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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 4, Vol.3 (May 2014)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149
R S. Publication (rspublication.com), rspublicationhouse@gmail.com. Page 361
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ABSTRACT
Modern automobiles are no longer mere mechanical devices; they are pervasively
monitored through various sensor networks & using integrated circuits and microprocessor
based design and control techniques while this transformation has driven major advancements
in efficiency and safety. In the existing system the stress was given on the safety of the vehicle,
modification in the physical structure of the vehicle but the proposed system introduces
essential concept in the field of automobile industry. It is an interfacing of the advanced
technologies like Embedded Systems and the Automobile world. This “Intelligent Sensor
Network for Vehicle Maintenance System” is best suitable for vehicle security as well as for
vehicle’s maintenance. Further it also supports advanced feature of GSM module interfacing.
Through this concept in case of any emergency or accident the system will automatically sense
and records the different parameters like LPG gas level, Engine Temperature, present speed
and etc. so that at the time of investigation this parameters may play important role to find out
the possible reasons of the accident. Further, in case of accident & in case of stealing of vehicle
GSM module will send SMS to the Police, insurance company as well as to the family
members.
Key words: Accident alert Module, Engine Temperature Control Module, Vibration Sensor,
GSM Module
Corresponding Author: Christo Ananth
INTRODUCTION
Because of the high theft rate and various challenges coming from thief it is necessary to
provide security from stealing vehicle or part of the vehicle. The first parameter is Engine
temperature which sense the temperature of engine, according to which if the corresponding
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 4, Vol.3 (May 2014)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149
R S. Publication (rspublication.com), rspublicationhouse@gmail.com. Page 362
temperature is above the threshold temperature, then the action will be taken by microcontroller
is to ON the cooling system for maintaining temperature of engine. The next parameter of the
system is the servicing alert which gives you the alertness for the servicing of vehicle when the
vehicle crosses the threshold kilometers whatever we have set. Next parameter is GSM Module.
If the vehicle is steal or any accident case is occurred, and then by using this system it sends
message to the family member or friend, Police & Insurance Company, so that they are aware
about the incidence. This will provide safety to the passenger as well as vehicle. Next is Speed
control which is a important parameter because it is very important to maintain the speed in order
to avoid accidents. The last parameter is to monitor the LPG level or any leakage of the gas in
the vehicle.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Antenna
Fig 1: Block Diagram of Proposed System
PIC 16F877A
RF receiver
Engine
Temperature
Sensor
Vibration
detection
sensor
Speed control
section in zones
GSM module for
sending SMS
Buzzer unit
Engine cooling
fan
Power supply
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 4, Vol.3 (May 2014)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149
R S. Publication (rspublication.com), rspublicationhouse@gmail.com. Page 363
In Fig 1, Radio frequency Receiver receives the transmitted signals, amplifies it and
provides the same to HT12D decoder IC. The decoder performs the inverse operation of the
encoder, i.e., converting the serial bit stream back to the parallel form. The heart of this section is
the PIC 16F877A micro-controller. It hosts major modules namely RF transmission/reception,
Speed control section in different zones, Engine temperature monitoring system and Accident
detection and intimation system
The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps
that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-
wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage.
This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A regulator circuit
removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if the input dc voltage varies, or the
load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This voltage regulation is usually obtained
using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units.
The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-6V)
level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision rectifier,
which is constructed with the help of op–amp. The advantages of using precision rectifier are it
will give peak voltage output as DC, rest of the circuits will give only RMS output. Voltage
regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry for
reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all in a single IC.
IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an
adjustably set voltage. The regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from
hundreds of mill amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli-watts to
tens of watts.
A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi,
applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the
third terminal connected to ground. The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated
voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated
voltages from 5 to 24 volts.
MICROCONTROLLER FEATURES
The PIC Microcontroller has a host of features intended to maximize system reliability,
minimize cost through elimination of external components, provide power saving operating
modes and offer code protection. These are: OSC Selection, Reset, Power-on Reset (POR), and
Power-up Timer (PWRT), Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST), Brown-out Reset (BOR), Interrupts,
Watchdog Timer (WDT), SLEEP, Code protection, ID locations, In-Circuit Serial Programming,
Low Voltage In-Circuit Serial Programming and In-Circuit Debugger
These devices have a watchdog timer, which can be shut off only through configuration
bits. It runs off its own RC oscillator for added reliability. There are two timers that offer
necessary delays on power-up. One is the Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST), intended to keep the
chip in reset until the crystal oscillator is stable. The other is the Power-up Timer (PWRT),
which provides a fixed delay of 72 ms (nominal) on power-up only. It is designed to keep the
part in reset while the power supply stabilizes. With these two timers on-chip, most applications
need no external reset circuitry. SLEEP mode is designed to offer a very low current power-
down mode. The user can wake-up from SLEEP through external reset, Watchdog Timer Wake-
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 4, Vol.3 (May 2014)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149
R S. Publication (rspublication.com), rspublicationhouse@gmail.com. Page 364
up, or through an interrupt. Several oscillator options are also made available to allow the part to
fit the application. The RC oscillator option saves system cost while the LP crystal option saves
power. A set of configuration bits are used to select various options.
