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Green coffee extract Svetol® can manage weight: A review
Abstract
This review presents the different works investigated on Svetol® - a green coffee bean extract rich in chlorogenic acids with specific ratio between 5-caffeoylquinic acid and other caffeoylquinic acid isomers - in terms of efficacy on weight management and mechanism of action. The two clinical trials indicated a significant decrease (p < 0.001 vs placebo group) of weight after 60 days of 400 mg daily supplementation and a significant decrease (p < 0.05) of post-load glycaemia compared to the one obtained before supplementation. A complementary in vitro study showed that Svetol® inhibits the glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), hepatic enzyme involved in the glucose release in the bloodstream. Thus, Svetol® can reduce weight in humans by regulating the blood sugar concentration Via an action on the G-6-Pase.
... Similarly, other authors have attributed to chlorogenic acid--the main compound present in green coffee extract-the ability to reduce hepatic glucogenolisis by means of the inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase and to stimulate GLP-1 intestinal release, suggesting its potential effect on the satiety cascade [18][19][20][21]. However, to our knowledge, the effects of the combined use of G. cambogia, green coffee extract and l-carnitine on appetite sensations have not been evaluated. ...
... It is important to mention that in the present study, the daily intake of G. cambogia during the active treatment (200 mg, with approximately 60% as hydroxycitrate, administered in 8 gums a day) represents an intake similar to the one used in the study by Westerterp-Plantenga and Kovacs [30] and even higher to the one used in our previous study [14]. Similarly, this dosing schedule is able to provide a similar amount of green coffee extract than the one used in previous studies reporting an effect of green coffee extract on intestinal glucose absorption and body weight loss [18,19]. Taken together, this supports that part of the effects of the active treatment might be related to the metabolic actions of G. cambogia and green coffee extract. ...
IntroductionDifferent studies have assessed the influence of chewing gum to aid control of appetite and reduce food intake. PurposeThe aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of chewing gum on satiety, food hedonics and snack intake and to explore the potential effects of the combination of Garciniacambogia, green coffee extract and l-carnitine on satiety, when administered in a gum format. Methods
This was a prospective study in which 57 subjects randomly received three kinds of treatments, in a crossover design: (1) active gum; (2) placebo gum; and (3) no gum. Food preferences and appetite sensations were evaluated by means of the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire and visual analog scales. ResultsThere was a significant reduction in low-fat sweet snack intake with placebo gum and the active gum compared to no gum and a reduction in high-fat sweet snack intake with the active gum compared to placebo gum and no gum. Total caloric intake was only reduced in the active gum condition. Both the active and placebo gum conditions significantly reduced hunger and prospective food consumption and increased fullness compared to no gum and were associated with a reduced wanting for sweet food in the LFPQ, consistent in a reduction in the relative preference for sweet snacks versus savoury snacks. Conclusion
This study supports the notion that chewing gum containing nutraceutical products might aid in the control over snack intake and reduce hunger sensations.
... For this reason, different standardized CGA extracts are commercially available. For instance, Svetol® (www.svetol.com) is a proprietary standardized chlorogenic acid extract of decaffeinated GCB (total content of CGAs ranging from 45 to 50%) clinically proven to have slimming effects due to the decrease of intestinal glucose absorption and simultaneous reduction of glycogenolysis (Flanagan, Bily, Rolland, & Roller, 2014;Henry-Vitrac, Ibarra, Roller, Merillon, & Vitrac, 2010;Ho et al., 2012;Nardon, Lemaire, & Lafay, 2007). ...
... These standardized extracts are usually obtained, for food supplements preparation, from green coffee seeds, which is the main source of the active components. Among these commercial products, Green Coffee Extract and Svetol® are widely used for reducing body weight in overweight and obese persons (Nardon et al., 2007;Onakpoya, Terry, & Ernst, 2011), glucose regulation (Henry-Vitrac et al., 2010), and for reducing blood pressure (Ochiai et al., 2004;Watanabe et al., 2006). The suggested dose of these extracts should be that one providing a Chlorogenic Acid content ranged between 120 and 300 mg. ...
