Sudáfrica enfrentan desafíos similares a los de Ecuador, donde la Constitución de 2008 promueve principios de justicia social bajo el Buen Vivir (Sumak Kawsay), pero su aplicación se ve limitada por factores económicos e institucionales. El estudio concluye que los marcos constitucionales adaptativos, alineados con estándares internacionales, son esenciales para mitigar los efectos negativos de la globalización. Sin embargo, su éxito depende de fortalecer la gobernanza, diversificar la economía y superar barreras estructurales. Este trabajo aporta una perspectiva comparativa y recomendaciones específicas para mejorar la protección de los derechos fundamentales en Ecuador, contribuyendo al diseño de políticas más efectivas en contextos globalizados.
... Social media is a cross-border phenomenon that requires coordination between countries in terms of regulation and law enforcement. Indonesia can take an active role in international forums to encourage the development of fair and inclusive global standards (Scholte, 2020). This cooperation will strengthen Indonesia's position in the global digital ecosystem (Castells, 2009). ...
... With proper regulation, social media can be a powerful tool for empowering society, promoting social justice, and encouraging innovation (Castells, 2009). Effective regulation will ensure that social media can be used for the common good without sacrificing individual rights (Scholte, 2020). This potential must be utilized to the maximum through a strategic policy approach (Benkler, 2006). ...
This research explores the impact of social media on Indonesian society, highlighting the challenges of global technology company dominance, algorithmic bias, and increasingly complex digital inequality. Social media has developed into a new arena of power that affects various aspects of people's lives, including the formation of public opinion, the distribution of information, and the strengthening of power structures. In the context of political economy, fundamental questions arise about how algorithms designed by digital platforms systematically reinforce social and economic inequalities, especially for marginalized groups who have limited access to technology. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of power in the era of digital platforms, by emphasizing the importance of digital literacy as a strategic step. Digital literacy is seen as able to increase user awareness of use ethics, information accuracy, and more responsible content management. Using a critical paradigm, this research utilizes the theory of media political economy and the concept of digital public space to explore the relationship between social media, economics, and politics. The methodology applied includes a qualitative approach through literature study and content analysis. This study analyzes how data-driven algorithms and business models affect public discourse, as well as their impact on the quality of democracy. The findings show that digital literacy can reduce hoaxes, disinformation, and algorithmic manipulation, while increasing public participation in more constructive discussions. In conclusion, inclusive, participatory, and transparent policies are needed to create a fair social media ecosystem. Social media has the potential to become a public space that strengthens democracy and community engagement equally if it is supported by regulations that prevent the exploitation of technology by dominant actors.
... Organizations that are present on the world market are classified according to (O'Brien,2000): -The level of market engagement -The size, assets, income, profile, sales, employment and the like. Starting from a possible approach and the level of market engagement, Keegen performed the classification of companies on the: national, international, multinational, and global transnacional (Scholte, 2000). However, in this classification, which is characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon area of most uncertainty relates to multinational enterprises, as this term covers a very broad range of participants in the international market, ranging from national to multinational companies. ...
... The protesters prevented the purchase, carrying placards stating that soft toys Disney Company, a retail worth of 20www.japmnt.com 200 dollars, made by children in Tahiti for 16 cents an hour, while the director of Disney per hour earns 91,000 U.S. dollars (Scholte, 2000). Underdeveloped countries are included in the integration of the solid reasons such as the launch of the devastated economy, escape from the inherited economic deadness, the transition to modern forms of economic life and civilization. ...
The rapid development of the globalization of business has caused an increase in competition in the international market. Number of organizations different forms be increasing according to the development level of the business. Multinational companies are all companies that operate on the principle of equity investments from several countries and have control over the property for at least two or more countries. These organizations have a well-developed network of its own branches which are located around the world, through which they control the production, distribution of goods and services. Global companies-terminology under this name is first mentioned in literature in the early 90's. Global companies implement a global strategy that treats the whole world as one market and act in terms of strengthening the forces of global integration and national responsiveness pad.
... The earliest written theoretical concepts of globalization were penned by an American entrepreneur-turned-minister Charles Taze Russell [2]. At present globalization problems are widely discussed: see [3,4]. There are several aspects of globalization: economic [5,6], industrial [7,8], financial [9,10,11], but also political [4,12], cultural [13,14,15], religious [16] etc... . ...
... Within this paper four distance measures are thereby tested: two of them are based on straightforward statistical analysis, the other two are based on the entropy concept, through an extension of the Theil index. These four globalization measures are defined in Sec. 2. The test data is described in Sec. 3, i.e. four time series: (i) Gross Domestic Product (GDP), (ii) GDP per capita, (iii) annual hours worked and (iv) employment per capita 3 , in the case of (N = 20) "rich" countries over more than fifty years. After constructing the distance matrices, building two types of structurally different networks, considering various time windows and measuring statistical parameters, it occurs that 256 plots should be displayed and discussed. ...
The economy globalization measure problem is discussed. Four macroeconomic indices of twenty among the "richest" countries are examined. Four types of "distances" are calculated.Two types of networks are next constructed for each distance measure definition. It is shown that the globalization process can be best characterised by an entropy measure, based on entropy Manhattan distance. It is observed that a globalization maximum was reached in the interval 1970-2000. More recently a deglobalization process is observed.
... In fact, quite the opposite has occurred. Scholte (2000) argued: "The end of territorialism as a consequence of globalization does not mean the end of territoriality." (59). ...
... Clearly, linguistic entrepreneurship works on two axes. First, it works on the neoliberalist agenda of treating one's linguistic abilities as a form of human capital capable of being exploited to advance oneself in an increasingly globalized world and competitive labor market (Scholte, 2005;de Costa et al., 2016; see also Tupas, 2004;Salonga, 2015). Tupas (2022a: 173) counts this as the "market-driven perspective" of linguistic entrepreneurship. ...
This study unsettles and complicates our understanding of the language provisions stipulated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution, specifically Article XIV, sections 6-9, by looking underneath its surface and calling into question the unequal and racialized (post)colonial matrices and relations of power that had informed its drafting and development during the Constitutional Commission of 1986. Through a critical discursive and historiographical perspective, I found that conditions of coloniality were articulated during the language provision deliberations of the Commission and were mobilized on two axes, namely, the racialization of language through imperial amnesia and the conflation of neoliberal and linguistic entrepreneurial discourses, both of which perpetuate the effects and legacies of colonialism on language policy-making, teaching, and education even after the period of formal colonization.
