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Recovering the Forgotten Woodland Mound Excavations at Garden Patch (8DI4)
Abstract
Forty-five years ago Timothy Thompson excavated at two of the six mounds at the Garden Patch site but results were never reported. We assembled data from Thompson's work and enhanced them with new test pits at Mound IV and re-excavation of a Mound V trench. Mound IV is a natural sand ridge where a village was established early, by the second century A.D. Mound V began as a naturally elevated platform for at least one burial and associated structure during the fourth century A.D. and was then covered by lenses of shell and sand. The construction sequence of Mound V resembles other mounds in the region. These results help illuminate the functions and depositional histories of mounds within Woodland multi-mound centers of the coastal plain while also demonstrating an effective approach to balancing stewardship and new excavations.
... The eastern edge of the site is defined by three dome-shaped mounds made of sand, and sand and shell (V, VI, and VII). The largest of these, Mound V, is a 3.5 m high burial mound that was in use between roughly AD 300 and AD 800 (Wallis and McFadden 2016). The temporality and function of the other two eastern mounds is uncertain. ...
... Garden Patch has been the periodic focus of archaeological research for more than a century (Moore 1902, 346-348;Kohler 1975;Wallis and McFadden 2016;Willey 1949, 306). The most relevant to our research is the MA thesis of Timothy Kohler (1975), who excavated a test unit on the southern flank of Mound II and in the village area designated Area III, and analyzed the respective faunal assemblages. ...
Platform mounds during the Woodland period (ca. 200 BCE to 600 CE) of the American Southeast were integrative structures that included elevated stages for communal food consumption (feasting). While this pattern appears consistent across inland mound sites, food remains from contemporaneous coastal platform mounds have not been adequately studied and the activities associated with these monuments are poorly understood. To address this lacuna, we present results of zooarchaeological analysis of assemblages from a platform (Mound II) and contemporaneous domestic midden at the Garden Patch site, a civic-ceremonial center on the northern Gulf coast of peninsular Florida. One difficulty arising from the coastal context comes from the building material used to construct mounds, which often included redeposited midden originally associated with daily refuse. Our study navigates this difficulty through multiple lines of evidence showing that mound constituents include remains from special events that occurred mostly during the winter. The faunal assemblage from the platform mound is broadly similar to the midden except in the prevalence of toadfish (Opsanus sp.) and in the high diversity of migratory birds. Different proportions of these fauna in each context may reflect seasonal availability, preferences for particular taxa at feasts, or both. Ultimately, the feasts at coastal platform mounds appear to have been the maritime version of their inland counterparts, supplied with local foods at particular times of the year.
... Farther south, Garden Patch, Bayshore Homes, Roberts Island, and Crystal River provide strong evidence for both the complexity and variability of Woodland platforms on the Coastal Plain. The site layout of Garden Patch, including its ramped platform mound, was developed during the Middle Woodland (Wallis and McFadden 2016;Wallis et al. 2015), while Bayshore Homes (Austin and Mitchem 2014;Austin et al. 2008) and the Roberts Island complex include very Late Woodland 1 3 platform mounds. Roberts Island in particular evidences an extremely high level of architectural complexity, with three stepped platforms made of shell, a plaza, and an extensive midden deposits (Pluckhahn et al. 2016). ...
... Many of these sites had associated mounds, including some of the early platform mound sites discussed above-e.g., Kolomoki (Pluckhahn 2003), Letchworth (Seinfeld and Bigman 2013), McKeithen (Milanich et al. 1984, pp. 53-54), Garden Patch (Wallis and McFadden 2016), Walling (Knight 1990), and potentially Evelyn (Ashley et al. 2007). In some cases (e.g., Kolomoki), the midden appears to predate the majority of mound construction; in others, the midden and the mounds grew up more-or-less simultaneously (e.g., Garden Patch). ...
Platform mounds and plazas have a 5000-year-long history in the eastern United States but are often viewed through the lens of late prehistoric and early historic understandings of mound use. This review approaches the history of these important landscape features via a forward-looking temporal framework that emphasizes the variability in their construction and use through time and across space. I suggest that by viewing platform mounds in their historical contexts, emphasizing the construction process over final form, and focusing on nonmound sites and off-mound areas such as plazas, we can build a less biased and more complex understanding of early Native American monumentality.
