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Performance Enhancement Applications of Neurofeedback
Abstract
IntroductionApplication to Optimal FunctioningThe Role of AssessmentThe Reduction to PracticeProfessional PreparationPrincipal Neurofeedback ApproachesSummary and Conclusion
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Background. The multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) method to generate a linear model of multichannel signal processes has been employed in many fields but not applied to the assessment of quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) connectivity neurofeedback. A measure known as Partial Directed Coherence (PDC) derived in the MVAR framework can offer insensitivity to volume conduction and ability to provide information relating to the direction of information flow between electrode locations, as a function of frequency during QEEG assessment and neurofeedback.Method. This article outlines a variety of reasons why PDC and other related metrics could play a more fundamental role in elucidating the causal relationships underlying EEG connectivity than can be provided though a multivariate analysis of coherence alone.Results. Real-time PDC neurofeedback implementation issues are discussed, technical challenges are outlined, and research questions are proposed.Conclusion. MVAR-based methods are an additional means of relating global to local EEG activity as well as helping to bridge QEEG assessment and neurofeedback protocol generation and treatment.
The application of electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback with reading disability and traumatic brain injury (TBI) is relatively recent. There are many studies regarding the effectiveness (improving attention and IQ scores) of EEG biofeedback in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, who are known to have a high rate of comorbidity for learning disabilities. This suggests the possibility that EEG biofeedback specifically aimed at remediating reading disability and TBI would be effective. This article provides strong initial support for this idea and provides reason to believe that assessment and training under task conditions are likely to be fruitful. Given the significance of these problems and the absence of very effective alternatives for remediation of these conditions, efforts to complete the needed research seem warranted. Clinical use of this intervention seems to be warranted with informed consent.
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