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Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of the fruit pulp of Adansonia digitata
Abstract
The aqueous extract of A. digitata fruit pulp showed a LD50 in mice by i.p. route of 8000 mg/kg and induced a marked and long lasting anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects at 400 and 800 mg/kg per os in rats. The extract showed also a marked analgesic activity in mice at 2 h after administration. Phytochemical screening of the fruit pulp of the plant indicated the presence of sterols and/or triterpenes, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides.
... People suffering from malaria in areas like Africa, India, Sri Lanka and the West Indies are known to eat a mash made of dried baobab bark as a febrifuge to reduce the fever of the disease (Wickens and Lowe, 2008; Brady, 2011). The fruit pulp and seeds are also widely used for their anti-pyretic properties (Ramadan et al., 1993;Wickens and Lowe, 2008). In addition, baobab fruit pulp has been shown to significantly lower raised body temperature without affecting normal body temperature (Ramadan et al., 1993). ...
... The fruit pulp and seeds are also widely used for their anti-pyretic properties (Ramadan et al., 1993;Wickens and Lowe, 2008). In addition, baobab fruit pulp has been shown to significantly lower raised body temperature without affecting normal body temperature (Ramadan et al., 1993). In a study by Ramadan et al. (1993), Adansonia digitata underwent in vivo testing for the purpose of determining the biological anti-pyretic activity of the fruit pulp using rodent models. ...
... In addition, baobab fruit pulp has been shown to significantly lower raised body temperature without affecting normal body temperature (Ramadan et al., 1993). In a study by Ramadan et al. (1993), Adansonia digitata underwent in vivo testing for the purpose of determining the biological anti-pyretic activity of the fruit pulp using rodent models. The results indicated a drastic temperature decrease of 1.94°C among the subjects given an aqueous baobab extract at a concentration of 800 mg/ml, compared to a paltry 0.42°C decrease in the control group. ...
The tree species of Adansonia digitata possesses wide range of medicinal properties effective against various infectious diseases. The present work has aim to study the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of leaf extracts of A. digitata against pathogenic spp. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of leaf extracts of A. digitata has been studied to find out their activity against pathogenic bacteria viz., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyeogene and Salmonella. The activity of this extracts leaf part against both gram positive as well as gram negative pathogenic bacterial strains was screened through well diffusion technique by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. According to the findings, the leaf extracts of A. digitata exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureaus and phytochemical test constituents on carbohydrate, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannis, glycoside, cardiacglycoside, saponinglycosides and alkanoid. Thus, results provided evidence that the species A. digitata can be used as a potential source of antimicrobial agent in the treatment of various infectious diseases.
... A number of phytochemical compounds hav been identified in distinct parts of Adansonia digitata L., which have been demonstrated to possess beneficial effects in different diseases. This plant has been shown to exert hypo glycemic, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, analgesic, and antipyretic activities [6,7,[11][12][13][14][15] Furthermore, it is a hepatoprotective agent with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant prop erties [6,7,11,[13][14][15]. ...
... A number of phytochemical compounds hav been identified in distinct parts of Adansonia digitata L., which have been demonstrated to possess beneficial effects in different diseases. This plant has been shown to exert hypo glycemic, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, analgesic, and antipyretic activities [6,7,[11][12][13][14][15] Furthermore, it is a hepatoprotective agent with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant prop erties [6,7,11,[13][14][15]. ...
... A number of phytochemical compounds have been identified in distinct parts of Adansonia digitata L., which have been demonstrated to possess beneficial effects in different diseases. This plant has been shown to exert hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, analgesic, and antipyretic activities [6,7,[11][12][13][14][15]. Furthermore, it is a hepatoprotective agent with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties [6,7,11,[13][14][15]. ...
Adansonia digitata L. fruit, also known as baobab, has been used traditionally throughout the world for its medicinal properties. Ethnopharmacological uses of various plant parts have been reported for hydration, antipyretic, antiparasitic, antitussive, and sudorific properties and also in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery in many African countries. Several studies have revealed that in addition to these applications, baobab has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial activities. The health benefits of baobab have been attributed to its bioactive compounds, namely phenols, flavonoids, proanthocyanins, tannins, catechins, and carotenoids. Baobab fruit is also an important source of vitamin C and micronutrients, including zinc, potassium, magnesium, iron, calcium, and protein, which may reduce nutritional deficiencies. Despite scientific studies revealing that this fruit has a wide diversity of bioactive compounds with beneficial effects on health, there is a gap in the review of information about their mechanisms of action and critical analysis of clinical trials exploring, in particular, their effect on glycemia regulation. This work aims to present a current overview of the bioactive compounds, biological activities, and effects of A. digitata fruit on blood glucose, highlighting their potential mechanisms of action and effects on glycemia regulation, evaluated in recent animal and human trials.
... Because of its high natural vitamin C content, baobab fruit pulp has a well-documented antioxidant capability (Brady, 2011). Antioxidants could help prevent oxidative stress related diseases such as cancer, aging, inflammation (Ramadan et al., 1994) and cardiometabolic diseases, since they may eliminate free radicals, which contribute to these chronic diseases (Carlsen et al., 2010). These activities may be attributed to the presence of sterols, saponins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds (Chadare et al., 2009) and triterpenes in the aqueous extract (Brady, 2011). ...
... The solution was left to settle for 24 hours with occasional stirring using a glass rod. The solution was filtered after 24 hours using filter paper and the residue was discarded according to Ramadan et al. (1994). The filtrate obtained was concentrated using a hot plate at 60 0 C until a yellowish semi solid paste was obtained, which was dissolved in phosphate buffer for intraperitoneal administration. ...
... Proper concentrations of Adansonia digitata and vitamin E were administered through a metal oropharyngeal cannula. The LD50 of Adansonia digitata is 8000 mg/kg according to Ramadan et al. (1994). The administration of cottonseed extract was via intraperitoneal injection for a period of 21 days. ...
Objective:
Infertility is the inability of sexually active couples without using birth control to get pregnant after one year of uninterrupted sexual intercourse. Cotton Seed Extract (CSE) has been linked to male infertility by causing oxidative damage to the testes due to the action of its active component, Gossypol. Adansonia digitata has been known to have many medically useful properties, including antioxidant effects. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of Adansonia digitata on Cottonseed extract-induced testicular damage.
Methods:
Forty (40) Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups of five rats per group (n=5). Group 1 served as the control and received 0.5 ml of phosphate buffer orally; Group 2 received 800 mg/kg b.wt A. digitata orally; Group 3 received 300 mg/kg b.wt Vitamin E only orally; Group 4 received 60 mg/kg b.wt CSE intraperitoneally; Group 5 received 20 mg/kg b.wt CSE intraperitoneally; Group 6 received 60 mg/kg b.wt CSE intraperitoneally and 800 mg/kg b.wt A. digitata orally; Group 7 received 20 mg/kg b.wt CSE intraperitoneally and 800 mg/kg b.wt A. digitata orally; Group 8 received 60 mg/kg b.wt CSE intraperitoneally and 300 mg/kg Vit. E orally. It was administered for 21 days. The testes and epididymis were dissected following abdominal incision. The epididymis was used for semen analysis while the testes was processed for histological analysis and biochemical assay. All the data was analyzed by ANOVA, using the SPSS version 17.0 software. A p<0.05 was considered significant.
Results:
CSE administration caused significant (p<0.05) decrease in sperm count, found in the group treated with CSE only. However, the Administration of A. digitata caused significant increase (p<0.05) in sperm count, G6PDH, LDH, GPx and SOD; however, MDA levels were decreased. Histological observations showed a decrease in the number of Spermatogonia and differentiating cells in the testes of rats treated with CSE.
Conclusions:
The results obtained revealed the antioxidant ability of A. digitata in counter-acting the testicular damage caused by CSE administration.
... Pharmacologically, Baobab has been shown as an antioxidant [44], anti-inflammatory [49], analgesic/antipyretic [49] antilipidemic [50,51), hypoglycaemic [52,53), antimicrobial [54,55) antiobesity [52][53][54][55][56][57], cardioprotective [58], and hepatoprotective [59][60][61]. ...
... Pharmacologically, Baobab has been shown as an antioxidant [44], anti-inflammatory [49], analgesic/antipyretic [49] antilipidemic [50,51), hypoglycaemic [52,53), antimicrobial [54,55) antiobesity [52][53][54][55][56][57], cardioprotective [58], and hepatoprotective [59][60][61]. ...
... It had been used without limitations as juice, cakes and mixed with other grains for bread [92,45). Adansoina digitata fruit -a nutraceutical of low cost-has a wide therapeutic window (LD 50 = 8000 mg/kg) [49] and no or insignificant side effects. ...