... We suggested that diverse groups from all over Florida visited the site for exchange associated with large-scale ritual events Thompson et al. 2017). Perhaps diverse participation in such ceremonies was the norm, as Wallis and McFadden (2016) suggested for ceremonial gatherings at Garden Patch, a contemporary of Crystal River located to the north. Big gatherings of diverse groups would provide an attraction for part-time specialists to bring goods for trade. ...
Archaeologists have not readily applied collective action and institutional approaches to the study of hunter-gatherers. This is especially true of the American Southeast. Here, I use a review of the recent literature to illustrate the value of such approaches to understanding long-term histories. This review of hunter-gatherer archaeology spans the entire temporal range of Native American history in the Southeast. I argue that the term “hunter-gatherers” itself is constraining. In its place, I suggest that a focus on institutional change and collective action provides a way to better connect histories across temporal units, which then allows for a greater understanding of how such traditions developed, were maintained (or abandoned), and reinvented over the course of history. At the end of the review, I pose five key research areas that archaeologists should focus on that speak to institutions, the nature of public and private goods, common pool resources, and collective action regarding large-scale labor projects.
... Garden Patch, situated near Horseshoe Beach on the west coast of Florida (USA), is a village-mound complex featuring seven mounds and extensive occupation areas [36,37]. The site was occupied from ca AD 100-1000 [38]. ...
Advancements in molecular science are continually improving our knowledge of marine turtle biology and evolution. However, there are still considerable gaps in our understanding, such as past marine turtle distributions, which can benefit from advanced zooarchaeological analyses. Here, we apply collagen fingerprinting to 130 archaeological marine turtle bone samples up to approximately 2500 years old from the Caribbean and Florida's Gulf Coast for faunal identification, finding the vast majority of samples (88%) to contain preserved collagen despite deposition in the tropics. All samples can be identified to species-level with the exception of the Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and olive ridley (L. olivacea) turtles, which can be separated to genus level, having diverged from one another only approximately 5 Ma. Additionally, we identify a single homologous peptide that allows the separation of archaeological green turtle samples, Chelonia spp., into two distinct groups, which potentially signifies a difference in genetic stock. The majority of the archaeological samples are identified as green turtle (Chelonia spp.; 63%), with hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata; 17%) and ridley turtles (Lepidochelys spp.; 3%) making up smaller proportions of the assemblage. There were no molecular identifications of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) in the assemblage despite 9% of the samples being morphologically identified as such, highlighting the difficulties in relying on morphological identifications alone in archaeological remains. Finally, we present the first marine turtle molecular phylogeny using collagen (I) amino acid sequences and find our analyses match recent phylogenies based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Our results highlight the advantage of using collagen fingerprinting to supplement morphological analyses of turtle bones and support the usefulness of this technique for assessing their past distributions across the Caribbean and Florida's Gulf Coast, especially in these tropical environments where DNA preservation may be poor.
... Garden Patch, situated near Horseshoe Beach on the west coast of Florida (USA), is a village-mound complex featuring seven mounds and extensive occupation areas [36,37]. The site was occupied from ca AD 100-1000 [38]. ...
Advancements in molecular science are continually improving our knowledge of marine turtle biology and evolution. However, there are still considerable gaps in our understanding, such as past marine turtle distributions, which can benefit from advanced zooarchaeological analyses. Here, we apply collagen fingerprinting to 130 archaeological marine turtle bone samples up to approximately 2500 years old from the Caribbean and Florida's Gulf Coast for faunal identification, finding the vast majority of samples (88%) to contain preserved collagen despite deposition in the tropics. All samples can be identified to species-level with the exception of the Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and olive ridley (L. olivacea) turtles, which can be separated to genus level, having diverged from one another only approximately 5 Ma. Additionally, we identify a single homologous peptide that allows the separation of archaeological green turtle samples, Chelonia spp., into two distinct groups, which potentially signifies a difference in genetic stock. The majority of the archaeological samples are identified as green turtle (Chelonia spp.; 63%), with hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata; 17%) and ridley turtles (Lepidochelys spp.; 3%) making up smaller proportions of the assemblage. There were no molecular identifications of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) in the assemblage despite 9% of the samples being morphologically identified as such, highlighting the difficulties in relying on morphological identifications alone in archaeological remains. Finally, we present the first marine turtle molecular phylogeny using collagen (I) amino acid sequences and find our analyses match recent phylogenies based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Our results highlight the advantage of using collagen fingerprinting to supplement morphological analyses of turtle bones and support the usefulness of this technique for assessing their past distributions across the Caribbean and Florida's Gulf Coast, especially in these tropical environments where DNA preservation may be poor.
