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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2014; 2(6): 42-46
ISSN 2320-3862
JMPS 2014; 2(6): 42-46
© 2014 JMPS
Received: 24-10-2014
Accepted: 09-11-2014
Subzar Ahmad Sheikh
Department of Botany, Govt.
Degree College (Boys) Anantnag,
Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Correspondence:
Subzar Ahmad Sheikh
Department of Botany, Govt.
Degree College (Boys) Anantnag,
Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Ethno-medicinal uses and pharmacological
activities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
Subzar Ahmad Sheikh
Abstract
Nelumbo nucifera is grown in many parts of the globe including India for its medicinal and nutritional
value. In Kashmir, the plant grows naturally in the lakes and its stem is being extensively used in many
famous Kashmiri cuisines. In addition, its fruits and seeds are also consumed, but to a lesser extent.
Many studies have established a wide range of the pharmacological activities of this plant. The current
review highlights the importance of Nelumbo nucifera in traditional medicines and its pharmacological
activities.
Keywords: Nelumbo nucifera, Lotus stem, Traditional medicine, Pharmacological activities.
1. Introduction
Nelumbo nucifera, (2n = 16) commonly known as lotus or sacred lotus is an aquatic perennial
plant belonging to family Nelumbonaceae. The plant grows up to a height of about 1.5meters
and a horizontal spread of up to 3 meters. Its roots remain fixed within the muddy bottom of
the water bodies and the leaves as large as 60 cm in diameter float over the surface of water or
are held above it. The flowers can be up to 20 cm in diameter and are found on stems rising
above the leaves. Lotus is propagated by the division of rhizomes and by seeds. The seeds are
about 1 cm in diameter and are located in the woody receptacle that looks like a showerhead
[1].The lotus plant grows by extending a creeping rhizome through anaerobic sediments at the
bottom of the water body. The rhizome bears nodes and each of which produces a leaf. The
petioles and the rhizome bear gas canals which channel air from the leaves throughout the
petioles and rhizomes. The petiole has two canal pairs and the rhizome has three canal pairs.
Air from a leaf flows to a rhizome through one of two petiolar canal pairs and flows in the
atmosphere through the second petiolar canal pair [2]. The plant has some unique features like;
the ability to regulate the temperature of its flowers within a narrow range [3], seeds with long
viability periods [4] and in addition its leaves show the lotus effect, the self-cleaning property.
Lotus has been used as a food for about 7,000 years in Asia, and it is cultivated for its edible
rhizomes/stems, seeds and leaves. Various lotus plant parts like buds, flowers, anthers,
stamens, fruits, leaves, stalks, rhizomes and roots have been used as herbal medicines for
treatment of many diseases including cancer, depression, diarrhea, heart problems,
hypertension and insomnia [5, 6]. Lotus produces a number of important secondary metabolites,
like alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, glycosides and polyphenols [7]. The genus
Nelumbo is represented by only two species, Nelumbo nucifera and Nelumbo lutea. Nelumbo
nucifera is widely distributed in South-East Asia. In India, it occurs from Kashmir in north to
Kanyakumari in south, showing huge phenotypic diversity with different shapes, sizes and
shades of pink and white flowers having 16-160 petals [8] and is the national flower of the
country. Nelumbo lutea commonly known as American lotus is distributed in North and South
America [9]. The natural habitat for lotus has been destroyed in certain areas and the plant
populations have dramatically decreased [10]. Lotus is listed as endangered and threatened in
many parts of America [1]. In many religions, lotus is considered to be sacred. It is considered
as the symbol of purity, divine beauty, resurrection and enlightenment.
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
2. Taxonomy Position
Kingdom
Plantae
(unranked)
Angiosperms
Order
Proteales
Family
Nelumbonaceae
Genus
Nelumbo
Species
Nelumbo nucifera
Gaertn
.
3. Nutritional Use
Parts of the lotus plant are consumed in many parts of the
world for their nutritional and medicinal importance. Lotus
rhizome being rich in starch, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber
(Table 1), is widely consumed by the Asian people [11]. Many
forms and products of the lotus rhizome, fresh, salted, lotus
rhizome starch, drinks, teas etc. are very popular [12, 13]. In
China and Japan, raw or roasted lotus seeds and rhizome are
extensively consumed as food, besides seeds are also used as
an ingredient in a large number of traditional pastries and
desserts [14].
