No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Regenerating Journalism: Exploring the 'Alternativeness' and 'Digital-ness' of Online-Native Media in Latin America
Abstract
This study maps the emerging digital media landscape of online-native news sites in Latin America, interrogating to what extent these sites challenge mainstream, traditional journalism. Researchers identified and analyzed the region’s online-native sites, exploring their influence and “alternativeness”—in terms of ownership, funding, content, degree of activism, and organizational goals—and their “digital-ness,” in terms of the sites’ inclusion of multimedia, interactive, and participatory digital features. In general, results show that the most influential online-native sites are attempting to renovate traditional, outdated modes of journalism, serving as alternatives to mainstream media and aiming to change society, even if the sites do not necessarily self-identify as “alternative” per se. Their emphasis on using innovative, digital techniques is important for re-conceptualizing not just the role of journalism in a digital era, but also journalism’s relationship to alternative media and activism.
... Some of those initial digital ventures had print aspirations, such as El Salvador's El Faro, finding in the digital environment a more affordable platform. But as their success grew, they found their space grounded in the innovations afforded by the platforms pursuing critical and in-depth journalism (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016;Trujillo & Montero, 2019). And, while at the beginning, most of online news were online versions of legacy, traditional media, such as print newspapers, magazines, radio and television, in the following decades the process changes, and it becomes much more common to see digital-natives (those that emerge online without having previously existed in the offline environment) emerging and, in the first few years of the 2010s, there's a boom in the development of digital native in the region (Meléndez, 2016;Salaverría et al., 2019;Trujillo & Montero, 2019). ...
... Salaverría et al. (2019) classified digital-native news in Latin America, as presenting strong, quality journalism, aiming for independence from political and commercial forces, being mainly a small-scale business, most with modest revenues, with small but scalable audiences, and a considerable portion of digital-native news including women as founders. Their impact is increasing, with many earning national and international recognition through important awards (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016;García-Perdomo & Magaña, 2020). They emerge as a group, some forming alliances, such as the group Aliados, dedicated to promoting transparency, independence and quality journalism in Latin America (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016). ...
... Their impact is increasing, with many earning national and international recognition through important awards (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016;García-Perdomo & Magaña, 2020). They emerge as a group, some forming alliances, such as the group Aliados, dedicated to promoting transparency, independence and quality journalism in Latin America (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016). Salaverría and de-Lima-Santos (2021) qualified digital native news media in Latin America as a return to basics of journalism with a commitment to classic elements of journalism. ...
Digital news in Argentina came about in the mid-1990s, right around the same time as most countries in the region. In Argentina’s context, the emergence coincides with the presidency of Carlos Menem (1989–1999) and the short-lived economic stabilization and opening to foreign investors. This chapter discusses the emergence of digital media and the new narratives brought by independent, digital-native news in Argentina.
... (p.25) These findings reflect the results of a previous study by Harlow and Salaverría (2016). They found that new players in Latin America demonstrate high levels of attachment to journalism's role and function in society. ...
... As Requejo-Alemán and Lugo-Ocando (2014) suggested, most of these organisations rely on international funding to survive. On the other hand, commitments to journalism's reparation and role in society play a crucial role for news start-ups and independent and alternative media outlets in the Latin American media market (Harlow and Salaverría, 2016). According to Harlow and Salaverría (2016), new players demonstrate high levels of attachment to journalism's role and function in society: '[T]he most influential native online sites are trying to renew traditional and outdated forms of journalism, serving as alternatives to the mainstream media, even if organisations do not necessarily identify themselves as "alternatives"' (p. ...
... On the other hand, commitments to journalism's reparation and role in society play a crucial role for news start-ups and independent and alternative media outlets in the Latin American media market (Harlow and Salaverría, 2016). According to Harlow and Salaverría (2016), new players demonstrate high levels of attachment to journalism's role and function in society: '[T]he most influential native online sites are trying to renew traditional and outdated forms of journalism, serving as alternatives to the mainstream media, even if organisations do not necessarily identify themselves as "alternatives"' (p. 11). ...
Declaration I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of PhD is entirely my own work, and that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed:
... Digital media throughout Iberoamerica have transformed from being secondary players in the media field to being recognized as key to journalism now, and in the future (Salaverría, 2016). In some countries, like the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua, these media represent their country's first form of online journalism (Salaverría, 2016). ...
... Digital media throughout Iberoamerica have transformed from being secondary players in the media field to being recognized as key to journalism now, and in the future (Salaverría, 2016). In some countries, like the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua, these media represent their country's first form of online journalism (Salaverría, 2016). And, like El Faro, these outlets started online out of economic necessity. ...
... Despite being online-only outlets in countries with stark digital inequalities, these Latin American sites have garnered success and influence (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016). Looking at influence and reach is important to understand what kind of impact online-only sites can have in a region where 32% of the population lacks Internet access (IADB, 2020). ...
... En la tabla 1 se presenta la relación de los medios incorporados a la iniciativa. Sin embargo, en términos cualitativos, este sector ha alcanzado gran reconocimiento en presencia pública, la obtención de premios regionales, nacionales e internacionales por trabajos y trayectorias, además de conseguir recursos por parte de diversos organismos para desarrollar proyectos periodísticos con enfoque democrático (De León-Vázquez, 2018b;Harlow & Salaverría, 2016;Ramos & Mendoza, 2021). ...
... Tiene origen en las experiencias de periodistas independientes que se organizan en equipos de trabajo y buscan apoyarse entre sí, utilizando herramientas digitales, influenciados por la cultura wiki de la colaboración y trabajando en red. Constituyen una alternativa frente a la gran prensa corporativa, industrial o mainstream (Calvo, 2013;Celecia, 2019Celecia, , 2020De León-Vázquez, 2018a;Ford et al., 2020;Harlow & Salaverría, 2016;Heft, Alfter, & Barbara, 2019;Martínez & Ramos, 2020). Los autores Martínez & Ramos (2020, p. 4) proveen la siguiente definición: ...
... El periodismo colaborativo es un fenómeno emergente en América Latina. Por lo general, es practicado por medios digitales independientes, con bajo presupuesto y con orientación cívica; se presenta como alternativa a la gran prensa industrial (Celecia, 2020;Harlow & Salaverría, 2016). Esto es relevante porque la prensa industrial está fuertemente determinada por las lógicas capitalistas empresariales de mercantatilización de los espacios y los productos periodísticos (Fishman, 1983;González-Molina, 1990;McNair, 1998;Ramonet, 2011;Voltmer, 2013 Estas experiencias también pueden ser comprendidas como comunidades profesionales de práctica (Meltzer & Martik, 2017). ...
Este artículo presenta un análisis interpretativo sobre la cobertura noticiosa del COVID-19 durante los primeros meses de su aparición en México, en el marco de una iniciativa de periodismo colaborativo; con el objetivo de comprender las prácticas de producción informativa desde un rol cívico del periodismo, en relación con la pandemia. Se aplicaron entrevistas estructuradas a 26 periodistas de distintos medios y estados del país, la mayoría de ellos integrantes de la iniciativa #TómateloEnSerioMX contra la diseminación de información falsa. Los resultados contribuyen a la comprensión de las prácticas de producción periodística, la construcción de la agenda informativa y los criterios de noticiabilidad que se despliegan en la cobertura de la pandemia bajo un esfuerzo colaborativo de medios digitales independientes.
... En la tabla 1 se presenta la relación de los medios incorporados a la iniciativa. Sin embargo, en términos cualitativos, este sector ha alcanzado gran reconocimiento en presencia pública, la obtención de premios regionales, nacionales e internacionales por trabajos y trayectorias, además de conseguir recursos por parte de diversos organismos para desarrollar proyectos periodísticos con enfoque democrático (De León-Vázquez, 2018b;Harlow & Salaverría, 2016;Ramos & Mendoza, 2021). ...
... Tiene origen en las experiencias de periodistas independientes que se organizan en equipos de trabajo y buscan apoyarse entre sí, utilizando herramientas digitales, influenciados por la cultura wiki de la colaboración y trabajando en red. Constituyen una alternativa frente a la gran prensa corporativa, industrial o mainstream (Calvo, 2013;Celecia, 2019Celecia, , 2020De León-Vázquez, 2018a;Ford et al., 2020;Harlow & Salaverría, 2016;Heft, Alfter, & Barbara, 2019;Martínez & Ramos, 2020). Los autores Martínez & Ramos (2020, p. 4) proveen la siguiente definición: ...
... El periodismo colaborativo es un fenómeno emergente en América Latina. Por lo general, es practicado por medios digitales independientes, con bajo presupuesto y con orientación cívica; se presenta como alternativa a la gran prensa industrial (Celecia, 2020;Harlow & Salaverría, 2016). Esto es relevante porque la prensa industrial está fuertemente determinada por las lógicas capitalistas empresariales de mercantatilización de los espacios y los productos periodísticos (Fishman, 1983;González-Molina, 1990;McNair, 1998;Ramonet, 2011;Voltmer, 2013 Estas experiencias también pueden ser comprendidas como comunidades profesionales de práctica (Meltzer & Martik, 2017). ...
This article presents an interpretative analysis of the news coverage of COVID-19 during the first months of its appearance in Mexico, in the context of a collaborative journalism initiative, intending to understand the practices of news production from a civic role of journalism concerning the pandemic. The study applied structured interviews to twenty-six journalists from different media and states of the country, most of whom were members of the #TómateloEnSerioMx initiative against disseminating false information. The results contribute to understanding news production practices, agenda-building, and newsworthiness criteria deployed in the coverage of pandemics under a collaborative journalism effort performed by independent digital media.
... In the region, cooperative efforts are also seen among independent journalists, NGOs and alternative media (Gearing and Berglez 2019). For example, a study by Harlow and Salaverría (2016), which mapped the region's native digital media, concluded that "the most influential native online sites are trying to renew traditional and outdated forms of journalism, serving as alternatives to the mainstream media" (11). Similarly, a recent study has found that like their larger transnational counterparts, smaller organisations also have the potential to produce impactful investigations, leading to socio-political changes (Gearing and Berglez 2019). ...
... However, they cannot always translate these commitments through the content they produce because many forces internal and external to the profession and the individual might influence the content production (Hanitzsch and Vos 2017). Many studies defend the point that journalists turn to small-and mediumsized, non-profit organisations because they see these as spaces to be "freer" to reporting (Harlow and Salaverría 2016;Warner et al. 2017;Salaverría et al. 2018). Thus, our data show that the topics covered by these Latin American collaborative projects are in line with these journalistic goals, such as Human Rights, Politics, Gender and Race, Environment and Health. ...