... La implementación del neoliberalismo ha ocasionado una paulatina desregulación laboral y económica, así como una creciente eliminación de las restricciones a la libre circulación mundial de personas, ideas y mercancías. Todo ello se ha llevado a cabo con el objetivo manifiesto de crear una economía mundial abierta y sin fronteras (Scholte, 2000), pero, en la práctica, ha supuesto que, en aras de la propugnada apertura económica neoliberal, se haya extendido una forma de globalización causante de impactos muy negativos en diversas regiones rurales del mundo subdesarrollado de Asia, África y Latinoamérica, las cuales se ven impelidas a competir en la esfera mundial con salarios, condiciones laborales y exigencias ambientales a la baja. ...
Las desigualdades de las sociedades rurales se construyen socialmente. Las dinámicas interclasistas locales de esas sociedades han sido factores fundamentales a partir de los que entender la construcción de tales
desigualdades, las cuales han estado estrechamente vinculadas a los desequilibrios en la distribución de la tierra. Pero, las desigualdades de las presentes sociedades rurales ya no pueden ser explicadas solamente partiendo de los efectos que en ellas puedan tener las antedichas dinámicas locales, sino que su adecuada
comprensión y análisis requiere considerar también las influencias que sobre su producción y reproducción tienen decisiones y procesos socioeconómicos gestados en escenarios crecientemente vinculados a la forma de globalización neoliberal actualmente preponderante. En esta situación, que conceptúo como el “torbellino de la globalidad”, se produce una separación entre alimentación y territorios, a la vez que las cadenas de valor añadido de los productos agrarios adquieren un alcance cada vez más transnacional y planetario y las economías de los territorios locales rurales se incorporan progresivamente a esas cadenas, pasando a ser economías glocalizadas. La globalización neoliberal ocasiona una agudización de las desigualdades y contradicciones entre las clases sociales rurales, en gran parte, motivada por el acaparamiento y la concentración de tierras de cultivo, intensificado especialmente a raíz de la crisis alimentaria de 2007-2008.
Dicha crisis causó fuertes incrementos en los precios de los alimentos que numerosos analistas pronosticaron permanecerían siendo elevados en el futuro, lo que suscitó la avidez del capital financiero mundial por invertir en la adquisición de tierras. Además de esto, el creciente interés por acaparar tierras de cultivo está
relacionado con el aumento de las demandas de alimentos y materias primas por parte de países en rápido crecimiento económico como Brasil, Rusia, India, China y los estados del Golfo Pérsico. También han influido en este acaparamiento la subida de los precios del combustible derivada de la crisis energética (la cual
estimuló la inversión en tierras para la producción de biocombustibles o agro-combustibles) y una serie de políticas encaminadas a la atenuación del cambio climático. Tales políticas fomentaron la reforestación y la inversión en reservas o parques nacionales, dando lugar a lo que algunos han denominado el “acaparamiento verde”. El acaparamiento de tierras ocasiona desempleo e incertidumbres socioeconómicas para numerosos campesinos, muchos de ellos forzados a abandonar sus entornos mediante violencia o por efecto de la
precarización social y laboral derivada de ese acaparamiento. A dicha precarización, que aumenta enormemente la vulnerabilidad de las familias campesinas, hay que añadir la aparición de graves riesgos o problemas medioambientales y/o el empeoramiento de los existentes. Problemas debidos a la drástica disminución de la biodiversidad que conlleva la extensión del monocultivo característica de muchos casos de acaparamiento de tierras, y también a que la tierra es percibida no tanto como un entorno de vida o hábitat, sino como un medio para extraer los mayores beneficios en el menor tiempo posible, lo cual suele llevar al abuso de los productos fitosanitarios y los fertilizantes, así como a la degradación y agotamiento de los suelos.
... However, despite this noble ideal; contemporary migrants often face significant barriers to achieving such harmony. They regularly encounter systemic and interpersonal discrimination that stands in stark contrast to the vision of global unity proposed by Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (Scholte, 2005). The relevance of this ideal is needed to be explored in the context of migration, and the investigation of how various forms of discrimination-economic, social, and institutional-manifest across different cultural and national settings. ...
Perceived discrimination among migrants is a pressing issue
that reflects broader societal attitudes and policies towards immigrant
populations. The chapter examines the concept of "Vasudhaiva
Kutumbakam," a Sanskrit phrase meaning "the world is one family," in
relation to contemporary migration. Despite this idealistic vision of
global unity, migrants often face systemic and interpersonal
discrimination that undermines this harmonious view. It explores how
migrants perceive and experience discrimination across various cultural
and national contexts, highlighting economic, social, and institutional
biases. It reveals a significant gap between the philosophical ideal of
global unity and the harsh realities faced by migrants, arguing that
entrenched prejudices and discriminatory practices distort the concept
of global solidarity. The chapter highlights the call for a critical
reassessment of global solidarity ideals and emphasize the need for
practical policy interventions and societal changes to address the
systemic barriers perpetuating discrimination. True inclusivity requires
confronting these realities rather than relying solely on idealistic
rhetoric.
“We are all part of the same human family, and our conflicts arise from
not recognizing this fundamental truth.”
Jiddu Krishnamurti
... However, the first one, from his view, took place between the 16th century and the 19th century. These researchers put the process of globalisation in a timeframe of Colonial history and capitalist progress (Scholte, 2005). From their perspectives to some extent, it shows that the prior forms of globalisation were mainly to build a centre to rule the world and take the people of the other part of the world into its governance range and then eventually benefit from it. ...
This paper examines the interplay between globalisation and the development of China’s education system, focusing on the influence of the World Bank’s educational policies and investments. By exploring theoretical perspectives on globalisation, including transformationalism, this study analyses the evolution of China’s educational reforms in response to global economic and policy shifts. The research investigates the World Bank’s historical role in shaping educational practices in China, from higher education projects to basic and vocational education initiatives. Additionally, the paper discusses the dual impact of globalisation on China’s education—highlighting the growth of marketised English education alongside efforts to promote the Chinese language and culture globally through institutions like Confucius Institutes. This paper underscores opportunities and challenges in aligning China’s educational strategies with global standards while preserving cultural identity. The paper concludes with recommendations for balancing internationalisation with educational autonomy in the context of global interconnectedness.