Metabolic syndrome is a complex of metabolic disorders characterized by oxidative stress which compromises cell functions and entails multiple organs pathologies. We investigated the therapeutic and protective potential of Adansonia digitata fruit -a potent antioxidant- in high sugar/high fat diet-simulated metabolic syndrome in Wistar rats. 42 male rats (140-200 g) were randomly divided into 7 groups. G1 was kept on standard laboratory diet (SLD) for all 9 weeks (negative control). 5 groups were fed high Sugar/high fat diet for 6 weeks then switched to SLD for another 3 weeks + oral treatment as follows: G2+ no treatment (positive control), G3-G5 + 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg/day aqueous A. digitata fruit respectively, G6 + 10 mg/kg/day Simvastatin. G7 + HS/HFD + 400 mg/kg/day A. digitata fruit simultaneously and was terminated at W6. Our results showed that G2-G6 develops dyslipidemia, hyperglycaemia, weight gain, elevated hepatic biomarkers, elevated creatinine and urea plus pathological derangements in the heart, liver and kidney tissues compared to negative control at W6. 200 mg/kg/day A. digitata fruit significantly ameliorated the induced dyslipidemia (P ≤ 0.001), hyperglycaemia (P ≤ 0.001) with a significant reduction in the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (P ≤ 0.000) after 3 weeks treatment. The fruit normalized the elevated hepatic biomarkers as well as creatinine and urea. A dose dependent partial reduction in lesion intensity was observed in the hepatic tissue while the heart and kidney showed mostly reversed to normal histology. The inflammatory infiltration was eliminated. Relevant results were observed for the two higher doses. The simultaneous treatment showed significant lower levels in all biomarkers investigated compared to positive control which could be interpreted as protective activity. A reduction of 4-11% in whole body weight was achieved. CONCLUSION: MetS was successfully simulated with a HS/HFD formula in male Wistar rats. Treatment with aqueous A. digitata fruit showed anti-Metabolic Syndrome potential reflected by weight loss, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, hypoglycaemic, renal, hepatic and cardio-protective activities.
... Adansonia digitata L. is an endangered member of the Bombacaceae family, which was labelled as a "Superfruit" by [13] due to its high phytochemical and nutritional contents. According to Ramadan et al. [14], Baobab fruit pulp is relatively safe, with an LD50 of 8000 mg/kg. Anti-hyperlipidaemic [15], antiinflammatory [14], and anti-diabetic [16] potentials of fruit pulp of A. digitata were earlier reported. ...
... According to Ramadan et al. [14], Baobab fruit pulp is relatively safe, with an LD50 of 8000 mg/kg. Anti-hyperlipidaemic [15], antiinflammatory [14], and anti-diabetic [16] potentials of fruit pulp of A. digitata were earlier reported. Although the antihypertensive potential of methanol extract of Baobab fruit pulp was reported by Liman et al. [5], the phytocompounds responsible for the bioactivity are yet to be identified. ...
The study employed bioassay-guided fractionation to identify novel angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory compounds from Adansonia digitata fruit pulp, potentially responsible for its antihypertensive effects. A. digitata Fruit pulp was extracted using the solvents n-hexane, ethylacetate, methanol, and water. The percentage weight, in vitro Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities and IC50 values of the extracts were determined. Fractionation and phytocompound identification were performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography techniques, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The yields obtained from solvent extractions using n-hexane, ethylacetate, methanol, and water were 0.14%, 1.17%, 4.30%, and 21.80%, respectively. The IC50 values of Ramipril®, n-hexane, ethylacetate, methanol, and water extracts were found to be 101.40μg/ml, 116.70μg/ml, 40.53μg/ml, 47.25μg/ml, and 81.05μg/ml, in that order. The most potent ACE inhibitory activity was found in methanol extract of A. digitata Fruit (MEADF), which was chosen for bioassay-guided fractionation. From the assay, two fractions (Fraction I and III), among others, showed low IC50s of 11.77±0.10 μg/ml and 11.96±0.16 μg/ml, respectively, and significant ACE inhibitory activity. The most relatively abundant compounds found in Fractions I and III) were 9, 12, octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (conjugated linoleic acid isomers), cis-Vaccenic acid, 3H-Pyrazol-3-one, 4-benzoyl-2, 4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl (a pyrazole), and Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (aromatic acid ester). The study reveals valuable compounds in the methanol extract of Baobab fruit pulp, which could be a promising source for developing antihypertensive foods.
... the formalin-induced rat paw edema test. 196 Some authors have reported that BCG through the inflammatory pathway causes the release of pro-inflammatory markers, including TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, and C-reactive protein. 378,379 In a reported study, the stem-bark methanol extract of A digitata ameliorated BCG-induced fever and depression suggesting possible involvement of anti-inflammatory mechanisms. ...
... LD 50 of the fruit pulp aqueous extract was 8000 mg/kg, underlining its safety. 196 Aframomum melegueta K Schum. (Zingiberaceae) is native to tropical regions of Africa as a perennial spice. ...
The emergence of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that emanated from Wuhan in China in 2019 has become a global concern. The current situation warrants ethnomedicinal drug discovery and development for delivery of phytomedicines with potential for the treatment of COVID-19. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed evaluation of available information on plant species used in African traditional medicines with antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and COVID-19 symptoms relieving effects. Literature from scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google scholar, African Journals OnLine (AJOL), Science Direct, and Web of Science were used for this review. A total of 35 of the 38 reviewed plants demonstrated a wide range of antiviral activities. Bryophyllum pinnatum, Aframomum melegueta, Garcinia kola, Sphenocentrum jollyanum, Adansonia digitata, Sutherlandia frutescens, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Moringa oleifera, and Nigella sativa possess a combination of antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and COVID-19 symptoms relieving activities. Nine, 13, and 10 of the plants representing 23.7%, 34.2%, and 26.3% of the plants studied had antiviral activity with 3 other activities, antiviral activity with 2 other activities, and antiviral with one pharmacological activity alone, respectively. The plants studied were reported to be relatively safe at the subchronic toxicity level, except for 2. The study provides baseline information on the pharmacological activities , toxicity, and chemical components of 9 African medicinal plants with antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and symptoms relieving activities, thereby making the plants candidates for further investigation for effectiveness against COVID-19.
... It is also being developed for its cosmeceutical potential (Rahul et al., 2015). Of significance is the medicinal value of A. digitata on various forms of pain (Fabiyi et al., 1993;Kamatou et al., 2011;Owoyele & Bakare, 2018;Ramadan, Harraz, & El-Mougy, 1994). Unlike most plants, all parts of A. digitata plant are shown to have helpful effects on pain perception. ...
... Interestingly, every part of the A. digitata plant appeared to be a potent pain killer. From its fruit pulp (Ramadan et al., 1994), seed and its oil (Kamatou et al., 2011), leaf (Fabiyi et al., 1993), bark (Owoyele & Bakare, 2018) to its root, A. digitata plant appears to be an excellent candidate for the development of a cheap and potent analgesic drug for various types of pain. The reported analgesic effects of A. digitata plant is limited neither by the diversity nor multifaceted nature of pain. ...
Adansonia digitata (African baobab) is a long-living angiosperm classified as a member of Bombacoideae, a subfamily of Malvaceae. Today, the presence of African baobab tree is documented not only in Africa but also in South America, Asia, and Australia among others. Every part of baobab has been reported to be useful nutritionally or medicinally. The ethnopharmacological use of baobab includes: antimalarial, antidiabetic, analgesic effects, etc. Polyphenols, flavonoids (catechin, vitexin, quercetin, retin, etc.), mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, and organic acids are some of the secondary metabolites identified in A. digitata. Also, potassium and calcium are the most abundant minerals present while the prominent trace elements are zinc and manganese. An increasing number of scientific studies have confirmed baobab analgesic properties. Neuropathic pain mitigation by A. digitata is linked to its flavonoids and mineral constituents. These substances alleviate neuropathic pain by a panoply of mechanisms including the inhibition of NF-κB to suppress inflammation, upregulation of Nrf2 to improve oxidative defense, inhibition of TRPV1 transcript to reduce pain, inhibition of NR2B subunit of NMDA receptor to suppress pain, and interaction of appropriate ion component like zinc with NR2A subunit of NMDA receptors to cause decrease transmission of pain signals, which together result to pain-relieving effects.
... Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant and extremely important in human nutrition. Vitamin C has been shown to be related to lower the blood pressure, enhanced immunity against many tropical diseases, lower incidence of cataract development and lower incidence of coronary disease (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30). The high Vitamin C and antioxidant content of the baobab fruit pulp may have a role to play in the extension of shelf-life for foods and beverages, as well as cosmetics (1-49, 74, 77). ...
... In addition to this, the fruit pulp of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) has a similar antiinflammatory properties to phenylbutazone used as a standard in rats. This activity may be attributed to the presence of sterols, saponins and triterpenes in the aqueous extract of baobab fruit pulp (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). Baobab fruit pulp and seeds were also widely used for antipyretic properties. ...