Table 1: Nutritional value
Nutritional value per 100
g, Lotus root, cooked, no salt
Constituent
Quantity
Constituent
Quantity
Constituent
Quantity
Ener
gy
278
kJ (66
kcal)
Thiamine
(B1)
0.127 mg
Calcium
26 mg
Carbohydrates
16.02 g
Riboflavin
(B2)
0.01 mg
Iron
0.9 mg
Sugars
0.5.2 g
Niacin
(B3)
0.3 mg
Magnesium
22 mg
Dietary fiber
3.1 g
Pantothenic acid
(B5)
0.302 mg
Manganese
0.22 mg
Fat
0.07 g
Vitamin
B6
0.218 mg
Phosphorus
78 mg
Protein
1.58 g
Folate
(B9)
8 μg
Potassium
363 mg
Water
81.42 g
Choline
25.4 mg
Sodium
45 mg
-
-
Vitamin C
27.4 mg
Zinc
0.33 mg
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
In India also, the lotus stem is eaten in many areas. Lotus stem
called Nadru in Kashmir is deeply related to the culture and
economy. Lotus grows naturally in two main lakes i.e Dal lake
and Wullar lake, of the Kashmir valley, from where it is
harvested and supplied to the whole valley. Nadru based
cuisines are the integral part of every Kashmiri feast including
those made at religious, social and cultural occasions. In
Kashmir lotus is used in the form of lotus stem (Nadru) and
yoghurt curry, lotus stem kabab, lotus stem-fish, lotus
stem rogan josh, lotus stem pickles, lotus stem-Palakh etc.
Besides, some popular snacks are also made from the lotus
stem. Many of the Kashmiri Nadru based cuisines are famous
throughout India and are one of the tourist attractions to the
Jammu and Kashmir state. Nadru (lotus stem), contributes
significantly to the economy and is the source of the livelihood
to thousands of people directly or indirectly in Kashmir.
4. Traditional Medicine and Pharmacological Activities
Lotus is used in traditional medicine by people for its
tremendous health benefits in many parts of the world. It is
used to treat sunstroke, diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhoids,
dizziness, vomiting of blood, uterine bleeding disorders,
promoting conception, improving the skin condition,
controlling burning sensation, against infections, cough,
hypertension, fever, urinary problems, hematemesis, epistaxis,
hemoptysis, hematuria, and metrorrhagia etc [15, 16].
Many pharmacological studies on lotus have proven its
antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, hypoglycemic,
immunomodulatory, psychopharmacological, antioxidant,
aphrodisiac, lipolytic, antiviral, anticancer and
hepatoprotective activities [17].
Table 2: Summary of Ethno-Medicinal Uses and Pharmacological Activities of Nelumbo Nucifera.
S.
No
Part Used
Ethno
-
medicinal use /Pharmacological activity
Reference
1
Lea
ves
Diarrhea
[18,19]
2
Leaves
High fever
[18,19]
3
Leaves
Hemorrhoids
[18,19]
4
Leaves
Leprosy
[18,19]
5
Leaves
Lipolytic
[20]
6
Leaves
Anti
-
obesity
[21]
7
Leaves
Cardiovascular activity
[22]
8
Leaves
Hypocholesterolaemic
[23]
9
Leaf extracts
Analg
esic activity
[24]
10
Leaf extract
Anthelmintic activities
[25]
11
Leaf extract
Antiobesity and hypolipidemic
[26]
12
Leaves and Stem
Haematopoietic
[27]
13
Leaf, Flower, Seed
Cosmetic agent
[28]
14 Lotus liquor from leaves & blossoms
Antioxidant acti
vities, Reducing oxidative
stress and the risk of chronic diseases [19]
15
Rhizome
Diuretic activity
[29]
16
Rhizome
Psychopharmacological
[30]
17
Rhizome extract
Anti
-
diabetic
[31]
18
Rhizome extract
Anti
-
obesity
[21]
19
Flowers Rhizome
Hypoglycemic
[32, 33]
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
20
Flower, Rhizome
Antipyretic activity
[34, 35]
21
Rhizome &Flower
Antidiabetic
[36]
22
Leaves, Flower, Rhizome
Antioxidant
[37
-
39]
23
Flower
Antimicrobial activity
[40]
24 Flower
Vasodilating effects , antihypertensive
and antiarrhythmic abilities [19]
25
Flower beverages
Hypertension, cancer, weakness, body heat balance
[41]
26
Flower
Antioxidant
[42]
27
Flower
Anti
-
bacterial and antioxidant
[43]
28
Flowers
antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacity
[44]
29 Stamens
Consolidati
on of kidney function,
male sexual disorders and female leucorrhea [18]
30
Stamen
Aphrodisiac
[45]
31
Pounded petals
For syphilis
[46]
32
Flower stalk
Uterine Bleeding
[46]
33
Flower receptacles
