Climate Change and Agriculture: Technologies for Enhancing Resilience
... The main anthropogenic source of CH 4 (77%) and N 2 O (60%) emissions contributes in Indian Agriculture (Sharma et al., 2021). Methane emissions are confined to rice and enteric fermentation (Kumar et al., 2020b), while CO 2 and N 2 O are uniformly released from all agricultural crops as consequences of crop raising activities such as soil manipulation and fertilizer applications (Kumar et al., 2016a;Kumar et al., 2016b;Bhattacharyya et al., 2018;Sapkota et al., 2021). The addition of nitrogen to agricultural soil changes GHG fluxes. ...
All the editors hope that the article (review/research) published in this book will help the policy makers, environmentalists, foresters, and young researchers to understand the carbon dynamics in the terrestrial ecosystem at the regional and/or global scale. Furthermore, the mitigation strategies suggested by the different authors will help in C reduction in the terrestrial ecosystem.
... The main anthropogenic source of CH 4 (77%) and N 2 O (60%) emissions contributes in Indian Agriculture (Sharma et al., 2021). Methane emissions are confined to rice and enteric fermentation (Kumar et al., 2020b), while CO 2 and N 2 O are uniformly released from all agricultural crops as consequences of crop raising activities such as soil manipulation and fertilizer applications (Kumar et al., 2016a;Kumar et al., 2016b;Bhattacharyya et al., 2018;Sapkota et al., 2021). The addition of nitrogen to agricultural soil changes GHG fluxes. ...
In recent decades, climate change induced by enhanced global warming is one of the biggest challenges at the global level. Agriculture sectors significantly contribute to total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission to the atmosphere. Wheat and maize, cultivated globally, and consumed in different forms, are considered as crucial staple cereal for ensuring food security to global population. The management practices involving land preparation, sowing, fertilizer application, irrigation, pest management, etc. significantly influence the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from agricultural soil. In this study, CO2 and N2O emission were assessed from maize and wheat crops at four different levels of N fertilizer using cool farm tool model. Emissions of CO2 per hectare varied from 331.4 to 1,088.3 kgCO2 in maize and ranged from 292.3 to 765.3 kgCO2 in wheat on application of different doses of N. The total GHG emission in maize crops ranged from 859.5 to 3,003.4 kgCO2 eq per hectare with the application of nitrogen at varying levels (0–240 kg N per hectare). The highest N2O efflux (0.368 kg per ton) was observed at 240 kg N per hectare under wheat crop. The total on-farm emissions, through fertilizer production, account for about 33.7%, and emission of N2O contributes only 65.9%, whereas pesticides account merely 0.4% under maize-wheat cropping. This study confirms that the direct emission of N2O was totally dependent on N fertilizers application rate; however, the indirect emission was controlled by the fuels and energy consumption.
... The N cycle influences the emission of N 2 O, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) from agricultural soils [6,7]. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) and directly contributes to global warming [8,9]. Compared to other GHGs, emission of N 2 O is of greater concern due to its long atmospheric residence time (114 years [10]), global temperature change potential (GTP; 290 times higher than that of CO 2 [11]) and global warming potential (GWP; 265 times higher than that of CO 2 [10]) on a 100year time scale, all of which makes it the third most abundant GHG, behind CO 2 and CH 4 . ...
Global warming impacts of N use in Indian agriculture since 1960 was estimated for 20- and 100-year time scales using equation-based empirical method. During 2014, total Warming in terms of global temperature change potential (GTP) for a 20-year time scale (GTP20) was assessed as 217.31 ± 17.74 Tg CO2e, and for a 100-year time scale (GTP100) was 217.78 ± 17.78 Tg CO2e. N2O contributed 90% and 99%of the GTP20 and GTP100, respectively. Total cooling impacts were 94.86 ± 7.75 and 50.36 ± 4.11 Tg CO2e on GTP20 and GTP100, respectively. Aerosols of NH3 and NOx, NOx-induced O3 and CH4 alteration, and N-induced C sequestration contributed 41, 6 and 51%, respectively, to GTP20, however, N-induced C sequestration contributed about 99% to GTP100. Net warming impacts were 122.45 ± 10.00 and 167.42 ± 13.67 Tg CO2e on GTP20 and GTP100, respectively. Net warming impacts were lowered by 10% and 1% compared to total warming, and 37% and 23% compared to warming caused by N2O alone, for GTP20 and GTP100, respectively. Usually, to estimate the global warming impacts of N use in agriculture, the warming effects of only N2O emission are considered. However, both warming and cooling impacts should be considered to capture the net impacts of N use in agriculture on climate change.
Agriculture is considered as a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission leading to global climate change. Organic farming practices mainly focused on improved soil health and ecosystem biodiversity, chemical-free crops, crop quality, and sustainable balance of production, minimize environmental burdens. It is a production system in harmony with natural biodiversity and sustainable balance with different biogeochemical cycles. However, very limited information is available on the impact of organic farming compared to conventional/nonorganic farming on soil-derived GHGs like nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions. Avoiding inorganic fertilizer in organic farming can reduce significant amount of GHG emissions and may lead to accumulation of soil organic matter. Organic farming not only reduces use of farm inputs, but also improves soil carbon sequestration. Since organic agriculture reduces the use of external inputs, it can significantly impact the global warming potential (GWP) of agroecosystems. In this chapter, we tried to focus on organic farming, regenerative farming, and natural faming and their role in agricultural GHG emission and global climate change.
Climate change and global warming are the major challenges in the agriculture sector for nutrient use efficiency, sustainability of natural resources, and food security. Sustainability of soil resources for food security in the era of climate change usually revolves around soil carbon and its possible sequestration in more stabilized forms. Carbon sequestration in soil is a widely studied approach to mitigate climate change, and global warming since soil carbon and its stock is highly vulnerable to the changing climate. It is known that carbon cycling and transformation affects directly or indirectly the transformation and cycling of nutrients in soil. Understanding the processes and mechanisms of nutrient cycling and transformations as affected by climate change is of utmost importance as far as nutrient use efficiency and appropriate management strategies are concerned. Evidence of alterations in nutrient transformation and cycling due to the changes in climatic variables has been well documented. Nevertheless, research efforts are lacking in addressing the effect of climate change on the availability of nutrients, the transformation, and cycling of which are not directly associated with carbon cycling in soil. This chapter aims at highlighting the impact of climate change on the cycling and transformations of important plant nutrient elements and the future prospects in climate change research pertaining to nutrient transformation and availability in soil.
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