... Overcome the lack of resources and to stretch their audiences' coverageSalaverría et al. (2018) Alternative to mainstream mediaHarlow and Salaverría (2016) Collaboration promotes innovation Schmitz Weiss et al. (2018) Smaller organisation able to produce impactful investigations Gearing and Berglez (2019) Little is known about power relations and sustainability Alfter and Cândea (2019) Described as an editorial collaboration between organisations Alfter (2016) Embraces the emergence of new actors Lewis (2018) Grounded on sharing environment Carson and Farhall (2018) Due to financial issues, news organisations start to engage in other forms and models of journalism Hamilton (2016) Feasible and reliable model of investigation. Carson and Farhall (2018) The importance and capability of "spreadability" Heft (2019) Long-term impact, especially on policy-making bodies Graves and Shabbir (2019) Focus on field reparation; shared resources; the expanding role of j-schools and non-profit organisations in the efforts De la Serna (2018) Journalists tend to reorganize themselves in new and alternative work arrangements Figaro and Nonato (2017) The emergence of a spirit of inclusion, dialogue, and analysis Ford et al. (2020) Way to protect themselves against violence in the region Chacón and Saldaña (2020) Six models of collaborative journalism Stonbely (2017) Local collaborative journalism Jenkins and Graves (2019) In Latina America organisations are highly supported and dependent on international foundations, grants and scholarships Warner et al. (2017) Latin American news organisations challenged to be sustainable Requejo-Alemán and Lugo-Ocando (2014) Latin American organisations more susceptible to local political fluctuations and influences Fernandes (2019) ...
The practice of collaboration in journalism is not new. The developments in information and communication technologies (ICTs) are understood by many scholars as the critical factor for collaborative journalism to flourish across newsrooms. By working together, practitioners can address the challenges of a profession in crisis as well as the need to produce quality investigative reporting. Much of the academic discussion regarding cooperative efforts in journalism has happened in the US and Europe. This paper aims to shed light on collaborative journalism outside this region, focusing on Latin America. To conduct our study, we looked at the literature concerning collaborative journalism in the Scopus and Scielo databases to build a survey that was shared among Latin American practitioners who worked on collaborative projects in recent years. Our findings show that Latin American news organisations are taking part or forming collaborative efforts to share a set of practices, processes, and motivations. However, their motivations are different from their Western counterparts, as Latin American journalists are looking for ways to fulfil the normative role of journalism in society and occupying spaces left by the mainstream media. By doing so, practitioners focus on topics and communities that are often misrepresented, forgotten, or underreported in the media. Finally, our paper concludes by suggesting a profile of news outlets working on collaborative projects across the region, and we provide some directions for future research.
... Articles that analyze the characteristics of the projects launched in the "Global South" are scarce; however, they are fruitful since they address socio-political and economic particularities barely considered up to now (e.g., political pressure, linguistic barriers, and the paucity of financial resources) (Haque et al. 2018). Besides, given the historical media concentration and the absence of public service media in Latin America (Albuquerque 2017), discussions surrounding the advent of entrepreneurial news startups have gained particular importance recently, even outside the fact-checking industry (Harlow 2020;Harlow and Salaverría 2016;Tejedor et al. 2020). ...
... This study has focused on the emergence of fact-checking firms through a "Global South" perspective. Considering the historical media ownership concentration (Albuquerque 2017), the political parallelism (Mellado et al. 2012), the scarcity of public service media, and the flourishing online-native journalism that abounds in Latin America in recent years (Harlow 2020;Harlow and Salaverría 2016;Tejedor et al. 2020), the fact-checking venture faces particular challenges to get long-term economic sustainability in the region. ...
This study addresses the expansion of Brazilian fact-checking enterprises, focusing on their funding sources and challenges to ensure editorial autonomy. The research is mainly grounded in semi-structured interviews with 16 fact-checkers from 13 active organizations, and includes complementary data collected from the initiatives’ websites. The findings show that the organizational milieu in which fact-checking firms flourish influences their revenue streams. Fact-checkers face different economic and editorial challenges depending on their organizational environment. Nevertheless, their chief business strategy to gain economic viability mainly translates into a solid presence on digital platforms. It involves reaching niche markets on social media and attracting users to their websites. Last, the limited staff of most fact-checking initiatives and their growing dependence on big tech money have led them to modularize their corrections to different platforms and publish debunking at the expense of political fact-checking. In short, this study contributes to the growing scholarship on fact-checking by evidencing that this professional reform movement is dealing with power dynamics familiar to the journalism they want to reform.
... La crisis social y política en Latinoamérica y el auge de las nuevas tecnologías de la información han generado un ambiente propicio para la emergencia de medios digitales alternativos, caracterizados por dar cobertura con independencia y rigor a lo que los medios mainstream no atienden (Harlow y Salaverría, 2016), cuestión que para algunos autores representa la presencia de un periodismo "militante" contrapuesto a un periodismo "objetivo" (Waisbord, 2013). En estrecho vínculo con los modelos de relación entre medios y política se ha categorizado al periodismo, de manera que puede hablarse de periodismo oficialista (Hallin, 2000), en correspondencia con el modelo pluralista polarizado; periodismo vigilante del entorno político o watchdog (Waisbord, 2013), respectivo al modelo democrático liberal, y periodismo militante o alternativo (Harlow y Salaverría, 2016), que se corresponde con el modelo democrático corporativo. ...
... La crisis social y política en Latinoamérica y el auge de las nuevas tecnologías de la información han generado un ambiente propicio para la emergencia de medios digitales alternativos, caracterizados por dar cobertura con independencia y rigor a lo que los medios mainstream no atienden (Harlow y Salaverría, 2016), cuestión que para algunos autores representa la presencia de un periodismo "militante" contrapuesto a un periodismo "objetivo" (Waisbord, 2013). En estrecho vínculo con los modelos de relación entre medios y política se ha categorizado al periodismo, de manera que puede hablarse de periodismo oficialista (Hallin, 2000), en correspondencia con el modelo pluralista polarizado; periodismo vigilante del entorno político o watchdog (Waisbord, 2013), respectivo al modelo democrático liberal, y periodismo militante o alternativo (Harlow y Salaverría, 2016), que se corresponde con el modelo democrático corporativo. También pueden encontrarse modelos de periodismo más desagregados que, basándose en el análisis de la labor de los periodistas, se refieren a los siguientes roles: intervencionistas, vigilantes, leal-facilitador u oficialista, de servicio, de infoentretenimiento y cívico (Mellado, Márquez, Oller, Mick y Amado, 2016). ...
Las precarias condiciones laborales de los periodistas en un contexto de violencia en México inciden en la emergencia de nuevos medios digitales que se conciben como actores y que priorizan el compromiso cívico y la autonomía editorial. A este periodismo lo catalogamos como “alternativo”. A partir del análisis de ZonaDocs y Tráfico zmg en términos de agenda, enfoque, organización y gestión, proponemos una definición situada de periodismo alternativo y examinamos sus desafíos para mantener y consolidar su labor. La metodología de este texto, de carácter mixto, empleó la entrevista semiestructurada y el análisis de contenido, mientras el marco teórico se apoya en los estudios sobre sistemas mediáticos y la sociología de la producción de noticias. Entre los resultados encontramos que la independencia, el civismo y la colaboración derivan del desempeño de ZonaDocs y Tráfico ZMG en tres ámbitos estratégicos que confirman su carácter alternativo: el económico, que repercute en la autonomía editorial; el de la asunción de los roles profesionales, que parte de entender la labor periodística desde el compromiso social, y el organizativo, derivado de esquemas horizontales de trabajo, redes de cooperación y participación ciudadana.
... Studies (Harlow and Salaverría 2016;Mioli and Nafría 2017;Scolari and Rodriguez-Amat 2018;Weiss et al. 2018;García-Avilés et al. 2019;Salaverría 2019; García-Perdomo and Magana 2020) have indicated a growth of new online businesses that are based on a startup model with full-digital operations and news content related to audience expectations and creative narrative formats. New digital-native business startups represent the mixing of entrepreneurial digital journalism and strategies for economic survival. ...
... The research by Harlow and Salaverría (2016) extended to the Latin American scenario demonstrates that due to political, economic and cultural aspects, media conglomerates in the region lack diversity and plurality, thus favoring the emergence of media outlets with an independent, alternative specific nature and business model proposals closer to what we characterize as innovative. To complete the regional view, Tejedor et al. (2020) analyzed 14 digital-native journalistic business models in Ibero-America and proposed a set of characteristics for them. ...
2020 marked 25 years of digital journalism in Latin America. This happened amidst a wave of new digital-born initiatives gaining traction in the market. This paper aims to discuss this growth scenario for these companies, specifically in Brazil, where independent digital media expanded substantially in the last decade. Our work seeks to understand the main characteristics of these Brazilian companies and how innovation is seen by them. The theoretical basis combines media sociology and the transformation of journalism businesses, journalism innovation, and typologies for contemporary media business ecosystems. In order to achieve the expected results, an extensive field study was carried out to form a sample of 45 leading companies. In addition to an overview of this sample, an in-depth analysis was performed with five companies that constitute a heterogeneous and representative group of the Brazilian journalistic scenario. The results show that companies remain firmly linked to traditional journalistic industry models. The outcomes also revealed that innovation is a concept still poorly understood by those professionals who are responsible for this group of businesses.
... We emphasize, however, that for this investigation, these factors were not decisive even though they deserve attention from future studies. We must point out that this difficulty has already been identified by previous researchers (e.g., Harlow & Salaverría, 2016). Therefore, the absence of an exhaustive and updated list of Latin American digital media outlets is an important issue in the literature. ...
... These organizations chose to connect with their audiences in a way that goes beyond soliciting their feedback: they turned their readers into storytellers. These digital natives need to build a business model that differentiates from legacy news media, which aligns with the findings from previous studies that were conducted in Latin America (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016;Requejo-Alemán & Lugo-Ocando, 2014). By giving a voice to the public, these organizations are putting the user at the center of their work (de-Lima- Santos & Mesquita, 2021). ...
Many scholars have recognized the benefits that user-generated content (UGC) can bring to news publications. In this context, the coverage of the pandemic has undoubtedly forced news outlets around the world to embrace such content to present relevant information during this time. To understand how Latin American outlets are exploring UGC in news reporting, we proposed an exploratory study that includes a devised observation of 80 news websites and their social network channels between April and August 2020. During this period, we conducted a systematic observation to analyze how these outlets open spaces for the public and experiment with integrating user content into their news processes. Our findings suggest that the majority of the observed portals have punctually adopted UGC with minimal engagement. However, the pandemic disrupted interesting experiments regarding the integration of UGC into news creation that generate innovative forms of storytelling.
... According to a study conducted by Meléndez (2016), most digital native news media in Latin America have a "generalist approach" to journalism, characterized by reporting on many themes, using different formats, and publishing both original content and content produced by other news outlets. Other studies have found that, although many of the Latin American digital-born news outlets have innovated with an investigative journalism approach that focuses on political themes (e.g., corruption, power, human rights, etc.), their use of text-based formats remains traditional (Harlow and Salaverría 2016;Zuluaga and Gómez 2019). ...