... Mound II (Figure 3) rises around 2 m above the surrounding landscape and has a 25-m wide summit. Toward the southeast, adjacent to the main construction there is a smaller and lower mound, designated Mound IIa (Wallis and McFadden 2016). Excavations in the northern flank of the Mound II platform revealed a stratigraphic sequence of sediments that alternate between layers of sand and layers of midden containing abundant vertebrate fauna and shellfish remains. ...
The American Southeast saw the development of large ceremonial village centers, the coalescence of households, and monumental architecture integrated into village layout during the Middle Woodland period (ca. AD 1–600). These shifts toward more sedentary lifeways occurred independently of, and prior to, the domestication of plants across the Southeast. This paper examines the seasonality of monumental construction at the Garden Patch site located on the central Gulf Coast of Florida. This site contains evidence for rapid mound construction that followed a predetermined site plan. Here, we present oxygen isotope analyses of archaeological mollusk shells (Crassostrea virginica) to evaluate the seasonality and periodicity of monument construction. We conclude that mound construction occurred during the cooler months of the year. Ultimately, this contributes to an anthropological understanding of the development of these early ceremonial centers in the Southeast.
... Thus, the answer to why Crystal River excavations produced so many of these plummets constructed from non-local materials may be related to the site's rather unique history. While Crystal River does have similarities to other sites, its complex of shell architecture and dramatic settlement layout lead it to stand out among its peers (Pluckhahn and Thompson, 2014; see however Wallis and McFadden, 2016;Wallis et al., 2015). Given our recent work, it seems the Crystal River inhabitants were among the first to incorporate intentionally and rapidly constructed mounds along a central plaza area (Pluckhahn and Thompson, 2018). ...
Regional exchange during the Woodland period in Eastern North America manifested itself in a variety of material forms, most notably in the wide distribution of elaborate artifacts dispersed as part of Hopewellian related trade. In this paper, we examine the role that one particular class of artifact, plummets, played in interaction during the Woodland period in Florida. We suggest that such artifacts, often interpreted as fishing gear, instead were items of personal adornment and magic, and thus important in community public rituals and ceremonies. As such, they serve as useful indicators of regional and macro-regional exchanges among varying communities. By tracking the different styles and material types found at sites in Florida through a typological and network analysis, we argue that certain sites, such as Crystal River, played a larger role in connecting sub-regions in Florida, and may have served as cultural brokers across the macro-region due to their connections to Hopewell sites throughout the Eastern Woodlands. Furthermore, it appears that such connections were limited in time and given the prominence of plummets buried with certain individuals, we suggest that specific places and persons were entwined with some of these larger scale processes.
... Other people probably dispersed across similar small settlements. The settlement shift at Crystal River was mirrored at contemporaneous mound centers across much of the Gulf Coast (Menz 2015;Russo et al. 2014;Wallis and McFadden 2016;Wallis et al. 2015). The causes of this apparent region-wide reorganization of settlement are currently unclear, but shifts to a drier or more variable (or both) climate have been implicated for some of the changes in the region during this interval (Marquardt 2014:10;Sassaman 2012:262;Smith 2009). ...
Crystal River (8CI1) and Roberts Island (8CI36, 8CI40, 8CI41) are neighboring mound complexes on Florida’s west-central Gulf Coast, with mainly sequential occupations during the Middle and Late Woodland periods, respectively. Previous work at Crystal River produced assemblages marked by a diversity of pastes and surface treatments, suggestive of distinct communities of practice. However, these excavations were unsystematic and poorly controlled, thus confounding understanding of temporal and spatial variation in practice. Recent excavations in domestic areas, combined with the analysis of older collections from mounds, support a finer-grained understanding of variation in ceramic production. Our analysis suggests that communities of practice persisted through time, although there is variation that corresponds well with changes in settlement.
