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Accepted by R. Pethiyagoda: 9 Mar. 2012; published: 16 Apr. 2012
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press
Zootaxa 3269: 57–64 (2012)
www.mapress.com/zootaxa/Article
57
Description of a new species of the genus Yunnanilus Nichols, 1925 (Teleostei:
Nemacheilidae) from Yunnan, China
ZIMING CHEN 1, 3, †*, JIAN YANG 2, 3† & JUNXING YANG 3 *
1School of Life Science, Yunnan University, No.52 North Road Cuihu, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, P.R. China
2School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning, 530001, P.R. China
3State key laboratory of genetic resource and evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang
Dong Lu, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, P. R. China
*Corresponding author. E-mail: cziming@hotmail.com, yangjx@mail.kiz.ac.cn
† the authors contributed equally to this work.
Abstract
A new species of the family Nemacheilidae, Yunnanilus niulanensis, is described from the upper reach of the Niulanjiang
River, a branch of the Jinsha River, in Songming County, Yunnan Province, China. It can be distinguished from all other
Yunnanilus species by the combination of the following characters: dorsal fin rays iii, 9; anal fin rays iii, 5; pectoral fin
rays i, 11; pelvic fin rays i, 7–8; branched caudal fin rays 14; mouth subterminal; 9–11 gillrakers on the inner side of the
first gill arch, no gillrakers on the outer side; upper two-thirds of body and head covered by large brown spots; fins hyaline;
body covered with scales; no lateral line; no cephalic sensory pores; caudal-peduncle length less than caudal-peduncle
depth; caudal-peduncle length 9.2–11.1 % SL; body depth 21.0–25.8 % SL; eye diameter 5.4–6.0 % SL; interorbital width
9.9–12.1 % SL.
Key words: Yunnanilus niulanensis, Nemacheilidae, new species, Yunnan, China
Introduction
Loaches of the genus Yunnanilus Nichols, 1925 are small-bodied fishes that mainly occur in the Yunnan-Guizhou
Plateau of China, showing a particular affinity for karstic areas. The genus can easily be distinguished from the
other genera in Nemacheilidae by its widely separated nostrils, the anterior one being situated at the tip of a tube,
and a relatively deep body (Kottelat & Chu, 1988; Yang, 1990; Zhu, 1989; Zhu, 1995). Kottelat & Chu (1988)
revised the genus and described six new species occurring in Yunnan Province, while indicating that there were
several more undescribed species occurring in the Yunnan Plateau. This genus was at the time known only from the
Yunnan Plateau and Inlé Lake in Burma. Subsequently, a series of Yunnanilus species were described in succession
from Sichuan Province, Guizhou Province, and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Up to now, there have been
30 species of Yunnanilus described from the Yunnan Plateau and its adjacent regions in the southeast of China
(Cao, 1989; Ding, 1992; Ding, 1995; Li & Duan, 1999; Li et al., 1994; Li et al., 2000; Li, 1999; Li, 2004; Yang,
1990; Yang & Chen, 1995; Yang, 1991; Zhou & He, 1989; Yang et al., 2004; Gan et al., 2007; Zhu et al., 2009; An
et al., 2009).
In November 2006, some specimens of the genus Yunnanilus were collected from the upper reaches of the
Niulanjiang River (one of the larger tributaries of Jinsha River, which is the upper reach of Yangtze River) in
Yanglin Town, Songming County, Yunnan Province, China. Comparison shows that these specimens represent a
previously undescribed species of Yunnanilus, and we herein provide a description of the new species and compare
it to its congers.
CHEN ET AL.
58 · Zootaxa 3269 © 2012 Magnolia Press
Materials and Methods
Specimens were fixed in 10 % formalin and preserved in 75 % ethanol. Fishes were cataloged and stored in the
collections of the Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
Measurements were taken point to point with digital calipers and recorded to the nearest 0.1 mm. Counts and
measurements were made on the left side of specimens whenever possible. Methods of taking counts and
measurements follow Chu & Chen (1989). Subunits of the head are given as percentages of head length (HL). Head
length itself and measurements of body parts are expressed as proportions of the standard length (SL). Proportional
measurements of Yunnanilus altus and Yunnanilus pachycephalus are from Kottelat & Chu (1988).
Results
Yunnanilus niulanensis, sp. nov.
