ArticlePDF Available

The Effect of Cinnamomum burmannii Extract as an Immunomodulator on the Increase of GR-1 Expressing IFNγ and Macrophage

October 2015

Authors:

University of Brawijaya

Cinnamomum burmannii was known as one of herbal medicine that has been used traditionally as an ingredient of traditional medicine extract, contains cinnamaldehyde, which is a naturally trigger of the body's immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the immunostimulant effect of C. Burmannii and the increase of Granulocyte Receptor-1 (GR-1) that can be recognized from neutrophil expressing IFNγ and the increase of macrophage phagocytosis activities.Thirty wistar mouse were appropriatelly infected with Salmonella enteridis and then orally treated with C.burmanni alcohol extract at different dosages. The mouse were observed for the increase of GR-1 expressing IFNγ using flow-cytometry and the increase of macrophage phagocytosis activities using Giemza staining. The result showed that increasing dosage of C. burmannii extract treatment increased the GR-1 level and the IFNγ by 97.7% and macrophage phagocytosis activity by 98.1% (P<0.05). Thus, the observations reflected clearly that C.burmannii ethanol extract can be utilized as immunomodulator that increased immune response.

. Average number of CD4 in Salmonella enteritidis non-infected and infected and cinnamon (C. burmanii) ethanol extract non-treated and treated animals

…

Phagocytosis activity of active macrophage cells against S. enteritidis

…

. Average number of active macrophage cells that performed phagocytosis in Salmonella enteritidis non-infected,infected and cinnamon (C. burmanii) treatment

…

Figures - uploaded by Pratiwi Trisunuwati

Content may be subject to copyright.

Content uploaded by Pratiwi Trisunuwati

Content may be subject to copyright.

The Effect of Cinnamomum burmannii Extract as an Immunomodulator on

the Increase of GR-1 Expressing IFNγ and Macrophage

Pratiwi TS 1, Putri A2, Murwani S3

1 Professor of Animal Husbandry Faculty, University of Brawijaya, Malang-65145,

Indonesia, 2 Student of Medical Veterinary School, University of Brawijaya, Malang-65145,

Indonesia, 3.Lecturer of Medical Veterinary School , University of Brawijaya Malang,

Indonesia 65145

ABSTRACT

Cinnamomum burmannii was known as one of herbal medicine that has been used

traditionally as an ingredient of traditional medicine extract, contains cinnamaldehyde,

which is a naturally trigger of the body's immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the

immunostimulant effect of C. Burmannii and the increase of Granulocyte Receptor - 1 (GR-

1) that can be recognized from neutrophil expressing IFNγ and the increase of macrophage

phagocytosis activities.Thirty wistar mouse were appropriatelly infected with Salmonella

enteridis and then orally treated with C.burmanni alcohol extract at different dosages. The

mouse were observed for the increase of GR-1 expressing IFNγ using flow-cytometry and

the increase of macrophage phagocytosis activities using Giemza staining. The result showed

that increasing dosage of C. burmannii extract treatment increased the GR-1 level and the

IFNγ by 97.7% and macrophage phagocytosis activity by 98.1% (P<0.05). Thus, the

observations reflected clearly that C.burmannii ethanol extract can be utilized as

immunomodulator that increased immune response.

Keywords: Cinnamomum burmannii, GR-1, IFNγ, macrophage, phagocytosis

Corresponding author : pratiwi_trisunuwati@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION

Burmannii cinnamon of Cinnamomum

species is one of the medicinal plants that

are often found in regions of Indonesia

(Gunawan and Mulyani, 2004), contains

some compounds that are beneficial to

health including drug efficacious for gout,

high blood pressure. Arrar (2009) reported

that C burmannii was also proven to be

antibacterial in Bacillus cereus, Listeria

monocytogenes, Staphylococccus aureus,

Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella

typimurium, and Escherichia coli. Active

compounds contained in cinnamon is

essential oil, safrole, sinamadehid,

eugenol, tannins, resins, calcium oxalate,

tanning agents, flavonoids, saponins and

other nutritional content such as sugar,

protein, crude fat and pectin which

allegedly helped in immune response

(Gunawan and Mulyani, 2004; Guanther,

2006; Wang, 2009). Ramchandra (2006)