This review paper highlights the medicinal properties particularly the immunogenic potentiality of iconic baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) (Kalphavraksha or Wish) tree species belongs to Malvaceae family. During the recent outbreak of second wave of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) mutants, Delta variant (B. 1. 617.2) strain and Delta Plus (AY.1) in India has created a major health issue resulted in more hospitalizations and death. Another problem is fully vaccinated people with "breakthrough" infections is rare but reported. This has created a situation and therefore, promoted herbal medicine, fruit pulp of baobab as an immunity booster for controlling the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The baobab (Kalphavraksha or Wish tree) fruit pulp is very rich in vitamin C (280-350 mg/g of the fruit), zinc, and the source of protein and used as a herbal medicine long time ago by local traditional healers in India, Africa, Madagascar and other Asian countries. In addition to this, the baobab fruit pulp is acidic in nature and also known for protease inhibitors which limits the consumption of fruits. Plant protease inhibitors are directly involved in blocking the viral replication and inhibited the viral synthesis. Therefore, two dose vaccination with additional dietary and medicinal therapy will help to prevent the human body against invading viral antigen and improved the overall health condition of the Covid-19 patients. In India, the oral consumption of baobab (Kalphavraksha or Wish tree) fruit pulp with milk as an immunity booster has improved the Covid-19 patients health condition. However, there are no clinical evidences to support the scientific validation. Therefore, clinical experimental studies should be conducted particularly for the scientific validation of immunogenic potentiality of baobab fruit pulp. This will help in developing a novel drug for controlling the coronavirus infections in future pandemic.
... Leaves, bark and fruits of this tree are traditionally employed in several African countries as food and for medicinal purposes, and for these reasons baobab is named as "the small pharmacy" or "chemist tree" [13]. It is well established for its antioxidant properties [14], anti-inflammatory [15,16], antipyretic activity [17], analgesic property [15]; Bamidele and Ahmed, [18], Hepatoprotective properties [19], antimicrobial activity [20]; antiviral activity [21], antitrypanosomal activity [22], antidiarrheal activity [23]. The pulp is therapeutically utilized as analgesic, antidiarrhoea/ antidysentery and for treatment of smallpox and measles [24]. ...
... Leaves, bark and fruits of this tree are traditionally employed in several African countries as food and for medicinal purposes, and for these reasons baobab is named as "the small pharmacy" or "chemist tree" [13]. It is well established for its antioxidant properties [14], anti-inflammatory [15,16], antipyretic activity [17], analgesic property [15]; Bamidele and Ahmed, [18], Hepatoprotective properties [19], antimicrobial activity [20]; antiviral activity [21], antitrypanosomal activity [22], antidiarrheal activity [23]. The pulp is therapeutically utilized as analgesic, antidiarrhoea/ antidysentery and for treatment of smallpox and measles [24]. ...
Objectives
The role of aqueous extract of Adansonia digitata was investigated against cadmium chloride-induced testicular damage in Wistar Rats.
Methods
Thirty (30) male Wistar Rats weighing (150–170) were divided into six groups (n=5). Group A served as control and received oral administration of phosphate buffer saline; group B received 800 mg/kg A. digitata only; group C were injected intraperitoneally with single dose 2 mg/kg b.w cadmium chloride; group D were injected intraperitoneally with single dose 2 mg/kg b.w cadmium chloride and treated with 800 mg/kg aqueous extract of A. digitata ; group E received 300 mg/kg vitamin E only; group F were injected intraperitoneally with single dose 2 mg/kg b.w cadmium chloride and treated with 300 mg/kg vitamin E. After 21 days, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, the testes were excised fixed in Bouins fluids for histological analysis and the other homogenized in 5% sucrose solution for determination of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzyme activity, biochemical assay.
Results
The group treated with cadmium chloride plus A. digitata caused significant decrease in MDA levels with significant increase (p<0.05) in antioxidant activities and biochemical enzymes when compared to cadmium chloride only group.
Conclusions
Aqueous extract of A. digitata appears to have ameliorative effect against cadmium chloride-induced testicular damage. This could be attributed to the presence of polyphenolic compound.
... Besides, at a dose of 800 mg/kg, the extract displayed marked analgesic activity at the dose of 800 mg/kg when evaluated using hot plate method. The ability of the extract to induce analgesia was 90% that of standard acetyl salisylic acid analgesia at a dose of 50 mg/kg (Ramadan et al. 1994). Moreover, the aqueous extract produced significant antipyretic activity at the doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg by significantly decreasing the rectal temperature of hyperthermic rats at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours (h) post treatment, when compared to the control group (Ramadan et al. 1994). ...
... The ability of the extract to induce analgesia was 90% that of standard acetyl salisylic acid analgesia at a dose of 50 mg/kg (Ramadan et al. 1994). Moreover, the aqueous extract produced significant antipyretic activity at the doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg by significantly decreasing the rectal temperature of hyperthermic rats at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours (h) post treatment, when compared to the control group (Ramadan et al. 1994). Besides, a comparative study on cytokine modulatory activities of different sources of A. digitata was conducted. ...
The chapter includes traditional uses, secondary metabolites, biological activities and mechanistic interpretation of anti-inflammatory activity of its species
... The fruit pulp of A. digitata L. contains triterpenoids (Ramadan et al., 1994), -sitosterol, -amyrin palmitate or/and -amyrin, and ursolic acid, all of which may be responsible for protecting against CCl4-induced liver damage and restoring biochemical values. ...
The liver is a key organ that helps the body break down and flush out foreign substances. Liver damage or dysfunction is a serious public health issue that poses difficulties for everyone involved, from doctors and nurses to drug manufacturers and regulators. There is a lot of research on the negative effects of toxic chemicals (including some antibiotics, chemotherapy medicines, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), thioacetamide (TAA), etc.) on the liver. Unfortunately, the synthetic medications now used to treat liver diseases in this context are themselves harmful to the liver. As a result, the usage of herbal medications has grown increasingly common. Treatment of liver problems using herbal remedies has a long history. There are a variety of herbal supplements you can buy with the help of cutting-edge scientific methodology Aiming to aggregate data on promising phytochemicals from medicinal plants that have been studied in hepatotoxicity models, this review compiles findings from those studies.
... In South and East Africa, the seed and seed oil are used for oral hydration, to neutralize toxins, and as an antipyretic agent, while the leaf is used to treat toothache and gingivitis and to induce perspiration [15,16]. In West Africa and Asia, fruit pulp is used as an antiinflammatory, anti-diabetic, analgesic, and immunostimulatory agent [17][18][19]. In Africa, the leaves and fruit pulp contribute to the nutritional status of many households because they constitute the main ingredients of local foods and drinks [20]. ...
Objectives
Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by repeated seizures attributable to synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. The study evaluated the effect of acetone extract of Adansonia digitata stem bark (ASBE) on seizure score, cognition, depression, and neurodegeneration as well as the level of Gamma-Aminobutyrate acid (GABA) and glutamate in Pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats.
Methods
Thirty-five rats were assigned into five groups (n = 7). Groups 1-2 received normal saline and 35 mg/kg PTZ every other day. Groups 3-4 received 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg ASBE orally while group 5 received 5 mg/kg diazepam daily for twenty-six days. Group 3-5 received PTZ every other day, 30 mins after ASBE and diazepam.
Results
The results showed that Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induces seizure, reduces mobility time in force swim test and decreases the normal cell number in the brain. It also significantly decreases (p < 0.05) catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione activities compared to the ASBE pre-treated rats. Pre-treatment with ASBE reportedly decreases seizure activities significantly (p < 0.05) and increases mobility time in the force swim test. ASBE also significantly elevate (p < 0.05) the normal cell number in the hippocampus, temporal lobe, and dentate gyrus.
Conclusion
ASBE reduced seizure activity and prevented depression in PTZ-treated rats. It also prevented neurodegeneration by regulating glutamate and GABA levels in the brain as well as preventing lipid peroxidation.
... Te assay revealed that fve of the eight sought phytochemical groups, namely, favonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids were detected in the aqueous extract (Table 1). Previous studies, that employed diferent methods and extraction solvents, have reported the presence of all or some of these chemical groups [14,[30][31][32][33]. Te presence of favonoids and saponins, which promote the antioxidant properties of wild fruits, can extend the shelf lives of derived foods, beverages, and cosmetics [14,34,35]. ...
Baobab (Adansonia digitata L) is a large tree species growing in semiarid and arid lowlands of Ethiopia and other places. The plant is valued by natives for its contributions as a cash crop and livelihood tree. Previous studies using samples from different countries have documented their phytochemical profiles and nutritional and health benefits. This study explored the phytochemical constituents and biological activities of fruit pulp extracts of baobab collected from Tekeze Valley, Tigrai, Ethiopia. To this end, qualitative phytochemical screening tests, quantitative phytochemical analyses, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were carried out using aqueous extract. Analyses of antioxidant activities were also conducted with aqueous- and methanol-extracts using of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), and hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging activity assays. The qualitative screening tests showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Quantitative analyses of these phytochemicals at 25, 50, and 100 g/mL aqueous extract resulted in 0.0252 to 0.1000% yields. Yields of flavonoids, phenols, and saponins were higher at 50 g/mL extract, while that of tannins and terpenoids were higher at 100 g/mL. GC-MS analysis resulted in 15 predominant compounds including (1,2bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene (13.17%), 2-methyl-7-phenylindole (11.75%), 2-ethylacridine (10.11%), and benz[b]-1,4-oxazepine-4(5H)-thione,2,3-dihydro-2,8-dimethyl (10.11%). Aqueous and methanol extracts showed concentration-dependent antioxidant activities. In all the assays and concentrations, the antioxidant activities of both extracts were lower than that of the ascorbic acid standard. At equal extract concentrations (e.g., 100 and 250 μg/mL), methanol extract had higher antioxidant activities than aqueous extract. The findings can encourage future initiatives towards large-scale research for compiling a complete phytochemical profile of the fruit pulp of the Ethiopian baobab.
