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Cross-cultural measurement
... Plusieurs méthodes ont été proposées pour évaluer l'équivalence des mesures : celles de Lord (ou Stocking-Lord), de Mantel-Haenszel, de Thissen. Elles sont présentées chez Drasgow et Hulin (1987), auxquels nous renvoyons le lecteur intéressé. Dans le contexte de la personnalité et de l'attitude, l'article de Thissen et al. (1986) Certains questionnaires ont déjà bénéficié de telles études et la question de l'équivalence de la mesure dans les diverses sous-populations auxquelles elle est destinée est un prolongement normal de la construction (ou de l'évaluation) d'un instrument de mesure. ...
... Si les autres études rapportent aussi des différences, celles-ci n'atteignent toutefois pas une proportion aussi élevée. En travaillant sur les cinq échelles de satisfaction au travail du JDI, 3 items seulement (sur 72) sont détectés comme souffrant de problèmes de traduction (de l'anglais à l'espagnol) (Hulin, Drasgow et Komocar, 1982), mais la confrontation de trois cultures sur le même inventaire (Américains anglophones, hispanophones, Mexicains) permet de relever des différences plus nombreuses, allant de 9 à 21 items selon les comparaisons deux à deux effectuées, ce qui représente de 7 à 15 % des items (Drasgow et Hulin, 1987). Les études portant sur l'opinion sur la santé mentale, menées par le groupe de Ellis (Ellis, Minsel et Becker, 1989 ;Ellis et Kimmel, 1992), qui comparent des échantillons allemands, français et américains, ne révèlent pas plus de 10 % d'items présentant des fonctionnements différentiels. ...
... First, there is a growing interest in cross-cultural research and evaluation. This interest is not limited only to educational testing (Cook, Schmitt, & Brown,1999;Hambleton, 1996;Lonner, 1974;van de Vijver, 1997;van de Vijver & Leung, 1997;van de Vijver, & Leung, 2001), but also applies to other fields, such as vocational and career planning (Drasgow & Hulin, 1987), psychological testing (Dana, 2000;Herrans, 1973;Kwan, 1999;Orlando & Marshall, 2002;Prinsloo & Ebersoehn, 2002;Riano & Pesqueira, 1987;Valencia, Rankin, & Livingston, 1995), certification and/or licensure testing, selection and/or admission testing (Zeidner, 1987), and international comparative studies, such as the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). The result of this interest is a boon in the call for high-stakes, psychometrically equivalent, multi-lingual versions of assessment instruments. ...
... A job analysis can be thought of as a process to establish and document the 'job relatedness' of employment procedures such as training, selection, compensation, and performance appraisal. Typically, a job analysis is based on a large-scale survey administered to a large and representative sample of persons employed in a given job or position (Drasgow & Hulin, 1987). Test development committees take the results of job analyses and formulate an action plan that will result in an operational test. ...
... A second step forward would be to give students choices in how they demonstrate their knowledge and skills. Cross-cultural psychometric work has demonstrated that comparable scales can be developed using culturally specific items (See Drasgow & Hulin, 1987 for strategies to adapt assessments to diverse cultural groups). A third step would be to consider how psychometric methodologies can be altered to support antiracist assessment. ...
... 134-135.[299]Drasgow, F. and C.Hulin (1987), "Cross-cultural measurement", Interamerican Journal of Psychology, Vol. 21, pp. ...
The OECD’s new Study on Social and Emotional Skills aims to provide policy makers, educators, families and communities with a comprehensive set of tools to foster students’ social and emotional learning. The Study’s assessment framework – presented in this paper – is a result of an extensive literature review of previous research, existing frameworks and assessment approaches in the area of social and emotional skills. The framework, developed by a team of experts in various domains, incorporates evidence from psychology, education, organisational sciences, sociology, economy, and public policy. This framework describes the objectives, characteristics and expected outcomes of the Study. It presents the conceptual model of social and emotional skills assessed in the Study, their development, malleability and predictive value. The framework also discusses how factors in students’ family, school and peer environment influence their social and emotional skills’ development along with the contextual questionnaires designed to gather this information. The framework also presents the Study’s design, assessment approach, instrument development process, sampling procedures and data collection methods.