... Over time, scholars have shown the influence of the global on the local. Globalization has: (i) impacted spatial organizations and social relations through the use of copious conceptual operations, themes, wide transactional networks, and interrelations -be it through extensity, intensity, or velocity (Held et al., 1999); (ii) undermined the role of the state through the use of transnational actors (Beck, 2000); (iii) intensified social relations (Giddens, 1990); (iv) respatialized and reconfigured social geography and people (Scholte, 2005); and (v) given rise to fragmentation (Rosenau, 2003). Outside of the European Union, few studies have surveyed how the regional level, in an era of heightened supranationalism influences national educational systems with or without globalization. ...
The ascendancy of new governance has had a drastic impact on all levels of policy reforms. I apply regime theory to the modes of governance that drive the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) by illuminating how the changing role of governance, at the regional level, is impacting national educational developments. The primary purposes, structures, and processes of trans-regional governances, focusing on inter-sector spillover, are then studied to illuminate the role of non-economic spaces within CARICOM. This paper suggests that the non-economic pillar of Caribbean integration – functional cooperation – influences national educational systems by giving rise to what I call educational trans-regionalism: a multi-layered process of ‘networks’ and ‘interactions’ in which new institutions and mechanisms proliferate as they seek to coordinate, regulate, disseminate, and translate educational policy discourse from the regional governing panopticon.
... Cohn (2016) argues that both Marxists and Liberals are in the same boat that the advancement of technology helps facilitate globalization. Scholte (2005) identifies the distinction is that liberals view technological advancement as a result of natural human drives for economic growth; in contrast, Marxists view it as a result of a "historically fixed desire of capitalist progress." Cohn (2016) asserts that Marxists regard globalization as a negative process that blocks states from protecting their domestic welfare and employment. ...
Aims to argue the impact of Political-Economic ideology and Globalization in the Korean Peninsula regarding its economic development and the gap of the North-South Divide. The puzzle this essay seeks to assemble is in what way and to what extent does the political-economic ideology and the impact of globalization widen the gap for the North-South divide of the Korean Peninsula?
... Konflik bersenjata di suatu negara tidak hanya dikendalikan oleh kekuatan militer; entitas non-negara juga mempunyai pengaruh non-militer. (Scholte, 2000) Kemajuan teknologi dan informasi menghadirkan peluang dan tantangan, yang berdampak pada setiap aspek kehidupan, mulai dari individu hingga negara dalam skala global. Kemajuan pesat teknologi dan informasi membawa dampak besar pada semua bidang kehidupan, termasuk ekonomi, politik, masyarakat, dan keamanan. ...
Di era teknologi dan informasi yang berubah dengan cepat, seiring dengan semakin intensnya kontak fisik, muncul permasalahan baru di bidang keamanan dan pertahanan, yaitu di bidang keamanan siber. Artikel ini membahas permasalahan yang ditimbulkan oleh serangan terhadap lingkungan pertahanan yang ada dan kemajuan sistem pertahanan keamanan siber di Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitaif. kemajuan teknologi memberikan tantangan sekaligus peluang bagi Indonesia untuk lebih meningkatkan ketahanan nasionalnya. Oleh sebab itu perlu adanya payung hukum mengenai strategi pertahanan negara dari ancaman kejahatan syber, serta kesiapan aparat negara sebagai komponen utama juga oleh didukung masyarakat sebagaimana amanat pasal 30 ayat 1 dan 2 UUD NRI 1945. Kata Kunci : Pertahanan Negara, Keamanan, Teknologi, Hukum Pertahanan Nasional.
... Durante décadas, se ha desarrollado un intenso debate en torno a la definición del término "globalización", siendo la más acertada en nuestro enfoque su acepción como proceso de liberalización para crear una economía mundial sin fronteras (Scholte, 2005). Sin embargo, aunque las fronteras de los Estados se han flexibilizado para la movilidad de capital y mercancías, no se ha dado este proceso de forma homogénea con las personas; su mayor o menor libertad de movimiento se verá condicionada por la posición de los países dentro de la economía mundial . ...
... According to the diversity and democratic culture theory, increased pluralization weakens the fixed ties between national culture and geographical location (Lei, 2011). Citizens may embrace non-territorial or supra-territorial collective identity frameworks that transcend national boundaries (Scholte, 2005). Particularly in non-Western countries, scholars have noticed the significance of social media in constructing and communicating alternative interpretations of national identity. ...
While extensive research has explored social media’s political effects, less attention has been paid to its impact on authoritarian orientation, a crucial form of political attitude. The rapid evolution of social media has brought internet freedom concerns—including access barriers, content restrictions, and violations of user rights—into prominent focus. However, research examining how these aspects of internet freedom interact with social media’s political influence remains limited. The study addresses this gap by analyzing representative samples from six Asian societies (Japan, Mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, Vietnam, and Malaysia; N = 5,115) through multilevel modeling. Using multilevel moderated mediation analyses, we demonstrate that social media has democratizing effects that are mediated by political nationalism and moderated by internet freedom. The study extends the debate on the political effects of social media to non-Western contexts, presenting an overall positive outlook on social media’s democratic effects in East Asian societies, while detailing how these effects are conditioned by the dual impacts of internet freedom in terms of content and user rights.
... Ekonomi digital bisa sebagai upaya dalam mempertahankan sumber daya dan mengembangkan perekonomian pada persaingan ekonomi global di era saat ini. Digitalisasi menjadi salah satu ciri dari transformasi ekosistem yang ditandai dengan pesatnya teknologi dan informasi (Scholte, 2017). Konsep ekonomi digital merupakan bisnis yang bisa dilakukan melalui media virtual, penciptaan dan pertukaran nilai, transaksi dan hubungan pelaku ekonomi yang matang dengan internet sebagai media alat tukar ekonomi digital bisa menjadi masa depan transformasi sosio kultural yang mampu menciptakan ruang aktivitas dan produktivitas. ...
