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Abstract
Utilizing the statistical data of production of major photographic material and amount of minilabs in China from 1998 to 2002, basing hazardous information of photographic chemicals and approaches entering environment, and actuality of the management and research about waste photographic chemicals in China, and the health risk assessment method of USEPA, the environmental risk of waste photographic chemicals in China was analyzed. It is emphasized to research technology of detecting and controlling photographic chemicals and investigate environmental friendly alternative products, and improve safeguard consciousness of people.
... O conceito de risco é polissêmico, mas tem em comum a inclusão da noção de probabilidade. Conway (1982) define risco como a medida da probabilidade e da severidade de efeitos adversos. Brilhante & Caldas (2004) lembram que risco não é o mesmo que perigo. ...
Na sociedade de risco, condição latente da sociedade contemporânea, o monitoramento do ambiente externo é reconhecido como atividade chave para o enfrentamento da incerteza sobre eventos futuros. O estudo descreve uma pesquisa, em curso, que trata do desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoramento de informação sobre pandemia de influenza. Dado o caráter multidimensional e multifacetado de uma pandemia, o Plano Brasileiro de Preparação para uma Pandemia de Influenza será tomado como ponto de partida para identificação dos temas que deverão ser monitorados. Apoiado fortemente nas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) e na Internet, o monitoramento deverá ser realizado por um programa-robô especialmente desenvolvido para tal finalidade. A meta é dispor de um espaço virtual que seja agregador de informações oficiais, de qualidade e atualizadas, que possibilitem ao tomador de decisão uma visão sistêmica e mais integradora das competências e do status das ações e esforços nacionais na prevenção da pandemia.
Description
The first publication of its kind to feature comprehensive information on the regulation, measurement, and control and remediation of VOCs in the soil, groundwater and air. 21 peer-reviewed papers from an international array of scientific, legal and environmental experts in the field.
Key topics addressed include: A multimedia perspective on VOCs in the environment • Challenges involved with the regulation and assessment of VOCs • The impact of VOCS on air quality • Methods to ascertain the environmental fate of VOCs • Environmental measurement and monitoring techniques Innovative approaches to control and remediate VOCs.
Invaluable resource for the complete spectrum of environmental professionals: engineers, chemists, scientists, regulators and remediation specialists and program managers, as well as federal and state agency environmental personnel and university libraries.
The management of toxic chemicals in many countries occurs, at best, through a blend of fragmented programs and continual response to real and perceived crises. In part, this is due to the fact that countries, agencies and industries, being new to the task, are inexperienced in the complexities of the issue. In addition, they have a limited information base, limited predictive capabilities and a finite problem-solving capacity. It may also be due to a lack of recognition of the various facets of the problem at hand, which may have resulted in the choice of ineffective management strategies. Why must toxic chemicals issues be managed differently in the future? How should they be managed and by whom? What new technologies and strategies should be considered? This book has provided some answers and guidance, by exploring the toxic chemical management issue from a multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral point of view.
During the past decade, the risk analysis literature has grown from a handful of articles and books to a formidable collection of material. The objective of this bibliograohy is to provide a listing of this material, with emphasis on works of generic interest to researchers and policymakers. Aside from inadvertent omissions and some minor exceptions, the following types of material were intentionally excluded from the bibliography: works dealing narrowly with a specific technology or hazard; technical or methodological works dealing exclusively with risk estimation or the measurement of probabilities and uncertainties; articles from mass circulation magazines; book reviews and foreign language works; unpublished dissertations and theses; and unpublished symposium, conference, or workshop papers. Because numerous sources were consulted in compiling the bibliography, it was not possible to provide complete reference information (such as page numbers) in all cases.
Environmental pollution is a multimedia problem. Pollutants do not stay where they originate but are able to migrate across environmental phase boundaries and to disperse throughout our ecosystem. Consequently, environmental exposure and risk assessments must be multimedia based analyses. In this paper, some aspects of intermedia transport are reviewed in relation to multimedia transport modeling, environmental monitoring and exposure assessment. Finally, an assessment is presented of the key research needs in the area of pollutant fate and transport modeling.
This chapter can be read as a separate document; it describes principles of the state of knowledge of the mathematical terrestrial (land, soil, groundwater) modelling for use in environmental quality studies and decision making. Chemical fate modelling in soil systems has been traditionally performed for three distinct environments: the land surface (or watershed), the unsaturated soil (soil) zone and the saturated (groundwater) zone of a region. Three types of model categories and models are available: miscible (or dissolved pollutant) models, immiscible fluid (or non-aqueous phase liquid, NAPL) models and chemical equilibrium (or speciation) models. A fourth category (ranking models) deals with the environmental rating of waste sites, in cases where detailed modelling is not desirable or possible. Detailed information on the above issues is presented in the following sections.