To stop bleeding and to eliminate stagnated blood
[19]
34
Seed
Anti
-
proliferative
[47]
35
Seed
Anti
-
fibrosis
[48]
36
Seeds
Antidepressant, Anti
-
inflammation
[49]
37
Seed
Cardiovascular symptoms
[50]
38
Ripe seeds
Astringent action , Chronic diarrhea
[18]
39
Ripe seeds
Spleen tonic
[51]
40
Seed powder
Cou
gh
[52]
41
Seed extracts
Hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging
[21]
42
Seed extract
Anti
-
obesity and
hypolipidemic effects
[53]
43 Plumule from ripe seed
Nervous disorders, insomnia,
high fevers with restlessness and hypertension [18]
44
Seed,
Rhizome
Anti
-
inflammatory
[54 , 55]
45
Seed, Rhizome
Immunomodulatory
[56]
46
Seed, Leaves
Hepatoprotective
[57]
47
Seed, Leaves
Antiviral
[58, 59]
48
Plant extract
Anti Hyperlipidemic Activity
[60]
5. Leaves
In traditional medicine, lotus leaves are used against diarrhea,
high fever, hemorrhoids, leprosy [18, 19] weakness, skin
inflammation, and body heat imbalance [15], hematemesis,
epistaxis, hemoptysis, hematuria, and metrorrhagia [16]. Lotus
leaves have been reported to have lipolytic, anti-obesity,
cardiovascular and hypocholesterolaemic activity [20-23]. The
leaf extract has been reported to have analgesic, anthelmintic,
antiobesity and hypolipidemic activity [24-26]. Lotus liquor
made of blossoms and leaves has been reported to possess
antioxidant activities and is effective for reducing oxidative
stress [19].
6. Rhizome
Lotus rhizome and its extracts have shown diuretic,
psychopharmacological, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity,
hypoglycemic, antipyretic and antioxidant activities [29-36]. The
antioxidant property of rhizome knot extracts has been
reported to be higher than those from the whole rhizome [12].
7. Flowers
Lotus flowers, floral parts or their extracts have also been used
against many diseases like hypertension, cancer, weakness,
body heat imbalance, consolidation of kidney function, male
sexual disorders, syphilis, stopping bleeding and to eliminate
the stagnated blood. Flowers, with their parts or extracts have
shown to possess antimicrobial activities [40], vasodilating
effects, antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic abilities [19],
aphrodisiac activity [45], antioxidant and free radical
scavenging capacity [43, 44].
8. Seeds
In traditional medicine Lotus seeds are used as spleen tonic [51]
and seed powder is used against cough [52]. Plumule from the
ripe seed is used for the treatment of many diseases, including
nervous disorders, insomnia, high fevers with restlessness and
hypertension [18]. The seeds or their extracts have been
reported to possess anti-proliferative [47], anti-fibrosis [48,
antidepressant, anti-inflammation [49], astringent [18],
hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging [21], anti-obesity
and hypolipidemic effects [53], anti-inflammatory [54, 55]
immunomodulatory [56] and antiviral activities [58, 59].
9. Conclusion and Future Prospectus
Ethno-medicinal knowledge has already helped the man to
combat many diseases. Nelumbo nucifera has also been
extensively used for nutritional and traditional medicinal
purpose by people in many parts of the world. Further, the
pharmacological studies have shown tremendous potential of
the plant against a wide range of diseases and infections. So
the need of the hour is to further evaluate the medicinal
importance of Nelumbo nucifera, in view of its large scale use
in traditional medicine and recently identified pharmacological
activities and also to develop the protocols for efficient
extraction and validation of the active principles for their use
to combat different human disease conditions. Additionally,
there is the need to conserve this treasure as the habitat of this
plant is being polluted and threatened due to different
anthropogenic activities.
10. Acknowledgement
The author is highly thankful to Principal, Govt. Degree
College (Boys) Anantnag, for providing the support and
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
facility during this work.
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