reported that cinnamon of Cinnamomum

zeylanicum species at a dose of 100 mg /kg

had immunostimulatory effects in animal

models of Mus musculus. Several

researchs on herbs to enhance immune

responses have been carried out, for

example research on the effect of extracts

of Hedyotis corymbosa, Cassia Alata L

leaf extract, Blumea balsamifera on

phagocytic activity of macrophages Mus

musculus strain BALB/c that were infected

by Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria

monocytogenes on the efect of

imunomudulatory (Kusmardi, 2007);

(Munawaroh, 2008) on macrophage

phagocytic potential. Dewanti et al (2010)

examined the effect of aqueous extract

Grass Gelata against interferon gamma

expression and activity of NK cells,

cytotoxic cells and macrophages in vivo to

determine the effect its cytotoxicity using

myeloma cell culture Mus musculus.

However, research on the

immunomodulatory effects of ethanol

extract Cinamomum of Cinamomum

burmannii to increase phagocytic activity

of interferon gamma and macrophages on

Mus musculus strain BALB/c has not yet

been done before and needs further

research. T cells plasma in the immune

system produce IFNγ is a specific activator

of macrophage function and plays a

critical role in the host immune defense to

bacterial infection that activate

macrophages as a system of mononuclear

phagocytes and polymorphonuclear

neutrophils as phagocyte system (Abbas,

2007)

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Thirty male wistar BALB/c (SPF) were

appropriatelly infected with Salmonella

enteridis at a dose of 0.2 ml x 108 ml/CFU

and then orally treated along 14 days with

C.burmanni ethanol (high polar) extract at

different dosages i.e 0, 50, 100,150 and

200 mg/kg body weight (P0, P1, P2,, P3,

P4). Samples of peritonial fluid and spleen

tissue were collected, one drop of

peritonial fluid sample as a thin smear

Giemza staining test to evaluate the

number of active macrophages in activity

phagocytosis. While the mouse were

observed for the increase of GR-1

expressing IFNγ using flow-cytometry

(Rifa'i, 2004). Analysis of data on the

number GR-1 that express IFNγ and

phagocytic activity of macrophages using

one-way ANOVA.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on the number of CD4 that

expressed IFNγ (bound to the extracellular

antibody GR-1), it was shown that mice

treated using C. burmanii ethanol extract

showed significantly higher (p<0.05)

average number of CD4 that expressed

IFNγ compared to those in either the

negative control treatment or positive

control treatment (Tab.1 and Fig.1). While,

positive control treatment (P0+) showed

also significantly higher (p<0.05) average

number of CD4 that expressed IFNγ than

negative control treatment (P0-). The data

were in line with research conducted by

Eckmann (2001) and Lestarini (2008).

They indicated that number of neutrophil

cells (CD4) and IFNγ was higher in

animals infected with Salmonella

enteritidis than in non-infected. In

addition, interferon gamma (IFNγ)

regulate gene expression in a number of

neutrophils including complement receptor

regulator, B lymphocyte stimulator,

dendrites chemotactic factors, chemokines

receptors, neutrophil chemotactic factors

and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Roilides

et al., 2002).Sinamaldehid inhibits the

release of ROS and activates MAPKs as an

expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Finally express highly increased against

GR-1(IFNγ) and the number of active

macrophage cells and regulate gene

expression against complement regulator

B cells and proinflamatory cytokines. .

Table 1. Average number of CD4 in Salmonella enteritidis non-infected and infected and cinnamon (C.

burmanii) ethanol extract non-treated and treated animals

Number of CD4 (cells)

Treatment

Replic. 1 Replic. 2 Replic. 3 Replic. 4 Average + Sd

P0- 314.025 306.000 303.400 300.900 306.081,25 ± 5.690,46a

P0+ 1.587.425 1.551.000 1.428.875 1.514.750 1.520.512,50 ± 67.915,16b

P1+ 2.034.875 1.979.125 1.482.800 2.057.000 1.888.450,00 ± 272.411,00b

P2+ 2.554.375 2.593.500 2.672.325 2.013.725 2.458.481,25 ± 30.0534,49c

P3+ 3.243.275 2.662.375 3.329.100 3.185.925 3.105.168,75 ± 301.001,89d

P4+ 3.933.000 3.932.500 4.024.125 3.864.500 3.938.531,25 ± 65.507,98e

Notes: Values in the same column with different superscript showed significantly difference (P <0.05)