Two aquatic microcosms of different complexity were calibrated with a eutrophic lake. The simple microcosm consisted of an intact sediment core with overlying water. The complex microcosm was compartmentalized (phytoplankton tank, grazer tank, and sediment cores) to allow manipulation of individual components of the microbial food web. The comparison showed that whereas average phytoplankton biomass and productivity were approximately 30% lower in microcosms, biomass and activity of the heterotrophs (bacteria and nanoflagellates) were equal to or higher (up to 40% higher) than the corresponding field values. Important components of the microbial loop were represented in both microcosms. In the field and simple microcosm, approximately 30% of the phytoplankton production was cycled through the microbial loop, whereas close to 50% was fluxed through the loop in the complex model. Similarly, bacterial production amounted to almost the same fraction of the primary production in the simple microcosm and the field (16 and 18%, respectively) but 29% in the complex model. The percentage of the primary production that ended up as nanoflagellate production, on the other hand, was almost similar in all systems (0.4%). These data indicate that while the simple microcosm was the better surrogate of the field, variability between replicate microcosms of the complex model was lower (10-25% and 25-41% for the complex and simple models, respectively). The choice of model, therefore, depends on the questions asked. The results suggest that the trophic-level analysis is useful in calibration studies of microcosms intended for testing of microorganisms. Record 10 of 13 - BA on CD 1/95-6/95
Solubilities of several hydrophobic organic substances (paradichlorobenzene, endrin, naphthalene, and dibutyl phthalate) in aqueous solutions containing up to 0.10 mole fraction of common alcohols and ketones, were measured by gas chromatography. The solubilities are significantly increased by the alcohols and ketones. The results are interpreted in terms of the association of n molecules of alcohol or ketone with each hydrophobic organic molecule. Values of n and the equilibrium constant for this association are reported for each hydrophobic organic-alcohol and organic-ketone combination. The implications of these results for the disposal of toxic wastes by landfilling is discussed.
Microcosms consisting of estuarine sediment slurries were examined for their utility as models for assessing effects on microbial community structure and function. Data were obtained over a 2-week period to evaluate the reproducibility between individual microcosms and the variability between microcosm slurries and fresh sediment cores. Sulfate reduction rates in microcosm slurries did not differ significantly from rates for freshly collected sediment cores (p ≥ 0.05). However, the measured rates were more variable in microcosm slurries (SE = ±0.03–0.25 nM/ml/h) than in freshly collected sediments (SE = ±0.01–0.12 nM/ml/h). Rates of dark CO, fixation in the microcosm slurries declined but were consistent with rates in freshly collected sediments (6.51 and 9.29 nM/ml/h on day 3, respectively). Relative abundances (RAs) of 16S rRNA determined for six specific phylogenetic assemblages of sulfate-reducing bacteria were reproducible among three microcosm replicates with Desulfovibrio spp. consistently in greatest abundance (RA = 8.61 ± 1.40, day 7). Total direct bacterial counts were not significantly different between freshly collected sediments and microcosm slurries (p ≥ 0.05). The results indicated that microcosms were both reproducible and representative of the field, and could thus provide a potentially useful tool for studies of microbial community response to perturbation.
Nutrient export from intact soil-core microcosms in leachate or by plant uptake was evaluated as a means to assess the ecosystem impacts from the environmental release of genetically modified root-colonizing bacteria. Intact cores of two soil types, a Burbank sandy loam and a Palouse silt loam, were excavated for use as microcosms, seeded with corn and wheat, respectively, and inoculated with Azospirillum lipoferum transposon Tn5 mutants. Microcosms were leached at 33 d and 67 d after seeding and the leachate analyzed for sulfate, phosphate, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved organic carbon and inorganic carbon. Statistically significant differences in leachate nutrient concentrations between treatments were due to differences in soil types, rather than inoculation with the bacteria. The high variation in the concentrations of nutrients in the leachates from replicate microcosms, attributed to real field variation, suggest that the measurement of nutrient export in leachate from microcosms may not be a sensitive indicator of ecosystem impacts. One exception was dissolved organic carbon (and total carbon). A statistically significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) was observed between the microcosms receiving live inoculum and those receiving heat-killed cells for leachate organic carbon concentration. Plant uptake of N, P, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn was not affected by inoculation but the coefficients of variation were considerably lower than for the leachate analyses. It is suggested that, although the leaching of organic carbon from microcosms may be used as a holistic indicator of ecosystem impacts from the release of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs), measurements of plant assimilation of nutrients and specific rates of microbial transformation of nutrients may provide more sensitive effects end points.