(Fig. 1, 2)
Holotype. KIZ20060285, 55.3 mm SL; Yanglinhe River, 25°14 34.0 N; 103°03 53.3 E (altitude: 1909 m), upper
reaches of the Niulanjiang River, in Yanglin Town, Songming County, Yunnan Province, China.
Paratypes. KIZ20060281, KIZ20060287, KIZ20060291–20060293, 20060297, six specimens, 41.7–52.5 mm
SL; collected with the holotype.
Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from its congers by the following combination of characters:
dorsal-fin rays iii, 9; anal-fin rays iii, 5; pectoral-fin rays i, 11; pelvic-fin rays i, 7–8; branched caudal-fin rays 14;
mouth subterminal; 9–11 gillrakers in the inner side of the first gill arch, outer row of gill rakers absent; upper two-
thirds of body and head covered by large brown spots; fins hyaline; body covered with scales; no lateral line; no
cephalic sensory pores; caudal peduncle length less than caudal peduncle depth; caudal peduncle length 9.2–11.1%
SL; body depth 21.0–25.8 % SL; eye diameter 5.4–6.0 % SL; interorbital width 9.9–12.1 % SL.
FIGURE 1. Lateral, dorsal and ventral views of Yunnanilus niulanensis, sp. nov., holotype, KIZ20060285, 55.3mm SL;
Yanglinhe River, 25°1434.0 N; 103°0353.3 E (altitude: 1909m), which belongs to one of the upper reaches of the
Niulanjiang River, in Yanglin Town, Songming County, Yunnan Province, China.
Zootaxa 3269 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 59
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS YUNNANILUS NICHOLS
Description. Proportional measurements and counts are given in Table 1. Body elongate, compressed. Body
depth at dorsal-fin origin 21.0–25.8 % SL. Dorsal profile convex, ventral profile slightly convex. Dorsal midline
with a concavity between nape and dorsal-fin origin. Pectoral fin reaching beyond halfway to pelvic-fin bases,
54.0–78.4 % of length between pectoral and pelvic-fin bases. Axillary pelvic lobe absent or vestigial. Pelvic fin
reaching mid-point of distance between pelvic-fin origin and anus. Anus separated from anal-fin origin by a
distance less than eye diameter. Anal fin not reaching caudal-fin base. Caudal-peduncle depth 107.1–142.3 %
caudal-peduncle length. Predorsal length 54.0–57.5 % SL; dorsal-fin origin anterior to vertical line from pelvic-fin
origin.
TABLE 1. Proportional measurements and counts of Yunnanilus niulanensis sp. nov.
Head compressed, its height greater than width at nape; head length greater than body depth at dorsal-fin
origin, head length 26.6–29.0 % of SL. Snout obtuse, rounded, its length far less than postorbital length of head,
32.4–36.3 % of HL. Nostrils widely separated; anterior nostril at tip of a short tube, not reaching halfway to
posterior one when adpressed. Interorbital space flat or a little convex, 36.9–41.7 % HL. Mouth subterminal,
arched. Lips thick, almost smooth; upper lip without median groove, lower one with a median notch and 2 shallow
furrows on each side. Processus dentiformes present on upper jaw; no notch or only a very shallow concavity on
lower jaw. Eye invisible in ventral view, eye diameter 19.5–21.4 % of HL. Inner rostral barbel almost reaching
vertical from anterior nostril, not reaching base of maxillary barbel; outer rostral barbel reaching beyond vertical of
anterior nostril, not reaching posterior nostril or base of maxillary barbel. Maxillary barbel extending beyond
vertical line through posterior margin of eye. Free posterior chamber of air bladder voluminous, 11.6×4.4 mm, with
an additional 3.3 mm duct connecting the anterior capsule (KIZ200627007, 48.7 mm SL), extending beyond
vertical through dorsal-fin origin, extending beyond pelvic-fin base. Gillrakers 9–11 on the inner side of first gill
Characters Holotype Paratypes (Range) Mean SD
Total length (mm) 69.2 54.4–68.1 62.1
Standard length (mm) 55.3 41.7–52.5 48.8
Percent standard length
Head length 26.8 26.6–29.0 27.6 1.0
Body depth at DO 23.3 21.0–25.8 24.0 1.6
Predorsal length 55.0 54.0–57.5 55.7 1.2
Prepelvic length 56.8 57.0–58.7 57.5 0.7
Caudal-peduncle length 9.2 9.4–11.1 10.3 0.9
Caudal-peduncle depth 13.1 11.4–13.3 12.7 0.7
Percent head length
Snout length 36.3 32.4–35.4 34.7 1.2
Eye diameter 20.3 19.5–21.4 20.6 0.8
Interorbital width 36.9 37.7–41.7 39.4 1.9
Body depth at dorsal-fin origin 86.9 78.8–92.7 86.9 5.3
Percentage of Caudal-peduncle length
Caudal-peduncle Depth 142.1 107.1–142.3 124.0 13.2
Gillrakers 0/11 0/9–10
Dorsal-fin rays iii, 9 iii, 9
Anal-fin rays iii, 5 iii, 5
Pectoral-fin rays i, 11 i, 11
Pelvic-fin rays i, 7 i, 7–8
Caudal-fin (branched) rays 14 14
CHEN ET AL.