Figure 1. IFNγ as measured (flowcytometry) of mice treated C. Burmanii ethanol extract

showed significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in either the negative control

treatment or positive control treatment

Macrophages Phagocytosis Activity

Phagocytic activity of macrophages were

calculated from peritonial fluid smears test

(Fig.2), average number of active

macrophage cells that performed

phagocytosis in Salmonella enteritidis

non-infected and infected and cinnamon

(C. burmanii) extract non-treated and

treated animals was presented in Tab. 2. It

was found that average active macrophage

cells that performed phagocytosis

increased linearly (P <0.05) with the

increase of level of cinnamon (C.

burmanii) ethanol extract treatment.

Fig.2 Phagocytosis activity of active

macrophage cells against S.

enteritidis

Table 2. Average number of active macrophage cells that performed phagocytosis in Salmonella enteritidis

non-infected,infected and cinnamon (C. burmanii) treatment

Number of active macrophage cells

Treatment Replic. 1 Replic. 2 Replic. 3 Replic. 4 Average + Sd

P0- 46 47 42 39 43.50±3.69a

P0+ 55 56 58 61 57.50±2.64b

P1+ 69 63 64 65 65.25±2.62c

P2+ 74 73 79 81 76.75±3.86d

P3+ 86 84 85 83 84.50±1.29e

P4+ 87 91 93 96 91.75±3.77f

Notes: Values in the same column with different superscript showed significantly difference (P <0.05)

CONCLUSION

C. burmannii extract treatment on S.

enteritidis infected M musculus BALB/c

have potential as immunostimulatory as

characterized by the increase of GR-1

expressing IFNγ and the number of active

phagocyte macrophage cells.

References

Abbas, A. K., A. H. Lichtman and S. Pillai. 2007.

Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 6th

edition. Saunders Elsevier. 66-67.

Araar, H. 2009. Cinnamon Plant Extracts : a

Comprehensive Physico-Chemical And

Biological Study For Its Potential Use as a

Biopesticide. Master of Sci in

Mediterranean Organic Agriculture.

Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari

. Chao, L. K., K. F. Hua., H. Y. Hsu., Y. C. Su and

S. T. Chang. 2007. Study on the

Inflamatory Activity of Essential Oil from

Leaves of Cinnamomum asmophloeum.

Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry. 53 :

7274-7278.

Ramchandra, N. S. 2006. Immunomodulatory

Activity Of Cinnamon Bark (Dissertation).

School of Pharmacology. Rajiv Gandhi

University of Health Science Karnataka

Bangalore.

Rifa'i, M., Y. Kawamoto., I. Nakashima and H.

Suzuki. 2004. Essential Roles of CD8

CD122 Regulatory T Cells in the

Maintenance of T Cell Homeostasis.

Jornal Exp. Med. 200(9) : 1123-1134

Wang, R and B. Yang. 2009. Extraction of

Essential Oils From Five Cinnamon leaves

and Identification of Their Volatile

Compound Compositions. Innovative

Food Science and Emerging Technologies,

10 : 289–292

Gunawan, D dan S. Mulyani. 2004. Komponen

Penyusun Minyak Atsiri Beberapa

cinnamomum. Prosid Pengembangan

Riset dan Teknologi Bahan Obat Alami

dan Rangka Peningkatan Sumber Daya

Manusia. Simposium Penelitian Bahan

Obat Alami VIII. Perhimpunan Penelitian

Bahan Obat Alami dan Balitro. Bogor.

Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ

(2005) ImmunoBiology, Sixth Edition.

New York: Garland Science Taylor and

Francis Group.

Kusmardi., S. Kumala dan E. E. Triana. 2007. Efek

Imunomodulator Ekstrak Daun Ketepeng

Cina (Cassia alata L.) Terhadap Aktivitas

dan Kapasitas Fagositosis Makrofag.