The acute toxicity of marine-grade creosote, expressed as the 96-h LC50, is 0.018 mg/L for mysids (Mysidopsis bahia Molenock), 0.24 mg/L for pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum Burken-road) and 0.72 mg/L for sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus, Lacépède). The 96-h EC50 (shell deposition) for Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) is 0.71 mg/L. Mysid bioassays and chemical analyses estimate the half-life (≤ 1 week) for marine-grade creosote in seawater.
Ecosystem-level responses were examined in microcosms developed from four different natural plankton communities and exposed to nominal concentrations of 0.12, 0.50, 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L fluorene, a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon. The lowest observed (p < 0.05) effect level (LOEL) for dark respiration (Rni) was 0.12 mg/L fluorene in three of the four communities during the first 14 d. The LOEL for Rni in the fourth community was 5.0 mg/L. The LOEL of the net productivity/respiration ratio (Pn/Rni) was 0.12 mg/L in all four communities. These results suggest that the responses of these microcosms were not completely independent of their source communities. The sensitivities or LOEL values from these microcosm experiments were as low as those reported for chronic bioassays of the three most sensitive of seven standard test organisms. Comparisons between the responses of these microcosms and those reported for experimental ponds exposed to the same concentrations of fluorene suggest that these microcosms accurately reflect the types of changes and concentrations that cause change in pond ecosystems. However, slight but significant changes in the ecosystem-level variables gave no indication of the almost complete elimination of some zooplankton populations at 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L in the ponds and at 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L in the microcosms. This lack of correspondence between population- and ecosystem-level measurements suggests that test measurements made at one hierarchical level of organization may not always be appropriate for estimating effects at other levels.
The preliminary study of streams and rivers from the Roşia Montană area revealed that the concntration of heavy metals— Cd,
Mn, Cu, Pb, and Zn—are above accepted limits. The gold extraction method is based on flotation. The most important pollution
sources are mine tailings. The determinations were performed for samples collected in: April 2004, July 2004, September 2004,
November 2004, February 2005 and May 2005. The highest concentrations were found for cadmium in September 2004: 0.17mg/L;
for copper in September 2004: 1.38mg/L; for manganese in July 2004: 239.4mg/L; for lead in May 2005: 0.54mg/L; and for
zinc in September 2004: 35.37mg/L;. This study involved three small rivers (streams) that flow into the Mureş River and finally
into the Danube River, having a great impact on human health and environmental stability in the area. In May 2005, a sample
of drinking water from the mining district was also collected.
Acute toxicity threshold concentrations of 17 hydrocarbons to two species of ciliate protozoa were measured in a conventional ‘open’ system and in a novel ‘closed’ bioassay system consisting of a gas-tight syringe. Colpidium colpoda was employed as the test organism in the former system while Tetrahymena elliotti was used in the latter case. Partitioning analysis of the results highlighted the importance of controlling or eliminating the air space during the bioassay procedure, and of considering the quantity of hydrocarbon which may partition into test organisms. Although the toxicity thresholds, expressed as aqueous concentrations, varied by a factor of 1300, the corresponding biotic concentrations calculated from the partitioning analysis were relatively constant, thus providing a capability to predict toxicity effects from the solubility, octanol-water partition coefficient, or HPLC retention time of a compound. Some solid hydrocarbons, because of their fugacity ratios, were unable to establish a sufficient aqueous concentration to exert an acute toxic effect. The mechanism of toxicity and the applicability of the test methods and partitioning analysis to other organisms and compounds are discussed.
Pesticides are often produced and stored in large quantities near rivers posing a potential hazard for the aquatic environment. Accidental incidents such as storage facility fires are of major concern as significant amounts of pesticide chemicals can enter the nearby riverine system, possibly causing considerable environmental damage. This paper discusses and reviews the major physical, chemical, and microbiological fate processes of selected herbicides in riverine systems. Glyphosate, paraquat, and diquat herbicides have been selected for discussion as they are widely used and because they degrade in freshwater mainly by well-defined fate processes. The paper concentrates on biodegradation, sorption, and photolysis, the primary fate processes by which these herbicides degrade. Strategies for mathematically modelling the environmental fate of pesticides in rivers are reviewed and areas of future work identified.
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