Many countries ban direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs due to potential health and financial risks. However, the internet and social media now offer new ways for pharmaceutical companies to share information and promote products. Covert marketing—indirectly promoting products through news media—has emerged as an alternative. This study explores the digital news landscape for prescription drugs in Latin America, a region that prohibits DTCA. Through content analysis, it examines prescription drug coverage in both traditional and digital news media published between 1 January 2017 and 1 January 2019, as well as its spread via social media platforms in the region’s six largest economies. The findings show that over 62% of news posts lacked neutrality, with articles on new treatments 74% less likely to be neutral, 64% less likely to mention adverse effects, and over eight times more likely to be promotional. Brazilian news had the highest social media sharing rate, with an emphasis on regulatory topics. Overall, digital news in Latin America leans toward promotional content rather than balanced reporting on drug risks and benefits. To support responsible journalism and reduce corporate influence, stronger pharmacovigilance and adherence to professional guidelines prioritizing accuracy, independence, and integrity are needed.
... Other studies explored the characteristics of alternative digital media such as the Centro de Mídia Independente (Independent Media Center) (Cabral 2019) and Mídia Ninja (Penteado and Souza 2016). The label "alternative" has also been employed to describe foundation-funded online native news media (Harlow and Salaverría 2016;Higgins Joyce 2018). Finally, an alt-right media developed in Brazil in the years prior to Bolsonaro's rise to the presidency (Alves 2022). ...
... After this process, and excluding USA based media in Spanish language and independent fact-checking platforms [4], 30 results were obtained from 13 countries [5]. The parameterised search within the SembraMedia directory was complemented by using specialised directories, search engines, market studies and other academic and professional documentary sources, a type of search validated in previous studies (Harlow and Salaverría, 2016). This led to the discovery of four more outlets with ethical codes. ...
Purpose
Given the considerable challenges posed by disinformation to both society and journalism, how do news media outlets in Hispanic America and Spain address this pervasive global phenomenon? The purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent to which these outlets embrace recommendations from academic, professional and institutional spheres for countering false contents.
Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative content analysis was used using variables linked to transparency, verification and potential errors incurred. This study comprehensively analyses the ethical codes of 34 digital native outlets spanning 12 Hispanic American countries (Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela), as well as Spain.
Findings
The key findings reveal significant variations in adherence to the recommended guidelines. Particularly striking is the disparity between compliance with transparency and verification compared to notably higher adherence to measure aimed at rectifying errors. This exploratory study paves the way for further research on additional countries.
Originality/value
Ethical codes are a fundamental instrument of media accountability. Nevertheless, their utility in the fight against misinformation has barely been addressed. This study is pioneering in the field of disinformation and ethical codes within digital native media outlets in Hispanic America and Spain.
... Otros referentes teóricos que ayudan a comprender la reconfiguración de los roles profesionales tradicionales desde el periodismo feminista y sus afinidades con formas de participación política, está en los estudios sobre modelos periodísticos que permiten asociar a los medios con tres tipos ideales: los oficialistas (Hallin, 2000), que reproducen una representación oficial del acontecer; los vigilantes del entorno político (Waisbord, 2013), que asumen un distanciamiento entre la prensa y el poder; y los militantes o alternativos (Waisbord, Harlow & Salaverría, 2016), que se implican y comprometen en la defensa de determinadas causas. En el caso de un periodismo abiertamente feminista puede apreciarse la combinación del modelo vigilante con el militante o alternativo. ...
Este artículo analiza cómo el periodismo feminista en México reconfigura los roles profesionales tradicionales del periodismo y con esto genera modelos opuestos al periodismo tradicional que transforman el modo en que se entiende y se ejerce esta profesión. En este proceso de reconfiguración interviene tanto la práctica como la reflexividad sobre dicha práctica y es fundamental la experiencia y subjetividad de las periodistas y expertas entrevistadas. El marco teórico se apoya en la sociología de la producción de noticias y la participación política posmoderna y la metodología se basó en entrevistas en profundidad a periodistas y expertas.
... For example, Arab journalism is considered emotive in nature (Bebawi 2019). In Latin America, journalists are aligned with fact-based truth-telling and traditional norms of independence (Harlow and Salaverría 2016). ...
... Algunos elementos que han resultado de interés para la investigación académica, en especial desde la perspectiva de análisis de la sociología de la producción de noticias, son las posibilidades que abre la web tanto a organizaciones periodísticas como a periodistas para reinventar su práctica profesional y sostener proyectos alternativos a los de los medios masivos otrora hegemónicos (De León, 2018;Harlow & Salaverría, 2016;Somohano, 2022). Asimismo, se aprecia que en el ámbito digital surgen nuevos fenómenos que conectan al periodismo con formas diversas de ejercer la ciudadanía y que lo obligan a reformular sus valores tradicionales e incluso su lugar en los procesos de construcción y fortalecimiento de la democracia (Celecia, 2020;De León, 2018). ...
Este número especial de la revista Virtualis llama a estudiosas y estudiosos del periodismo de América Latina a someter contribuciones sobre los fenómenos emergentes del periodismo nacido digital de la región, con énfasis en sus dimensiones culturales, económicas, laborales y sociales. Recibimos manuscritos de corte conceptual o empírico, centrados en casos nacionales o parte de estudios comparativos de un alcance mayor, que asistan a mejorar nuestro entendimiento sobre las implicaciones de las transformaciones introducidas por el periodismo nacido digital en las esferas públicas nacionales y transnacionales de América Latina.
... Los estudios empíricos sobre el consumo de infoentretenimiento y noticias blandas muestran además que, si bien su consumo podría no contribuir al apego del público a las noticias a largo plazo, sí ayuda al negocio de las noticias a corto plazo, pero esto no representa una alternativa sostenible puesto que significa supeditar la calidad de la información, del debate y en general de la vida pública a la rentabilidad de los espacios informativos (Nguyen, 2012). Todo esto, a futuro, no podría más que profundizar la crisis económica y de credibilidad que experimentan desde hace años los medios tradicionales tanto a nivel global (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016) como en el contexto mexicano (Del Palacio, 2015;Gómez et al., 2015). ...
Resumen Recientemente han aparecido en plataformas digitales actores que se autodenominan periodistas y que participan en la cobertura de la temática política. Particularmente llamativo es el caso de canales informativos que proliferan en la plataforma de videos YouTube, los cuales combinan la diseminación planificada de información falsa con las ventajas de un modelo de negocio que, aprovechando las condiciones de monetización de YouTube, permite lucrar con la diseminación de información parcial, tendenciosa o abiertamente falsa. Considerando este contexto, este artículo aborda, a partir de un análisis de contenido cualitativo, el modo en que diez canales informativos de YouTube difundieron información falsa, manipulada o tendenciosa acerca del Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE), la autoridad electoral encargada de organizar la elección federal de México en 2021. El marco teórico se apoya en los conceptos de desinformación e infoentretenimiento y los resultados identifican algunos de los elementos discursivos que pueden haber lastrado la conversación pública en México durante este proceso electoral, entre los que destacan: la hiperbolización, los encuadres episódicos y la personalización de la política. Palabras clave: infotainment, politainment, desinformación, comunicación política, elecciones mexicanas. Abstract Recently, actors who call themselves journalists and who participate in the coverage of thematic politics have appeared on digital platforms. Particularly striking is the case of information channels that proliferate on the
... The category of alternative media has mostly been associated with hyper-partisan agendas on the radical right-wing of the political spectrum (Heft et al. 2020). However, alternative media can also refer to the empowerment of marginalized voices (Harlow and Salaverría, 2016), which may offer a different narrative than mainstream media channels without necessarily attacking or delegitimizing conventional truth claims. As we are conceptually interested in alternative media that may promote disinformation narratives, conspiracies, and anti-establishment claims, we focus on the more extreme category of hyper-partisan alternative media that delegitimize established claims on truthfulness (Heft et al. 2020). ...
... While most previous research has either examined this apparent necessity for business model innovation in news media (Evens et al., 2017;Küng, 2008) or the challenges of business model innovation from an organisational and structural perspective (Koch, 2008;Mütterlein & Kunz, 2017;Rothmann & Koch, 2014), the current role of experimenting with emerging technologies as a means of business model innovation in legacy organisations in the local news sector remains largely unexplored. Even though Lima Santos and Zhou (2018, p. 126) point out that "technology innovation has been a key issue in designing business models in digital journalism", research has identified only little technology-related business model innovation in journalism so far (Broersma & Peters, 2013;Harlow & Salaverría, 2016). Additionally, most research regarding legacy media's changing business models has so far mostly focused on national or international news organisations (Harnischmacher, 2015), while local newspapers remain the most frequently used source of news within local communities and account for a big share of employment in the media business (Nielsen, 2015). ...
In the wake of recent trends forcing local news organisations to adjust business models, local news publishers are often challenged with recognising new technologies as business opportunities. This contribution investigates the role of localisation technologies by using an abductive qualitative approach. We analyse how local media managers' everyday activities shape the capability of creating , identifying, and experimenting with new business opportunities in a local news media market-discussed here for location-based services (LBS)-in a case study of a local news market with local journalists with managerial responsibilities and newsroom managers. Doing so, this contribution comments on activities undertaken concerning evolving technologies. The findings indicate that the selected local media managers do not experiment with LBS, and most organisations use LBS only for advertising. We reveal the factors explaining this finding to be the media managers' limited information about technological developments, their lack of experimentation within core areas, and media organisations' constraints to the acceptance of mistakes. ARTICLE HISTORY
... In this sense, this exploratory study goes further with the general hypothesis that the emergence of these models, in the current context of crisis that suffers the journalistic industry at a national and international level, can be understood as a key factor for the production of diverse news content and the promotion of pluralism in the public sphere. These changes seem to affect the internal pluralism of each media outlet (Iglesias García, 2012) and the information system as a whole (Harlow, 2021;Harlow & Salaverría, 2016). ...
This paper seeks to understand the undergoing digital transformations of the Chilean media system, based on the gaps, challenges, and opportunities that are currently facing the industrial and commercial organization of native digital media in Chile. In the Chilean case, the emergence of native digital media was developed with the new media business models in a context of a crisis of traditional modes of media financing. To study this process, we propose a descriptive-exploratory study focusing on six paradigmatic cases based on a campaign of semi-structured interviews (12) and a platform biography (6) to gather information on the structures, dynamics, and evolution of business models in the journalistic sites of these digital native media. Semi-structured interviews with founders/owners (FD) and monetization managers (MM), allow us to understand the reasons and objectives that underpin these transformations. Our sample is composed of six Chilean native digital media, which are legally registered in the relevant national information system in the Chilean public sphere (Reuters, 2022). The results of this analytical exercise show the tensions that occur in the business model’s five key dimensions: sustainability, innovation, associativity, community building, and journalistic added value. Towards the end, we list the study’s limitations and the understanding of the development of digital native media in Chile.