Makalah Kesehatan, (11)2 : 50-53.

Lehner M. D. 2001. Immunomodulation by

Endotoxin Tolerance in Murine Models of

Inflammation and Bacterial Infection

(Dissertation). University of Konstanz.

Munawaroh, F., Sudarsono dan A. Yuswanto.

2008. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak

Fenolik Daun Sembung untuk Melihat

Adanya Peningkatan Aktifitas Makrofag

pada Mencit Jantan yang Diinfeksi dengan

Listeria monocytogenes. Fakultas Farmasi.

Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta.

Ramchandra, N. S. 2006. Immunomodulatory

Activity Of Cinnamon Bark (Dissertation).

School of Pharmacology. Rajiv Gandhi

University of Health Science Karnataka

Bangalore.

Wang, R and B. Yang. 2009. Extraction of

Essential Oils From Five Cinnamon leaves

and Identification of Their Volatile

Compound Compositions. Innovative

Food Science and Emerging Technologies,

10 : 289–292

Traditional Medicines Prescription and the Potential of Original Indonesian Herbs as Natural Immunomodulators

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2021

Traditional medicine is an ingredient or a recipe for components in the form of plant ingredients, animal ingredients, mineral substances, galenic preparations, or mixtures of these ingredients that have been used for treatment from generation to generation and can be applied by the prevailing norms in society. Traditional medicinal herbs can be an option for health maintenance, disease prevention, and health care and strengthening a person's immune system. With low prices and easy-to-find raw materials, traditional medicinal ingredients can be made and consumed at home. This review aims to provide information that native Indonesian herbs act as traditional medicines and also have potential as immunomodulators. The way to get this information is by searching through Google Scholar. The results show that many native Indonesian herbs act as natural immunomodulators. Therefore, it can be concluded that native Indonesian herbs can be developed into phytopharmaca as immunomodulators.

Unravelling The Immune Modulatory Effect Of Indian Spices To Impede The Transmission Of Covid-19: A Promising Approach

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2021

Months after WHO declared COVID-19 as a Global Public Health Emergency of International Concern, it does not seem to be flattening the curve as we are still devoid of an effective vaccine and treatment modality. Amid such uncertainty, being immune is the best strategy to defend against corona attack. As the whole world is referring back to immune-boosting grandma remedies, interest is rekindled in the Indian system of Medicine, which is gifted with an abundance of herbal medicines as well as remedies. Among them, spices (root, rhizome, seed, fruit, leaf, bud, and flower of various plants used to add taste and flavors to food) are bestowed with immense medicinal potential. A plethora of clinical as well as preclinical studies reported the effectiveness of various spices for various ailments. The potential immune-boosting properties together with its excellent safety profile are making spices the current choice of Phyto-research as well as the immune-boosting home remedies during these sceptical times. The present review critically evaluates the immune impact of various Indian spices and their potential to tackle the novel coronavirus, with comments on the safety and toxicity aspects of spices.

Pharmacological properties and their medicinal uses of Cinnamomum: a review

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2019

Objectives: Cinnamomum (Family Lauraceae) is traditionally used for flavouring food and in pharmaceutical preparations against various ailments. Detailed literature on the ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties of Cinnamomum is segregated and not present in well-documented form. In the present review, we have been trying to gather its detailed medicinal as well as pharmacological properties. The ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties of Cinnamomum were collected by searching several scientific databases, that is PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scopus. Key findings: The plant extracts have been reported to possess astringent, warming stimulant, carminative, blood purifier, digestive, antiseptic, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and also help to reduce cholesterol and blood sugar levels. A wide range of phytochemical compounds including aldehydes, acetate, alcohol, terpinenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, phenols, saponins, tannins, carboxylic acid, hydrocarbons, camphene, spathulenol, fatty acids, actinodaphnine, butanolides, lignans, steroids, propenoids and kaempferol glycosides are found in various parts of plant. Summary: This review provides detailed information about history, traditional uses, phytochemistry and clinical impacts of cinnamon as a spice and medicine. So we recommend further study on the clinical, medicinal, purification and identification of the most effective antibacterial activity of cinnamon to cure various infectious diseases.