... While both Ohio and Southeastern researchers are using geophysical techniques with regularity, at present, Middle Woodland researchers in Florida are the ones pioneering the use of Bayesian models to build high-resolution site chronologies (but see also Schilling 2015;Wright 2014a). For example, Wallis, McFadden, and colleagues have used this technique to model 23 AMS assays in an effort to better understand the pace of mound construction and village occupation at the Garden Patch site on the northern Gulf Coast see also McFadden 2016;Wallis and McFadden 2016). Their resulting four-phase model indicates that the site was founded and built quickly, following a carefully designated architectural plana pattern that characterizes other Middle Woodland mound and village sites like Kolomoki and McKeithen (Milanich et al. 1997;Pluckhahn 2003). ...
During the Middle Woodland period, from 200 BC to AD 600, southeastern societies erected monuments, interacted widely, and produced some of the most striking material culture of the pre-Columbian era, but these developments are often overshadowed by the contemporaneous florescence of Hopewell culture in Ohio. I argue that the demonstrable material links between the Middle Woodland Southeast and Midwest demand that we cease to analyze these regional archaeological records in isolation and adopt multiscalar perspectives on the social fields that emerged from and impacted local Middle Woodland societies. In synthesizing recent research on Middle Woodland settlement, monumentality, interaction, and social organization, I make explicit comparisons between the Middle Woodland Southeast and Ohio Hopewell, revealing both commonalities and contrasts. New methodological approaches in the Southeast, including geophysical survey techniques, Bayesian chronological modeling, and high-resolution provenance analyses, promise to further elucidate site-specific histories and intersite connectivity. By implementing theoretical frameworks that simultaneously consider these local and global dimensions of Middle Woodland sociality, we may establish the southeastern Middle Woodland period as an archaeological context capable of elucidating the deep history of the Eastern Woodlands as well as long-standing issues surrounding middle-range societies.
... The initial occupation of Garden Patch (ca. AD 25-130) was likewise ephemeral, but after AD 200, locations of future mounds were anticipated by public or ritual buildings, large pit features, and at least one case of human interment ( Wallis and McFadden 2016). Given the emplace- ment of both sites back from the coast at this time, parallels with land-use practices during the Late Archaic period are apparent, particularly in the landward emplacement of cemeteries. ...
Low-gradient coastlines are susceptible to inundation by rising water, but they also promote marsh aggradation that has the potential to keep pace with sea-level rise. Synergies among hydrodynamics, coastal geomorphology, and marsh ecology preclude a simple linear relationship between higher water and shoreline transgression. As an archive of human use of low-gradient coastlines, archaeological data introduce additional mitigating factors, such as landscape alteration, resource extraction, and the cultural value of place. The Lower Suwannee Archaeological Survey (LSAS) is an ongoing effort to document the history of coastal dwelling since the mid-Holocene, when the rate and magnitude of sea-level rise diminished and the northern Gulf coast of Florida transitioned into an aggradational regime. Results of the first 6 years of the LSAS suggest that multicentury periods of relative stability were punctuated by site abandonment and relocation. Subsistence economies involving the exploitation of oyster and fish, however, were largely unaffected as communities redistributed themselves with changes in shoreline position and estuarine ecology. After AD 200, civic-ceremonial centers were established at several locations along the northern Gulf coast, fixing in place not only the infrastructure of daily living (villages), but also that of religious practice, notably cemeteries and ceremonial mounds. Intensified use of coastal resources at this time can be traced to a ritual economy involving large gatherings of people, terraforming, feasting, and the circulation of socially valued goods. To the extent that religious practices buffered the risks of coastal living, large civic-ceremonial centers, like aggrading marshes, afforded opportunities to “outpace” sea-level rise. On the other hand, centers introduced a permanence to coastal land-use that proved unsustainable in the long term.