Key words
Sustainability; Business model; Native digital media; Chile; Platformization
... No obstante, el surgimiento de emprendimientos periodísticos digitales ofrece una cobertura independiente que ha contribuido a fortalecer la autonomía profesional en la región (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016;Higgins Joyce, 2018). Iniciativas tales como Animal Político en México, El Faro en El Salvador, Plaza Pública en Guatemala, Ojo Público en Perú, El Confidencial en Nicaragua, Efecto Cucuyo en Venezuela, y La Silla Vacía y Las 2 Orillas en Colombia han traído una ola de cambios que han fortalecido el periodismo: han recuperado la importancia del reportaje, la crónica y el ejercicio periodístico en la creación de opinión pública, y se han enfocado en el análisis profundo de los problemas estructurales asociados con los derechos humanos, la desigualdad socioeconómica, la corrupción y la violencia que afectan a los países latinoamericanos y a los periodistas (Salaverría & Lima-Santos, 2021). ...
forma de citar Arroyave, J. & Garcés-Prettel, M. (2023) Cambios en el periodismo y su impacto en la autonomía profesional: evidencia del estudio The Worlds of Journalism en siete Países de América Latina. Cuadernos.info, (54), 318-340. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.54.54055 resumen | Los debates en torno al futuro del periodismo posibilitaron numerosas investigaciones sobre sus cambios en el nuevo contexto hiperdigitalizado. Sin embargo, se desconoce su impacto en la libertad de prensa, específicamente en la autonomía editorial. Con datos del último The Worlds of Journalism Study 2012-2016, este artículo explora la percepción de 2789 periodistas de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador y México sobre este fenómeno. Mediante la aplicación de un análisis de covarianza SEM, se identificaron cinco factores de cambio percibidos por estos profesionales: la comunicación digital interactiva, la certificación profesional, las consideraciones formativas o normativas, la importancia social del periodismo y las presiones económicas. Respecto de la forma en la que operan estos cambios, la autonomía aumenta cuando se fortalece la percepción sobre la relevancia social del periodismo y el tiempo para investigar y disminuye cuando aumentan las presiones lucrativas. Los hallazgos reafirman la importancia de no perder de vista los valores o cualidades centrales del periodismo, como la autonomía, la responsabilidad social y el profesionalismo que deben mantenerse en estos tiempos de fuertes cambios mediados por las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de las comunicaciones. Palabras claves: Latinoamérica; autonomía periodística; periodismo; cambios; libertad de prensa; influencias en el periodismo.
... No obstante, el surgimiento de emprendimientos periodísticos digitales ofrece una cobertura independiente que ha contribuido a fortalecer la autonomía profesional en la región (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016;Higgins Joyce, 2018). Iniciativas tales como Animal Político en México, El Faro en El Salvador, Plaza Pública en Guatemala, Ojo Público en Perú, El Confidencial en Nicaragua, Efecto Cucuyo en Venezuela, y La Silla Vacía y Las 2 Orillas en Colombia han traído una ola de cambios que han fortalecido el periodismo: han recuperado la importancia del reportaje, la crónica y el ejercicio periodístico en la creación de opinión pública, y se han enfocado en el análisis profundo de los problemas estructurales asociados con los derechos humanos, la desigualdad socioeconómica, la corrupción y la violencia que afectan a los países latinoamericanos y a los periodistas (Salaverría & Lima-Santos, 2021). ...
Los debates en torno al futuro del periodismo posibilitaron numerosas investigaciones sobre sus cambios en el nuevo contexto hiperdigitalizado. Sin embargo, se desconoce su impacto en la libertad de prensa, específicamente en la autonomía editorial. Con datos del último The Worlds of Journalism Study 2012-2016, este artículo explora la percepción de 2789 periodistas de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador y México sobre este fenómeno. Mediante la aplicación de un análisis de covarianza SEM, se identificaron cinco factores de cambio percibidos por estos profesionales: la comunicación digital interactiva, la certificación profesional, las consideraciones formativas o normativas, la importancia social del periodismo y las presiones económicas. Respecto de la forma en la que operan estos cambios, la autonomía aumenta cuando se fortalece la percepción sobre la relevancia social del periodismo y el tiempo para investigar y disminuye cuando aumentan las presiones lucrativas. Los hallazgos reafirman la importancia de no perder de vista los valores o cualidades centrales del periodismo, como la autonomía, la responsabilidad social y el profesionalismo que deben mantenerse en estos tiempos de fuertes cambios mediados por las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de las comunicaciones.
... In short, participation implies the willingness to incur costs in time or money, in order to interact with communication media. This loyalty, which can take different forms (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016), is a demonstration of the quality perceived by the audience. ...
En una época marcada por la desinformación, el cumplimiento de los estándares profesionales por parte de los medios de comunicación es una de las vías para recuperar la confianza del público en las noticias. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar críticamente el método empleado para elaborar un Sello de Calidad que permita distinguir los medios por la confianza que generan en sus audiencias. Tras una revisión de la literatura, se han identificado las dimensiones e indicadores que hacen que un informativo de televisión pueda ser percibido como de calidad. Para confirmar que las categorías e indicadores eran pertinentes para la industria europea, se aplicó el método Delphi y se consultó a más de 200 expertos en España, Italia y Alemania, pertenecientes a diferentes grupos de interés del sector (académicos, anunciantes, representantes de la audiencia, reguladores, periodistas, ONGs y ejecutivos de medios). De las tres categorías asociadas a la calidad de los productos informativos (relativos a los editores, a los profesionales y a la elaboración de los contenidos), los entrevistados consideran que la existencia de procedimientos adecuados para elaborar las noticias, profesionales cualificados y con recursos son los más importantes. Aunque existen algunas diferencias en las percepciones sobre la calidad informativa entre los diversos 'stakeholders' y según su nacionalidad, la necesidad de una acreditación externa que reconozca el buen trabajo periodístico y asegure que el producto informativo reúne los cánones de calidad exigibles de las buenas prácticas profesionales permanece como un requisito para unos medios de comunicación al servicio de la sociedad democrática.
... Partly in response to frustrations over traditional news media's clientelist ties, independent, often digital, news outlets have emerged around the globe as a way to disrupt traditional media practices and organizational structures, potentially challenging the corporatization of media ownership and the status quo way of doing journalism that favors elites (Harlow, 2023;Wagemans et al., 2016). Wary of the strings often attached to government and commercial advertising, these sites tend to be nonprofit-oriented, focused on making money only so far as to create sustainable journalism models, rather than please shareholders (Harlow and Salaverría, 2016). Frequently they are funded by international foundations, donations, or reader memberships, resulting in the creation of new journalism business models (Nee, 2013;Scott et al., 2019). ...
Most protest paradigm studies examining news media's portrayals of protesters are based on an assumption that the way the paradigm operates within the U.S. media system is similar around the globe. To overcome these weaknesses, this content analysis (n = 1200) of protest-related news coverage in two Balkan and two Central American countries examines how media clientelism-manifested via ownership, concentration, and state advertising-influences media representations of protesters. Results highlight important regional differences in protest coverage, and confirm the role of government and elites in clientelist environments is more complex than hypothesized. We found that while clientelism contributes to the protest paradigm, delegitimizing coverage is not automatic, and varies by frame and media ownership, as political and economic interests differentially influence protest coverage depending not just on the outlets’ ties to the state, but also the social contexts surrounding the protests themselves.
... Digital-native news outlets are more likely to display hyper-partisanship (Xu et al., 2017) and present themselves as alternative to the mainstream media (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016). This study partially confirms this trend. ...
The study employed a quantitative content analysis of stories (N = 1200) and photographs (N = 1200) to examine how U.S. digital-native and traditional news websites of different political orientations (right-leaning vs left-leaning) represented immigration in frames, topics and visual frames. Social media engagement was also analyzed to understand how people react to news content. Both in stories and images, left-leaning news websites focused more often on victimization, while right-leaning outlets emphasized threat. This trend was even more pronounced among digital-native news websites. Traditional left-leaning news sites generated the highest number of social media interactions.
... For example, Arab journalism is considered emotive in nature (Bebawi 2019). In Latin America, journalists are aligned with fact-based truth-telling and traditional norms of independence (Harlow and Salaverría 2016). ...
The environmental crisis and more recently climate emergency have driven news media outlets to create editorial brands that specifically cover these topics. To make itself heard in a market for environmental news that is increasingly dominated by global media outlets, La Nación (Argentina) has leveraged its reporting on the topic by developing a novel editorial brand focused on environmental data journalism: “Proyecto Naturaleza.” Through the lens of data journalism and collaborative journalism, this article relies on methods such as participant observation and in-depth interviews to understand the practices, norms, and routines adopted by La Nación to produce data journalism focused on environmental topics. The results indicate three specific pillars for such journalism: climate change, biodiversity, and audience participation. The team sets an agenda based on these topics in light of annual events or large celebrations, resulting in a calendar of proposed activities (the production of data stories or crowdsourcing actions). The data team holds meetings with different individuals and organizations from different sectors to identify distinct perspectives on environmental issues to discuss undertakings and collaborate as needed with these actors. La Nación also emphasizes involving audiences on a deeper level, transforming their traditional role as passive recipient into active participant.
... However, it can differ in aspects such as the type of vehicle, the content, and the form of organization (Cammaerts, 2016). However, as the alternative journalistic discourse does not always occur in a radically different structure from the conventional ones, the alternative language is often used as a "mere apparel" to journalism made by traditional vehicles (Silva, 2017), which led researchers to explore the degrees of "alternativity" and "digitality" of these media in Latin America (Harlow & Salaverría, 2016). ...
ABSTRACT – This paper presents the results of research on journalistic economic alternative arrangements to the major media corporations in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. It draws a profile of 20 arrangements identified through combined research techniques (snowball and questionnaire), characterizing them from three central axes: 1) “what is journalistic” in the journalistic arrangements (defining aspects of the type of journalism that is produced – or “markers”) and considerations about the world of work of the people in charge of these arrangements; 2) organization and production process (publication regimes, target audience, independence, and alternativeness); and 3) innovation and sustainability (if the arrangements consider themselves as entrepreneurial and innovative, what their legal status is and how they are financially sustained). The results point to three ideal types of journalistic arrangements, identified by their different bonds with the capital, their communities, or their political causes. Each ideal type corresponds to a distinct understanding of what journalism is and to distinct governance practices. Without constituting consolidated models, these types respond, each one in its way, to the structural changes that occur in the profession.
