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Bortezomib (Velcade)-thalidomide-dexamethasone is superior to thalidomide-dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma progressing or relapsing after autologous transplantation
... Nineteen trials with a total of 8997 patients were finally selected and included in the analysis (Table 1). 10,11,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] Two trials 41,42 did not report data or provide a graph showing OS and were therefore excluded from all OS analyses. At least 1 data comparison in terms of survival, ORR, or toxicity was reported in all selected RCTs, which were therefore deemed eligible for the analysis. ...
... Our analyses included 16 trials for pairwise meta-analyses (involving 7500 patients). In particular, there were 10 trials (4371 patients) 10,11,[33][34][35][36][37][39][40][41] in which an experimental treatment was compared with a bortezomib-based conventional treatment and 6 trials (3129 patients) 11,[24][25][26][27]42 in which an experimental treatment was compared with an IMiD-based conventional treatment. Funnel plot visual inspection (supplemental Figure 1) MA, meta-analysis; PRISMA, preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (checklist); SEER, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (program). of publication bias for bortezomib comparison. ...
Key Points
Different therapeutic agents are currently available for the treatment of RRMM. By performing an NMA, we identified a lenalidomide-dexamethasone + mAb regimen as the most active therapeutic option in this setting.
... Although OS data were not mature, the results pointed out a clear positive trend in favor of CRd. The delay in disease progression observed with CRd was clinically relevant and appeared superior (albeit based on indirect comparisons) to available triple-combinations in the setting of relapsed MM, such as VTD, VRD, or panobinostat, bortezomib, and dexamethasone [17,18]. Although the interim analysis of OS did not cross the prespecified early stopping boundary, they are only descriptive; the use of the combination of CRd seem to provide a positive benefit in terms of ORR (CRd 87.1%; Rd 66.7%; p < .0001), ...
Implications for practice:
Carfilzomib (Kyprolis) was approved in the European Union in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of adult patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy. The addition of carfilzomib to lenalidomide and dexamethasone resulted in a clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvement of progression-free survival compared with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, which was supported by a clear trend in overall survival benefit, although the data were not mature. At the time of the marketing authorization of carfilzomib, the delay in disease progression appeared superior to available alternatives in the setting of relapsed multiple myeloma. In terms of safety, the overall accepted safety profile was considered manageable.
In the year 2000, Hanahan and Weinberg (1) defined the six Hallmarks of Cancer as: self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, insensitivity to antigrowth mechanisms, tissue invasion and metastasis, limitless replicative potential, and sustained angiogenesis. Eleven years later, two new Hallmarks were added to the list (avoiding immune destruction and reprograming energy metabolism) and two new tumor characteristics (tumor-promoting inflammation and genome instability and mutation) (2). In multiple myeloma (MM), a destructive cancer of the plasma cell that grows predominantly in the bone marrow (BM), it is clear that all these hallmarks and characteristics are in play, contributing to tumor initiation, drug resistance, disease progression, and relapse. Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is a newly recognized contributor to MM oncogenesis and disease progression, potentially affecting MM cell metabolism, immune action, inflammation, and influences on angiogenesis. In this review, we discuss the confirmed and hypothetical contributions of BMAT to MM development and disease progression. BMAT has been understudied due to technical challenges and a previous lack of appreciation for the endocrine function of this tissue. In this review, we define the dynamic, responsive, metabolically active BM adipocyte. We then describe how BMAT influences MM in terms of: lipids/metabolism, hypoxia/angiogenesis, paracrine or endocrine signaling, and bone disease. We then discuss the connection between BMAT and systemic inflammation and potential treatments to inhibit the feedback loops between BM adipocytes and MM cells that support MM progression. We aim for researchers to use this review to guide and help prioritize their experiments to develop better treatments or a cure for cancers, such as MM, that associate with and may depend on BMAT.