Applying a coastal-geoarchaeological approach, we synthesize stratigraphic, sedimentological, mollusk-zooarchaeological, and radiometric datasets from recent excavations and sediment coring at Harbor Key (8MA15)—a shell-terraformed Native mound complex within Tampa Bay, on the central peninsular Gulf Coast of Florida. We significantly revise the chronological understanding of the site and place it among the relatively few early civic-ceremonial centers in the region. Analyses of submound contexts revealed that the early first millennium mound center was constructed atop a platform of sand and ex situ cultural shell deposits that were reworked during ancient storm landfalls around 2000 BP. We situate Harbor Key within a seascape-scale stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental framework and show that the shellworks comprise an artificial barrier protecting the leeward estuary basin (and productive inshore wetlands) from high-energy conditions of the open bay and swells from the Gulf of Mexico. The sedimentary and archaeological records attest to the long-term history of morphodynamic interaction between coastal processes and Indigenous shell terraforming in the region and suggest that early first millennium mound building in Tampa Bay was tied to the recognition and reuse of antecedent shellworks and the persistent management of encompassing cultural seascapes.
Architectural remains, especially domestic architecture, are essential for understanding the ways in which households organized themselves socially and economically in the past. Unfortunately, these remains are infrequently identified from Woodland period (1000 BC–AD 1000) archaeological sites along the Gulf Coast, an area home to well-known ceramic and mortuary traditions during this time. As a result, our knowledge of Woodland period households in the region is scant. In this article I present a newly discovered house from Letchworth (8JE337), a large Woodland period ceremonial center in northwest Florida, and compare it to the few published examples of houses from this region. I show that domestic architecture along the Gulf Coast during the Woodland period is diverse, suggesting differences in the organization of households and the historical development of ceremonial centers.
This article describes an archeological ethnographic study of the history and social context of the Virginia State Penitentiary, where burials excavated in the 1990s still remain in limbo: unpublished, unmemorialized, and unmourned. The penitentiary (1804–1991) was a feared site of solitary confinement, carceral labor, and capital punishment. Fieldwork conducted in advance of the penitentiary’s demolition recorded solitary confinement cells within the eighteenth‐century foundations, but also discovered a substantial burial ground within the prison walls. The collection includes the remains of over 200 people, many of whom were black prisoners who died between 1878 and 1884. Unfortunately, archeological analysis and publication were never completed. This article presents a new public engagement process to identify fresh possibilities for the sites and the individuals represented in this collection. Based on over thirty semistructured interviews conducted in 2015 and data from over 230 respondents to the 2018 Richmond Penitentiary Survey, we discuss how the penitentiary remains resonate or fails to resonate with Richmond residents, even as the city’s broader history of archeological neglect is becoming better understood. We discuss how archival research and emerging models for archeological restorative justice may provide new avenues for addressing this urban archeological erasure in a major Southern metropolis.
Flat-topped platform mounds of earth, shell, or both, were constructed for millennia in the American Southeast and became pervasive during the Mississippi period (ca. 1000 CE to 1500) as elevated surfaces for buildings that served as temples, council houses, and residences of the elite. The sub-structural functions of Mississippian platform mounds departed significantly from those of most platforms that preceded them, which lacked buildings or enclosures on summits and served primarily as stages for communal feasts and other ceremonial events. The transition between these alternative functions of platform mounds is critical to understanding the emergence of social differentiation and hierarchical power in the region. Here we look to the last centuries of the Middle Woodland period (ca. 200 BCE to 600 CE) as a key moment of change in Florida and the American Southeast, and present results of investigations of the platform mound at Garden Patch, a civic-ceremonial center on the northern Florida Gulf coast, as a prominent example. Ground-penetrating radar, magnetometry, resistivity, and limited test excavation indicate a series of construction stages reflecting communal feasting and ceremony as well as a summit structure that belies collective control. We argue that these features denote social tensions between communal and exclusive functions and rights of access to the platform mound and corresponding social, political, and spiritual powers in the context of the earliest aggregated villages of the region.
Weeden Island mortuary ceremonialism united distinct cultures across the Late Woodland social landscape. The Weeden Island pottery series is central to recognizing regional ceremonial parity, with prestige (elite) and sacred (cult) wares showing strong similarities among distant sites. Finely made vessels and their ostensibly shamanistic themes led archaeologists to consider the liturgical and political roles of ritual specialists, whose tasks might have included vessel manufacture in centralized locations. This research evaluates the prospect of craft specialization and centralized production of sacred and prestige wares through comparisons of the provenance of vessels from three Florida localities: Palmetto Mound (8LV2), the mounds at Melton (8AL5, 8AL7), and McKeithen (8CO17). Results of Neutron Activation Analysis and petrographic analysis show that the majority of the sampled vessels were made far from the mounds in which they were deposited, from a variety of locations but especially within the area between Kolomoki and the Tallahassee Hills. We argue that production was not centralized but may have been specialized to the extent that an integrated ritual network was necessary to coordinate rules of manufacture and use that were evidently observed by all participants.