RESUMO – Este artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa sobre arranjos econômicos de jornalismo alternativos às grandes corporações de mídia no estado de Santa Catarina. Traça um perfil de 20 arranjos identificados por meio de técnicas combinadas de pesquisa (bola de neve e questionário), caracterizando-os a partir de três eixos centrais: 1) “o que há de jornalístico” nos arranjos jornalísticos (aspectos definidores do tipo de jornalismo produzido – ou “marcadores”) e considerações sobre o mundo do trabalho de seus e suas responsáveis; 2) organização e processo produtivo (regimes de publicação, públicos-alvo, relações de independência e alternatividade); e 3) inovação e sustentabilidade (se os arranjos consideram-se empreendedores e inovadores, quais seus status jurídicos e como se sustentam). Os resultados apontam para três tipos ideais de arranjos jornalísticos, identificados por suas diferentes conexões com o capital, as comunidades ou as causas políticas. Cada tipo ideal corresponde a um entendimento diferente do que é o jornalismo e a distintas práticas de governança. Esses tipos, sem constituírem ainda modelos consolidados, respondem, cada qual a seu modo, às mudanças estruturais do ofício.
RESUMEN – Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre proyectos económicos de periodismo alternativos a las principales corporaciones mediáticas en el estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Se dibuja un perfil de 20 proyectos identificados por técnicas de investigación articuladas (bola de nieve y cuestionario), caracterizándolos desde tres ejes centrales: 1) “qué hay de periodístico” en los proyectos periodísticos (aspectos definidores del tipo de periodismo producido – o “marcadores”) y consideraciones sobre el mundo laboral de sus responsables; 2) organización y proceso de producción (regímenes de publicación, públicos objetivo, relaciones de independencia y alternatividad); y 3) innovación y sostenibilidad (si los proyectos se consideran emprendedores e innovadores, cuál es su estatus legal y cómo se mantienen). Los resultados apuntan a tres tipos ideales de proyectos periodísticos, identificados por sus distintas conexiones con el capital, las comunidades o las causas políticas. Cada tipo ideal corresponde a una comprensión diferente de lo que es el periodismo y diferentes prácticas de gobernanza. Estos tipos, sin ser modelos aún consolidados, responden, cada uno a su manera, a los cambios estructurales de la profesión.
... Sin embargo, esto no implica que se trate de un modelo automatizado de periodismo que permita toda la participación del público en la producción de sus noticias.Estas organizaciones optaron por conectarse con sus audiencias de una manera que va más allá de pedir la retroalimentación: esos medios convirtieron a sus lectores en narradores. Estos medios nativos digitales necesitan construir un modelo de negocio que se diferencie de los medios noticiosos tradicionales, lo cual se alinea con los hallazgos de estudios previos que se llevaron a cabo en AméricaLatina(Harlow & Salaverría, 2016;Requejo-Alemán & Lugo-Ocando, 2014). Al dar voz al público, estas organizaciones están poniendo al usuario en el centro de su trabajo (de-Lima-Santos & Mesquita, 2021). ...
ABSTRACT – Many scholars have recognized the benefits that user-generated content (UGC) can bring to news publications. In this context, the coverage of the pandemic has undoubtedly forced news outlets around the world to embrace such content to present relevant information during this time. To understand how Latin American outlets are exploring UGC in news reporting, we proposed an exploratory study that includes a devised observation of 80 news websites and their social network channels between April and August 2020. During this period, we conducted a systematic observation to analyze how these outlets open spaces for the public and experiment with integrating user content into their news processes. Our findings suggest that the majority of the observed portals have punctually adopted UGC with minimal engagement. However, the pandemic disrupted interesting experiments regarding the integration of UGC into news creation that generate innovative forms of storytelling.
RESUMO – Muitos acadêmicos têm reconhecido os benefícios que o conteúdo gerado pelo usuário (CGU) pode trazer para as notícias. Nesse contexto, a cobertura da pandemia, sem dúvida, forçou os meios de comunicação de todo o mundo a adotar esse tipo de conteúdo para apresentar informações relevantes durante esse período. Para entender como os veículos latino-americanos estão explorando o CGU em reportagens, propusemos um estudo exploratório que inclui uma observação planejada de 80 sites de notícias e seus canais de rede social entre abril e agosto de 2020. Durante esse período, conduzimos uma observação sistemática para analisar como esses veículos abrem espaços para o público e experimentam integrar o conteúdo do usuário em seus processos de notícias. Nossos resultados sugerem que a maioria dos portais observados adotou CGU pontualmente com envolvimento mínimo. No entanto, a pandemia promoveu experimentos interessantes sobre a integração de CGU na criação de notícias que resultaram em formas inovadoras de storytelling.
RESUMEN – Los estudios académicos han reconocido los beneficios que el contenido generado por el usuario (CGU) puede aportar a las noticias. En este contexto, la cobertura de la pandemia sin duda ha obligado a los medios de todo el mundo a adoptar este tipo de contenido para brindar información relevante durante este tiempo. Para comprender cómo los medios latinoamericanos están explorando el CGU en la cobertura de noticias, proponemos un estudio exploratorio que incluye la observación de 80 sitios web de noticias y sus redes sociales entre abril y agosto de 2020. A lo largo de este período, hicimos una observación sistemática para analizar cómo estos medios abren espacios para el público y experimentan la integración del contenido del usuario en sus procesos de noticias. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que la mayoría de los portales observados adoptan puntualmente el CGU con un compromiso mínimo. Por otro lado, la pandemia ha disrumpido algunos experimentos interesantes de integración del CGU en la creación de noticias que generaron formas innovadoras de storytelling.
... The fact-checking platforms are digital native media [65], so they are conditioned by the same variables than the rest of the digital media with the aim to generate revenue and benefits sustainably. Therefore, the business models of fact-checking services focus on "horizontality, participation, and compromise", and the structures and human resources must be able "to adapt to a constantly changing environment", that promotes a confluence and a renovation of the relationship of "journalism, alternate media and activism" [66]. ...
The proliferation of fact-checking services is a fast-growing global phenomenon, especially in Western countries. These services are the response of journalism to disinformation, that has transformed a common internal procedure of journalistic work in the core of a business directed to the general public, also offered to the companies of mass media and social media. Literature review shows that the research on fact-checking has focused on the origin, funding, relationship with the media, procedures, and experiences related to politics and COVID-19. However, the ownership structure of the fact-checking services has been superficially analysed and the business model of these platforms has not yet been studied in detail and depth. The objective of this article is to identify and analyse the business model of the nine Spanish active fact-checking services through a documentary research of public information sources and the information that these services give about themselves. This paper explains their ownership structure and income provenance, from open information sources. The findings are that the fact-checking services that depend on media groups are no strangers to the trend of opacity usual in these groups, but in the case of fact-checking services that are born as initiatives of journalists, the trend towards transparency is, in the majority of cases, clear. However, the information provided by the Spanish fact-checking services is deficient and does not allow us to discover their business models, except in the case of Newtral and, to a certain extent, Maldita
... Latin American journalists are constantly exploring new techniques to do their daily work through social media (Schmitz Weiss, 2015). Harlow and Salaverría (2016) found that Latin American digital-native media conceptualize innovation as a renovating force that aims to overcome obsolete journalism practices, serve as an alternative to mainstream media, and change society. Schmitz Weiss et al. (2020) suggest that journalists working for Latin American traditional mainstream media could lack the technological skills and training that current news innovation demands and that journalists in this region perceive themselves as "innovative if they worked in an entrepreneurial capacity" (p. ...
This research takes a socio-technical approach and uses participant observation and in-depth interviews to explain how two major TV news organizations from Colombia utilize social media to distribute video and engage TV audiences in online settings. Findings show that social media, particularly Facebook, are changing how television channels think of videos and their perceptions of audience engagement at the organizational level. Social media not only play a dominant role for distributing video but they influence with their recommendations and metrics TV decisions regarding content production. Finally, this research discusses the implication of these findings for the future of TV journalism.
... In this context, Latin American news organizations have been ghting to overcome regional challenges, as discussed in Chap. 1, and to offer quality journalism to the public. Also, in a study conducted by Harlow and Salaverría (2016), the authors mapped the region's native digital media and concluded that "the most in uential native online sites are trying to renew traditional and outdated forms of journalism, serving as alternatives to the mainstream media, even if organizations do not necessarily identify themselves as 'alternatives'" (p. 11). ...
With no time to waste in becoming capable of producing high-quality journalism, media organizations in Latin America learn to walk through difficult times, rushing to use the best that technology, collaboration and the digital world have to offer. Globally, media organizations have had to adapt to a platformization of society that has undermined the journalism nexus and their business models. The situation is not different in Latin America. However, the innovative and creative aspects found in the region make it one of the most exciting places to investigate its media ecosystem. Through new practices of engagement, reporting, and collaborating and through activism or empathy, Latin American media organizations reveal a novel praxis of the profession in the region. In this chapter, we discuss the praxeology (the study of practice and action) through the analysis of 93 questionnaire responses and 11 interviews to argue that, even with enormous difficulty, the main journalistic objectives are still the basis of their motivations and values. The overall situation of crisis in the media market took a toll on these organizations. Yet, they have been able to raise their heads above water by throwing themselves into innovative praxis.
Chile is one of the most developed countries in Latin America, and yet its success has not prevented the development of sophisticated forms of media capture. Ties between the political and business elites, forged during Augusto Pinochet’s dictatorship (1973–1990), have endured during democratic transition, shaping the country’s public communication sphere for decades. Seminal studies indicate a powerful covert ideological influence of the elites over decision-making and occasional forms of overt corporate and state patronage (Mönckeberg 2009; Ruiz-Tagle 2011; Sunkel and Geoffroy 2002). This chapter explores what these media capture trends mean for Chilean environmental and LGBTI+ activist groups, and what they do to challenge this capture with the use of different digital media. It finds that most of these groups feel invisible, misrepresented, and damaged in the mainstream news media coverage, and use social networking sites to overcome lack of journalistic attention and create their own activist media.
The murder of the Brazilian environmental activist Chico Mendes in 1988 awakened environmental consciousness, after years of his defense against Amazonian deforestation. His assassination, however, did not lead into further protection of environmentalists, but rather to an increasing impunity in the attacks against them, particularly in Latin America, the deadliest region for local communities fighting extractive industries, deforestation, or large infrastructure projects. Using qualitative methodology, this chapter analyzes the narrative resources and journalistic treatment of a dozen of long-form reportages and profiles dealing with activism and resistance in Honduras, Perú, Colombia, Mexico, Brazil, Ecuador, and Argentina.