Salah satu pelaku ekonomi yang terdampak akibat fenomena global pandemic Covid-19 adalah pelaku seni. Hal ini berdampak secara fisik maupun psikis bagi kehidupan mereka. Banyak pelaku seni bekerja dan berkreasi di rumah karena adanya larangan kegiatan berskala besar. Bali sebagai daerah terdampak dengan segudang pelaku seni, kini berusaha memulihkan perekonomian di berbagai sisi. Kehadiran perdagangan digital saat ini menjadi pilihan utama meneruskan usaha dan bisnis di tengah pandemic Covid-19. Penelitian ini berangkat dari fenomena hadirnya perdagangan digital yang disebut Non Fungible Tokens pada Crypto Art. Baliola menjadi satu-satunya marketplace di Bali yang menyediakan jasa perdagangan digital bagi para pelaku kreator seni. Banyak pelaku seni Bali mulai berbondong memonetisasi kreasi melalui perdagangan digital ini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi transformasi ekonomi yang dilakukan oleh pelaku seni Bali melalui marketplace virtual Baliola. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, in depth interview dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pelaku seni yang telah berinovasi dan bertransformasi adalah pelaku seni ukir, seni tari, seni lukis, digital ilustrasi, seniman layanan, seni perfilman, seni pegiat heritage, dan komunitas seni. Wujud transformasi dipetakan berdasarkan pemasaran, jaringan sosial, ide kreatif dan legalitas. Dalam hal ini juga telah menghasilkan preferensi pelaku seni terhadap Baliola Marketplace yaitu dari individu berupa sistem yang mudah dijangkau atau lokasi Baliola berada di wilayah Bali, berfokus pada seni bali, serta penggunaan token berbasis kearifan lokal (uang kepeng) dan sosial berupa religiusitas yang berarti terverfikasi aman dan halal, diawasi dan didukung pemerintah Bali serta validasi rekanan atau teman yang telah menggunakan sebelumnya
... The theoretical framework and research background largely depend on the existing literature. Studies by Scholte (Scholte, 2009) andSteger et al. (Steger et al., 2023) analyze the evolution of globalization and its impact on society. Luke Amadi's paper makes a strong case for the consequent decline in confidence in international institutions (Amadi, 2020) while, Packiaraj Thangavel, Pramod Pathak, and Bibhas Chandra's paper emphasizes how the pandemic exposed weaknesses in global value chains and sparked a return of protectionist sentiments among national leaders (Thangavel et al., 2022). ...
Global strategic and economic landscape is changing dramatically, calling into question the long-held connectivity principles that define globalization. Nations have benefited from advancements in technology and collaborative policies that facilitated global integration over time. Bangladesh is a country that has reaped enormous benefits from globalization. However, the familiar landscape of an interconnected globe is now under threat, as governments increasingly embrace protectionist measures, unraveling the complex structure of global flows that has been painstakingly built up over decades. This study examines the current dynamics of major global players in the geopolitical arena and the implications of their interaction for Bangladesh. The paper further investigates the challenges as well as possibilities that the post COVID-19 era presents for Bangladesh. By examining global political trends, the paper attempts to provide an analysis of how Bangladesh is adapting to global changes amid the post COVID-19 protectionism and what are the prospects for its position in the evolving strategic landscape.
... In fact, quite the opposite has occurred. Scholte (2000) argued: "The end of territorialism as a consequence of globalization does not mean the end of territoriality." (59). ...
... An opposite interpretation shows that the presence of massive differences between nations leads to the uneven distribution of the benefits deriving from globalization. This means that developing countries may not be able to take advantage of market integration in the same way as others and that within developed countries themselves there may be a gap between sectors that can benefit from Globalization and sectors mainly damaged by this (Scholte, 2015). Globalization influences and changes the strategic behaviour of the company, in fact the process of economic integration and the creation of global markets have a concrete effect on the strategic choices made. ...
Globalization creates job opportunities but can also lead to decreased employment in some sectors as competition between companies increases, which can lead to closures, relocations and job losses. Managing globalization to get the best of it is a priority of the European Union also for the creation of a social Europe that helps those who have lost their jobs to find another. In fact, the jobs created directly or indirectly supported by EU exports are constantly growing. Globalization can cause the loss of jobs as one of the most destabilizing aspects for workers in the era of globalization is the tendency to relocate material production. The absence of restrictions on the circulation of goods and capital implies the possibility of being able to transfer production from one country to another in order to find the greatest return on capital, that is, greater entrepreneurial profits. Until a few years ago, it was only large multinationals that relocated production, currently, this process is also spreading to medium-sized companies and small businesses, which transfer to other countries or single segments of the production chain, or the entire work process, shutting down or drastically reducing their national production. The most vulnerable sectors are characterized by a prevalence of low-skilled jobs: these are the textile, clothing and footwear, metallurgy and manufacturing industries. The study shows that the Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to bring the production of some essential sectors and products, such as medicines, back to Europe.
... Understanding the global perspective of the vision of education is very important for people, especially those who care about the existence of education, to strengthen national identity in the vortex of social change. In this context, we can refer to Scholte (2005) opinion that globalization can be interpreted as 1) Internationalization, namely increasing international relations activities; 2) Liberalization, namely the decreasing "boundaries" of a country; 3) Universalization, namely the broader distribution of materials and immaterials throughout the world; 4) Westernization, namely the broader spread of culture and ways of thinking so that they have global influence; and 5) Transplanetary and supraterritorial relations, namely the global world which has its ontology (scope of study object), not just a combination of various countries. This fifth definition is slightly different from the previous four definitions. ...
This study examines the national identity crisis in Indonesian education globally. This type of research is literature with a qualitative approach. Data collection by reconstructing data from books, archives, magazines, documents, journals, documentation, newspapers, etc. Using the philosophical hermeneutic analysis approach of Hans-Georg Gadamer through the stages of interpretation, holistic, and heuristic. This study shows that education is needed to strengthen national identity in the vortex of social change. Globalization is like a "three-edged sword," namely it can weaken or even eliminate a culture (transcendence), can help revive a culture (transference), and can cause a mixture of cultures (transformation) between globalization and local culture. In addition, the factors causing the national identity crisis based on a global perspective from a sociological vision are specific culture (web culture), antisocial nature, and low criticality of adolescents in facing the development of technological culture. From an anthropological perspective, namely the hegemony of global culture by international powers, the weak resilience of society in facing the onslaught of global culture, the noble values of culture are starting to erode and may even disappear at some point, and modern culture is replacing old traditions. This research is limited to a narrow-scope analysis of the national identity crisis, while there is still a need for other essential aspects that need further study. Education should not only examine the intellectual side but there is a need for a balance of science and knowledge so that the output is not only intelligent in intellectual terms but also has value, one of which is national identity and love for one's products and culture.