A multistaged geophysical methodology was recently used at site 15Ck10, a state-protected Middle Woodland period Adena (500 bce to ce 250) conical burial mound in Central Kentucky, USA. Data from this research are used to develop anthropological interpretations on the nature of burial mound construction and regional interaction between separate mortuary traditions in Kentucky. Methods utilized in this research include magnetic gradiometry, electromagnetic induction, ground-penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography and downhole magnetic susceptibility. Together, these methods helped identify a circular ditch-and-embankment earthwork enclosing the burial mound, as well as possible off-mound activity areas commonly reported in the Adena literature. Within the mound, multiple anomalies were discovered that are consistent with hypothesized geophysical responses of mound stages and funerary features. A review of burial mounds excavated by the University of Kentucky during the depression-era work relief programmes (i.e. the Works Progress Administration – WPA) of the 1930s and early 1940s provide a vehicle with which to interpret these features. Comparisons of our data with length and width dimensions of known mortuary facilities documented in WPA excavations suggest that two distinct burial types were used at 15Ck10. These data are used to build a comprehensive site interpretation and create a relative dating context for the site. We use the site-level model to evaluate regional interaction on Kentucky's Middle Woodland social landscape. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon calibration curves have been revised utilizing newly available and updated data sets from 14C measurements on tree rings, plant macrofossils, speleothems, corals, and foraminifera. The calibration curves were derived from the data using the random walk model (RWM) used to generate IntCal09 and Marine09, which has been revised to account for additional uncertainties and error structures. The new curves were ratified at the 21st International Radiocarbon conference in July 2012 and are available as Supplemental Material at www.radiocarbon.org. The database can be accessed at http://intcal.qub.ac.uk/intcal13/. © 2013 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona.
Crystal River (8CI1) is one of Florida's most famous archaeological sites. Yet, after over a century of investigations, its place in the history of Florida and the southeastern United States is not well understood. Crystal River is an important example, in terms of world archaeology, of a monumental landscape constructed by complex hunter-gatherer-fishers along the coast of the southeastern United States. Here, we present the results of our remote sensing program at the site. This research includes topographic mapping, a resistance survey, and ground-penetrating radar transects over various architectural components at the site. These data lend insight into the scale and rapidity of landscape modification at the site, as well as information on the location of previous archaeological excavations and modern disturbances. Further, the data illustrate the potential of shallow geophysical survey to the investigations of shell architecture.
Some of the most interesting and puzzling early guitar sources are held in Portugal, at Lisbon's Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and at Coimbra University Library. Notated in tablature, they display a large number of pieces of supposed African origin, along with many Iberian dances and instrumental items. While the African influence is suggested by the titles, literary sources, historical context and musical features, dances such as the arromba , cãozinho , cubanco , gandu , sarambeque , cumbé and paracumbé also reveal a strong connection with Iberian forms from the period, such as the canario , villano and jácaras . Its ultimate place of origin—Africa, Iberia or America—does not seem as relevant as the interaction process itself, with all the economic, social, racial and political implications: most of that repertory was shared by musicians in different places of the Iberian dominions in Europe, Africa and the Americas, be they white or black, slaves or free artists. The article contextualizes that repertory historically, relying mostly on the works by Brazilian poet Gregório de Mattos (1636–96), a source of information on the music heard in the streets, homes, convents and brothels of 17th-century Brazil. Many of his descriptions and opinions deal with the music of slaves, free blacks and mulattos; they include many of the titles found in Portuguese guitar tablatures. The analysis of this musical material raises important questions that are addressed in the article: was this music created by black guitar players who assimilated Iberian materials and playing techniques? Or was it composed by white Iberian musicians, maybe as exotic depictions, or caricatures? What is African and what is Iberian in such music, and on what terms did such interaction take place? The article finishes with historical data on Brazilian mulatto musicians—guitar players, singers and poets—who lived in Lisbon and enjoyed some success during the second half of the 18th century.