... Especially the use of baobab leaves and seeds for sauce and the uses of the fruit pulp for beverages and porridge are of great importance. In the traditional use of various parts of the Baobab plant in the prevention and cure of ailments such as measles, small pox, dysentery, diarrhea, and in the management of the sickle cell anemia has been reported (Ramadan et al., 1993;Tal-Dia et al., 1997), as showed in this study ( Table 2). All respondents (100%) in Derived savanna claimed A. digitata fruits was not locally eaten. ...
Forest Ecosystems in Nigeria. Opportunity for green economy in 21st century
... According to Afolabi and Popoola (2005), baobab fruit pulp can be used as a preservative in meals by reducing the oxidation of lipids. The fruit pulp tends to reduce high body temperatures while having no effect on regular body temperatures (Ramadan et al., 1994). They further claim that the presence of sterols, saponins, and triterpenes in the pulp gives it analgesic properties. ...
Scientific study on non-timber forest products with potential for use by humans has recently experienced a resurgence. Baobab is one of these non-timber forest products, and every part of the baobab has been shown by studies to be useful. Because the fruit products of the baobab tree contain enormous amounts of phytochemicals, these products have found uses in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Hence, this study examined, among other things, the role of the physical and mechanical properties of the baobab seeds in relation to design of equipment for processing as well as the phytochemicals found in the fruit products. It also discussed the traditional and orthodox uses of the baobab product. Along with vitamins and amino-acids found in the pulp, other minerals were also reviewed. High quantities of proteins, lipids, essential amino acids, and fatty acids, including linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids, as well as Omega 3, 6, and 9, are present in baobab seeds and the seed oil. Antinutrients present in baobab seeds have the potential to be harmful to human health when consumed. The study examined different processing techniques used to lessen these antinutrients present in the seeds. To fully realize the potential of baobab fruit products, areas for further research have been highlighted in this review.
... All parts of the tree including the leaves, bark, fruits and roots are employed traditionally in several African countries as food stuffs and for therapeutic purposes [9]. The fruit pulp of Adansonia digitata is employed as analgesic, anti-diarrhoea and in the treatment of smallpox and measles [10], and to stimulate or counteract immune responses [11,12]. Fruit pulp extract have been found to possess anti-inflammatory activities according to Vimalanathan and Hudson, [13]. ...
... This important antibacterial activity can be attributed to the phenolic compounds quantified and reported by several works (Ajibohe et al. (2020) or to other constituents such as fatty acids, which are present in this plant. This therefore imperatively justifies the considerable uses of Adansonia Digitata in the traditional pharmacopoeia against diarrhea (Ramadan, Harraz, & El-Mougy, 1993), infections (Codija et al. 2000Sibibe & Williams, 2002) and dermatoses caused mainly by the tested bacteria. ...
Purpose– Within the framework of the valorization of natural resources, a characterization of the biochemical composition of the edible parts of Adansonia Digitata is applied. The antibacterial effect against bacteria is also realized and compared to some synthetic antibiotics.
Design/methodology/approach– The biochemical characterization is carried out according to the norms of the French Association of Normalization, methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC International) and gas chromatography (GC). The antibacterial activity is tested by disk diffusion on a solid medium. Parametric tests are used to compare the differences between groups and heat maps to show the expression of the mean inhibitions according to the studied parameters. Multivariate logistic modeling is applied to study the effect of extracts and antibiotics on bacteria.
Findings– Biochemical characterization showed a variable importance of proteins, fibers and total sugars, with the presence of highly desired fatty acids such as palmitic, oleic, stearic, linoleic and a-linolenic acids. This gives the tested parts important energy values, especially in the seeds very rich in fatty acids. Methanol proved to be a better extraction solvent than dichloromethane. Antibacterial activity showed that pulp and leaves extracted with methanol had quite similar inhibitory activities against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212 and that this effect was better than some antibiotics. Multivariate analysis showed that the leaves had a similar effect to antibiotics, and a significant effect against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213.
... Instead, the antipyretic activity of the extracts were usually just validated by measuring decreases in rectal temperatures following treatment and the results were compared to the temperatures of control animals. Substantial decreases in body temperature (up to 1.3 • C) were reported for aqueous A. digitata extracts (800 mg/kg) within 4 h of treatment (Ramadan et al., 1994). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Multiple plant species are used traditionally in southern Africa to treat fever. This review summarises the traditional use, highlights promising plant species and focuses on validation studies to highlight future areas of research.
Aim of the study
This study aimed to critically review the use of southern African plants to alleviate fever. Additionally, an examination of research into those plants was undertaken to highlight gaps in the literature with the aim of stimulating further research in this field.
Materials and methods
Ethnobotanical books, reviews and primary research studies were searched to identify plant species traditionally used to treat fever in southern Africa and to summarise the current knowledge and identify areas requiring further research. This study was non-biased and did not have any taxonomic preferences, nor did it favour any southern African healing systems over the others.
Results
The traditional therapeutic uses of 203 southern African plant species to alleviate fever were recorded. Leaves and roots/bulbs/rhizomes were the most commonly used plant part, and they were most commonly prepared as decoctions or infusions and consumed orally. Notably, only twenty-two species (∼11% of the identified species) have been scientifically evaluated for antipyretic properties, with substantially fewer mechanistic studies evident.
Conclusions
Despite the availability of ethnobotanical records, the antipyretic properties of southern African medicinal plants are poorly reported. Indeed, the efficacy of most plants is yet to be verified and very few mechanistic studies are available.
... The different parts of the plant (leaves, bark, root, pulp, seeds) are used as a panacea (Kamatou et al., 2011). A. digitata has been subjected to various studies for its pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial (Yusha'u et al., 2010;Abiona et al., 2015), antidepressant (Shehu et al., 2018) of its bark, hepatoprotective (Al-Qarawi et al., 2003), antipyretic and analgesic (Ramadan et al., 1994), anti-inflammatory (Ayele et al., 2013), and antiviral (Hudson et al., 2000), antioxidant, and antidiabetic (Braca et al., 2018) properties of its pulp. Its trunk bark particularly has been cited in various ethnopharmacological surveys for its wound healing properties (Inngjerdingen et al., 2004;Kébenzikato et al., 2015). ...
Adansonia digitata is a tree plant used in west African local pharmacopoeia. This work aimed to evaluate the wound healing properties of its trunk bark's hydroethanolic extract in wistar rats. The model of excision wound was used. Wistar rats were treated post-excision topically with neutral carbopol gel (Control), carbopol gels containing 2.5 and 5% of A. digitata hydroethanolic trunk bark extract (ADHE) and L-Mesitran. Pictures were taken post excision for analysis. Biopsies were realized for histological examination of the skin excised and for hydroxyproline determination. In vitro membrane stabilization anti-inflammatory test, DPPH and FRAP antioxidant tests, and phytochemical tests were performed. The results show a better rate of contraction in ADHE 2.5 and 5% animals (+56 ± 0.52% and +68 ± 0.24% respectively) as earlier as on day three post-excision. The hydroxyproline assay confirmed a better collagen production in ADHE 2.5% and 5% animals (+102.5 ± 2.9%, and +107 ± 3.0% respectively). Histological analysis showed a rapid re-epithelialization in ADHE animals. The anti-inflammatory test indicated an IC50 of 16.521 ± 0.525 µg/mL, very close to Aspirin (16.826 ± 0.341 µg/mL), showing a possible anti-inflammatory activity of ADHE. The extract reduced DPPH radical (IC50 of 344.985 ± 17.139 µg/mL) and ferric ions (EC50 = 178.689 ± 0.250 µg/mL). Phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, and polyphenolic compounds. Flavonoids in particular, with an amount of 51.694 ± 0.174 mgER/g, should explain the wound healing activity observed, making the hydroethanolic extract of A. digitata a potential remedy for excision wounds.
... The obtained values corroborate the non-toxicity of A. digitata to humans and affirm the reason why the plant parts are generally consumed. The nontoxicity of A. digitata plant parts was corroborated by Ramadan et al. (1994), they reported a LD 50 >8000µg/mL for A. digitata fruit pulp aqueous extract. In spite of the non-toxic nature of A. digitata to brine shrimp larvae, the plant extracts were relatively potent on M. incognita compared to the untreated control cabbage plants. ...