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell malignancy resulting in osteolytic lesions and fractures. In the disease state, bone healing is limited owing to increased osteoclastic and decreased osteoblastic activity, as well as an MM-induced forward-feedback cycle where bone-embedded growth factors further enhance tumor progression as bone is resorbed. Recent work on somatic mutation in MM tumors has provided insight into cytogenetic changes associated with this disease; the initiating driver mutations causing MM are diverse because of the complexity and multitude of mutations inherent in MM tumor cells. This manuscript provides an overview of MM pathogenesis by summarizing cytogenic changes related to oncogenes and tumor suppressors associated with MM, reviewing risk factors, and describing the disease progression from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to overt MM. It also highlights the importance of the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) in the establishment and progression of MM, as well as associated MM-induced bone disease, and the relationship of the bone marrow to current and future therapeutics. This review highlights why understanding the basic biology of the healthy and diseased BMM is crucial in the quest for better treatments and work toward a cure for genetically diverse diseases such as MM.
Despite the therapeutic advances made in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and the subsequent progress in outcome, this disease remains incurable for the large majority of patients. Cure in myeloma is considered as a relapse-free interval of at least 10–15 years and can be achieved either by full disease eradication (‘operational cure’), or alternatively by a return to a premalignant indolent monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) or smoldering myeloma status.
In contrast to the upfront setting in which the role of high dose therapy with autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) as consolidation of a 1(st) remission in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) is well established, the role of high dose therapy with autologous or allogeneic HCT has not been extensively studied in MM patients relapsing after primary therapy. The International Myeloma Working Group together with the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (BMT-CTN), the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation (ASBMT), and the European Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) convened a meeting of MM experts to: 1. Summarize current knowledge regarding the role of autologous or allogeneic HCT in MM patients progressing after primary therapy; 2. Propose guidelines for the use of salvage HCT in MM; 3. Identify knowledge gaps; 4 Propose a research agenda and 5. Develop a collaborative initiative to move the research agenda forward. After reviewing the available data, the expert committee came to the following consensus statement for salvage autologous HCT: 1. In transplant eligible patients relapsing after primary therapy that did NOT include an autologous HCT, high dose therapy with HCT as part of salvage therapy should be considered standard; 2. High dose therapy and autologous HCT should be considered appropriate therapy for any patients relapsing after primary therapy that includes an autologous HCT with initial remission duration of more than 18 months; 3. High dose therapy and autologous HCT can be used as a bridging strategy to allogeneic HCT; 4. The role of post salvage HCT maintenance needs to be explored in the context of well designed prospective trials that should include new agents such as monoclonal antibodies, immune-modulating agents and oral proteasome inhibitors; 5. Autologous HCT consolidation should be explored as a strategy to develop novel conditioning regimens or post HCT strategies in patients with short (less than 18 months remissions) after primary therapy; 6. Prospective randomized trials need to be performed to define the role of salvage autologous HCT in patients with MM relapsing after primary therapy comparing to "best non HCT" therapy. The expert committee also underscored the importance of collecting enough hematopoietic stem cells to perform two transplants early in the course of the disease. In regards to allogeneic HCT the expert committee agreed on the following consensus statements: 1. Allogeneic HCT should be considered appropriate therapy for any eligible patient with early relapse (less than 24 months) after primary therapy that included an autologous HCT and/or high risk features (i.e cytogenetics, extramedullary disease, plasma cell leukemia or high LDH); 2. Allogeneic HCT should be performed in the context of a clinical trial if possible; 3. The role of post allogeneic HCT maintenance therapy needs to be explored in the context of well designed prospective trials; 4. Prospective randomized trials need to be performed to define the role salvage allogeneic HCT in patients with MM relapsing after primary therapy.