... However, it is important to mention that some critics argue against making national personality comparisons simply because of technical issues (see Pervin, 1999, for a review). To properly conduct much cross-cultural research, a foundation described as measurement equivalence must be laid (Drasgow & Hulin, 1987;Ghorpade, Hattrup, & Lackritz, 1999). Essentially, we would like people from two different cultures who have the same underlying trait to the same degree to also generate the same observed score on the personality test. ...
The possibility that national personality traits could explain national subjective well-being (SWB) is controversial, with many researchers arguing that traits are irrelevant to any national-level analysis. The weaknesses of this standpoint are reviewed, followed by a series of empirical investigations. Using Eysenck's 3-factor model (H. J. Eysenck & S. B. G. Eysenck, 1975) and P. T. Costa and R. M. McCrae's (1992b) 5-factor model, the authors found that Neuroticism and Extraversion correlated significantly with national SWB. Lie scale scores were also related strongly to national SWB. Neuroticism and Extraversion incrementally predicted SWB above gross national product per capita. The strength of these results indicates that personality can have stronger relationships at national levels of analysis than at the individual level. National personality traits appear to be unwisely neglected, having considerable but largely unconsidered explanatory power.
... Establishing cross-cultural comparability is a complex issue. It involves not only appropriate translations of survey questions, but also a series of statistical analyses ensuring the same personality characteristics are being measured across cultures, and that survey questions measure similarly in different cultures and languages (Drasgow, 1984 [235] ; Hui and Trandis, 1985 [226] ; Kankaraš and Moors, 2011 [225] ; Van de Vijver and Leung, 2001 [236] ). ...
In an increasingly fast-changing, complex and diverse world, social and emotional skills are becoming ever more important. In this paper we present an overview of literature on social and emotional skills, describing the nature and structure of these skills, their development, malleability and factors that influence them, their cross-cultural comparability and their relevance for a wide range of educational, economic and life outcomes. The paper also represents a conceptual framework for the OECD’s new Study on Social and Emotional Skills, an international survey that assesses 10- and 15-year-old students in a number of cities and countries around the world.
We focus on the underlying skills within and outside of the widely researched Big Five model that are found to be more predictive and policy relevant. We examine the relationships of these skills with a variety of indicators of individual and societal wellbeing such as education, employment and income, health, and personal well-being. The paper discusses the structure of child’s social and emotional skills and the developmental trajectories of these skills across a lifetime. It presents the evidence of malleability of these skills as well as their relevance across a wide range of cultural contexts.
... (1) El marco teórico y conceptual que sirvió de guía en la construcción de ítems del State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, (2) La teoría de equivalencia psicométrica y el marco conceptual de respuesta de ítems en medición transcultural (Drasgow y Hulin, 1987;Brislin, 1970;Hulin, 1987;Sechrest, Fay y Hafeez, 1972;Sperber, Devellis y Boehlecke, 1994). ...
We presented a view of the conceptual and theoretical framework of anger and hostility that guided the construction of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (Smi). The goal of this study was to report the final selection and adaptation of the 44 items that comprise the Multicultural Latin American Anger Expression Inventory (ML-STAXI). In keeping with the conceptual definitions of stage-anger, trait-anger, and anger expression and control, new items were also constructed to replace those containing English idiomatic expressions. Utilizing a multicultural Latin American population sample, responses to the items, were factored by principal factor analysis with promax rotations to determine the level of correspondence of factor structure between these two instruments. The analyses substantially verified the factor structure of the ML-STAXI previously found in a Latin American sample. The NM-STAG presents with empirical evidence that demonstrates a high degree of construct validity and internal consistency as shown by its factorial structure and alpha correlations.
... Previamente, la construcción y adaptación de los 56 ítems que inicialmente conformaron el IMULEC se llevó a cabo en el invierno de 1995. La primera fase del proceso de elaboración de estos ítems consideró los siguientes principios metodológicos: (1) El marco teórico y conceptual que sirvió de guía en la construcción de ítems del State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (Spielberger, 1988), (2) La teoría de equivalencia psicométrica y el marco conceptual de respuesta de items en medición transcultural (Drasgow y Hulin, 1987; Hulin, 1987; Sechrest, Fay y Hafeez, 1972; Sperber, Devellis y Boehlecke, 1994). ...