Ancestral Pueblo farmers encountered the deep, well watered, and productive soils of the central Mesa Verde region of Southwest Colorado around A.D. 600, and within two centuries built some of the largest villages known up to that time in the U.S. Southwest. But one hundred years later, those villages were empty, and most people had gone. This cycle repeated itself from the mid-A.D. 1000s until 1280, when Puebloan farmers permanently abandoned the entire northern Southwest. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this book examines how climate change, population size, interpersonal conflict, resource depression, and changing social organization contribute to explaining these dramatic shifts. Comparing the simulations from agent-based models with the precisely dated archaeological record from this area, this text will interest archaeologists working in the Southwest and in Neolithic societies around the world as well as anyone applying modeling techniques to understanding how human societies shape, and are shaped by the environments we inhabit.
This site contains three major components. Mandeville I is a very Late Deptford culture, represented by sizable village deposits, the premound occupation under Mound A, the initial pyramidal mound building at Mound A, and most of the burial mound, Mound B. Significant contacts are seen with Copena and Ohio Valley Hopewell, and there are definite ties with the Crystal River complex. Mandeville II is a continuity with Mandeville I, but may be considered Early Swift Creek. New layers were added to Mound A, but there was little activity on Mound B. Village deposits of this component are extensive. Primary outside contact for the group is with the Crystal River complex, though some continuing Copena and Ohio Valley Hopewell influence is seen. Mandeville III, unrelated to the earlier components, is an expression of the Mississippian Rood focus 500 to 1000 years after Mandeville II. Village deposits of this component are not plentiful. Mound A was capped and presumably used for a temple base. Relationships lie with Macon Plateau and Lake Jackson, and ultimately to the northwest in the Tennessee and Mississippi valleys.
We employ a landscape perspective to the shell middens at Crystal River (8CI1) and Roberts Island (8CI41), Woodland period (ca. 1000 BC to AD 1000) mound centers on the west-central coast of Florida in the American Southeast. Specifically, we adopt Ingold’s (1993: 162) understanding of landscape as the physical incorporation of social life, with all of its complexities of temporality and movement. Mapping, geophysical survey, and coring were used to document the location and scale of the contemporary and ancient landscapes. We followed this with small scale excavations to understand the form and timing of midden deposition. We employ Bayesian chronological modeling of radiocarbon dates from our investigations in the middens at Crystal River and Roberts Island to identify the broader rhythms of human activities. To characterize finer rhythms of social life within these phases, we compare rates of midden accumulation and other quantitative and qualitative measures of the distributions of artifacts and sediments. Our results indicate that the shell-bearing landscape at Crystal River and Roberts Island incorporates activities that fall in four broad phases over the interval from around AD 150 to 1050. These phases are characterized by diverse activities and temporalities, including both repetitive, small-scale refuse disposal and temporally discrete, larger-scale depositional episodes. Consistent with recent work on shell midden variability, both the archaeological deposits and the activities they encapsulate blur the lines between midden and monument.
A unique dataset for studying past social interactions comes from Swift Creek Complicated Stamped pottery that linked sites throughout much of the Eastern Woodlands but that was primarily distributed over the lower Southeast. Although connections have been demonstrated, their significance has remained enigmatic. How and why were apparently utilitarian vessels, or the wooden tools used to make them, distributed widely across the landscape? This book assesses Woodland Period interactions using technofunctional, mineralogical, and chemical data derived from Swift Creek Complicated Stamped sherds whose provenience is fully documented from both mortuary mounds and village middens along the Atlantic coast. Together, these data demonstrate formal and functional differences between mortuary and village assemblages along with the nearly exclusive occurrence of foreign-made cooking pots in mortuary contexts. The Swift Creek Gift provides insight into the unique workings of gift exchanges to transform seemingly mundane materials like cooking pots into powerful tools of commemoration, affiliation, and ownership. © 2011 by The University of Alabama Press. All rights reserved.