A Power-on Reset pulse is generated on-chip when VDD rise is detected (in the range of
1.2V - 1.7V). To take advantage of the POR, tie the MCLR pin directly (or through a resistor) to
VDD. This will eliminate external RC components usually needed to create a Power on Reset. A
maximum rise time for VDD is specified. See Electrical Specifications for details. When the
device starts normal operation (exits the reset condition), device operating parameters (voltage,
frequency, temperature,...) must be met to ensure operation’s these conditions are not met, the
device must be held in reset until the operating conditions are met. Brown-out Reset may be used
to meet the start-up conditions. For additional information, refer to Application Note, AN007,
“Power-up Trouble Shooting” and (DS00007).
On power-up, the time-out sequence is as follows: The pWRT delay starts (if enabled)
when a POR reset occurs. Then OST starts counting 1024 oscillator cycles when PWRT ends
(LP, XT, and HS). When the OST ends, the device comes out of RESET. If MCLR is kept low
long enough, the time-outs will expire. Bringing MCLR high will begin execution immediately.
This is useful for testing purposes or to synchronize more than one PIC16CXX device operating
in parallel. Table 12-5 shows the reset conditions for the STATUS, PCON and PC registers,
while Table 12-6 shows the reset conditions for all the registers.
The Power Control/Status Register, PCON, has up to two bits depending upon the device.
Bit0 is Brown-out Reset Status bit; BOR. Bit BOR is unknown on a Power-on Reset. It must
then be set by the user and checked on subsequent resets to see if bit BOR cleared, indicating a
BOR occurred. The BOR bit is a "don’t care" bit and is not necessarily predictable if the Brown-
out Reset circuitry is disabled (by clearing bit BODEN in the Configuration Word). Bit1 is POR
(Power-on Reset Status bit). It is cleared on a Power-on Reset and unaffected otherwise. The
user must set this bit following a Power-on Reset.
The Watchdog Timer is as a free running on-chip RC oscillator which does not require
any external components. This RC oscillator is separate from the RC oscillator of the
OSC1/CLKIN pin. That means that the WDT will run, even if the clock on the OSC1/CLKIN
and OSC2/CLKOUT pins of the device has been stopped, for example, by execution of a SLEEP
instruction. During normal operation, a WDT time-out generates a device RESET (Watchdog
Timer Reset). If the device is in SLEEP mode, a WDT time-out causes the device to wake-up
and continue with normal operation (Watchdog Timer Wake-up). The TO bit in the STATUS
register will be cleared upon a Watchdog Timer time-out.
SPEED CONTROL SECTION IN DIFFERENT ZONES
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a
commonly used technique for controlling power to inertial electrical devices, made practical by
modern electronic power switches. The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is
controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast pace. The longer
the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the power supplied to the load is. An
electric motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-
carrying conductors to generate force. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from
mechanical energy, is done by generators such as an alternator or a dynamo; some electric
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 4, Vol.3 (May 2014)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149
R S. Publication (rspublication.com), rspublicationhouse@gmail.com. Page 365
motors can also be used as generators, for example, a traction motor on a vehicle may perform
both tasks. Electric motors and generators are commonly referred to as electric machines.
Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide
convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are used for
propulsion of ships, pipeline compressors, and water pumps with ratings in the millions of watts.
Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction,
by their application, or by the type of motion they give. Fig.2 shows the Speed Control Section in
different
Fig 2: Speed Control section in different zones
ACCIDENT ALERT SECTION
In the modern traffic the vehicle accidents are becoming common and unavoidable. But it
causes severe trauma to the human lives, risking their chance of survival. Hence sensing the
occurrence of the accident and informing it to the ambulance service or to a known friend
increases the chance of survival. This module incorporates a vibration sensor to sense the
excessive vibrations due to the accident and a GSM module to alert a local ambulance service or
a person via a SMS. The two main components in this module are a vibration sensor and a GSM
module.