... Recent study demonstrated that green coffee extract svetol decreased weight by inhibiting the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase, and therefore limits the release of glucose into the general circulation. This mechanism lead to less fatty deposits in the adipose tissue and a more difficult access into the adipose cells owing to a reduction in insulin activity and utilization of fat reserves, as a source of energy and therefore, loss of weight (Nardon et al., 2007). Coffee is the main source for caffeine, it can influence the insulin sensitivity and the glucose metabolism in a negative way (Arnlov et al., 2004). ...
Coffee is one of the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide. It contains many of the most important constituents that exist within functional foods. The presented study was conducted to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts of green, and two different degrees of roasted coffee beans (light and dark brown) on body weight performance, blood glucose level, lipid profiles, liver and kidneys functions, as well as their histopathological impacts on artery, liver and kidney of rats. Results indicated that, oral administration of coffee beans extracts induced significant decreased in body weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, blood glucose level and HDL-c in treated rats compared to control ones. Rats given orally extract of dark brown roasted coffee beans had the highest body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio compared to other treated groups. Aqueous extracts of green, light and dark brown roasted coffee beans caused significant increased in serum levels of total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, VLDL-c, AST, ALT and bilirubin. Green and roasted coffee beans extract induced increase in serum levels of uric acid, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. There were some histological changes in aorta and liver of rats given green and roasted coffee beans, no histological changes in kidneys for all groups.
... Recent study demonstrated that green coffee extract svetol decreased weight by inhibiting the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase, and therefore limits the release of glucose into the general circulation. This mechanism lead to less fatty deposits in the adipose tissue and a more difficult access into the adipose cells owing to a reduction in insulin activity and utilization of fat reserves, as a source of energy and therefore, loss of weight (Nardon et al., 2007). Coffee is the main source for caffeine, it can influence the insulin sensitivity and the glucose metabolism in a negative way (Arnlov et al., 2004). ...
Coffee is one of the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide. It contains many of the most important constituents that exist within functional foods. The presented study was conducted to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts of green, and two different degrees of roasted coffee beans (light and dark brown) on body weight performance, blood glucose level, lipid profiles, liver and kidneys functions, as well as their histopathological impacts on artery, liver and kidney of rats. Results indicated that, oral administration of coffee beans extracts induced significant decreased in body weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, blood glucose level and HDL-c in treated rats compared to control ones. Rats given orally extract of dark brown roasted coffee beans had the highest body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio compared to other treated groups. Aqueous extracts of green, light and dark brown roasted coffee beans caused significant increased in serum levels of total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, VLDL-c, AST, ALT and bilirubin. Green and roasted coffee beans extract induced increase in serum levels of uric acid, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. There were some histological changes in aorta and liver of rats given green and roasted coffee beans, no histological changes in kidneys for all groups.
... Recent study demonstrated that green coffee extract svetol decreased weight by inhibiting the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase, and therefore limits the release of glucose into the general circulation. This mechanism lead to less fatty deposits in the adipose tissue and a more difficult access into the adipose cells owing to a reduction in insulin activity and utilization of fat reserves, as a source of energy and therefore, loss of weight (Nardon et al., 2007). Coffee is the main source for caffeine, it can influence the insulin sensitivity and the glucose metabolism in a negative way (Arnlov et al., 2004). ...
... It is widely believed that foods and beverages are rich in polyphenols helps to prevent various kinds of illness associated with oxidative stress, including coronary heart disease and different types of cancer [21,22]. In the recent years, there has been an increasing interest in are all effective and clinically useful plant-derived anticancer drugs [23,24]. Chlorogenic acid has been reported to have anti-proliferative activity. ...
Coffee is commonly consumed beverage in the world and it has been suggested to beneficial effect. Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) are main ingredient of coffee beans which has been extensively used in nutraceuticals and medicine. Recently, various therapeutic effects of chlorogenic acids have been investigated. However, there are limited studies to investigate its anticancer properties. In the present study, we have used chlorogenic acid complex (CGA7) a decaffeinated water soluble green coffee bean extract to evaluate its cytotoxic effect on human and mouse cancer cell lines by using different approaches. From our results we found CGA 7 treatment induces cell death in a dose and time dependent manner in different cancer cell lines. Further, CGA 7 induced apoptosis was characterized by DNA fragmentation, PARP-1 cleavage, caspase-9 activation, and down regulation of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein and up regulation of pro-apoptotic protein BAX. Overall findings indicated that CGA7 complex a potent anticancer molecule found in green coffee beans could be a safe bioactive ingredient for prevention of cancer.