The Archaeological Institute of America's ( 1999) code of professional standards requires that archaeologists "work actively to preserve the [archaeological] record in all its dimensions and for the long term" and "give due consideration to the interests of others" in their work. At the AIA's 2006 annual meeting in Montreal, participants in a session entitled "When Past and Present Collide: The Ethics of Archaeological Stewardship" explored the implications of these obligations for the conduct of archaeology and suggested ways for archaeologists to engage with stakeholder collaboration, site preservation, and political aspects of archaeology. Presentations by Lynn Meskell, Michael Galaty, Roger Atwood, Daniel Shoup, Ian Hodder, and Lyra Monteiro included case studies from South Africa, Peru, Albania, and Turkey. They examined when archaeologists should take sides in political conflicts over archaeology, how economic and social issues that are unrelated to archaeology can be decisive in site preservation efforts, whether acceptance of universal heritage values should be a precondition for inclusion of nonarchaeologists in stewardship planning, and when the actions of archaeologists themselves can be harmful to site preservation efforts. Rather than being prescriptive, these contributions offered a variety of perspectives and suggestions for integrating stewardship and collaboration into archaeological research.
The first comprehensive and systematic investigation of a Woodland period ceremonial center. Kolomoki, one of the most impressive archaeological sites in the southeastern United States, includes at least nine large earthen mounds in the lower Chattahoochee River valley of southwest Georgia. The largest, Mound A, rises approximately 20 meters above the terrace that borders it. From its flat-topped summit, a visitor can survey the string of smaller mounds that form an arc to the south and west. Archaeological research had previously placed Kolomoki within the Mississippian period (ca. a.d. 1000-1500) primarily because of the size and form of the mounds. But this book presents data for the main period of occupation and mound construction that confirm an earlier date, in the Woodland period (ca. a.d. 350-750). Even though the long-standing confusion over Kolomoki's dating has now been settled, questions remain regarding the lifeways of its inhabitants. Thomas Pluckhahn's research has recovered evidence concerning the level of site occupation and the house styles and daily lives of its dwellers. He presents here a new, revised history of Kolomoki from its founding to its eventual abandonment, with particular attention to the economy and ceremony at the settlement. This study makes an important contribution to the understanding of 'middle range' societies, particularly the manner in which ceremony could both level and accentuate status differentiation within them. It provides a readable overview of one of the most important--but historically least understood--prehistoric Native American sites in the United States. Thomas J. Pluckhahn is Instructor in Anthropology at the University of Georgia and an archaeologist with Southeastern Archeological Services, Inc.
Suwannee Valley Archaeological Field School 2013: The Garden Patch Site (8DI4)
- Neill J Wallis
- Paulette S Mcfadden
1975 The Garden Patch Site: A Minor Weeden Island Ceremonial Center on the North Peninsular Florida Gulf Coast. Unpublished Master's thesis
- Timothy A Kohler
Mattick 1991 Garden Patch Archaeological Site
- Timothy A Kohler
Mounds of the Lower Chattachoochee and Lower Flint Rivers, Notes on the Ten Thousand Islands, Florida
- Clarence Moore
- Bloomfield
Pottery, Post-Holes, and Patterning: An Archival Investigation of a Weeden Island Mound
- Iannelli
Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Florida Central West-Coast
- Clarence Moore
- Bloomfield
200-900: The McKeithen Weeden Island Culture
- Jerald T Milanich
- Ann S Cordell
- Vernon J Knight
- Jr Timothy
- A Kohler
- Brenda J Sigler-Lavelle
1998 Swift Creek in Regional Perspective In A World Engraved: Archaeology of the Swift Creek Culture
- David G Anderson
2014 An Introduction to the Weeden Island Palmetto Mound (8LV2) on Hog Island
- Mark C Donop
Bigman 2013 Investigating Monumental Architecture at the Letchworth Mounds Site (8JE337) Manuscript on file, Florida Department of State, Division of Historical Resources
- Daniel M Seinfeld
Swift Creek Designs: A Tool for Monitoring Interaction In A World Engraved: Archaeology of the Swift Creek Culture
- Frankie Snow
- Keith Stephenson
In The Waring Papers: The Collected Works of
- Antonio J Waring
- Preston Jr
- Antonio J Holder
- Jr Waring
National Register of Historic Places Registration Form
- Timothy A Kohler
- Barbara E Mattick
The Garden Patch Site: A Minor Weeden Island Ceremonial Center on the North Peninsular Florida Gulf Coast
- Timothy A Kohler
Archaeological Investigations at the Garden Patch Site (8DI4)
- Neill J Wallis
- Paulette S Mcfadden