... La noción de territorio involucra procesos de desterritorialización y reterritorialización, esta perspectiva nos permite analizar no solo cómo surge y se construye la feria, sino también cómo esta emerge a partir de la experiencia de los actores en su espacio geográfico. Diversos trabajos (Sack,1986;Haesbaert, 2013;Deleuze & Guattari, 2008;Arce & Charão-Marques, 2022) analizan la construcción del territorio desde la acción de los sujetos centrándose en los procesos de territorialización, desterritorialización y reterritorialización. La desterritorialización es parte del proceso de la globalización que involucra dinámicas de transformación regionales y locales (Held et al., 1999;Scholte, 2005) en permanente interacción con aspectos económicos, políticos y legales dentro y más allá de los Estados nación. Esta situación genera escenarios de copresencia de actores y actividades que no siempre contribuyen a la construcción de procesos sinérgicos de desarrollo territorial. ...
Este trabajo indaga sobre prácticas sociales, comerciales y territoriales alternativas generadas en una ciudad enclavada en una zona pampeana con alta incidencia del modelo de agronegocios. Su economía se forja alrededor de la agricultura y ganadería con alto uso de agro insumos externos a la explotación primaria. A partir de la antropología y sociología del desarrollo, esta investigación sitúa al espacio territorial de la Feria Agroecológica Cuatro Estaciones de Balcarce, en Buenos Aires, Argentina, como un generador de interfases de conocimientos. Esta orientación prioriza a los actores y a sus capacidades creadoras de generar cursos de acción más allá del capital, como elemento dinamizador de toda práctica comercial. El enfoque teórico metodológico adoptado prioriza en la regeneración de las existencias sociomateriales desde la mirada de los actores. En las biografías y en las experiencias de los actores —feriantes— se busca conocer el entramado de saberes, entre estos y los representantes institucionales estatales. Los consumidores y las materialidades de la Feria Agroecológica Cuatro Estaciones son una expresión de múltiples modos de vida en constante cambio, que muestra procesos de desterritorialización, propiciados por habitantes de otras ciudades. La feria es una expresión de múltiples modos de vida que cuestionan modelos existentes.
... Nesse sentido, a supra territorialidade acontece devido ao surgimento das tecnologias digitais que reconfiguraram os espaços sociais, e que envolvem vários aspectos da vida, bem como os aspectos econômicos, políticos, sociais e culturais, visto que nos permitem estabelecer conexões e contatos com diversas partes do mundo, em tempo real de forma síncrona e assíncrona, diminuindo a noção de tempo e espaço, superando a limitação físico-geográfica entre os territórios (Ramalho, 2012;Scholte, 2000). Desse modo, Hall (2011) ao discutir sobre as identidades na contemporaneidade, afirma que: ...
In contemporary Western societies, we live in the age of images, where almost everything is permeated by them, from political issues to the marketing of products. The imagetic language disseminated through digital technologies crosses continents, acting on individuals' ways of thinking and meaning the world, as well as on their relations with body appearance. Thus, the overall objective of this research was to understand how the images present in digital culture affect the relationships of adolescents with their body appearance, from the perspective of high school students. This is a research that used the qualitative methodology, with five adolescents of both genders, aged between 15 and 17 years old who attend high school in Brasília - DF and Fortaleza - CE, four participants being private school students and one public school student. The instruments used were: a semi-structured interview script with open questions, a video taken from youtube, and an activity that involved the creation of a visual representation. From what the participants said during the interviews, it was possible to notice a greater dissatisfaction with their body appearance on the part of the female participants. Moreover, the participants made relevant comments about images in the promotion of human rights and highlighted the benefits and challenges of the participation of digital technologies in the school context. It was possible to realize the importance of further research on how visual language participates in the development of adolescents, both in terms of mental health, identity processes, and education.
Keywords: adolescents; body appearance; digital culture; images; hegemonic aesthetic standards
... Un cuerpo de estudios que se opone a la perspectiva economicista reclama que la globalización es un fenómeno presunto, e incluso inexistente (Berger, 2002;Scholte, 2005). Sus defensores alegan que la enorme cantidad de barreras, fragmentaciones y obstáculos que caracterizan al mundo contemporáneo demuestra que la globalización es ficticia o no es más que una utopía. ...
... These actors have played a pivotal role in promoting contemporary globalization, which disproportionately benefits Western nations (Ikenberry, 2007). Pogge (2005) contends that globalization represents the culmination of centuries of colonialism, slavery, and genocide, resulting in substantial socioeconomic inequalities, environmental degradation, and structural injustices (Pogge, 2005;Scholte, 2017). The unbridled neoliberalism characterizing our current world order is often considered a zero-sum game with adverse consequences for developing nations (Pogge, 2005). ...
This study examines the development and influence of the international anti-
corruption regime, utilizing Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to dissect the discursive
practices that shape perceptions of corruption and the strategies employed to combat it. Our
analysis reveals how Western institutional entrepreneurs play a pivotal role in defining
corruption predominantly as bribery and governance failures, underpinned by a neoliberal
ideology that prescribes societal norms and identifies corrupt practices. By exploring the
mechanisms through which this ideology is propagated, the research enriches institutional
entrepreneurship theory and highlights the neoliberal foundations of current anti-corruption
efforts. This study not only enhances our understanding of the institutional frameworks that
govern anti-corruption discourse but also demonstrates how discourse legitimizes certain
ideologies while marginalizing others. The findings offer practical tools for altering power
dynamics, promoting equitable participation, and addressing the imbalanced North-South
power relations. By challenging established perspectives, this research contributes to
transformative discourse and action, offering new pathways for understanding and combating
corruption. These insights have significant theoretical and practical implications for improving
the effectiveness of corruption prevention and counteraction strategies globally.
... Stolper and Samuelson proposition consider cost balance, reveals unhindered transition of merchandize and data would balance cost in individual nations making commerce extra ambitious (Salvatore, 2013). Scholte (2005) articulated on the contrary that globalization controlled by sole Western-global Corporation mostly collapsed. It spurs advancing economies to execute monetary security actions (Gupta and Kumar, 2020). ...