A piezoelectric vibration sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure
pressure, acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical charge. GSM/GPRS
TTL UART Modem is built with Dual Band GSM/GPRS engine- SIM900, works on
frequencies 900/1800MHz. The Modem is coming with selectable interfacing voltage, which
allows you to connect 5V & 3V3 microcontroller directly without any level conversion chips.
The baud rate is configurable from 9600-115200 through AT command.
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 4, Vol.3 (May 2014)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149
R S. Publication (rspublication.com), rspublicationhouse@gmail.com. Page 366
ENGINE TEMPERATURE CONTROL SECTION
This system proposes a method to maintain the engine temperature by employing a
temperature sensor and a cooling fan. The temperature sensor periodically measures the current
engine temperature and sends the value to the microcontroller. The cooling fan is used to blow
the air over the surface of the engine to reduce the temperature. Thus maintaining the
temperature of the engine provides a better performance. LM35 is a precision IC temperature
sensor with its output proportional to the temperature (in oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and
therefore it is not subjected to oxidation and other processes. With LM35, temperature can be
measured more accurately than with a thermistor. It also possess low self heating and does not
cause more than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air. The operating temperature range is from -
55°C to 150°C. The output voltage varies by 10mV in response to every oC rise/fall in ambient
temperature, i.e., its scale factor is 0.01V/ oC.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
SPEED CONTROL SECTION IN DIFFERENT ZONES
Fig 3: Speed Control section in School zone
Fig.3. shows the signal flow between the modules and the selection of school zone. The
RF unit is placed at port B of the microcontroller from pins RB0 to RB3.
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 4, Vol.3 (May 2014)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149
R S. Publication (rspublication.com), rspublicationhouse@gmail.com. Page 367
Fig 4: Speed Control section in U-turn zone
Fig.4. shows the signal flow between the modules and the selection of u-turn zone.
ENGINE TEMPERATURE CONTROL SECTION
Fig 5: Engine Temperature Control Section
Fig.5. shows the engine Temperature Control Section. The LM35 temperature sensor is
connected to RA0 pin of the microcontroller. It senses the temperature and sends the voltage
signal to the microcontroller. The microcontroller activates the cooling fan. After the engine is
cooled below the threshold temperature, the cooling fan is switched off.
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 4, Vol.3 (May 2014)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149
R S. Publication (rspublication.com), rspublicationhouse@gmail.com. Page 368
ACCIDENT ALERT SECTION
Fig 6: Accident Alert Section
The vibration sensor detects the excessive vibrations caused due to the occurrence of
accident. It is connected to the pin RA1. The microcontroller sends an alert sms to the predefined
number defined in the programming part via GSM module.
CONCLUSION
Modern automobiles are no longer mere mechanical devices; they are pervasively
monitored through various sensor networks & using integrated circuits and microprocessor based
design and control techniques while this transformation has driven major advancements in
efficiency and safety. In the existing system the stress was given on the safety of the vehicle,
modification in the physical structure of the vehicle but the proposed system introduces essential
concept in the field of automobile industry. It is an interfacing of the advanced technologies like
Embedded Systems and the Automobile world. This “Intelligent Sensor Network for Vehicle
Maintenance System” is best suitable for vehicle security as well as for vehicle’s maintenance.
Further it also supports advanced feature of GSM module interfacing. Through this concept in
case of any emergency or accident the system will automatically sense and records the different
parameters like LPG gas level, Engine Temperature, present speed and etc. so that at the time of
investigation this parameters may play important role to find out the possible reasons of the
accident. Further, in case of accident & in case of stealing of vehicle GSM module will send
SMS to the Police, insurance company as well as to the family members.
REFERENCES
1. Huaqun Guo, H.S. Cheng, Y.D. Wu, “An Automotive Security System for Anti-theft “,
Eighth International Conference on Networks, vol.9,issue 3,pp.421-426,2012
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 4, Vol.3 (May 2014)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149
R S. Publication (rspublication.com), rspublicationhouse@gmail.com. Page 369
2. Lien-Wu Chen, Kun-Ze Syue, and Yu-Chee Tseng “A Vehicular Surveillance and
Sensing System for Security Applications”, Department of Computer Science, National
Chiao-Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 300, Taiwan,2011
3. V.Kaul, Daniel J.S.Lim “Methods and Devices to Communicate via SMS After a
Security Intrusion “, 1st International Conference on Sensing Technology,
PalmerstonNorth-NewZealand, November 21-23,vol 4,issue 5,pp 664-668,2010
4. K.Liu, Chen Chan Yang “Of Moore & Gene” 22nd International Conference on VLSI
design, 8th International Conference on Embedded System, 5th – 9th January, Delhi,2009