Cinnamon an all-Inclusive Review: Detailed Examination of the Botanical Characteristics, Pharmacological properties, and Therapeutic Potential of Diverse Cinnamon Species

Article

Sep 2024

Cinnamomum is a genus belonging to the Lauraceae family and has been traditionally used for medicinal and culinary purposes. Southern India and Sri Lanka are the native habitats of the Cinnamomum genus. The two most significant types of cinnamon are Ceylon and cassia, this can be bought on marketplaces in both Europe and the US. Cinnamon is rich in phytochemicals such asPhyto alkaloids, Bioflavonoids, proteins, glycosides, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, and carbohydrates. The most significant components of cinnamon are cinnamaldehyde, cinnamate and cinnamic acid which are found in the essential oil and contribute to the aroma and numerous biological properties associated with cinnamon. Cinnamon is used in a variety of goods, including traditional spices, incense, fragrances, and food. It is also used in Ayurvedic medicine to regulate the Vata and Pitta elements in the body. It's been discovered that cinnamon possesses anti-diabetic, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-HIV activity, wound healing, and anti-anxiety and depression properties. This review article offers comprehensive insights into theplant morphology, ancestral uses, chemical constituents with their pharmacological actions of various species of cinnamon as medicine.

GEN REGULASI TANAMAN LOKAL INDONESIA: IMUNOMODULATOR COVID-19

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2020

Pandemi COVID-19 yang melanda seluruh dunia pada akhir tahun 2019 meresahkan semua kalangan. Di tengah kekhawatiran tersebut, pada peneliti terus mengembangkan vaksin dan obat-obatan untuk memerangi serangan virus SARS-CoV-2 tersebut. Tak terkecuali, tanaman lokal berbagai Negara, termasuk Indonesia yang diyakini mampu memberi sumbangsih perbaikan imun sebagai upaya pencegahan dan pertahanan imun. Tanaman lokal mampu berperan sebagai imunomodulator karena kapabilitasnya menghasilkan senyawa bioaktif tertentu. Regulasi ekspresi gen berperan langsung pada biosintesis senyawa bioaktif dalam tanaman lokal tersebut.

EFEK IMUNOMODULATOR EKSTRAK DAUN KETEPENG CINA (Cassia alata L.) TERHADAP AKTIVITAS DAN KAPASITAS FAGOSITOSIS MAKROFAG

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2007

The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata L.) on the Macropages Activities and Capacyties. Ketepeng cina (KC) (Cassia alata L.) has already been reported to stimulate the immune response. The current study investigates the role of KC on mice macrophages activities and capacyties. Twenty four Swiss mice were divided into 6 equal groups. The first control group (Group I), received phytohemaglutinin. The second control group (Group II), was given CMC Na 0,5%. The third control group (Group III), was given aquadest. The cases group: group IV received 42 mg ethanol extract of KC/20 g BW, group V received 84 mg/20 BW, and group VI received 168 mg/20 g BW. These were admonished orally on day 1 until 7. On day 8, Staphylococcus aureus (SA) were injected intraperitoneally. The macrophages activities and capacyties were counted on slide smears of mice peritoneal fluid. According to enhancement of dose, either the macrophages activities or capacyties were found. The lowest activity encounter on the negative control (group II and III) followed by Group IV, V, positive control (group I) and group VI. Keywords: macrophage, ketepeng cina, Cassia alata, mice

Essential Roles of CD8+CD122+ Regulatory T Cells in the Maintenance of T Cell Homeostasis

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2004

Regulation of immune system is of paramount importance to prevent immune attacks against self-components. Mice deficient in the interleukin (IL)-2/IL-15 receptor beta chain, CD122, are model animals of such immune attacks and characteristically have a high number of abnormally activated T cells. Here, we show that the transfer of CD8+CD122+ cells into CD122-deficient neonates totally prevented the development of abnormal T cells. Furthermore, recombination activating gene-2-/- mice that received wild-type mice-derived CD8+CD122- cells died within 10 wk after cell transfer, indicating that normal CD8+CD122- cells become dangerously activated T cells in the absence of CD8+CD122+ T cells. CD8+CD122+ cells could control activated CD8+ or CD4+ T cells both in vivo and in vitro. Our results indicate that the CD8+CD122+ population includes naturally occurring CD8+ regulatory T cells that control potentially dangerous T cells.

