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Principles and practices of rodent pest management
... Rat damage to offshoots, sucker and mature palms can predispose them to subsequent attack by insect borers, particularly the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and the dynastic beetle, Oryctes spp. Tripathi and Chaudhary [47] reported that dates at ripening stage may suffered squirrel damage of up to 60-80%. Damage to suckers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) by the Indian crested porcupine, Hystrix indica, through uprooting is quite common in Punjab and Balochistan. ...
... Bromadiolone is a well-known single-dose second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide worldwide and is highly effective against commensal as well as field rodents. Its mode of action includes inhibition of formation of prothrombin necessary for coagulation of blood, thus causing fatal haemorrhages [47]. Commensal rodents always remain in the proximity of pets, domestic animals and human beings; therefore, their control through toxic rodenticides requires safe bait delivery systems to avoid hazards to non-targets [52,58]. ...
In addition to the arthropod pests, the date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. is attacked by numerous non-arthropod pests, which include birds, rodents, bats, nematodes and snails. This review lists 57 species of birds reported in the agro-ecosystem of date palm. Of these, three species are major pests, 35 species are minor pests, 15 species are neutral and four species are birds of prey (raptors). The major bird pest species are the bulbuls, Pycnonotus spp., the rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri and the house sparrow Passer domesticus. Rodents comprise 13 species, of which 12 are rats and mice and one species of porcupine. The major rodents are the roof rat Rattus rattus, the Norway rat Rattus norvegicus, the house mouse Mus musculus, the Nile rat Arvicanthis niloticus and the mole rat Nesokia indica. The Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus, is reported to be an important pest of date palm fruits. The review also lists 24 species of nematodes belonging to the following genera: Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus and Tylenchorhynchus. Additionally, four species of land snails associated with date palm are listed. The article gives comprehensive information on the major non-arthropod pests of date palm regarding their distribution, biology, behaviour, nature of damage and possible management measures. Non-arthropod pests of minor importance are mentioned as checklists.
... Bromadiolone is a well-known single dose second generation anticoagulant rodenticide worldwide and is highly effective against commensal as well as field rodents (Malhi and Sheikher, 1985;Jain, 1985;Sridhara et al., 1988;Jain and Tripathi, 2000;Tripathi and Chaudhary, 2005). Its mode of action includes inhibition of formation of prothrombin necessary for coagulation of blood, thus causing fatal hemorrhages. ...
... Over a dozen species are regarded as problem species in agriculture and storage. Of these a complex of 2-5 rodent species inhabit any agro-ecosystems [5] and the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica is one of the important species of this pest complex in most of the agroecological regions of the country [1]. Besides, this species is also regarded as reservoir of plague bacteria. ...
In search for safe and eco-friendly management of rodent pests a number of phyto-chemicals have been evaluated as repellent, antifertility agent, antifeedant and toxicant etc. Protein rich residue of seed of Jojoba (Simmondisa chinensis) known as defatted jojoba meal is reported to possess marked suppressive effect on food intake in a variety of animal species. In present study the defatted jojoba meal at a concentration of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 % in pearl millet bait (w/w basis) was evaluated for its anti-rodent properties against Tatera indica, a predominant rodent pest of Indian subcontinent. Under no-choice condition the bait consumption during treatment period of 7 days was significantly reduced (3.01 ± 0.40–4.76 ± 0.14 g/100 g bwt/day) in comparison to pre-treatment plain bait consumption (9.33 ± 0.73–10.37 ± 0.29 g/100 g bwt/day). At higher dosages 50 % gerbils died. Besides, weight reduction in the range of 10.63–16.67 % was also observed. In choice test mean consumption of treated food was also significantly reduced (0.64 ± 0.28–1.44 ± 0.20 g/100 g bwt/day) in comparison to plain bait (5.80 ± 0.18–8.80 ± 0.29 g/100 g bwt/day) during 7 days of treatment period. Jojoba treated pearl millet bait when offered with plain sorghum bait, after an exposure period of 5 days left an imprinting effect on Indian gerbil which led to aversion towards plain pearl millet bait for 10–11 days. The findings showed that jojoba defatted meal exert strong dose dependant deterrence in Indian gerbils and also induces condition aversion learning behavior in the gerbils.
Rodents are the largest order under the class Mammalia with more than 2000 living species in 30 extant families and as high as 481 genera. Two-thirds of all living rodents belong to one single family, Muridae. Rodents are immensely diverse, ecologically, and they occupy any vacant places on Earth and eat anything. They are an important link in the food web and a number one vertebrate pest and also transform landscapes. Their adaptation is awesome; they adapt to any habitat, any food and any situation. Commensal rodents not only occupy the human habitation, causing economic losses to various stored products of human beings. They also act as vectors of numerous dreaded rodent-borne diseases in human beings. Rodent population dynamics depends on the availability of resources and environmental conditions. The assessment of rodent population in the wild is tricky as most of the pest rodents are nocturnal or subterranean. Pest rodents cause damage to agricultural crops, forestry, poultry industry, aviation and public health sectors. Being a mammal, rodents are extremely intelligent, and because of some limitation in their physiology, rodents are always suspicious. Neophobia and bait shyness are some of the traits which limit the use of rodenticides successfully. As one of the prolific breeders, rodents perform reproductive bounce after a successful control programme. Numerous management methods, viz. environmental, physical and chemical techniques, are being followed to contain the rodent population to a certain extent in a particular habitat.
We have all noticed in the last years the huge number of changes that took place in the social,
political, economical and technological fields, phenomena that led to substantial changes
including in the management practices of many small, medium and large companies. In this new
trend can also be included the social responsibility phenomenon of different companies
(including the insurance ones).
This paper explains that social responsibility implies the idea that insurance companies, along
with their commercial activities, must be also involved in voluntary actions that do not generate
an immediate benefit in terms of profits or other pecuniary earnings.
At present, there is a real argue between the specialists regarding what really means to be a
social responsible insurance company, if an insurer should be interested only in obtaining profits
or its concerns should also take in consideration activities that generate global benefits for the
entire society. Of course, there are many specialists that promote the social responsibility
attitude and others that are against such behavior.From a brief analyze of the behaviors of different insurers,
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