... Chlorogenic acid (Fig. 3) is the major polyphenolic compound present in coffee, and epidemiological studies have shown that high coffee consumption promotes weight loss and reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes. A number of human clinical trials have demonstrated the beneficial effects of green coffee bean extracts containing chlorogenic acid with respect to weight loss and weight management as well as regulation of blood glucose levels (Nardon et al., 2007;Thom, 2007;Onakpoyo et al., 2011). An increase in lean to fat mass (FM) has also been observed with no serious adverse effects being reported. ...
This 60-day, 30-subject pilot study examined a novel combination of ingredients in a unique sustained release (Carbopol matrix) tablet consumed twice daily. The product was composed of extracts of banaba leaf, green coffee bean, and Moringa oleifera leaf and vitamin D3. Safety was assessed using a 45-measurement blood chemistry panel, an 86-item self-reported Quality of Life Inventory, bone mineral density, and cardiovascular changes. Efficacy was assessed by calculating a body composition improvement index (BCI) based on changes in dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measured fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) as well as between the study group (SG) and a historical placebo group. No changes occurred in any blood chemistry measurements. Positive changes were found in the Quality of Life (QOL) inventory composite scores. No adverse effects were observed. Decreases occurred in FM (p = 0.004) and increases in FFM (p = 0.009). Relative to the historical placebo group, the SG lost more FM (p < 0.0001), gained more FFM (p = <0.0001), and had a negative BCI of -2.7 lb. compared with a positive BCI in the SG of 3.4 lb., a 6.1 discordance (p = 0.0009). The data support the safety and efficacy of this unique product and demonstrate importance of using changes in body composition versus scale weight and BMI. © 2016 The Authors Phytotherapy Research Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Coffee is obtained from the fruits of coffee tree and is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide. It has more several compounds that have an important functional foods. The presented study was planned to study the effect of Arabian coffee (Saudi coffee) consumption on body mass index (BMI), blood glucose level and blood pressure in some normal population of Makkah region. A cross-sectional study was accomplished on a random sample (men and women) who consume Arabian coffee. Interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Anthropometric measurements, blood glucose levels and blood pressure were determined. The obtained results revealed that people who consumed low amounts of Saudi coffee (1-3 cups) have no significant increase in BMI values and blood pressure, compared to that of who consumed high amounts (≥ 4 cups). In addition to, random blood glucose levels for the three different days during the one week was higher in people who consumed the lowest amount of Saudi coffee compared to that those of who consumed the highest amount. Finally, the present study concluded that Saudi coffee lower BMI values, blood glucose levels and blood pressure. These effects were more detectable with increasing the consumption rate of it.
Coffee is obtained from the fruits of coffee tree and is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide. It has more several compounds that have an important functional foods. The presented study was planned to study the effect of Arabian coffee (Saudi coffee) consumption on body mass index (BMI), blood glucose level and blood pressure in some normal population of Makkah region. A cross-sectional study was accomplished on a random sample (men and women) who consume Arabian coffee. Interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Anthropometric measurements, blood glucose levels and blood pressure were determined. The obtained results revealed that people who consumed low amounts of Saudi coffee (1-3 cups) have no significant increase in BMI values and blood pressure, compared to that of who consumed high amounts (≥ 4 cups). In addition to, random blood glucose levels for the three different days during the one week was higher in people who consumed the lowest amount of Saudi coffee compared to that those of who consumed the highest amount. Finally, the present study concluded that Saudi coffee lower BMI values, blood glucose levels and blood pressure. These effects were more detectable with increasing the consumption rate of it.