60 · Zootaxa 3269 © 2012 Magnolia Press
arch, absent on outer one. Intestine simple, with almost no coil from stomach to anus. Peritoneum gray ventrally,
black-gray dorsally.
Distal margin of dorsal-fin slightly convex. Caudal fin truncate or slightly emarginate, its tips rounded.
Body entirely covered by embedded scales except for abdomen. Lateral line absent; cephalic lateral line and pores
on head absent.
No sexual dimorphism observed.
FIGURE 2. Lateral and ventral views of head of Yunnanilus niulanensis, sp. nov., holotype, KIZ20060285, 55.3mm SL. an,
anterior nostril; irb, inner rostral barbel; ll, lower lip; mb, maxillary barbel; pn, posterior nostril; orb, outer rostral barbel; up,
upper lip.
Coloration. In alcohol, upper two-thirds of body and head covered by large brown spots, some spots more or
less interconnected to form irregular vertical bars along the flank. Fins hyaline. A vertical black line present on
caudal-fin base (Fig. 1).
Zootaxa 3269 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 61
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS YUNNANILUS NICHOLS
Habitat. The type specimens were collected from the Yanglinhe River (altitude: 1909m), one of the upper
tributaries of the Niulanjiang River in Yanglin town, Songming County, Yunnan Province. The water was slow-
flowing and clear, pH: 7.0. The stream at the type locality is about 2 m in width, and about 0.4–0.5m in depth (the
width and depth may be greater during the rainy season). The substrate was sandy or a little muddy. The landform,
which the river flows through, is plain, with wheat fields, but becomes mountainous not far away from the stream.
Distribution. This species is thus far known only from type locality (Fig. 3).
Etymology. The specific name, niulanensis alludes to the type locality, the Niulanjiang River.
FIGURE 3. Map of partial Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan, China. Triangle ( ) indicating the distribution of Yunnanilus
niulanensis, sp. nov. in Songming County, Yunnan Province, China.
Discussion
Because of their diminutive body size, these species are of little interest to fisheries and tend to receive less
attention than larger-sized fishes. There were only two valid species of Yunnanilus described from China, in
addition to a single species from Myanmar, prior to 1988. With more intensive ichthyfaunal exploration, 14 species
were recorded in China up to 1995 (Zhu, 1995), and the genus comprises 30 described species at present. It is now
one of the most speciose genera of Nemacheilinae occurring in China. Most species occur in the southwest of
China. Apart from Yunnanilus brevis (Boulenger), which was known from Inlé lake and the nearby He-Ho plain,
seven species occur in Jinsha River basin, 18 (including the present new species) occur in the Nanpan River basin,
two occur in Beipan River basin, two occur in the Hongshuihe basin, and a further two species occur not only in the
Nanpan basin, but also in the Jinsha basin. These rivers (especially the upper reaches of the Pearl River) flow
through an essentially karstic landform. It is evident from their distribution that members of Yunnanilus show a
close affinity for karstic areas.
Yang (1995) divided the species of Yunnanilus into two groups, the Yunnanilus pleurotaenia group and the
Yunnanilus nigromaculatus group, based on characters of scales, lateral line and cephalic sensory pores. Yunnanilus
niulanensis, together with Y. nigromaculatus Regan, Y. niger Kottelat & Chu, Y. longidorsalis Li, Tao & Lu, Y.
CHEN ET AL.
62 · Zootaxa 3269 © 2012 Magnolia Press
bajiangensis Li, Y. pachycephalus Kottelat & Chu, Y. altus Kottelat & Chu, Y. obtusirostris Yang, Y.
yangzonghaiensis Cao & Zhu, Y. caohaiensis Ding and Y. longibarbatus Gan, Chen & Yang belong to the
nigromaculatus group. These species can be distinguished from other Yunnanilus species by sharing the following
characters: body covered with scales, lateral line absent, no cephalic sensory pores.