The review investigates the effects of economic globalization on agricultural bang for the buck in emerging economies employing panel data procedures. The review strives to include the viewpoint on economic globalization's effects in emerging economies. Presently, emerging economies should devise policies to optimize economic globalization and improve the desirability of their agricultural products. In addition, advanced countries should also secure the progression of their factories that depend on advancing country native materials. For hypothesis evolution, also want to show if free commerce might boost perfect and relative trade competitiveness, mostly agriculture in emerging economies. Globalization is intended to mitigate regional imbalance, impoverishment and boost sustainability and total human wellbeing. This review discusses the effects of exchange rates, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, total agricultural export values, agricultural mport duties, and fertilizer imports on agricultural bang for the buck in developing countries, particularly, China and Indonesia.
Globalisasi adalah sebuah keadaan yang tidak dapat dihindari karena gelombangnya tidak dapat dicegah dan berjalan mengikuti perkembangan zaman. Adanya globalisasi telah memberikan dampak yang besar terhadap berbagai aspek kehidupan masyarakat, salah satunya mengenai keamanan. Schneider (2007) mengemukakan bahwa globalisasi memunculkan dampak yang bisa mengurangi konflik karena adanya peningkatan interdependensi ekonomi antara negara-negara sehingga mengurangi insentif untuk berkonflik karena negara-negara cenderung terintegrasi melalui perdagangan, investasi, dan institusi keuangan, serta biaya konflik militer semakin meningkat. Namun, di sisi lain, globalisasi membawa tantangan baru yang kompleks bagi keamanan negara, di mana ancaman tidak lagi hanya berasal dari militer, tetapi juga dari serangan siber, terorisme lintas negara, hingga perdagangan manusia. Ancaman-ancaman ini menuntut negara-negara untuk beradaptasi dan memperkuat strategi keamanan mereka dalam menghadapi risiko yang semakin beragam akibat globalisasi. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini membahas mengenai dinamika perang dan keamanan yang terjadi di dunia global dewasa ini yang sudah terpengaruh oleh adanya globalisasi. Pembahasan-mengenai perubahan kontur ancaman keamanan saat ini dan pembaharuan dari adanya keamanan tradisional yang diterapkan sebelum memasuki era globalisasi adalah fokus utama dalam tulisan ini.
The increasing fragmentation of the global economy and politics, coupled with the profound and unpredictable diversity of our society, renders the idea of courteous and open-minded discourse seemingly unattainable. The centralised and uniform global economic governance orchestrated by pivotal entities like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and the World Bank (WB) has had detrimental effects on emerging nations. This dynamic has facilitated the rise of nativist and populist leaders who promote mercantilist and protectionist policies, thereby eroding the foundational principles of a "liberal" international order. This trend is particularly evident in scenarios where globalisation has intensified economic inequality and poverty, as recent historical events demonstrate. International financial institutions frequently advocate for a uniform strategy in development, focusing on neoliberal economic policies like free trade, deregulation, and limited government involvement. These models have faced criticism for not aligning with the unique socio-economic realities of developing nations, which can sometimes result in stagnation or economic dependency. This paper will explore the origins of the global economic imbalance initiated by the Bretton Woods System and will critically examine whether any developments have occurred since that time to reduce global economic inequality. The assessment will determine if the ambitious initiatives proposed by the International Financial Institutions (IFI) aimed at enhancing living standards across nations have resulted in a transformative shift that influences the ongoing economic challenges faced by developing countries.
Küreselleşme yaklaşımındaki perspektif farklılığı çalışmanın çıkış noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, küreselleşme yaklaşımları temelinde, batı menşeili küreselleşme fikir akımı esas alınarak, küreselleşmenin batı kültüründen beslendiğini savunan fikir akımının argümanları izah edilmiştir. Turizm sistemi özelinde ise, küreselleşmenin kültür yönü ile destinasyonlar üzerinde oluşturduğu etki sürecini esas alan hipotetik bir model geliştirilmiş ve betimlenmiştir. Buna göre, yeni nesil medya araçları ile etkisi ortaya çıkarılan küreselleşmenin kültür odağı, turizm sistemi kapsamında doğrudan etkileşim aracılığıyla yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu durum, kitlelerin tatil anlayışını bireyselcilik yönüne sevk etmiştir. Destinasyonlar özelinde ise, yerli halkın kültürel dönüşüm süreci, özendirme ve difüzyon etkileri ile kademeli olarak dönüşüme uğrama meyline girmiştir. Söz konusu dönüşüm süreci, materyalizm ve bireyselleşmenin destinasyonlara yayılmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu da yerel kültürün ticarileşmesi şeklinde tezahür etmektedir.
The encyclopedia was compiled by doctoral students of my Globalization and hybridization course at ELTE University, Budapest in 2024.
It was designed to support academic courses and research work related to global and cultural issues.
Globalization unavoidably propels migration which has been and will continue to claim the lives of most Africans in an attempt to scout for greener pastures in foreign lands. This thereby causes security challenges to both African immigrants and the receiving nations or host countries. Thus, presenting “Africanness” and “self-reliance” (philosophy of do-it-yourself) as our anchor arguments, we argue that Africans in the diaspora can manage racial crisis by redefining their identities, and Africa can actualize autonomy and greatness if and only if African nations can effectively utilize her available natural and human resources.
The study examines the relevance of state-building in the 2020s within the framework of International Relations (IR) theories, with a focus on the Liberal World Order (LWO). Rooted in liberal ideology, the theory of state-building asserts that adherence to universally accepted norms and regulations by sovereign states best achieves global security. We explore the concept of 'offensive liberalism', emphasising the proactive role of stable states in enforcing these norms in regions where state capacity is lacking. The paper revisits the literature on state-building and the international system, noting a decline in scholarly focus over the past fifteen years. However, contemporary conflicts such as the war in Ukraine have brought state-building back to the forefront of global political discourse. The study underscores the importance of state-building in maintaining the stability and security of the LWO and emphasises the need for comprehensive reconstruction efforts in war-torn regions. It argues for the continued relevance of state-building in maintaining the LWO, particularly in regions facing instability. It calls for flexible, context-aware strategies that prioritise local engagement and regional cooperation to address Africa's unique socio-political landscape's challenges and opportunities.