As the obesity epidemic continues, more Americans are getting fatter, having more weight-related problems such as cardiovascular disease, and are experiencing new metabolic dysfunctions. For over 50 years, the adipose tissue (AT), commonly referred to as fat, has been of interest to academic and clinical scientists, public health officials and individuals interested in body composition and image including much of the average public, athletes, parents, etc. On one hand, efforts to alter body shape, weight and body fat percentage still include bizarre and scientifically unfounded methods. On the other hand, significant new scientific strides have been made in understanding the growth, function and regulation of anatomical and systemic AT. Markers of transition/conversion of precursor cells that mature to form lipid assimilating adipocytes have been identified. Molecular 'master' regulators such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins were uncovered and regulatory mechanisms behind variables of adiposity defined and refined. Interventions including pharmaceutical compounds, surgical, psychosocial interventions have also been tested. Has all of the preceding research helped alleviate the adverse physiologies of overweight and/or obese people? Does research to date point to new modalities that should be the focus of efforts to rid the world of obesity-related problems in the 21st century? This review provides a general overview of scientific efforts to date and a provocative view of the future for adiposity.
As the obesity epidemic continues, more Americans are getting fatter, having more weight-related problems such as cardiovascular disease, and are experiencing new metabolic dysfunctions. For over 50 years, the adipose tissue (AT), commonly referred to as fat, has been of interest to academic and clinical scientists, public health officials and individuals interested in body composition and image including much of the average public, athletes, parents, etc. On one hand, efforts to alter body shape, weight and body fat percentage still include bizarre and scientifically unfounded methods. On the other hand, significant new scientific strides have been made in understanding the growth, function and regulation of anatomical and systemic AT. Markers of transition/conversion of precursor cells that mature to form lipid assimilating adipocytes have been identified. Molecular 'master' regulators such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins were uncovered and regulatory mechanisms behind variables of adiposity defined and refined. Interventions including pharmaceutical compounds, surgical, psychosocial interventions have also been tested. Has all of the preceding research helped alleviate the adverse physiologies of overweight and/or obese people? Does research to date point to new modalities that should be the focus of efforts to rid the world of obesity-related problems in the 21st century? This review provides a general overview of scientific efforts to date and a provocative view of the future for adiposity.
Pour tester les effets du Svetol®, un extrait de café vert décaféiné possédant un ratio spécifique entre l’acide 5-caféyl-quinique (acide chlorogénique) et les autres isomères d’acides caféylquiniques, sur la perte de poids, 50 volontaires ayant un indice de masse corporelle (IMC) supérieur à 25 ont été sélectionnés. Ils ont été randomisés en deux groupes : l’un (n = 20) recevant le placebo, l’autre (n = 30) recevant le Svetol® en parallèle d’une alimentation légèrement hypocalorique. Chaque volontaire consomme une capsule de Svetol® ou de placebo deux fois par jour pendant 60 jours, au moment des repas principaux. Le poids, l’IMC, le ratio masse maigre/masse grasse (MM/MG) et l’auto-évaluation de l’aspect physique ont été déterminés à Jo et J60. Après 60 jours de traitement, une réduction significative du poids de 4,97 +/- 0,32 kg (5,7 %) a été observée dans le groupe Svetol® comparé au groupe contrôle (p < 0,001). Le ratio MM/MG est augmenté de façon significative dans le groupe Svetol® comparé au groupe contrôle : 4,1 +/- 0,7 %vs 1,6 +/- 0,6 % respectivement (p < 0,01). Ces résultats démontrent que le Svetol® est capable d’augmenter l’effet d’une alimentation légèrement hypocalorique chez des volontaires ayant des problèmes de surpoids. Cet effet pourrait être expliqué par une meilleure utilisation des graisses et par la prévention de leur accumulation.
Accumulating evidence suggests that certain dietary polyphenols have biological effects in the small intestine that alter the pattern of glucose uptake. Their effects, however, on glucose tolerance in humans are unknown.
The objective was to investigate whether chlorogenic acids in coffee modulate glucose uptake and gastrointestinal hormone and insulin secretion in humans.
In a 3-way, randomized, crossover study, 9 healthy fasted volunteers consumed 25 g glucose in either 400 mL water (control) or 400 mL caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee (equivalent to 2.5 mmol chlorogenic acid/L). Blood samples were taken frequently over the following 3 h.