Globalization and awareness have impacted the masses in a certain way, that information exchange has become an integral part of the societal system in modern days. One very convenient mode of information exchange is in the form of general news. In the wake of social media and technology, the stage for delivering news has drastically broadened and has become diverse. Children being one of the crucial pillars of society should stay aware of their surrounding developments and issues, yet in the present scenario, a gap can be witnessed that children find it challenging to connect toward the current presentation of news in comparison with elders, as children find a lack of entertainment and fun element in the current news presentation system. This paper aims toward the execution of general news for children into news content containing visual motion graphics for an effective and better understanding of the subject matter. The design concept would essentially contain the graphical representation of news materials to generate interest, curiosity, and cognitive retention of the information. Visual motion graphics being a very attractive and exciting element of new media could be effective in the exchange of information with children while adding a fun element to it. The advantages and challenges of the implementation of the design concept are tallied through a survey conducted among children and their guardians in Kokrajhar, Assam, India. The study explores the potential progressive breadth of the design concept to produce an efficient information transfer for kids using visual motion graphics.KeywordsMotion graphicsInteractive designVisual communicationEffective learning
In the past decades, South America has seen a propagation of digital-native news organizations bringing innovation in journalism, serving new audiences, and approaching new issues. Many digital-native news organizations still struggle to set their reputation but, as they grow in numbers and strength, they are increasingly recognized for the quality of news produced. This chapter situates the emergence of digital-native news in South America, defined as news media emerging in the online environment without previous ties to legacy or traditional organizations. It also introduces some of the main concepts and issues discussed in the book as related to the high choice digital media environment, such as polarization and consensus building.
La participación de las audiencias se ha posicionado como un componente esencial en los procesos productivos y de financiación de los contenidos online. Esta investigación tiene como propósito identificar las formas en que la participación contribuye a la creación, captura y red de valor en los medios digitales e independientes en Colombia. A partir de 17 entrevistas semiestructuradas a líderes de medios y organizaciones que impulsan y asocian estos medios en Colombia y América Latina, se reconoce que estos proyectos periodísticos disponen escenarios de participación de las audiencias principalmente en los procesos productivos, la selección y creación de contenidos, las estrategias de financiación, y los procesos de incidencia cultural y política.
Audience participation is an essential component of online content production and financing. This study aims to identify how participation contributes to creating, capturing, and networking value in Colombia’s digital and independent media. Based on 17 semi-structured interviews with media leaders and organizations that promote and associate these media in Colombia and Latin America, it is recognized that these journalistic projects have audience participation scenarios mainly in production processes, the selection and creation of content, funding strategies, and cultural and political advocacy activities.
In contemporary societies, communication becomes increasingly plural, with the multiplication of information channels, connections, and social actors. On the one hand, this promotes greater democratization of communication and information systems, but, on the other hand, these become increasingly complex, requiring a growing degree of literacy to understand the value of each message and its potential impact. In this context, this article highlights the privileged role that professional journalism has in promoting media literacy, largely thanks to its ability to reach different audiences and actively contribute to opinion-forming processes. With this objective in mind, three projects are discussed involving the newspapers Público (Portugal) and O Estado de S.Paulo (Brazil), as well as the BBC (United Kingdom). It concludes that there is a need to diversify the role of journalism, which is often reduced to promoting knowledge about news production methods. The theoretical-methodological framework adopted is based on Cultural Studies, Critical Discourse Studies and Communication and Media Studies.
Declining democracy in Central America, from oppressive policies in El Salvador and detaining journalists in Guatemala to emerging anti-press rhetoric in Costa Rica, reinforces a history of violent censorship for Latin American media, complicating journalists’ abilities to influence communication. Through interviews with journalists in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua, this study analyzes the role of social media in Central American journalism. The interviews reveal that while the dominance of algorithms and information monopolies may assist financially controlled mainstream journalists, social media provide opportunities for alternative journalists in Central America to circumvent economic constraints and become more prominent gatekeeping actors in political communication. These findings indicate a shift in the news agenda, facilitated by social media but hindered by the lingering darkness of constrained media systems.
Alternatif medya, son yıllarda akademik ilgiyi üzerine çeken ve bu sayede önemli bir yazınsal birikime ulaşan bir çalışma konusu olmakla birlikte, bir paradoksu da içinde barındırmaktadır: İlgili yazında ne tür faaliyetlerin alternatif medya kapsamında olduğu muğlaklığının bugüne kadar giderilememiş olması. Üstelik bu kısıtlılığı aşmak adına oluşturulan alternatif medya tipolojilerindeki yaklaşımlar bile birbirini dışlayıcı özellikler sunabilmekte ve muğlaklığı derinleştirebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada söz konusu muğlaklığa ve nasıl aşılabileceğine odaklanılmaktadır. Akabinde Bailey, Cammaerts ve Carpentier sundukları ‘panoptik yaklaşım’da farklı yaklaşımların birleştirilmesinin işlevsel olabileceğini ifade etmektedir. Ancak panoptik yaklaşım potansiyel alternatif medya özelliklerini sıralı ve sistematik bir liste halinde sunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada da panoptik yaklaşımdan hareketle, farklı tipolojilerindeki yaklaşımlarda ve literatürdeki diğer çalışmalarda değinilen özellikler Alternatif Medyanın Değişken Özellikleri isimli listede toplanmıştır. Listenin medya faaliyetlerinin alternatif medya olarak nitelendirilip nitelendirilemeyeceğinde fonksiyonel bir ‘turnusol kâğıdı’ olması beklenmektedir. Medya faaliyetleri, listedeki özelliklerin birkaçına değişken kombinasyonlar halinde sahip olup bu eksende alternatif medya olarak adlandırılabilir.
Although alternative media is a subject of study that has attracted academic attention in recent years and has thus reached a significant literary accumulation, it also contains a paradox: The fact that ambiguity of what kinds of activities fall within the scope of alternative media in the relevant literature has not been resolved to date. Moreover, even in alternative media typologies created to overcome this ambiguity, the approaches adopted can exhibit mutually exclusive characteristics, and this situation deepens the ambiguity instead of eliminating it. In this study, it's focused on this ambiguity and how it can be overcome. Bailey, Cammaerts, and Carpentier offer their “panoptic approach”, combining various approaches to determine alternative media activities. Although the panoptic approach provides a holistic understanding, it is thought to be deprived of an ordered and systematic list of potential alternative media characteristics. Based on the panoptic approach, this study has assembled the characteristics mentioned in different alternative media approaches and studies into a list called “Variable Characteristics of Alternative Media”. The list is expected to serve as a functional 'litmus paper' as to which media activities can and cannot be characterized as alternative media-specific and why. Media activities may have several of the characteristics in the list in varying combinations and thus be labeled as alternative media.
Age, rarely examined in journalism studies, became salient in 2018 in Malaysia when a 92-year-old, Mahathir Mohamad, unexpectedly became the world’s oldest elected head of state, and he named a 25-year-old, Syed Saddiq, to his cabinet. A content analysis of 1,376 stories published worldwide revealed that journalists treated the ages of the two men infrequently, similarly, and cautiously. Variance occurred with Hofstede’s collectivism-individualism dimension of the publications’ national bases, and in the application of descriptive adjectives, which changed with the election. Overall, the judicious treatment of age shows support for the journalistic objectivity norm.
El presente estudio analiza la cobertura que recibieron las protestas contra la Policía, en Colombia, en septiembre de 2020, a través de las informaciones publicadas por las cuentas de los cuatro portales noticiosos de mayor tráfico y consulta en Facebook. El objetivo es analizar si el paradigma de la protesta se presenta ahora en el ecosistema de las redes sociales. Tras un análisis de contenido digital de corte mixto se pudo comprender cómo se construyeron los marcos de interpretación de las protestas desde las representaciones lingüísticas, visuales e ideológicas/discursivas, y desde los encuadres empleados por los medios. Los resultados validaron que los portales informativos replican los patrones del paradigma de la protesta en las redes sociales, por lo cual terminan deslegitimando y desdibujando los motivos de la movilización ciudadana.
Digital media have become an integral part of the journalism industry and of audience habits – in 2021 our research registered 2873 active news websites in Spain. First, this paper explores trends facing online news; it sets out the criteria used to identify a news brand as digital-native or non-native; and it presents the results of our classification. This includes: data on the presence of news titles both on proprietary platforms (print, radio, TV or app) in addition to their websites, and on external platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube and Telegram); their geographic scope (hyperlocal, local/regional or national/global); their subject (general or specialized coverage); and on ownership and lan-guage used. Almost 70% of the media were regional or local, while 60% covered general news, and one in three were linked to a print product, almost as many as those with their own app for users. Social media uptake is so widespread that more than 95% of the sites are on Facebook, with a similar number on Twitter, while more than 60% can be found on YouTube, and similarly on Instagram. Among specialized sites, sport is the largest cate-gory, comprising twice as many digital-native sites (106) than sites with traditional roots (46). The entertainment focus expands in the digital environment, and online-originated culture, business and science and technology outlets also outnumber legacy publications.
News organizations and journalists around the world have seen an increase in threats and attacks against themselves and their work. In Latin America, this is heightened by the ongoing state of violence. To continue producing quality investigative journalism, professionals must find ways to deal with the situation. This study analyzes how journalists from small- and medium-sized outlets can perform their duties with greater security. Through 15 in-depth interviews with Latin American practitioners, this study aims to understand which safety measures are being adopted and their implications for the boundaries of journalism. Results illustrate that these professionals are assuming new roles by incorporating security measures into their daily routines. Consequently, these security procedures are merged with journalistic activity, invading other fields. Our interviewees highlighted that their news organizations are embracing collaboration and other sorts of collective actions such as advocacy to promote greater security. This study offers a new perspective on the boundaries of journalism that takes into consideration a set of tasks absorbed by journalists and news organizations that are often invisible and expands the literature on news safety in Latin America. We conclude with an agenda for future research.
Digital native media have gone through different stages since their emergence in the last decade of the twentieth century under the shadow of the evolution of the ‘network of networks’ and digital transformation. Despite the influence that legacy media have exerted on the models of many digital media, the efforts they have made to find their own way in the digital communication ecosystem have resulted in the introduction of new practices and strategies that have fuelled renewed debates on journalistic frontiers. The aim of this paper is to review the birth, evolution and current landscape of digital native media with special attention given to research in this field. This is an object of study with its own and differential characteristics in relation to legacy media, which attracts the focus of more and more digital communication researchers every day. To offer a current assessment of such research, a systematized review of articles published in scientific journals included in the Web of Science and Scopus databases was carried out. The results show that the conceptualization of digital native media, their mapping in media ecosystems and comparison with legacy media, the study of their typology and characteristics, research on their economic and organizational models, the analysis of their content, and their relationship with audiences are among the main objects of research. These media constitute a fundamental sector in the current media ecosystem, which will require multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives in their research to face the challenges of digital media, digital native media and digital journalism.