Cellular Molecular Immunology

Book

Jan 2007

Extraction of essential oils from five cinnamon leaves and identification of their volatile compound compositions

Article

Apr 2009
INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG

Five cinnamon species, viz. Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cinnamomum tamala, Cinnamomum burmannii, Cinnamomum pauciflorum, were chosen to prepare essential oils by hydrodistillation and to identify and quantify their volatile compound compositions. C. cassia was determined to have the highest yield (1.54%) of essential oil, followed by C. zeylanicum, C. pauciflorum, C. burmannii and C. tamala. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify and quantify the volatile compound composition. The results indicated the apparent difference in the volatile compound compositions of essential oils between species. The total numbers of volatile compounds identified from C. cassia, C. zeylanicum, C. tamala, C. burmannii and C. pauciflorum leaves were 22, 22, 13, 6 and 21, respectively. trans-Cinnamaldehyde was found in the essential oil of each species, which was also the major volatile component of C. cassia and C. burmannii leaves. Besides trans-cinnamaldehyde, 3-methoxy-1,2-propanediol was the main volatile compound of C. cassia leaf, while eugenol of C. zeylanicumand, C. pauciflorum and C. burmannii leaves, and 5-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole of C. tamala leaf were also the main substances.Industrial relevanceThe essential oil of cinnamon is an important bioactive substance which has many disease prevention effects. In this work, five species of cinnamon leaves were chosen as materials to prepare the essential oils. The yield of essential oil was determined. The volatile compounds of essential oil were identified by GC/MS analysis. The results showed the significant difference of volatile compound composition between species. trans-Cinnamaldehyde was detected to exist in all the species tested as an important volatile component. This work is helpful for extensive development of this medicinal herb.

Immunomodulation by Endotoxin Tolerance in Murine Models of Inflammation and Bacterial Infection

Article

Jan 2001

Martin D Lehner

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent immune stimulator which induces many of the pathological sequelae observed during systemic Gram-negative infection. The term endotoxin tolerance describes the phenomenon that the toxicity of LPS is attenuated upon repeated LPS-stimulation. Selective downregulation of certain macrophage activities is considered one of the mechanisms underlying LPS tolerance. In the present thesis it was investigated whether lipoteichoic acid, a component of Gram-positive bacteria, induced similar tolerance in vivo and macrophage refractoriness in vitro. In the second part of the thesis the effect of acquired LPS tolerance on host defense against virulent bacteria was studied. 1. TNF release by murine macrophages in response to lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is independent of Toll like receptor (TLR) 4 but requires functional TLR2. 2. LTA induced macrophage refractoriness similar to LPS in vitro and in vivo. 3. LTA and LPS induced cross-desensitization of macrophages in vitro and cross-tolerance in galactosamine-sensitized mice in vivo. 4. Paracrine mediators did not suffice to induce cross-desensitization of macrophages in vitro. 5. Cytokine production in response to viable Salmonella typhimurium was attenuated in LPS-tolerant mice. 6. Induction of LPS tolerance prior to Salmonella typhimurium infection was associated with decreased bacterial load and a prolongal of survival. 7. Early but not late phase reduction of bacteria in LPS-tolerant mice depended on the accumulation of PMN in the peritoneal cavity in response to intraperitoneal LPS injections. 8. LPS-tolerance was associated with increased PMN counts in blood and tissues and enhanced oxidative burst capacity of the individual PMN. Depletion of PMN prior to infection partially abrogated the survival benefit associated with LPS-tolerance. 9. LPS-tolerant mice displayed improved clearance of systemically injected Salmonella typhimurium and enhanced phagocytic activity of the liver. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent immune stimulator which induces many of the pathological sequelae observed during systemic Gram-negative infection. The term endotoxin tolerance describes the phenomenon that the toxicity of LPS is attenuated upon repeated LPS-stimulation. Selective downregulation of certain macrophage activities is considered one of the mechanisms underlying LPS tolerance. In the present thesis it was investigated whether lipoteichoic acid, a component of Gram-positive bacteria, induced similar tolerance in vivo and macrophage refractoriness in vitro. In the second part of the thesis the effect of acquired LPS tolerance on host defense against virulent bacteria was studied. 1. TNF release by murine macrophages in response to lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is independent of Toll like receptor (TLR) 4 but requires functional TLR2. 2. LTA induced macrophage refractoriness similar to LPS in vitro and in vivo. 3. LTA and LPS induced cross-desensitization of macrophages in vitro and cross-tolerance in galactosamine-sensitized mice in vivo. 4. Paracrine mediators did not suffice to induce cross-desensitization of macrophages in vitro. 5. Cytokine production in response to viable Salmonella typhimurium was attenuated in LPS-tolerant mice. 6. Induction of LPS tolerance prior to Salmonella typhimurium infection was associated with decreased bacterial load and a prolongal of survival. 7. Early but not late phase reduction of bacteria in LPS-tolerant mice depended on the accumulation of PMN in the peritoneal cavity in response to intraperitoneal LPS injections. 8. LPS-tolerance was associated with increased PMN counts in blood and tissues and enhanced oxidative burst capacity of the individual PMN. Depletion of PMN prior to infection partially abrogated the survival benefit associated with LPS-tolerance. 9. LPS-tolerant mice displayed improved clearance of systemically injected Salmonella typhimurium and enhanced phagocytic activity of the liver.