Purpose: Cabbage, an indispensable vegetable is often plagued by Meloidogyne incognita, a circumstance which lessens yield. Extracts of Khaya senegalensis and Adansonia digitata were appraised for possible nematicidal activity to check the menace of M. incognita sequel to the undesirable effect of synthetic nematicides in the environment. Research Method: Leaf materials were extracted in organic and aqueous extracts. The extracts were used as soil admix at 0, 150, 200 and 250 g/Kg soil, in a randomized complete block design experiment. Carbofuran a synthetic nematicide served as positive check for the extracts. Data was taken on vegetative growth, yield and nematode population. Lethality of the various extracts to brine shrimp larvae was also assessed. Findings: The aqueous extract was not as productive as the ethanol and methanol extracts. A. digitata extracts demonstrated weak nematicidal activity as against what was observed in cabbage plants treated with K. senegalensis extracts. Cytotoxicity evaluation of the organic and aqueous extracts of A. digitata indicated that the methanol extract expressed weak cytotoxicity (500 µg/ml - 1000 µg/ml), while the aqueous and ethanol extracts were not toxic to the brine shrimps (LC50 >1000µg/mL). K. senegalensis extracts were active against brine shrimp larvae with LC50 values <1000µg/mL The methanol and ethanol extracts demonstrated strong cytotoxicity with LC50 values <100µg/ml. Extracts from K. senegalensis significantly (p=0.05) increased the vegetative growth of cabbage plants. Originality/ Value: These results signify that the species have a probable use in the bio-pesticide industry, without any toxicity as the synthetics.
... Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) is an indigenous plant to most countries in Africa, and it is of significant interest among other plants as it was claimed to be rich in ascorbic acid and minerals [11]. Its fruit pulp is used in several parts of Sub-Saharan Africa for medicinal reasons against some body disorders: fever, diarrhoea, constipation, and many other ailments [12]. The fruit pulp is known to be consumed in Europe because of its various health benefit and its novel food ingredient, as its consumption was authorized by the European parliament and council [13]. ...
Background: Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide, and it poses numerous health risks to the environment and living organisms. This study aimed at assessing the protective role of Adansonia digitata (A. digitata) on glyphosate-induced hepatorenal toxicity in a Wistar rat model.
Methods: Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups of five animals each. The first group did not receive glyphosate and served as the control group. The second group received a single daily dose of only glyphosate (375 mg/kg). The treatment groups 3 and 4 were given a single daily dose of glyphosate (375 mg/kg) together with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of A. digitata extract, respectively. Group 5 was administered glyphosate (375 mg/kg) with Ascorbic Acid (200 mg/kg) as a comparison. At the conclusion of the study, blood serum samples from the rats were used for biochemical analysis. Then, the liver and kidneys were removed for histological examinations.
Results: In comparison to the control rats in group I, those in group 2 that were given glyphosate had increased liver enzymes biomarkers, urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels, but their superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase levels decreased (P
... Fruit pulp and powdered seeds are used in cases of dysentery and to promote perspiration (Sidibe and Williams, 2002). Baobab fruit pulp has traditionally been used as an immune-stimulant (AlQarawiet al., 2003), anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, febrifuge and astringent in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery (Ramadan et al., 1993). The aqueous extract of baobab fruit pulp exhibited significant hepato-protective activity and, as a consequence, the consumption of the pulp may play an important part in human resistance to liver damage in areas where baobab is consumed (Al-Qarawiet al., 2003). ...
Adansonia digitata Linn is a plant with hard seed coats, endangered nature and its need for sustainable livelihood is unavoidable. Therefore, there is the need to determine the best silvicultural methods that can enhance the of propagation of this species. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the pre-germination treatments as it affects the growth and development of Adansonia digitata seeds in the nursery at the Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State. The seeds were subjected to four (4) pre-sowing treatments namely: soaking in cold water for 48 hours (T), soaking in hot water for 30 minutes 1 (T), soaking in concentrated Tetraoxosulphate(vi) acid (H SO) for 35 minutes in 20ml (T) and the no treatment 2 2 4 3-control (T). The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with twenty seeds sown for each 4 treatment making a total of hundred seeds. The results of the pre-sowing treatments showed that there were significant differences (p≤ 0.05) across the four treatments applied on seeds. Acid treated seeds had the highest performance (95%), followed by hot water treatment (40%). The study therefore recommends soaking of Adansoniadigitata seeds for 35 minutes in 20ml of acid for mass production of seedlings. This will enhance the early growth and performance of this species.
... Various parts of the plant have been found to possess antipyretic, analgesic, antioxidant, astringent, antidiarrhoeal effects among others (Al-Qarawi et al., 2003;Hanafy et al., 2016). A significant number of phytochemicals including triterpenoids, flavonoids (Ramadan et al., 2003), saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, glycosides (Ramadan et al., 1994;Sa'id et al., 2020), phytosterols, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals (Ramesh et al., 1992;Kamatou et al., 2011) andalkaloids (Sa'id et al., 2020) have been identified to be responsible for benefits of Baobab. Acute toxicity studies in rats showed that the aqueous and ethanol fruit pulp extracts of the plant are safe even at 5,000 mg/kg (Muhammad et al., 2016;Malgave et al., 2019). ...
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of ethanol, ethylcetate fraction of the ethanol and aqueous fruit pulp extracts of Adansonia digitata on blood glucose, serum electrolytes and plasma proteins in high fat
diet and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Thirty rats weighing 140-240 g were randomly distributed into six groups: Group I served as normal control, given distilled water (10 mL/kg, p.o.), while groups II-VI were fed on
high fat diet for six weeks followed by single administration of low dose streptozotocin (30 mg/kg, i.p.). Groups III-VI animals were then orally administered respectively with metformin (50 mg/kg), aqueous (300 mg/kg) and ethanol (300 mg/kg) extracts as well as ethylacetate fraction of the ethanol extract (100 mg/kg) of the fruit pulp
once daily for two weeks. The ethanol extract significantly increased fasting blood glucose level while the ethylacetate fraction and aqueous extract significantly decreased it as compared to the diabetic untreated rats in which it was significantly increased when compared to normal rats. The induction of diabetes significantly
decreased serum chloride concentration while having no significant effects on other electrolytes and plasma proteins. Treatment with all the extracts significantly increased the serum chloride while the ethylacetate
fraction and aqueous extract significantly decreased the serum globulin level when compared to control. Based on the results obtained, it was deduced that the ethylacetate fraction and aqueous extract of the fruit pulp of Adansonia digitata may be beneficial at ameliorating hyperglycaemia and associated hypocholeremia in type
2 diabetes.
... Adansonia digitata has been used traditionally as an immunostimulant, anti-inflammatory as well as in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhea. Similarly, it is been compared and considered as a substitute for some western drugs [14,15]. A previous study reported that baobab fruit pulp has a strong prebiotic effect on living organisms [15]. ...
Aim: The current study seeks to explore the neuroprotective benefits of Adansonia digitata against lead induced memory impairment, neurotransmitter/AChE activity imbalance, oxidative stress as well as brain damage. Methodology: Thirty male adult rats weighing 160g-200g were divided randomly into six groups (I-V1) consisting of five (5) rats in each group. Group I served as control and were administered with distilled water (1 ml/kg) only while groups II -VI were treatment groups. Group II were administered 250 mg/kg of Adansonia digitata; group III were administered 30 mg/kg of lead; Group IV were administered 250 mg/kg of Adansonia digitata plus 30 mg/kg of lead; Group V were administered 500 mg/kg of Adansonia digitata plus 30 mg/kg of lead; Group VI were administered 30 mg/kg of lead plus 10 mg/kg of succimer. All administrations were carried out through oral gavage for a period of 28 days. Results: Lead administration caused memory impairment, decreased dopamine concentration and AChE activity in brain, induced oxidative stress resulting in brain damage. Adansonia digitata treatment significantly (P<.001) attenuated memory impairment, modulated dopamine concentration and AChE activity, prevented oxidative stress and ameliorated histopathological changes in the brain of Wistar rats. Conclusion: The result showed that Adansonia digitata ameliorates lead-induced memory impairment in Wistar rats by improving memory index, controlling dopamine concentration and AChE activity, preventing oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration.
... The extract tested at a dose of 400 and 800mg/kg inhibited formalin induced edema. After 24-h administration of the aqueous extract, the mean swelling of the foot was1.81 and 1.75mm for 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg, respectively, in comparison to the negative control (6.35mm) (Ramadan, A et al, 1994) 11 . The DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) of fruit pulp extract and aqueous leaf extract showed significant inhibition against cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8). ...
ABSTRACT
Baobab (Adansonia digitata) is a multi-purpose tree with tender root, tubers, twigs, fruit, seeds, leaves and
flowers which are edible. Owing to the nutritional and medicinal benefits of baobab tree parts, it has been used
for various purposes for the past two centuries in Africa, and some parts of Asia. This has in recent times led to
some statutory bodies approving its use in certain food products. Adansonia digitata has popular ethnomedicinal
application in the treatment of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Medicinal plants have been found to contain
phytoconstituents of relevance in phytomedicine. Plants have provided active ingredients of medicines for years
and are still sources of lead compounds in the development of new therapeutics A. digitata (baobab tree in both
English and French), are used in the treatment of malaria, fever, among other ailment. The mechanism of anti
plasmodial action of this extract has not been elucidated, however, anti plasmodial effects of natural plant
products have been attributed to some of their active phytochemical components. A. digitata, having reported to
be a rich source of antioxidant phytochemiclas different mechanism might be involved.