El artículo investiga las transformaciones provocadas por el entorno digital y las redes sociales dentro de las salas de redacción de medios tradicionales chilenos. Se enfoca en tres aristas: el impacto del entorno digital en el ejercicio del periodismo, el uso de redes sociales en los medios tradicionales y las oportunidades y los riesgos para las rutinas profesionales. Para ello se condujo un estudio cualitativo a partir de 21 entrevistas en profundidad semiestructuradas con el objetivo de explorar las percepciones de los protagonistas. En cuanto a los resultados, se observa que, si bien el entorno digital ha puesto en tensión la función tradicional del periodismo como guardianes de la información (gatekeepers), sus aspectos fundamentales siguen vigentes como pilares de la profesión con el fin de preservar estándares de calidad. Los periodistas y medios tienden a ver ciertas redes sociales –p. ej. Twitter, Facebook e Instagram– como plataformas para agilizar su trabajo y aumentar su alcance, pese a que reconocen riesgos y amenazas que tensionan su independencia, provenientes principalmente de la presión de la audiencia. Por último, se evidencia que los medios están ocupando múltiples estrategias y protocolos para enfrentar los peligros que conlleva el entorno digital.
There is increasing scholarship marking a geographic turn in journalism studies. It focuses on examining the digital and physical terrain that audiences, sources and newsmakers traverse, and emphasises the spaces and places of news and knowledge production. This paper complements the trend by exploring how journalism scholars have adopted the idea of ‘mapping’ in this contemporary research. We present a four-part typology of mapping within the journalism field: cartographic, network, spatial cognitive and metaphorical. The paper argues for the importance of journalism scholars being able to more strongly align and justify the use of mapping in their work, and explores the complexities and opportunities that maps may present to enrich their research.
Informe de un seminario sobre medios nativos digitales en América Latina, organizado por el grupo de investigación Digidoc de la UPF, en el marco del proyecto de investigación doctoral Cibermedios nativos latinoamericanos como agentes de renovación del campo periodístico. El seminario, celebrado en junio de 2022, consistió en una serie de tres presentaciones continuas, realizadas por expertos, y una segunda parte de preguntas, deliberación e intercambio de experiencias entre los organizadores, los expertos y los asistentes. En la primera parte se abordan aspectos de la evolución histórica de los medios nativos, sus características distintivas y las posiciones liminales que ocupan entre los medios tradicionales y los medios alternativos. También se aborda el uso comparado de las redes sociales entre periodistas en Latinoamérica, así como los tipos de branding en redes sociales de los medios nativos. Finalmente, se presentan estudios de casos acerca de medios de Brasil, enfocados en poblaciones periféricas, con base en el trabajo participativo y colaborativo. En la segunda parte se intercambian preguntas y deliberaciones acerca de las percepciones periodísticas sobre la objetividad, los cambios en los usos de las redes sociales, el tratamiento de las emociones y la participación de las audiencias. Se incluye al final listado de referencias bibliográficas de los participantes relacionadas con medios nativos digitales.
This triangulated study combines surveys of readers of digital-native news sites in Latin America with focus groups of journalists working at these sites to explore how the emerging media sphere of digital-native media in the region might be redefining what it means to be “alternative.” Results show survey respondents were motivated to read the digital-native sites because of their alternative characteristics, such as media participation in the community, taking a stance against injustice, and their independence. Similarly, focus group findings indicated journalists distinguish themselves from mainstream media because of their innovative approaches to journalism, their independence, their participation in communities, and the stances they take. Ultimately, this study suggests that this trend of independent, online-native news sites does not fit neatly into alternative or mainstream categorizations. Rather, this study points to a hybrid, or mestizaje, way of doing journalism that is simultaneously alike and in contrast to mainstream and alternative media.
This chapter proposes a qualitative and exploratory look at User-Generated Content (UGC) in news sites from Latin America. The discussion focuses on the integration of these contents into storytelling. We selected four websites from each Latin American country during two stages, totaling 80 news sites, in which we searched for examples that fit our criteria. We located a diverse type of contributors and different profiles of contributions that allowed us to make inferences about the use of UGC by Latin American outlets. We understand that multiple factors influence the adoption of these contents by newsrooms, which include journalistic values, ethics, and the capacity to verify it. When UGC is used in journalism, there is always a process of mediation, implied and active, that varies over three levels: minimal, medium, and maximal. In the end, each news organization deals with UGC differently, and how successful they are in including the public in the news process is up to them; though there are interesting cases of application of UGC in the storytelling in Latin America, most news organizations apply a discourse of participation, but do not actually open the spaces for the public beyond the basic, such as comment sections.
«Ciberperiodismo en Iberoamérica» relata los veinte primeros años del periodismo digital en veintidós países: todos los de América Latina, además de España y Portugal. Con referencias históricas inéditas y curiosas imágenes rescatadas del pasado, acompañadas de abundantes estadísticas, este libro ofrece un análisis profundo y documentado sobre el origen, hitos y tendencias de los medios digitales en todos y cada uno de los países iberoamericanos.
Media may direct individual or society towards some ideas and actions. Technologic convergence moved broadcasting and publishing into digital media. This study analyzes design characteristics and contents of news web sites in Southern East Europe. Thus, contributions to positive and negative efforts in the context of social cohesion and separation efforts investigated. Some of analyzed features of news sites are medium profile, user profile, membership, news topics, multimedia usage, usage of social media, multi-lingual publishing/broadcasting.
Many observers doubt the capacity of digital media to change the political game. The rise of a transnational activism that is aimed beyond states and directly at corporations, trade and development regimes offers a fruitful area for understanding how communication practices can help create a new politics. The Internet is implicated in the new global activism far beyond merely reducing the costs of communication, or transcending the geographical and temporal barriers associated with other communication media. Various uses of the Internet and digital media facilitate the loosely structured networks, the weak identity ties, and the patterns of issue and demonstration organizing that define a new global protest politics. Analysis of various cases shows how digital network configurations can facilitate: permanent campaigns, the growth of broad networks despite relatively weak social identity and ideology ties, transformation of individual member organizations and whole networks, and the capacity to communicate messages from desktops to television screens. The same qualities that make these communication-based politics durable also make them vulnerable to problems of control, decision-making and collective identity.
This article assesses online newspapers in Europe from a media evolutionary perspective, ten years after the introduction of the World Wide Web. Comparing print and online front pages of 51 newspapers in 14 countries in 2003, we argue that online newspapers complement print newspapers in modest ways. Online, publishers put more emphasis on service information, offer additional news items, that nonetheless report on similar topics in similar ways, and add personal interactivity, content selectivity and real-time news to the print news offering.
One subset of online newspapers charges for services, and offers more content and personal interactivity. Another, partly overlapping subset offers more original news; in a short and anonymous format. Overall, however, online newspapers in Europe make up a heterogeneous group, suggesting that online newspapers still have to find their definite form and role in the European news market.
■ Although the knowledge gap hypothesis is often mentioned in connection with the social consequences of the Information Society, there is little discussion of its theoretical background or specific empirical evidence. Therefore, this article explores the theoretical potential of the knowledge gap perspective for Internet research and presents data based on two recent Internet surveys, which demonstrate a double digital divide. Access to the Internet in Switzerland is still dominated by well-educated, affluent, young males and between 1997 and 2000 the gap between those who do and those who do not have access widened not narrowed. Furthermore, there are gaps in the use of the Internet too. More educated people use the Internet more actively and their use is more information oriented, whereas the less educated seem to be interested particularly in the entertainment functions of the Internet. ■
The internet – specifically its graphic interface, the world wide web – has had a major impact on all levels of (information) societies throughout the world. Specifically for journalism as it is practiced online, we can now identify the effect that this has had on the profession and its culture(s). This article defines four particular types of online journalism and discusses them in terms of key characteristics of online publishing – hypertextuality, interactivity, multimediality – and considers the current and potential impacts that these online journalisms can have on the ways in which one can define journalism as it functions in elective democracies worldwide. It is argued that the application of particular online characteristics not only has consequences for the type of journalism produced on the web, but that these characteristics and online journalisms indeed connect to broader and more profound changes and redefinitions of professional journalism and its (news) culture as a whole.
By analyzing the daily work of online journalists, this book investigates the production of online news: how it differs from traditional media production, and its consequences for the character and quality of online news. It advocates revitalization of the ethnographic methodologies of sociologists who entered newsrooms in the 1970s and 1980s, while simultaneously exploring new theoretical frameworks to better understand the evolution of online journalism and how newsrooms deal with innovation and change. This collection fills a gap in the field by offering ethnographic descriptions from sites of online news production in many countries, and provides insider perspectives on the real practices and values of new media production, documenting how these often differ from the claims of both producers and theorists.
Although the knowledge gap hypothesis is often mentioned in connection with the social consequences of the Information Society, there is little discussion of its theoretical background or specific empirical evidence. Therefore, this article explores the theoretical potential of the knowledge gap perspective for Internet research and presents data based on two recent Internet surveys, which demonstrate a double digital divide. Access to the Internet in Switzerland is still dominated by well-educated, affluent, young males and between 1997 and 2000 the gap between those who do and those who do not have access widened not narrowed. Furthermore, there are gaps in the use of the Internet too. More educated people use the Internet more actively and their use is more information oriented, whereas the less educated seem to be interested particularly in the entertainment functions of the Internet.
In this updated and expanded edition of the acclaimed Economics and Financing of Media Companies, leading economist and media specialist Robert G. Picard employs business concepts and analyses to explore the operations and activities of media firms and the forces and issues affecting them.Picard has added new examples and new data, and he covers such emerging areas as the economics of digital media. Using contemporary examples from American and global media companies, the book contains a wealth of information, including useful charts and tables, important for both those who work in and study media industries. It goes beyond simplistic explanations to show how various internal and external forces direct and constrain decisions in media firms and the implications of the forces on the type of media and content offered today.
The Handbook to Global Online Journalism features a collection of readings from international practitioners and scholars that represent a comprehensive and state-of-the-art overview of the relationship between the internet and journalism around the world. • Provides a state-of-the-art overview of current research and future directions of online journalism • Traces the evolution of journalistic practices, business models, and shifting patterns of journalistic cultures that have emerged around the world with the migration of news online • Written and edited by top international researchers and practitioners in the area of online journalism • Features an extensive breadth of coverage, including economics, organizational practices, contents and experiences • Discusses developments in online news in a wide range of countries, from the USA to Brazil, and from Germany to China • Contains original theory, new research data, and reviews of existing studies in the field.
This study examines whether a Salvadoran alternative newspaper maintained its critical, independent, and alternative position after the country’s first leftist president was elected and the newspaper no longer was in opposition to the government. Via a content analysis and in-depth interviews that drove the content analysis, this study improves our understanding of ‘alternativeness’ in a non-US context. Using a theoretical lens founded on alternative media scholarship and sociology’s displacement theory to examine the newspaper’s radical purpose, the study found that once the left came into power after decades of rightist and authoritarian rule, the newspaper’s alternative mission and goals were displaced, becoming less radical and more propagandistic. Pro-government coverage increased and coverage of social movements, civil society, and other traditionally ‘alternative’ topics decreased. Journalists at the newspaper acknowledged the shift in goals and lessening of radical purpose, but clung to the newspaper’s ‘alternativeness’.