Cinnamon Plant Extracts : a Comprehensive Physico-Chemical And Biological Study For Its Potential Use as a Biopesticide

Jan 2009

H Araar

Araar, H. 2009. Cinnamon Plant Extracts : a Comprehensive Physico-Chemical And Biological Study For Its Potential Use as a Biopesticide. Master of Sci in Mediterranean Organic Agriculture.

Study on the Inflamatory Activity of Essential Oil from Leaves of Cinnamomum asmophloeum

Jan 2007
7274-7278

Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo Di Bari
L K Chao
K F Hua
H Y Hsu
Y C Su
S T Chang

Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari . Chao, L. K., K. F. Hua., H. Y. Hsu., Y. C. Su and S. T. Chang. 2007. Study on the Inflamatory Activity of Essential Oil from Leaves of Cinnamomum asmophloeum. Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry. 53 : 7274-7278.

Immunomodulatory Activity Of Cinnamon Bark (Dissertation). School of Pharmacology

Jan 2006

N S Ramchandra

Ramchandra, N. S. 2006. Immunomodulatory Activity Of Cinnamon Bark (Dissertation). School of Pharmacology. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science Karnataka Bangalore.

Komponen Penyusun Minyak Atsiri Beberapa cinnamomum

Jan 2004

D S Gunawan
Mulyani

Gunawan, D dan S. Mulyani. 2004. Komponen Penyusun Minyak Atsiri Beberapa cinnamomum. Prosid Pengembangan Riset dan Teknologi Bahan Obat Alami dan Rangka Peningkatan Sumber Daya Manusia. Simposium Penelitian Bahan Obat Alami VIII. Perhimpunan Penelitian Bahan Obat Alami dan Balitro. Bogor.

Jan 2005

C A Janeway
P Travers
M Walport
M J Shlomchik

Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ (2005) ImmunoBiology, Sixth Edition. New York: Garland Science Taylor and Francis Group.

The Effect of Cinnamomum burmannii Extract as an Immunomodulator on the Increase of GR-1 Expressing IFNγ and Macrophage

Abstract and Figures

Recommended publications

The Effect of Cinnamomum burmannii Extract as an Immunomodulator on the Increase of GR-1 Expressing...

ARTIKEL B PRATIWI english-3 hal

Immunomodulator Activity of Puguntano (Picria fel-terrae Lour.) Extract in White Male Mice By Carbon...

The Effect of Rosella (Hibiscuss sabdariff a L.) Powder on CD4 Counts in Healthy Volunteers