Küreselleşme ile bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri arasındaki ilişki, insani gelişim üzerindeki etkileri açısından derinlemesine bir inceleme gerektiren önemli bir araştırma konusudur. Küreselleşme, ekonomik, kültürel ve sosyal etkileşimlerin uluslararası düzeyde artmasını ifade eder. Bu süreç, ülkeler arasında mal ve hizmetlerin, sermayenin ve iş gücünün daha serbest hareket etmesini sağlar. Aynı zamanda, bilgi akışını hızlandırarak, çeşitli kültürel ve sosyal normların yayılmasına katkıda bulunur. Küreselleşme, ülkeler arasındaki eşitsizlikleri etkileyebilir; bazı bölgelerde ekonomik fırsatları artırırken, diğerlerinde bu fırsatlara erişim kısıtlı olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 1990 ile 2022 yılları arasında Türkiye’de küreselleşme ile bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin insani gelişim üzerindeki etkilerini kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemektir. Çalışmada, insani gelişim bağımlı değişken olarak ele alınırken, küreselleşme endeksi, internet kullanan bireylerin sayısı, mobil hücresel abonelikler ve ekonomik büyüme bağımsız değişkenler olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu çerçevede, çalışmanın önemi, belirli faktörlerin uzun dönemli etkilerini ortaya koyması ve Türkiye’nin insani gelişimini artırmak için stratejiler geliştirilmesine katkı sağlamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Durağanlık bulgusu elde edildikten sonra değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkiyi incelemek için uygulanan Fourier Shin eşbütünleşme testi sonuçları, değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, küreselleşmedeki %1’lik bir artışın, insani gelişimi %0.14 oranında artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuç, küreselleşmenin insani gelişim üzerinde olumlu bir etki yarattığını ve toplumların yaşam kalitesini artırabileceğini göstermektedir. Başka bir bulguya göre mobil hücresel aboneliklerdeki %1’lik bir artışın, küreselleşmeyi %0.02 oranında artırdığı görülmüştür. Bu bulgu, mobil iletişim teknolojilerinin küreselleşme sürecine katkıda bulunduğunu ve dolayısıyla dolaylı olarak insani gelişim üzerinde etkili olabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bulgular, küreselleşme ile bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin insani gelişim üzerindeki rolünü daha iyi kavrayabilmek için önemli bir temel sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca bu süreçlerin iyileştirilmesine yönelik stratejik yaklaşımlar ve politikaların geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunabilir.
(The relationship between globalization and information and communication technologies (ICTs) is an important research topic that requires in-depth study in terms of its impact on human development. Globalization refers to the increasing economic, cultural and social interactions at the international level. This process facilitates the freer movement of goods, services, capital and labour between countries. At the same time, it accelerates the flow of information and contributes to the spread of different cultural and social norms. Globalization can affect inequalities between countries; while it may increase economic opportunities in some regions, access to these opportunities may remain limited in others. The aim of this study is to comprehensively examine the impact of globalization and ICT on human development in Türkiye between 1990 and 2022. In the study, human development is considered as the dependent variable, while the globalization index, the number of internet users, mobile phone subscriptions and economic growth are the independent variables. In this context, the importance of the study lies in its potential to reveal the long-term effects of certain factors and to contribute to the development of strategies aimed at improving human development in Türkiye. After establishing stationarity, the Fourier-Shin cointegration test was applied to examine the long-run relationship between the variables, and the results indicate the existence of a long-run relationship. According to the results, a 1% increase in globalization leads to a 0.14% increase in human development. This result shows that globalization has a positive impact on human development and can improve the quality of life in societies. Another finding is that a 1% increase in mobile phone subscriptions increases globalization by 0.02%. This suggests that mobile communication technologies contribute to the process of globalization and may therefore have an indirect impact on human development. These findings provide an important basis for a better understanding of the role of globalization and ICTs in human development. They can also contribute to the development of strategic approaches and policies aimed at improving these processes.)
The purpose of this article is to explore and analyse how globalisation and cultural diversity are addressed in the Finnish national curriculum for comprehensive school. The study focuses on both the broad considerations of globalisation and cultural diversity as well as the unique challenges of various school subjects in addressing these topics. The analysis is particularly concerned with the ethical ramifications associated with critical perspectives on globalisation. The curriculum does not provide a direct answer to these concerns. Instead, it emphasises cultural diversity when presenting the many issues encountered by pupils. The primary finding of the analysis is that the conceptualization of globalisation in the Finnish curriculum lacks depth and substance. As an indication of this, the curriculum places a greater focus on cultural diversity than globalisation. Moreover, the Finnish curriculum perceives globalisation and cultural diversity as prospects rather than challenges. In terms of ethical considerations, the curriculum represents a kind of mixed model in which utilitarian considerations are emphasised but refined with duty-ethical considerations arising from universal human rights.
This article critically examines the challenges to the globalization paradigm observed throughout the world in the twenty-first century. While empirical evidence suggests that the policy-oriented globalization project of the 1990s has been superseded by different tendencies and policies, social-scientific scholarship in areas other than economics has not engaged with the notion of ‘post-globalization’. The principal reason appears to be the employment of different conceptual lenses, whereby globalization appears as a long-term process largely unaffected by short-term shifts. The article interrogates the conceptual terrain of globalization scholarship, arguing that several important developments require the adjustment of theoretical lenses and a greater flexibility in the use of globalization as a master concept. In order to perform such a task, the article outlines a series of ideas that could facilitate the development of a perspective capable of addressing the question of how we should think about globalization in a post-globalization era.
The aim of this study is to find the impact of international business on organizational performance that operated in Bahrain as well as the headquarter of multinational firm has used many practices in management and HRM, this research focused on practice that is training and development. Also, the comparative between local firms and multinational firms was studied. The study employed a deductive analysis, in which data was collected from line manager, leader and HR director of firms as well as the sample of research 400 and the responding. The number of questionnaires collected from MNEs is 200 and the remining from local firms. The basic test was used to find the cooperative and the advanced test logic regression to find the linkage relationship between training and development and organizational performance. The research established that there is a significant difference between local firm and multinational firms that in Bahrin country. The multinational firm do the same practice in headquarter and the branch in Bahrin. The link between the training and organizational performance is significant. The control variables that are firm size, type of industry and sales revenue impact on training practice on MNEs.
Vocational education and training have been widely found to be related to economic development. In China, a country with a collectivist ideology, this relationship is especially significant and is reflected in many vocational education policies. This study analyzed the relationship between national development and Chinese technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in a systematic review. The study screened 33 vocational education policies that depicted the government's expectation of promoting economic development. These policies were screened, coded, categorized, and connected based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis standards. Qualitative methods and the theoretical framework of Ashton and Green were used to analyze the policies. Six themes were generated to detail the Chinese TVET development form and its attempts to promote national development: the modern TVET system, school-based vocational education, the competency-oriented curriculum system, student incentives, employer incentives, and workplace-based skills training.