KEYWORDS
Phytochemicals, Baobab, (Adansonia digitata L.), Ethnomedicinal, Pharmacology and
... Furthermore, in a more recent development, Mainasara et al., in their published report on hepatoxicity in Albino rats exposed to MILE, concluded that MILE was relatively safe and is not likely to produce a toxic effect when albino rats were infused with 500 mg/kg/b.w.t [21]. Our result is in agreement with the report by Ramadan et al., [22]. Bashir et al., also reported similar findings on Allium sativum [23]. ...
Background: Breast cancer is an uncontrolled growth of breast tissue, which develops in cells lining the milk ducts and lobules, it’s the most common neoplasm in the female. Breast cancer has been declared a universal disaster as it is expected to nearly triple between 2020 and 2030, as most available drugs have not shown any desirable outcome. Aims/Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and effects of M. indica on serum IL-6, and IFN-γ in cancer-induced albino rats. Materials/Methods: Mangifera indica was subjected to plant identification/authentication and extractions, the acute toxicity was determined using Lorke's method. They are 6 groups of 4 rats each. The groups are normal, positive controls, Ascorbic acids, 500mg, 1000mg and 1500mg M. indica groups. All the groups were induced with 65 mg/kg-1 b.w. of 7,12 Dimethylbenzene-(α) anthracene (DMBA), except Group I and observed for 14 days, before treatment with 100mg of AA (Group III), and 500mg, 1000mg, and 1500mg of extracts (Groups IV- VI) respectively. The rats were sacrificed, 24 hours. after the last treatment. Results: The results of acute toxicity study of the extracts in both phase 1 and 2, has shown no signs of behavioural changes and mortality in all the experimental animals. This has proven that methanolic extracts of M. indica is safe. There was a significant down-regulation of serum IL-6, and INF-γ expressions (P>0.005). Conclusion: This research indicated that M. indica extract is safe and possesses anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory effects, it may be used for breast cancer management.
... Thus, both Ramipril and MEADF exhibited preventive potentials against inflammation via significant lowering of serum CRP and IL-1β in l-NAME induced hypertensive rats. This effect has corroborated with the earlier findings of Ramadan et al. [40] where the fruit pulp of A. digitata was reported to have antiinflammatory properties. The elevated levels of LDH and CK-MB in the l-NAME control group observed in this study indicated some levels of damage to the myocardium, which may have been mediated by oxidative and inflammatory remodelling and injury to the heart and hence their leakage into the serum. ...
IntroductionMost available drugs used for management of hypertension have presented a plethora of challenges which genuinely called for development of therapies from natural sources.AimThis study investigated the effect of methanol extract of Adansonia digitata fruit (MEADF) pulp on NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) induced hypertension in rats.Methods
Fourty eight (48) wistar rats divided into six (6) groups (eight rats each) were employed. The induction of hypertension was achieved using l-NAME (40mg//kg body weight) by oral gavages. The induced rats were treated with MEADF pulp (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) and Ramipril (10 mg/kg) and the remaining three groups serve as control. Serum haemodynamic and biochemical modifiable parameters were determined using standard assay proceduresResultsAdministration of MEADF to the rats exerted a dose-dependent lowering effect on the elevated systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure and heart rate towards the normal physiological threshold. At 400 mg/kg of MEADF, there was significant (p < 0.05) reduction in serum lipid profile and biomarkers associated with endothelial dysfunction [angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity], inflammation (C-reactive protein and interleukin-1β), oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) and cardiac injury (creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase activities). However, serum concentrations of nitric oxide, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, total bilirubin and albumin were not significantly (p < 0.05) different from those found in normal control group.Conclusion
This study therefore demonstrates that MEADF possesses an in vivo ACE inhibitory activity, hypotensive potential and the ability to avert further degeneration of biochemical and physiological upsets associated with l-NAME induced hypertension.
... antidiabetic properties, the various parts of this plant have traditionally been used as immunostimulant, anti-inflammatory, antilipidaemic, analgesic, insect repellent and pesticidal. [33,34] ...
Diabetes mellitus is a common and serious metabolic disorder of the endocrine system throughout the world. This frightful disease is found in every part of the world and is becoming a serious threat to healthcare providers and leads to major cause of death. The number of person suffering from diabetes is increasing due to growth population, aging, urbanization, pollution, and increasing prevalence of obesity and lack of physical activity. It is a group of metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels that result from the deficiency or ineffective production of insulin by pancreas or action or both. There are lots of chemical agents available to control and treat diabetic patients. It may cause unwanted side effects, if these agents will be used for longer duration. Thus, the need arises to cure this disease with potent drug causing fewer side effects. Alternative to these agents, many of the herbal plants are available across the world having anti-diabetic activity and show their action by different mechanism like stimulating or regenerating the β cell or extra pancreatic effect for hypoglycemic. It may delay the development of diabetic complications or correct the metabolic abnormalities. Numerous herbal plants have been investigated for their potential to treat different types of diabetes. This systemic review article focused on some reported anti-diabetic medicinal plants with their botanical name, common name, constituent, and mechanism of action.
... It has very small amount of iron and manganese, but exceedingly high content of calcium and vitamin C (Sibibe and Williams, 2002). Moreover, the phytochemical screening of the baobab fruit pulp showed sterols, triterpenes, saponins, and tannins (Ramadan et al., 1994) which have effects on scavenging free radicals that have been embroiled in numerous sickness conditions in people including joint inflammation, haemorrhagic stun, atherosclerosis, ischemia, reperfusion damage of numerous organs, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, tumour advancement, and carcinogenesis (Bagchi et al., 2000). Numerous sorts of free radicals exist; however, the most worrying in biological system is from oxygen, and referred as reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as nitric oxide (NO), which is a free radical delivered from L-arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). ...
The present work aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile and biological activities of Sudanese baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit pulp extract. Baobab fruit pulp serves as food, and has been used in traditional medicine in Africa for the treatment of several diseases, and believed to possess many biological activities. The sample of baobab fruit was collected from Blue Nile State in Sudan. The fruit pulp was obtained from baobab pods, sieved, extracted with methanol (80%), and analysed for its antioxidant activity, and alpha-glucosidase and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities. The phytochemical constituents of the pulp were determined by LC-MS and 1 H-NMR techniques. The results for antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH and FRAP for methanolic extract were 232.70 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (AEAC)/g and 222.28 mmol/g of Fe 2+ , respectively. Baobab pulp extract showed greater capability in inhibiting the generation of NO from the stimulated RAW264.7 cells at 98.45% inhibition and IC 50 of 36.55 µg/mL; and α-glucosidase enzyme activity at 97.94% inhibition and IC 50 of 58.59 µg/mL. The LC-MS/MS analysis of the baobab extract showed that 52 compounds were found in the baobab pulp, including 19 flavonoids, ten phenolic acids, four lipids (glycero-3-phosphocholine derivative, 1,2-didodeca-noyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol), 1-pentadecanoyl-2-(13Z,16Z-docosadi-enoyl)-glycero-3-phosphate, and glycero-3-hosphocholine derivative), sugars, organic acid, iridoids, adenosine, scopoletin, and taraxerone. The NMR detected 21 metabolites from baobab pulp extract including carbohydrates, organic acids, vitamin, amino acids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and fatty acids. The present work is the first of its kind in comprehensively analysing the Sudanese baobab fruit pulp, combined with qualitative characterisation of chemical components using NMR, LC-MS, α-glucosidase, and NO inhibitors. Baobab fruit pulp contains several beneficial phytochemicals and biological activities, and it has potential positive effect on general human's health.
... Various plant parts (e.g. leaves, bark, and fruit pulp), have traditionally been used for immuno-stimulant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, insect repellent and pesticidal properties, in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery in many African countries and have been evaluated as a substitute for imported western drugs (Ramadan et al., 1994, El-Rawyet al., 1997. On the part of Calotropisprocera, the leaf is traditionally considered for the treatment of TB and it is aflowering plant in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae, that is native to North Africa, WesternAfrica, South Asia, and China. ...
The extract of herbal plant sample which includes leaf, seed and fruit pulp of Calotropisprocera, Garcinia kolaand Adansiniadigitata, respectively was investigated for phytochemical content and tested against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (in-vitro) and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. 95% Methanolic extract of the plant samples was obtained by percolation. The antomycobactarial activity was determined using disc diffusion method.Anova single factor was statistically used. The crude methanol extract of Calotropisprocera leaf, Garcinia kola seed and Adansoniadigitata fruit pulp reveal a final weight of 8.1g, 19.1g and 7.8g respectively, Tannins and Flavoniods were the phytochemical compounds found to be present in all the plant samples. Rifampicin antibiotic was used as control and the antimycobacterial activity for the plant sample shows that C. procera has the highest zone of inhibition followed by G. kola then, lastly,A. digitata, and the minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 500-2000ug/ml. The M.I.C of 95% methanol extract in the order mentioned above are 500-2000ug/ml, 1000-2000ug/ml and 2000ugml respectively. The result supports the local used of these plant in the treatment of T.B and it is suggested that these plants may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of Tuberculosis. In addition further investigations should be focused on isolating bioactive components that are responsible for pharmacological activities and on identifying the compound eliciting the activities observed in the plant samples.