We conducted a systematic review to determine the appropriate use of bortezomib alone or in combination with other agents in patients with multiple myeloma (mm). We searched medline, embase, the Cochrane Library, conference proceedings, and the reference lists of included studies. We analyzed randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews if they involved adult mm patients treated with bortezomib and if they reported on survival, disease control, response, quality of life, or adverse effects. Twenty-six unique studies met the inclusion criteria. For patients with previously untreated mm and for candidates for transplantation, we found a statistically significant benefit in time to progression [hazard ratio (hr): 0.48, p < 0.001; and hr: 0.63, p = 0.006, respectively] and a better response with a bortezomib than with a non-bortezomib regimen (p < 0.001). Progression-free survival was longer with bortezomib and thalidomide than with thalidomide alone (p = 0.01). In non-candidates for transplantation, a significant benefit in overall survival was observed with a bortezomib regimen (hr compared with a non-bortezomib regimen: 0.61; p = 0.008), and in transplantation candidates receiving bortezomib, the response rate was improved after induction (p = 0.004) and after a first transplant (p = 0.016). In relapsed or refractory mm, overall survival (p = 0.03), time to progression (hr: 1.82; p = 0.000004), and progression-free survival (hr: 1.69; p = 0.000026) were significantly improved with bortezomib and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (compared with bortezomib alone), and bortezomib monotherapy was better than dexamethasone alone (hr: 0.77; p = 0.027). Bortezomib combined with thalidomide and dexamethasone was better than either bortezomib monotherapy or thalidomide with dexamethasone (p < 0.001). In previously untreated or in relapsed or refractory mm patients, bortezomib-based therapy has improved disease control and, in some patients, overall survival.
Proteasome inhibition has been recognized as a novel treatment modality in hematologic malignancies. Initially, the reversible proteasome inhibitor bortezomib demonstrated efficacy in multiple myeloma (MM), which supported its approval for relapsed and refractory MM in 2003. Later on, carfilzomib, a next-generation irreversible proteasome inhibitor was approved by the US FDA in July 2012 for relapsed/refractory MM. Currently, several other proteasome inhibitors are undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation. The successes of proteasome inhibitors in MM are now being translated to other hematologic malignancies, including acute leukemia. The first clinical studies with bortezomib in leukemia revealed promising clinical activity, particularly when combined with conventional chemotherapeutics. In this review the position of proteasome inhibitors in acute leukemia treatment is summarized and discussed. Special focus is also attributed to immunoproteasome inhibitors. As a future perspective, it is anticipated that proteasome inhibitors may prove to be of added value in therapeutic interventions for acute leukemia.
We present the case of a woman with relapsed multiple myeloma (MM) who received combination lenalidomide and bortezomib therapy for 90 cycles followed by continuous lenalidomide monotherapy and has completed over 100 cycles of treatment to date. The patient was diagnosed with advanced-stage, symptomatic MM in 2001. Following a partial response (PR) to dexamethasone in combination with pamidronate and thalidomide, the patient underwent protocol-directed non-myeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from her matched sibling donor the following year. In 2004, the patient relapsed and was enrolled in a phase I, dose-escalation trial of lenalidomide plus bortezomib for relapsed and refractory MM. After eight cycles of study treatment, the patient achieved a minimal response. The patient received a total of 90 cycles of treatment with lenalidomide 5 mg given for 14 d every 21 d, and 1 mg/m(2) of bortezomib initially given on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 for the first 20 cycles, and then weekly thereafter on days 1 and 8. Bortezomib was discontinued after 90 cycles, and the patient continued to receive lenalidomide monotherapy. As of cycle 100, the patient achieved a PR. Currently, she is clinically stable with response sustained for over 7 yrs. Therapy has been well tolerated with no significant long-term toxicity; no dose reductions of lenalidomide and bortezomib were required. The excellent tolerability of this steroid-free approach and the durable response seen underscore the potential benefits of participating in early-phase clinical trials evaluating novel therapies and new drug combinations. This case further supports that combination treatment with lenalidomide and bortezomib is an effective therapy in the management of patients with relapsed and refractory MM.
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