Yunnanilus niulanensis can be differentiated from Y. nigromaculatus by the following characters: mouth
subterminal (vs. terminal), 9 branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. 8), no outer gill rakers on the first gill arch (vs. 3–5 in Y.
nigromaculatus) (Table 2). It can be differentiated from Y. niger by the color pattern, upper two thirds of body and
head being covered by large brown spots (vs. body and head brownish black in Y. niger); fins hyaline (vs. dorsal,
anal and pelvic fins black, caudal and pectoral fins grayish); mouth subterminal (vs. inferior); 9 branched dorsal-fin
rays (vs. 8); 9–11 gillrakers on the inner side of the first gill arch (vs. 13) (Table 2). The new species can also be
distinguished from Y. bajiangensis by the following characters: mouth subterminal (vs. inferior in Y. bajiangensis);
TABLE 2. Comparisons of some morphological and meritsic characters of Yunnanilus species lacking lateral-line and ce-
phalic sensory pores.
1, 2, 3, 4 from Yang, 1990; 5 from Li, 2004; 6 from Li, Tao et al., 2000; 7 fromg Yang & Chen, 1995; 8 from Cao, 1989; 9 from Ding, 1992, 10 from Gan et al.,
2007.
Species
Y. niulanensis
Y. nigromaculatus1
Y. niger2
Y. pachycephalus3
Y. altus4
Y. bajiangensis5
Y. longidorsalis6
Y. obtusirostris7
Y. yangzonghaiensis8
Y.caohaiensis9
Y. longibarbatus10
Specimen
number 7 6 1 10 14 10 11 810 13
Locality Niulanjia
ng River Dianchi
Lake Luoping,
Tatanze Xuanwei
County Zhanyi,
Luoping
County
Shilin
County Luoping
County Fuxian
Lake Yangzong-
hai Lake Caohai
Lake Du’an
County
Mouth subtermi
al terminal inferior inferior inferior Inferior terminal inferior Terminal or
subterminal subterminal subterminal
Color
pattern Upper
two
thirds of
body and
head
covered
by large
brown
spots.
Fins
hyaline.
Upper two
thirds of
body and
head
covered by
large
brown
spots. Fins
hyaline.
Body
and head
brownish
black.
Dorsal,
anal and
pelvic
fins
black.
Caudal
and
pectoral
fins
grayish.
Head
and body
finely
spotted,
the spots
tending
to form
irregular
bars or
larger
spots.
Fins
hyaline
Body and
head, above
level of
pectoral fins
covered by
minute dark
brown spots.
Two dark
spots along
upper
margin of
caudal fin.
Upper
two
thirds of
body
and head
covered
by large
brown
spots.
Fins
hyaline.
7–8
wormlik
e brown
blotch
on the
posterio
r flank,
dorsal
fin with
2 brown
bars.
No large
brown
spots on
the
flanks.
Fins
hyaline.
Upper body
and head
covered by
vertical
brown bars.
Dorsal fin
and caudal
fin with
brown
spots.
Body and
head
covered by
large brown
spots. Fins
brown or
black
brown.
Bady sides
and dorsal
head
covered
with brown
spots. A
non-
prominent
dark spot on
the lower
1/3
unbranched
dorsal-fin
rays
Gillrakers 0/9–11 3–5/11–12 0/13 0/11–13 0/12–14 0/8 0/8 ? 0/11–14 0/10–13 0/12
Dorsal fin
rays iii, 9 iii, 8 iii, 8 iii, 9–10 iii, 8–9 iii, 9 iii, 11 iii, 8 iii, 9–11 iii, 9 iii, 8
Anal fin
rays iii, 5 iii, 5 iii, 5 iii, 5 iii, 5 iii, 5 iii, 6 iii, 5 iii, 5 iii, 5 iii, 5–6
Pectoral
fin rays i, 11 i, 11–13 i, 12 i, 10–12 i, 10–11 i, 9–10 i, 10–11 i, 9–10 i, 9–10 i, 11 i, 10-12
Pelvic fin
rays i, 7–8 i, 8 i, 8 i, 7 i, 7 i, 6 i, 6 i, 6–7 i, 6–7 i, 7 i, 6
Caudal fin
(branched)
rays
14 14 14 14 14 12 14 15–16 12–14 14 16
Zootaxa 3269 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 63
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS YUNNANILUS NICHOLS
9–11 gill rakers on the inner side of the first gill arch (vs. 8); pelvic-fin rays i, 7–8 (vs. i, 6); branched caudal-fin
rays 14 (vs. 12) (Table 2). Yunnanilus niulanensis is further differentiated from Y. longidorsalis by having dorsal-
fin rays iii, 9 (vs. iii, 11 in Y. longidorsalis); anal-fin rays iii, 5 (vs. iii, 6); pelvic-fin rays i, 7–8 (vs. i, 6); mouth
subterminal (vs. terminal); 9–11 gillrakers in the inner side of the first gill arch (vs. 8); upper two thirds of body
and head covered by large brown spots (vs. 7–8 wormlike brown blotches on the posterior flank); fins hyaline (vs.