Glucose and insulin concentrations tended to be higher in the first 30 min after caffeinated coffee consumption than after consumption of decaffeinated coffee or the control (P < 0.05 for total and incremental area under the curve for glucose and insulin). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion decreased throughout the experimental period (P < 0.005), and glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion increased 0-120 min postprandially (P < 0.01) after decaffeinated coffee consumption compared with the control. Glucose and insulin profiles were consistent with the known metabolic effects of caffeine. However, the gastrointestinal hormone profiles were consistent with delayed intestinal glucose absorption.
Differences in plasma glucose, insulin, and gastrointestinal hormone profiles further confirm the potent biological action of caffeine and suggest that chlorogenic acid might have an antagonistic effect on glucose transport. Therefore, a novel function of some dietary phenols in humans may be to attenuate intestinal glucose absorption rates and shift the site of glucose absorption to more distal parts of the intestine.
Only a few studies of coffee consumption and diabetes mellitus (DM) have been reported, even though coffee is the most consumed beverage in the world.
To determine the relationship between coffee consumption and the incidence of type 2 DM among Finnish individuals, who have the highest coffee consumption in the world.
A prospective study from combined surveys conducted in 1982, 1987, and 1992 of 6974 Finnish men and 7655 women aged 35 to 64 years without history of stroke, coronary heart disease, or DM at baseline, with 175 682 person-years of follow-up. Coffee consumption and other study parameters were determined at baseline using standardized measurements.
Hazard ratios (HRs) for the incidence of type 2 DM were estimated for different levels of daily coffee consumption.
During a mean follow-up of 12 years, there were 381 incident cases of type 2 DM. After adjustment for confounding factors (age, study year, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, education, occupational, commuting and leisure-time physical activity, alcohol and tea consumption, and smoking), the HRs of DM associated with the amount of coffee consumed daily (0-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-9, > or =10 cups) were 1.00, 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-1.05), 0.39 (95% CI, 0.25-0.60), 0.39 (95% CI, 0.20-0.74), and 0.21 (95% CI, 0.06-0.69) (P for trend<.001) in women, and 1.00, 0.73 (95% CI, 0.47-1.13), 0.70 (95% CI, 0.45-1.05), 0.67 (95% CI, 0.40-1.12), and 0.45 (95% CI, 0.25-0.81) (P for trend =.12) in men, respectively. In both sexes combined, the multivariate-adjusted inverse association was significant (P for trend <.001) and persisted when stratified by younger and older than 50 years; smokers and never smokers; healthy weight, overweight, and obese participants; alcohol drinker and nondrinker; and participants drinking filtered and nonfiltered coffee.
Coffee drinking has a graded inverse association with the risk of type 2 DM; however, the reasons for this risk reduction associated with coffee remain unclear.
The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and the number of people of all ages with diabetes for years 2000 and 2030.
Data on diabetes prevalence by age and sex from a limited number of countries were extrapolated to all 191 World Health Organization member states and applied to United Nations' population estimates for 2000 and 2030. Urban and rural populations were considered separately for developing countries.
The prevalence of diabetes for all age-groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. The total number of people with diabetes is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. The prevalence of diabetes is higher in men than women, but there are more women with diabetes than men. The urban population in developing countries is projected to double between 2000 and 2030. The most important demographic change to diabetes prevalence across the world appears to be the increase in the proportion of people >65 years of age.
These findings indicate that the "diabetes epidemic" will continue even if levels of obesity remain constant. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, it is likely that these figures provide an underestimate of future diabetes prevalence.
