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Forest ecosystems, especially forest ecosystems in mountain regions, are under the influence of complex stressors. Apart from the natural, mostly climatic factors, they include human influences, such as air pollution, tourism, accessibility of forests, and various types of management for silvicultural purposes, wildlife, and grazing.
Air pollution stresses to the forest ecosystems of the Northern Tyrolean Limestone Alps are caused by local emittors and long-distance transport. Apart from the gaseous components SO2, NOx, and O3, they contain predominantly protons, nitrogen compounds, and heavy metals.
The air pollution stress of the Northern Tyrolean Limestone Alps was described by using the results of all-Austrian investigations (Austrian Bioindicator Grid), air monitoring data from the Federal Province of the Tyrol, model calculations, and surveys from the area of Achenkirch. The monitoring data were evaluated in accordance with effect-related limiting values or Critical Loads.
The evaluation of the air monitoring data for the area under investigation showed that the stress patterns differed significantly depending on the absolute altitude above sea level or the relative altitude above the valley floor. In valleys, effect-related limiting values for SO2 and NO2, which were established to protect sensitive plant species, are exceeded in conglomerations, and ozone has been a permanent stressor especially at higher altitudes. The influence of accumulative pollutants (e.g. heavy metals) on the soil and the fact that these pollutants have increased and reached the sensitive zone of the timber line is particularly important in respect of soil-biological processes. While acid inputs can easily be buffered by the bedrock of the Northern Tyrolean Limestone Alps, the determined nitrogen inputs constitute a potential risk to forest ecosystems.
Picea omorika (Panč) Purkyně (Serbian spruce) is a Balkan endemic coniferous species. We studied soluble peroxidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase, and superoxide-dismutase activity in the needles of five omorika lines grown in a generative seed orchard. The peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase isoenzyme patterns were also investigated. Activity of the studied enzymes varied among different lines. The highest activity of peroxidase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase was found in the A3 ("borealis") and B5 ("semidichotomous") lines. Four acidic and two basic peroxidase isoenzymes and one polyphenol oxidase isoenzyme were detected. There was no variation in either the peroxidase or the polyphenol oxidase isoenzyme pattern among the different lines.
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