... Adansonia digitata L., known as baobab, is a plant indigenous to Africa. Its edible parts have a significant and consolidated history of human consumption in this geographical area, where baobab is used both as a food and in traditional African medicine against some disorders, including malaria, tuberculosis, fever, microbial infections [7], gastrointestinal disorders (constipation and diarrhea), anaemia, and toothache among others [8]. Almost all parts of this tree (fruit pulp, seeds, leaves, flowers, roots, and bark) are used in the traditional African medicine [9,10], whereas, in Europe, only the fruit pulp is consumed as a food since its authorization as a novel food ingredient by the European parliament and council under the Regulation (EC) No. 258/97 (Commission Decision 2008/575/EC). ...
Metabolic syndrome includes a cluster of risk factors for many pathological conditions, including hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Adansonia digitata L. (also known as baobab) is used in traditional African Medicine and recent studies showed that it improves the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of action associated with the beneficial effects of extracts from the edible parts of baobab (fruit pulp, leaves, raw and toasted seeds), evaluating their inhibitory activity against: alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, angiotensin-converting enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and pancreatic lipase. Baobab fruit pulp and leaf extracts resulted to be the most active ones and were then tested on the differentiation process of SW-872 human liposarcoma cells to mature adipocytes. The addition of these latter extracts did not affect triglyceride accumulation, indicating a neutral impact on this parameter. The findings here reported help to explain the growing amount of evidence on the biological properties of baobab and provide suggestions about their use in food and nutraceutical fields.
... In addition, several authors have identified the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides in plants that showed trypanocidal activities (Nok, 2002;Nok, 2005;Atawodi et al., 2011, Nwodo et al., 2015 which could also be responsible for the anti trypanosomal activity observed in this study. The result of the acute toxicity test revealed that extract of the fruit pulp of A. digitata is safe even at 9000 mg/kg and this is in line with (Ramadan et al., 1993) which says the pulp is safe at more than 8000 mg/kg. As such, the fruit pulp of A. digitata could therefore be a suitable candidate as anti trypanosoma agent if eventually confirms to be efficacious, since most of the current anti trypanosoma agents have problems of toxicity especially at high dose. ...
This study investigated the effects of aqueous extract of fruit pulp of Adansonia digitata on albino rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Acute toxicity test was conducted on the extract and then analysed for some phytoconstituents. Thirty-five adult rats were divided into seven groups of five rats each. Group A were the non-infected control group while groups B, C, D, E, F and G were inoculated with 1x 106 trypanosomes per 100 g body weight (BW). At day 6 post infection (6 PI), groups C and D were treated with diminazene aceturate and vitamin C at dose rates of 3.5 mg/kg BW intra peritonealy once and 200 mg/kg BW orally for 3 days respectively, while groups E, F, G were orally treated for 3 days with 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg BW of the extract respectively. The rats were monitored for parasitaemia, PCV and body weight. The LD50 of the extract was greater than 9000 mg/kg. The phytochemical analysis revealed 3.51% flavonoid, 0.07% alkaloid, 0.10% saponin and 0.03.0% oxalate in the extract. While there was progressive increase in parasitaemia from day 6 PI in groups E and F throughout the study, parasitaemia decreases and was completely cleared by day 8 and 11 PI in groups C and G respectively. PCV of group A was not significantly different (p>0.05) from that of F and G. There was significant difference (p<0.05) in the PCV of Group A and that of groups B and C and highly significantly different (p<0.01) with that of D and E. Significant (p<0.05) body weight increase of rats in groups D, E, F and G at day 10 PI was observed. Thus, fruit pulp of A. digitata at a dose of 9000 mg/kg was not toxic to rats, and contains active compounds with potential In vivo anti-trypanosoma activity. Keywords: Adansonia digitata, Albino rats, Animal trypanosomosis, Phytochemicals, Trypanosoma brucei brucei
... Various plant parts (e.g. leaves, bark, and fruit pulp), have traditionally been used for immune-stimulant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, insect repellent and pesticidal properties, in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery in many African countries, and have been evaluated as a substitute for imported western drugs [17,18]. ...
Aim: The current study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in rats. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, between November 2017 and January 2018. Methodology: A. digitata fruit pulp was extracted by maceration using water; and a concentration of 100 mg/ml was used. Two doses of the aqueous extract (200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) and Livoline (25 mg/kg) were used to investigate their hepatoprotective effects on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Results: The two doses of the plant extract showed dose-dependent hepatoprotective effect on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, as evident by the significant reduction (P<0.05) in serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin along with the improved histopathological liver sections compared to CCl4-treated animals. Conclusion: Due to its hepatoprotective potentials, A. digitata extract may be used to develop standard treatment drugs against some liver disorders when it is further evaluated through extensive researches.
Traditional Medicine in North East Africa: Research on Traditional Healer Preparations and Herbs explores the rich tapestry of traditional healing practices in North East Africa. This comprehensive work compiles the profound knowledge of indigenous herbalists and explores the intricate relationship between traditional healing and medicinal plants.
From combating diseases like cancer and diabetes to managing snakebites and obesity-related conditions, each chapter offers a detailed examination of plant-based remedies. Highlighting the contributions of plants like Moringa oleifera and Citrullus colocynthis, this book bridges the gap between ancient wisdom and modern research, making it essential for academics, researchers, and anyone interested in the healing powers of nature. Join us on this enlightening journey as we celebrate cultural diversity and uncover the enduring legacy of traditional medicine.
Key Features:
- In-depth studies on bioactive compounds and therapeutic properties of key African plants.
- Ethnobotanical insights into traditional healer practices.
- Comprehensive reviews linking traditional plant use to modern medical applications.
ABSTRACT
This research work focused on locally sourced antimicrobial emulsion paint. Two antimicrobial agents were
obtained from leaves of neem (dogoyaro) and bush cane trees (opete). The leaves were then dried for about two
weeks, ground into particles and seived with 75micrones and 100microns seives. The particles were used as
fillers in polyvinyl acetate to produce the PVA- paste and allowed to dry at room temperature. The PVA-neem
and PVA-bush cane composites were used with the ingredients to produce PVA-neem and PVA-bush cane paint
respectively. Results indicated that both paint samples (PVA-neem and PVA-bush cane paint) are good
antimicrobial paints.
Keywords; Emulsion paint, Neem leave particles, Bush cane leaves particles, antimicrobial agents, polyvinyl acetate.
Yoghurt was produced from fresh cow milk inoculated with baobab pulp powder. Baobab pulp powder was added at 0.34%, 0.52%, 0.69%, and 0.85% respectively, while the control sample (A) was yoghurt produced from fresh cow milk inoculated with regular commercial starter culture. The physical, chemical, microbiological, anti-nutritional and sensory properties of the samples were analysed using standard procedures. The moisture content, crude protein and fat content decreased with the added baobab pulp powder, while the fibre, ash and carbohydrate contents increased. The pH ranged from 4.34 to 4.74, coupled with negligible anti-nutritional composition. The titratable acidity increased with added baobab pulp powder from 0.52-0.69%. Brix and viscosity of treated samples increased respectively from 30.85-40.02 and 200.05-200.14. Total bacterial and fungi counts ranged from 8.65×10 4 to 15.51×10 4 Cfu/mL and 1.12×10 4 to 4.54×10 4 Cfu/mL respectively, with the control sample having the higher loads. The overall acceptability of the samples were significant (p>0.05); sample E (0.85% inoculation) was the most preferred, followed by sample B (0.34% inoculation), while the least accepted sample was the control. Inoculating milk with baobab pulp powder produced yoghurt with improved and acceptable qualities.
Adansonia digitata is used in folk medicine as antipyretic, analgesic and as an antioxidant. The aim of the research was to study the physicochemical, antioxidant and acute toxicity profiles of the oil extracted from the seed nuts. Standard methods were used to ascertain the physicochemical parameters, antioxidant properties and the oral acute toxicity. The moisture content (MC), total ash (TA), acid insoluble ash (AIA), alcohol soluble extractive (ASE) and the water-soluble extractive (WSE) were: 4 %, 4 %, 0.33 %, 22 % and 20.67 % respectively. The oil yielded 15.29 %. The GC-MS revealed some fatty acids/esters. The oil was soluble in varieties organic solvents including petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform and others. Steroids were detected in the oil through qualitative phytochemical screening. The saponification value (SV) of 30.86 mgKOH/g, acid value (AV) of 140.25 mgKOH/g, Ester value (EV) of 109.39 mgKOH/g, iodine value (IV) of 104.05 gI 2 /100 g and specific gravity (SG) of 0.92 were obtained. The oil was safe up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg per body weight via the oral route at one dose level. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the oil showed the highest inhibition (92.3 %) at 3.30 mg/mL and the least inhibition of 86.6 % at 0.12 mg/mL. Therefore, this research has revealed that Adansonia digitata oil contain phytochemicals with free radical scavenging properties and the oil is not toxic.