The enzyme system glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9) plays a major role in the homeostatic regulation of blood glucose. It is responsible for the formation of endogenous glucose originating from gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Recently, chlorogenic acid was identified as a specific inhibitor of the glucose-6-phosphate translocase component (Gl-6-P translocase) of this enzyme system in microsomes of rat liver. Glucose 6-phosphate hydrolysis was determined in the presence of chlorogenic acid or of new synthesized derivatives in intact rat liver microsomes in order to assess the inhibitory potency of the compounds on the translocase component. Variation in the 3-position of chlorogenic acid had only poor effects on inhibitory potency. Introduction of lipophilic side chain in the 1-position led to 100-fold more potent inhibitors. Functional assays on isolated perfused rat liver with compound 29i, a representative of the more potent derivatives, showed a dose-dependent inhibition of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolyosis, suggesting glucose-6-phosphatase as the locus of interference of the compound for inhibition of hepatic glucose production also in the isolated organ model. Gl-6-P translocase inhibitors may be useful for the reduction of inappropriately high rates of hepatic glucose output often found in non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
We have studied the interactions of chlorogenic acid (CHL) and 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde (HNB) with the components of the rat hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase (Glc-6-Pase) system. CHL and HNB are competitive inhibitors of glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) hydrolysis in intact microsomes with Ki values of 0.26 and 0.22 mm, respectively. CHL is without effect on the enzyme of fully disrupted microsomes or the system inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPiase) activity. HNB is a potent competitive inhibitor of the system PPiase activity (Ki = 0.56 mm) and a somewhat weaker noncompetitive inhibitor of enzyme activity (Ki = 2.1 mm). These findings indicate CHL binds to T1, the Glc-6-P transporter, and HNB inhibits through interaction with both T1 and T2 the phosphate (Pi)-PPi transporter. Binding of CHL and HNB is freely reversible. However, the inhibition of both PPiase and Glc-6-Pase by HNB becomes irreversible following incubation of HNB-exposed microsomes with 2.5 mm sodium borohydride, indicating that inhibition involves the formation of a Schiff base. The presence of CHL effectively protects T1, but not T2, against the irreversible inhibition by HNB. In contrast, PPi and Pi are effective in protecting T2, but not T1. This is the first report describing an effective inhibitor of the system PPiase activity (T2). CHL is the most specific T1 inhibitor described to date.
The glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) system catalyzes the terminal enzymatic step of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Inhibition of the G-6-Pase system in the liver is expected to result in a reduction of hepatic glucose production irrespective of the relative contribution of gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis to hepatic glucose output. In isolated perfused rat liver, S-3483, a derivative of chlorogenic acid, produced concentration-dependent inhibition of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in a similar concentration range. In fed rats, glucagon-induced glycogenolysis resulted in hyperglycemia for nearly 2 h. Intravenous infusion of 50 mg . kg-1. h-1 S-3483 prevented the hyperglycemic peak and subsequently caused a further lowering of blood glucose. In 24-h starved rats, in which normoglycemia is maintained predominantly by gluconeogenesis, intravenous infusion of S-3483 resulted in a constant reduction of blood glucose levels. Intrahepatic concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and glycogen were significantly increased at the end of both in vivo studies. In contrast, lowering of blood glucose in starved rats by 3-mercaptopicolinic acid was accompanied by a reduction of G-6-P and glycogen. Our results demonstrate for the first time in vivo a pharmacologically induced suppression of hepatic G-6-P activity with subsequent changes in blood glucose levels.
The multicomponent hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase (Glc-6-Pase) system catalyzes the terminal step of hepatic glucose production and plays a key role in the regulation of blood glucose. We used the chlorogenic acid derivative S 3483, a reversible inhibitor of the glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) translocase component, to demonstrate for the first time upregulation of Glc-6-Pase expression in rat liver in vivo after inhibition of Glc-6-P translocase. In accordance with its mode of action, S 3483-treatment of overnight-fasted rats induced hypoglycemia and increased blood lactate, hepatic Glc-6-P, and glycogen. The metabolic changes were accompanied by rapid and marked increases in Glc-6-Pase mRNA (above 35-fold), protein (about 2-fold), and enzymatic activity (about 2-fold). Maximal mRNA levels were reached after 4 h of treatment. Glycemia, blood lactate, and Glc-6-Pase mRNA levels returned to control values, whereas Glc-6-P and glycogen levels decreased but were still elevated 2 h after S 3483 withdrawal. The capacity for Glc-6-P influx was only marginally increased after 8.5 h of treatment. Prevention of hypoglycemia by euglycemic clamp did not abolish the increase in Glc-6-Pase mRNA induced by S 3483 treatment. A similar pattern of hypoglycemia and possibly of associated counterregulatory responses elicited by treatment with the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase inhibitor 3-mercaptopicolinic acid could account for only a 2-fold induction of Glc-6-Pase mRNA. These findings suggest that the significant upregulation of Glc-6-Pase gene expression observed after treatment of rats in vivo with an inhibitor of Glc-6-P translocase is caused predominantly either by S 3483 per se or by the compound-induced changes of intracellular carbohydrate metabolism.