Geographic distance between certain parts of the World during most of human history had the function of a barrier and reduced the possibilities of communication between them. The impossibility of quickly overcoming large distances and information exchange was the main obstacle to connecting distant societies and the main brake on the establishment of global connections. Advances in transportation technologies in the 20th century eased spatial barriers to some extent. But only with globalization, the emergence of the Internet and the development of information technologies at the end of the 20th century, the concept of geographic distance was radically changed and physical distance as a barrier was eliminated to a significant extent; terms like cyberspace, virtual reality, deterritorialization, etc. were created. Today, when social networks enable instant communication on a planetary level, in people's minds the compression of time and space leads to a completely different understanding of distance and its relativization. The increasingly easy transport of people and goods over long distances, the explosive growth of information and communication technologies and other phenomena contained in the term globalization have led many authors to discuss the diminishing importance of geographic distances as significant forces in driving economic and social activities. The concept of the "death of distance" and the "end of geography" were developed, which imply that in the modern world geographic distance is no longer important, because interpersonal communication and economic activities are increasingly transferred from real physical to virtual digital space. This paper critically examines these concepts, with the aim of proving how, even in conditions of total global networking, geographic distances still play a significant role in interpersonal relations and global economy.
The existence of Sedekah Bumi has decreased due to globalization. This has become a problem in Pekon Merbau in the social and cultural fields, such as the loss of the original culture of an area such as Sedekah Bumi. The current of globalization has had a major influence on Indonesian culture, including the Sedekah Bumi ceremony. The rapid pace of information and telecommunications can actually lead to a tendency that leads to the waning of the value of cultural preservation. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of knowing the influence of globalization on the existence of the Sedekah Bumi tradition in society. The research method used is a quantitative approach with descriptive methods, then data collection techniques in the field are carried out by means of observation and questionnaires. Based on the results of the study indicate that globalization affects the existence of the Sedekah Bumi in Pekon Merbau. This is shown from the results of the simple linear regression analysis test showing the t-count value of 3.136 and the sig value of 0.002. Thus it can be concluded that t hitung > t table is 3.136 > 0.67581 and the value of sig < 0.05 is 0.002 < 0.05 so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. Globalization is a factor that can affect the fading of the existence of the Sedekah Bumi in Pekon Merbau, so that if globalization is positive, the influence will be positive on the existence of the Sedekah Bumi which indicates that the Sedekah Bumi tradition will increasingly fade. On the other hand, if globalization is negative, the impact will be negative, which means the Sedekah Bumi tradition will be stronger and continue to be preserved.Keywords: Sedekah Bumi, Globalization, Existence
RESUMO Abordar a globalização e a sua relevância para as ciências sociais é um desafio imenso e assustador, que requer atenção sistemática e conhecimento profundo. No entanto, existe um acordo geral entre os cientistas sociais de que a sociedade mudou ao longo do tempo e se tornou mais complexa do que nunca. De facto, pensamos mais globalmente do que nunca e isso resulta de e em mudanças e transformações. O discurso da globalização nas ciências sociais sempre esteve associado ao conceito de mudança social, e essas mudanças sempre foram no sentido do desenvolvimento da sociedade. Os pensadores clássicos foram os primeiros a pensar e a caracterizar a sociedade a evoluir de um estádio para o outro. Nas nossas cidades cosmopolitas, a nossa vida e os nossos espaços sociais são enormemente afetados pela inteligência artificial, pela internet e pela comunicação social que nos ligam ao mundo e tornam a nossa vida social muito mais interconectada. Aparentemente, nesta era global, todos os dias surgem novos fenómenos que nunca existiram antes. Um dos aspetos do mundo global é um económico que integrou o Estado-nação numa entidade de poder articulada que se eleva como poder global. É óbvio que a transformação económica e as relações sociais em todo o mundo interligam cada vez mais pessoas e lugares através da organização do trabalho e dos fluxos de bens e serviços. Talvez os cientistas sociais devam propor uma mudança teórica para entender melhor esses novos fenómenos que estão a surgir. Mas subsiste a difícil questão de saber como é que os cientistas sociais estão a considerar as mudanças nas teorias sociais e como as teorias das ciências sociais globalmente estão a trabalhar. O objetivo deste artigo não é discutir todas as mudanças estruturais da teoria das ciências sociais. É uma tentativa para chamar a atenção do leitor para um discurso existente nas ciências sociais sobre mudança social e a globalização. Palavras-chave: Globalização.
These master theses entitled Turkey's geopolitical Features as 21st Century Breakdown Criteria occurs three parts except inputs and results. In the first part of Turkey's geopolitical power has been demonstrated. Here expressing values geopolitical events and natural features are indicated by considering the degree of population, economics characteristics. The second part, the effects of globalization and to Turkey under the globalized world and Turkey were evaluated. This section also describes the global and regional power centers. In the third chapter analyzed the hot issues of concern to Turkey. These are mainly in the energy sources, transmission pipelines, transboundary waters, social media, nongoverment organisations, changing values and approaches are described and analyzed. At the conclusion of the geopolitical position of Turkey's regional and global as criterias have evaluated. However, there is also a result-assessment made in dealing with future perspectives. Geographical location of Turkey, human and economic characteristics, power supply, physical structure are available. Fulfill the requirements of the era of globalization has been involved in the organization of a regional and global power. Energy sources and pipelines, water issues, cultural diversity and identity conflicts, regional differences, agriculture pains transition to society to information and industrial society, changing values, conflicts in the region, new media, civil society organizations, but that the discussions on hot topics such as international funds where they were placed in the solution. As a result, it is highlighted that Turkey is in the process of becoming a regional power.
Buku ini dirancang untuk memberikan pembaca wawasan yang mendalam tentang berbagai aspek manajemen bisnis internasional, termasuk strategi masuk pasar global, pengelolaan sumber daya manusia lintas budaya, manajemen risiko, serta aspek keuangan dan operasional yang relevan. Melalui contoh-contoh kasus nyata dan analisis yang mendalam, kami berharap pembaca dapat memahami tidak hanya teori- teori dasar, tetapi juga bagaimana teori tersebut dapat diterapkan dalam konteks bisnis global yang nyata.