In the light of newspapers’ struggle to maintain readers and viability in the digital era, this study aims to understand better how newspapers in Latin America are responding to this shift toward user-generated and multimedia content. Using a content analysis of 19 newspapers from throughout Latin America, this study found that newspaper websites are bringing citizens into the virtual newsroom on a limited basis, allowing them to interact with each other and with the newspaper but only to a modest degree. Thus, while all newspaper websites have some multimedia content and most have Facebook and Twitter accounts, few allow readers to report errors, submit their own content, or even contact reporters directly. Further, most online newspaper articles include photos, but video, audio and hyperlinks rarely are used. These results further our understanding of how online interactivity is changing the traditional role of journalists and how Latin America is responding to the challenge.
This article examines the development of online newspapers in China through a ‘social environment’ framework and finds several adverse factors in policies, regulations, economic structure, business conventions and telecommunications infrastructure. Through a ‘virtual community’ framework, it analyzes the operation and content of those newspapers and finds that they are still in a primitive stage of ‘virtual communities’. The article’s contribution to the field lies not only in its exploration of what is behind the development of online newspapers in China, but also in that it has developed two conceptual frameworks that are of universal interest in the study of online publications.
The rapid evolution of online, independent journalism affords educators an opportunity to increase students' understanding of the nature and power of the news media. Drawing from Habermas's theories of the role of the public sphere in democratic discourse, the author, as founder of an online news publication, traces trends in concentrated corporate ownership of Canadian media, new forms of online journalism and their democratic potential and limitations, and ways in which educators can help students deconstruct and participate in traditional and newer forms of news media. L'évolution rapide du journalisme indépendant en ligne fournit aux enseignants une occasion de mieux faire comprendre aux élèves la nature et le pouvoir des médias d'information. S'inspirant des théories de Habermas sur le rôle de la sphère publique dans le discours démocratique, l'auteur, qui a créé un bulletin en ligne, retrace les tendances quant à la concentration des médias au Canada, les nouvelles formes de journalisme en ligne, leur potentiel et leurs limites pour la démocratie ainsi que les façons dont les éducateurs peuvent aider les élèves à développer un esprit critique et à utiliser les médias, traditionnels ou nouveaux. Mots clés : médias, démocratie, Habermas, Internet, blogosphère, conscience citoyenne.
This study is a first attempt to examine how the alternative media select, represent and deploy their news sources. The literature suggests that, in contrast to mainstream sourcing routines, the alternative media privilege “ordinary”, non-elite sources for their news and, through what has been termed native reporting (Atton, 2002a3.
Atton , Chris . 2002a. Alternative Media, London: Sage. View all references), offer such sources a platform to speak directly to audiences. The primary research examines a single publication, the UK activist newspaper SchNEWS. The paper's sourcing routines are examined through a triangulated approach that combines interviews with content and discourse analysis. Superficially the findings confirm what the literature argues: that the paper does indeed privilege “ordinary” sources above elite sources. However, the depth of the study reveals nuances that are absent from the literature. In particular, the findings of the study suggest that a counter-elite dominates sourcing practices at SchNEWS, and the deployment of these sources is just as reliant on expertise, authoritativeness and legitimacy as are mainstream sourcing routines. Strikingly, the paper's use of “ordinary” citizens (that is, those not explicitly politicised through grassroots activism) is very low, suggesting that the paper's counter-elite sourcing practice is determined more by its own political ideology than by any radical media philosophy.
En este artículo me interesa mostrar a través de una serie de ejemplos, lamanera en que el renovado activismo indígena de la ultima década enAmérica Latina se ha manifestado en forma clave en la crecienteapropiación de medios de comunicación y tecnologías de información. Estefenómeno de apropiación es un proceso diverso y complejo, en don dediferentes tecnologías y códigos audiovisuales son adecuados a las lógicasindigenas. En términos teóricos, se propone que las formas alternativas deentender y utilizar los medios, enfocadas más al proceso que al productofinal, explicarían la manera en que los medios y tecnologías son construidosculturalmente. En este sentido, el articulo trata sobre los procesosemergentes de convergencia indígena en América Latina, en especial enrelación con los nuevos discursos de autodeterminación política,reconocimiento cultural y étnico. El énfasis está puesto en cómo estosdiscursos se yen mediados a partir de la apropiación y aplicación detecnologías de información y comunicación. El marco de referencia estádado por dos procesos complejos, sin duda diferentes, a la vez quesimultáneos y convergentes. Por un lade 10 que algunos han llamado laemergencia indígena en América Latina durante la ultima década y losprocesos asociados de etnogénesis; y por otro lado, la notable y disparintegración tecnológica de ciertas esferas económicas y socialeslatinoamericanas. De esta forma y a través de ejemplos concretos, semuestra por un lado el papel mediador, y en muchas ocasionescontradictorio, que las nuevas tecnologías digitales juegan en laconformación de nuevas formas de solidaridad social a nivellocal, nacionaly transnacional, y por otro lado, la manera en que los nuevos medios puedenentenderse como herramientas estratégicas de activismo cultural.
L'outil internet permet-il une démocratisation du savoir? A partir de l'exemple de l'association ATTAC (France) Does the internet really democratize knowledge? The case of ATTAC(France). oui
The Media in Paraguay: From the Coverage of Political Democracy to the Obsession with Violence
- Susana Aldana-Amabile
Aldana-Amabile, Susana. 2008. "The Media in Paraguay: From the Coverage of Political
Democracy to the Obsession with Violence." In The Media in Latin America, edited by
Jairo Lugo-Ocando, 167-178. New York: Open University Press.
Assessing Critical Mass Communication Scholarship in the Americas: The Relationship of Theory and Practice
- Rita Atwood
Atwood, Rita. 1986. "Assessing Critical Mass Communication Scholarship in the Americas:
The Relationship of Theory and Practice." In Communication and Latin American
Society: Trends in Critical Research, 1960-1985, edited by Rita Atwood and Emile G.
McAnany, 11-27. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Understanding Alternative Media
- Olga Bailey
- Guedes
Bailey, Olga Guedes, Bart Cammaerts, and Nico Carpentier, eds. 2008. Understanding Alternative Media. New York: Open University Press.
The Journalistic Paradigm on Civil Protests: A Case Study of Hong Kong
- Joseph Chan
- C C Man
- Lee
Chan, Joseph Man, and C. C. Lee. 1984. "The Journalistic Paradigm on Civil Protests: A Case
Study of Hong Kong." In The News Media in National and International Conflict, edited
by Andrew Arno and Wimal Dissanayake, 183-202. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Global Journalism: A Case Study of the Internet
- James Curran
Curran, James. 2003. "Global Journalism: A Case Study of the Internet." In Contesting Media
Power: Alternative Media in a Networked World, edited by Nick Couldry and James Curran, 227-241. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Así Es El Periodismo Online En A. Latina
- Guillermo Franco
- Julio Cesar Guzman
Franco, Guillermo, and Julio Cesar Guzman. 2004. "Así Es El Periodismo Online En A. Latina"
[So is online journalism in Latin America].
Freedom in the World
- Freedom House
Freedom House. 2014. "Freedom in the World." http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/free
domworld/freedom-world-2014
The Media in Chile: The Restoration of Democracy and the Subsequent Concentration of Media Ownership
- Gustavo González-Rodríguez
González-Rodríguez, Gustavo. 2008. "The Media in Chile: The Restoration of Democracy and
the Subsequent Concentration of Media Ownership." In The Media in Latin America,
edited by Jairo Lugo-Ocando, 61-77. New York: Open University Press.
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Translated by Thomas Burger
- Jü Habermas
- Rgen
Habermas, Jü rgen. 1989 [1962]. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Translated
by Thomas Burger. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Cibermedios Latinoamericanos [Latin American online media]
- Hernández Soto
Hernández Soto, Tatiana. 2012. Cibermedios Latinoamericanos [Latin American online media].
Bloomington, IN: Palibrio.
Internet usage and population in Central America Internet World Stats Accessed 20 Internet usage statistics for all the Americas
- Stats Internet World
Internet World Stats. 2014. " Internet usage and population in Central America. " Internet
World Stats. Accessed 20 January 2016. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats12.
htm#central
Internet World Stats. 2015. " Internet usage statistics for all the Americas. " Internet World
Stats. Accessed 20 January 2016. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats2.htm
The Dissident Press: Alternative Journalism in American History
- Lauren Kessler
Kessler, Lauren. 1984. The Dissident Press: Alternative Journalism in American History. Beverly
Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Independent News Sites in Latin America Form New Association Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas
- Knight Center
Knight Center. 2013. " Independent News Sites in Latin America Form New Association. "
Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas, June 20. Accessed 20 January 2016.
https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/00-14069-independent-news-sites-latin-america-
form-new-association
Media in the Digital Age
- John V Pavlik
Pavlik, John V. 2008. Media in the Digital Age. New York: Columbia University Press.
Fissures in the Mediascape
- Clemencia Rodriguez
Rodriguez, Clemencia. 2001. Fissures in the Mediascape. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
The Media in Costa Rica: Many Media, Scarce Communication
- Carlos Sandoval-García
Sandoval-García, Carlos. 2008. "The Media in Costa Rica: Many Media, Scarce Communication." In The Media in Latin America, edited by Jairo Lugo-Ocando, 100-115. New York:
Open University Press.
Nuevas Tecnologías Y Medios Alternativos En América Latina
- Eduardo Shmidt
Shmidt, Eduardo. 2009. "Nuevas Tecnologías Y Medios Alternativos En América Latina." In
América Latina Y El Caribe En La Economía Y Sociedad Del Conocimiento: Una Revisión
Crítica a Sus Fundamentos Y Políticas, edited by Germán Sánchez Daza G, 181-212.
Puebla, Mexico: CLACSO.
The Media in Bolivia: The Market-Driven Economy
- Torrico Villanueva
Torrico Villanueva, Erick. 2008. "The Media in Bolivia: The Market-Driven Economy, 'Shock
Therapy' and the Democracy That Ended." In The Media in Latin America, edited by
Jairo Lugo-Ocando, 29-45. New York: Open University Press.
Internet usage and population in Central America
Internet World Stats. 2014. "Internet usage and population in Central America." Internet
World Stats. Accessed 20 January 2016. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats12.
htm#central
Internet usage statistics for all the Americas
Internet World Stats. 2015. "Internet usage statistics for all the Americas." Internet World
Stats. Accessed 20 January 2016. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats2.htm
Independent News Sites in Latin America Form New Association
- Knight Center
Knight Center. 2013. "Independent News Sites in Latin America Form New Association."
Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas, June 20. Accessed 20 January 2016.
https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/00-14069-independent-news-sites-latin-americaform-new-association