Coffee is a major source of caffeine, which has been shown to acutely reduce sensitivity to insulin, but also has potentially beneficial effects. We prospectively investigated the association between coffee consumption and risk of clinical type 2 diabetes in a population-based cohort of 17111 Dutch men and women aged 30-60 years. During 125774 person years of follow-up, 306 new cases of type 2 diabetes were reported. After adjustment for potential confounders, individuals who drank at least seven cups of coffee a day were 0.50 (95% CI 0.35-0.72, p=0.0002) times as likely as those who drank two cups or fewer a day to develop type 2 diabetes. Coffee consumption was associated with a substantially lower risk of clinical type 2 diabetes.
Chlorogenic acid, a phenolic compound found ubiquitously in plants, is an in vitro antioxidant and metal chelator. Some derivatives of chlorogenic acid are hypoglycemic agents and may affect lipid metabolism. Concentrations of cholesterol and triacylglycerols are of interest due to their association with diseases such as non-insulin-dependent-diabetes- mellitus and obese insulin resistance. As little is known about the effects of chlorogenic acid in vivo, studies using obese, hyperlipidemic, and insulin resistant (fa/fa) Zucker rats were conducted to test the effect of chlorogenic acid on fasting plasma glucose, plasma and liver triacylglycerols and cholesterol concentrations. Aditionally, the effects of chlorogenic acid on selected mineral concentrations in plasma, spleen, and liver were determined. Rats were implanted with jugular vein catheters. Chlorogenic acid was infused (5 mg/Kg body weight/day) for 3 weeks via intravenous infusion. Chlorogenic acid did not promote sustained hypoglycemia and significantly lowered the postprandial peak response to a glucose challenge when compared to the same group of rats before Chlorogenic acid treatment. In Chlorogenic acid-treated rats, fasting plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerols concentrations significantly decreased by 44% and 58% respectively, as did in liver triacylglycerols concentrations (24%). We did not find differences (p > 0.05) in adipose triacylglycerols concentration. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in the plasma, liver, and spleen concentration of selected minerals were found in chlorogenic acid-treated rats. In vivo, chlorogenic acid was found to improve glucose tolerance, decreased some plasma and liver lipids, and improve mineral pool distribution under the conditions of this study.
In small, short-term studies, acute administration of caffeine decreases insulin sensitivity and impairs glucose tolerance.
To examine the long-term relationship between consumption of coffee and other caffeinated beverages and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Prospective cohort study.
The Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals' Follow-up Study.
The authors followed 41 934 men from 1986 to 1998 and 84 276 women from 1980 to 1998. These participants did not have diabetes, cancer, or cardiovascular disease at baseline.
Coffee consumption was assessed every 2 to 4 years through validated questionnaires.
The authors documented 1333 new cases of type 2 diabetes in men and 4085 new cases in women. The authors found an inverse association between coffee intake and type 2 diabetes after adjustment for age, body mass index, and other risk factors. The multivariate relative risks for diabetes according to regular coffee consumption categories (0, <1, 1 to 3, 4 to 5, or > or =6 cups per day) in men were 1.00, 0.98, 0.93, 0.71, and 0.46 (95% CI, 0.26 to 0.82; P = 0.007 for trend), respectively. The corresponding multivariate relative risks in women were 1.00, 1.16, 0.99, 0.70, and 0.71 (CI, 0.56 to 0.89; P < 0.001 for trend), respectively. For decaffeinated coffee, the multivariate relative risks comparing persons who drank 4 cups or more per day with nondrinkers were 0.74 (CI, 0.48 to 1.12) for men and 0.85 (CI, 0.61 to 1.17) for women. Total caffeine intake from coffee and other sources was associated with a statistically significantly lower risk for diabetes in both men and women.
These data suggest that long-term coffee consumption is associated with a statistically significantly lower risk for type 2 diabetes.
Chlorogenic acids are absorbed in humans
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