dorsal fin with 2 brown bars) (Table 2). It can be distinguished from Y. yangzonghaiensis by having dorsal-fin rays
iii, 9 (vs. iii, 9–11, mainly iii, 10 in Y. yangzonghaiensis); pectoral-fin rays i, 11 (vs. i, 9–10); body and head
covered by large brown spots (vs. upper body and head covered by vertical brown bars.); fins hyaline (vs. dorsal fin
and caudal fin with brown spots) (Table 2). It can be distinguished from Y. caohaiensis by caudal-peduncle length
less than caudal-peduncle depth (vs. caudal-peduncle length greater than or equal to caudal-peduncle depth in Y.
caohaiensis); fins hyaline (vs. fins brown or black-brown) (Table 2). It can be distinguished from Y. obtusirostris
by having the mouth subterminal (vs. inferior in Y. obtusirostris); 9 branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. 8); branched
caudal-fin rays 14 (vs. 15–16) (Table 2). It can be distinguished from Y. pachycephalus by having dorsal-fin rays
iii, 9 (vs. iii, 9–10 in Y. pachycephalus); 9–11 gill rakers on the inner side of the first gill arch (vs. 11–13); eye
diameter 5.4–6.0% SL (vs. 4.6–5.6%); interorbital width 9.9–12.1% SL (vs. 8.2–9.7%) (Table 2). It can be
distinguished from Y. altus by having 9–11 gill rakers on the inner side of the first gill arch (vs. 12–14 in Y. altus);
dorsal-fin rays iii, 9 (vs. iii, 8–9); caudal peduncle length 9.2–11.1% SL (vs. 11.4–13.7%); eye diameter 5.4–6.0%
SL (vs. 4.7–5.3%); interorbital width 9.9–12.1% SL (vs. 8.5–9.5%) (Table 2). Yunnanilus niulanensis can be
distinguished from Y. longibarbatus by possessing 9 branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. 8 in Y. longibarbatus); branched
pelvic-fin rays 7–8 (vs. 6); and branched caudal-fin rays 14 (vs. 16) (Table 2).
Comparative material
Yunnanilus. niger: KIZ 806075, holotype, 62.5 mm SL, Luoping County, Yunnan, China; Y. pachycephalus: KIZ
82100392, holotype, 58.5 mm SL, Xuanwei County, Yunnan, China; Y. altus: KIZ 774630, 70.8 mm SL, Zhanyi
County, Yunnan, China; Y. obtusirostris: KIZ 878052, holotype, 33.5, Xilongtang, Chengjiang County, Yunnan,
China; KIZ 878050, 878053–55, 8711100–8711102, seven specimens, paratypes, 28.0–41.5 mm SL, Xilongtang,
Chengjiang County, Yunnan, China; Y. longibarbatus: KIZ 2003050255, holotype, 52.6 mm SL; Gaoling, Du’an
County, Guangxi, China; KIZ 2003050248–2003050254, KIZ 2003050256–2003050260, twelve specimens,
paratypes, 37.4–58.2 mm SL; Gaoling, Du’an County, Guangxi, China.
Acknowledgments
We thank Mr. Yang Bo for his assistance with field work. This study was supported by the National Science
Foundation of China (30970326, U0936602, 30870291), the National Basic Research Program (973 Program)
(2007CB411600) and the Scientific Research Foundation of Yunnan University (2008YB004). We are grateful to
two anonymous referees for criticisms and comments that helped substantially to improve the manuscript.
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