This is a review of the transport behaviour of industrial solvents through fibreglass epoxy filled polypropylene over a period of 10 years (1996-2016)
Background
Adansonia digitata has been used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases including snakebite envenomation.
Objective
In this study, the protective and ameliorative potentials of crude methanol extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp against crude venom of Naja nigricollis in-vitro and in-vivo were investigated.
Method
The dose-dependent inhibitory studies, pharmacological, histopathological and in vivo studies were conducted using standard methods.
Result
The mean lethal dose of the crude methanolic extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp in Wistar rats was >5,000 mg/kg, while Naja nigricollis venom was 0.89 mg/kg. The anti-lethality effective concentration of the fruit pulp on Naja nigricollis venom was 92.52 mg/ml. Treatment significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the activities of Naja nigricollis phospholipase A2 and dose-dependently reduced Naja nigricollis venom-induced paw oedema at 1-4 hours post-envenomation. In-vivo, treatment with 250 and 500 mg/kg of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp was protective against the clinical signs and mortality. Serum acetylcholinesterase activities were maintained in the group treated with normal saline and the ameliorative groups but decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in other groups. Brain acetylcholinesterase was high in all the groups by day 1 but was reduced with increasing dose by day 2 in the ameliorative groups only. Adansonia digitata fruit pulp also preserved the histoarchitecture of the brain, heart, liver and spleen from venom-induced pathologies.
Conclusion
Crude methanolic extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp possesses good protective and ameliorative neutralization effects on Naja nigricollis venom and could be promising in the management of snakebite envenomation.
Adansonia digitata (Bombacaceae) leaves are used in the treatment of kidney and bladder diseases in ethno-
medicine. This research was aimed at justifying its use by isolating the secondary plant metabolites responsible
for the observed hepatoprotective activity. Coumarin, terpenoids and steroids were the phytochemicals
found in hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol soluble fractions of the crude ethanolic extract of A.
digitata leaves. These compounds were isolated by chromatographic technique and their chemical structures
were identified by direct comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in literature.
Stigmasterol, friedelin, scopoletin, β–sitosterol and β–sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated,
identified and characterized by their UV, IR, 1H and 13C-NMR. β – sitosterol-3-O- β-D-glucopyranoside,
though a known phytosterol is reported newly in the leaves of A. digitata from Nigeria. The UV and IR of
four yet to be identified compounds are also reported. Only the ethylacetate soluble fraction of the crude
ethanolic extract of A. digatata leaves was subjected to hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride
– induced liver damage in rats and it showed significant hepatoprotective activity by reducing elevated
alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphate (ALP) and lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) levels at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight (p<0.05). Extract at
100 mg/kg body weight showed better hepatoprotective influence than at 200 mg/kg body weight. Reduction
in the effect of toxic carbon tetrachloride by the extract was further supported by histopathological
results from liver samples which showed regeneration of hepatocytes.
KEY WORDS: Adansonia digitata, Bombacaceae, hepatoprotective, histopathology, β– sitosterol-3-O-
β-D-glucopyranoside.
Antimicrobial activity of Neem and bushcane in Emulsion paint
Powdered stem bark of Adansonia digitata was extracted with chloroform and methanol using percolation method of extraction. The chloroform and methanolic extracts were screened for the presence of secondary metabolite using a standard technique. The result of the phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloid, Flavanoid, tannin, reducing sugar and steroid in one or both the extracts. The extracts were further tested on confirmed clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and proteus mirabilis using disc diffusion method and micro-broth dilution technique. Stem bark extracts of adansonia digitata was found to have antimicrobial activity against the clinical isolates used in the study.
Antimicrobial activity of neem and bushcane extracts on Emulsion paint
Objectives: Garcinia kola has beenreported as a potent antioxidant substance that enhance testicular function in wistar rats. This study was carried out to investigate the fertility enhancing effects of the administration of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola on Lead II oxide induced testicular damage. Methods: Results:Lead II oxide induced significant increase (P<0.05) in the activities of LDH and reduced G-6-PDH activities. However, Garcinia kola ethanolic extract and Vitamin E (Synthetic antioxidant) lowered LDH activities and increased G-6-PDH. Insignificant increase (P>0.05) in MDA was observed in the rats treated with ethanolic extract of Garcinia Kola. Serum level of reproductive hormones; FSH and LH were significantly higher in rats treated with Garcinia Kola seed extract and Lead II oxide. Conclusions: Thirty five (35) adult male Wistar rats selected into seven (7) groups n=5. Group A, B, C, D , D , E and F 1 2 treated with 0.5 ml saline solution, 100 mg/kg of Garcinia Kola extract, 5 mg/kg of Lead II oxide only, 100 mg/kg of Garcinia Kola extract and 5 mg/kg of Lead II oxide, 200 mg/kg of Garcinia Kola extract and 5 mg/kg of Lead II oxide, 500 mg/kg of vitamin E only and 500 mg/kg of vitamin E and 5 mg/kg of Lead II oxide daily for period of two (2) weeks. Blood sample analysed for hormonal assay, FSH and LH in euthanized animals. Homogenate of the testes analysed for G-6-PDH and LDH and Lipid Peroxidation using level of MDA activities. Objectives: Garcinia kola has beenreported as a potent
antioxidant substance that enhance testicular function in
wistar rats. This study was carried out to investigate the
fertility enhancing effects of the administration of
ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola on Lead II oxide induced
testicular damage.
Methods:
Results:Lead II oxide induced significant increase
(P<0.05) in the activities of LDH and reduced G-6-PDH
activities. However, Garcinia kola ethanolic extract and
Vitamin E (Synthetic antioxidant) lowered LDH activities
and increased G-6-PDH. Insignificant increase (P>0.05)
in MDA was observed in the rats treated with ethanolic
extract of Garcinia Kola. Serum level of reproductive
hormones; FSH and LH were significantly higher in rats
treated with Garcinia Kola seed extract and Lead II oxide.
Conclusions:
Thirty five (35) adult male Wistar rats selected
into seven (7) groups n=5. Group A, B, C, D , D , E and F 1 2
treated with 0.5 ml saline solution, 100 mg/kg of Garcinia
Kola extract, 5 mg/kg of Lead II oxide only, 100 mg/kg of
Garcinia Kola extract and 5 mg/kg of Lead II oxide, 200
mg/kg of Garcinia Kola extract and 5 mg/kg of Lead II
oxide, 500 mg/kg of vitamin E only and 500 mg/kg of
vitamin E and 5 mg/kg of Lead II oxide daily for period of
two (2) weeks. Blood sample analysed for hormonal assay,
FSH and LH in euthanized animals. Homogenate of the
testes analysed for G-6-PDH and LDH and Lipid
Peroxidation using level of MDAactivities.
Ethanolic extract of Garcinia Kola and
Vitamin E (synthetic antioxidant) have demonstrated
antioxidant effects by maintaining the activities of
metabolic enzymes and hormonal profile integrity against
reactive oxygen species induced by Lead II oxide.
PURAKALA, An UGC-CARE Journal, ISSN
NO: 0971-2143
This review paper highlights the medicinal properties particularly the immunogenic potentiality of iconic baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) (Kalphavraksha or Wish)tree species belongs to Malvaceae family. During the recent outbreak of second wave of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) mutants, Delta variant (B. 1. 617.2) strainand Delta Plus (AY.1) in India has created a major health issue resulted in more hospitalizations and death. Another problem is fully vaccinated people with"breakthrough" infections is rare but reported. This has created a situation and therefore, promoted herbal medicine, fruit pulp of baobab as an immunity boosterfor controlling the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The baobab (Kalphavraksha or Wish tree) fruit pulp is very rich in vitamin C (280-350 mg/g of the fruit), zinc, andthe source of protein and used as a herbal medicine long time ago by local traditional healers in India, Africa, Madagascar and other Asian countries. In additionto this, the baobab fruit pulp is acidic in nature and also known for protease inhibitors which limits the consumption of fruits. Plant protease inhibitors are directlyinvolved in blocking the viral replication and inhibited the viral synthesis. Therefore, two dose vaccination with additional dietary and medicinal therapy will helpto prevent the human body against invading viral antigen and improved the overall health condition of the Covid-19 patients. In India, the oral consumption ofbaobab (Kalphavraksha or Wish tree) fruit pulp with milk as an immunity booster has improved the Covid-19 patients health condition. However, there are noclinical evidences to support the scientific validation. Therefore, clinical experimental studies should be conducted particularly for the scientific validation ofimmunogenic potentiality of baobab fruit pulp. This will help in developing a novel drug for controlling the coronavirus infections in future pandemic.
(PDF) Role of herbal medicine for controlling coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350631457_Role_of_herbal_medicine_for_controlling_coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_disease_COVID-19 [accessed Oct 16 2022].
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