RESUMEN Se describe la importancia del estudio de la cólera o rabia y sus efectos en la salud, haciendo referencia a las enfermedades cardiovasculares, cáncer y VIH/SIDA. Se presenta un análisis de los aspectos conceptuales y teóricos de la expresión y supresión de la cólera o rabia. El propósito de este artículo es reportar la construcción del Inventario Multicultural Latinoamericano de la Expresión de la Cólera (IMULEC). Siguiendo el marco teórico y conceptual existente de la expresión y supresión de la Cólera, se procedió a la elaboración de items que conforman el IMULEC. En base a una muestra multicultural con participantes de diversos países latinoamericanos, se realizó un análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotaciones promax con el fin de determinar el nivel de correspondencia de la estructura factorial del instrumento. Los resultados confirman un elevado nivel de similitud entre el State Trait Anger Expression Inventory-STAXI y el IMULEC en relación con las soluciones factoriales encontradas. Así mismo, el IMULEC demuestra un alto nivel de validez de constructo y de consistencia interna, reflejada en su estructura factorial y coeficientes alfa. SUMMARY The importance of research on anger and its consequences on health, particularly on cardiovascular disease, cancer and HIV/AIDS is described. We present a view of the conceptual and theoretical framework of the expression and supression of anger. The goal of this study was to report the development of the Multicultural Latin American Anger Expression Inventory. In keeping with the STAXI conceptual definitions of anger expression and supression, new items were also constructed to replace those containing English idiomatic expressions. Responses to the items, were factored in separate principal factor analysis with promax rotations to determine the level of correspondence of factor structure between these two instruments. The analyses substantially verified the factor structure of the STAXI in a Latin American sample. The IMULEC presents with empirical evidence that demonstrates a high degree of construct validity and internal consistency as shown by its factorial structure and alpha correlations.
... Although organizational climates have been argued to exist and to provide meaningful contextual information regardless of the degree of consensus (i.e., climate strength) at the group level Glick, 1985;Lindell & Brandt, 2000;Schneider, Salvaggio, & Subarits, 2002), the more problematic issue in direct consensus models is that group member agreement is typically determined by comparing quantitative climate perceptions (e.g., within-group variance of individual scores on a climate measure) whereas qualitative similarity is an implicit assumption that usually goes untested. However, because it is possible to have what appears to be quantitative perceptual agreement without qualitative agreement and vice versa (Bergman, 2011), both qualitative and quantitative congruence should be considered explicitly and separately (Drasgow & Hulin, 1987;Hulin, Drasgow, & Komocar, 1982). ...
Individual climate perceptions (i.e., psychological climates) are often aggregated to form group-level climates without considering the equivalence of the meaning of climate within groups. Confirming perceptual equivalence across faultlines – within-group dividing lines that can create subgroups based on the alignment of group member attributes (Lau & Murnighan, 1998) – is a particularly important concern given that sense-making processes and subsequent psychological climates are likely to differ across faultlines. Using safety climate as an exemplar, we demonstrate the importance of assessing qualitative perceptual equivalence (i.e., perceptions of what a climate is) within groups instead of solely relying on traditional agreement indices (e.g., rwg, intraclass correlation [ICC]) to make aggregation decisions. Specifically, we tested for perceptual equivalence across context-specific faultlines (hierarchical level and organizational heritage) in a large, multinational organization using multi-group hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses and found that although traditional agreement indices universally supported aggregation decisions, tests of perceptual equivalence in 8 of 12 separate subgroup analyses failed to support aggregation. These findings confirm the importance of testing for perceptual equivalence within groups before aggregating psychological climates to the group level.
• Our findings underscore the value for organizations to consider the potential existence of faultlines and to examine their possible influence on employee climate perceptions.
• These findings also point to the need for organizations to promote qualitative equivalence of climate perceptions among employees independent of the potential existence of faultlines.
... being placed beside the English original. Past search has indicated that administering two-language questionnaires on bilingual subjects can reduce interpretation error (Drasgow and Hulin, 1987;Hung and Heeler, 1998). The questionnaire can be made available upon request. ...
This study examines how visual and musical stimuli contribute to perceived trendiness of the commercial across native Chinese- and English-speakers. Research results indicate that, though visual stimuli have stronger effects on both Chinese- and English-speakers, visual stimuli have stronger effects on Chinese-speakers than English-speakers. These findings are consistent with suggested differences between the Chinese and English language that could have affected the processing orientation of native speakers. The implications of the results are discussed.
... Item responses were simulated for tests comprised of 5, 10, 15, and 25 items in conjunction with groups of 200, 300, 500, and 1,000 examinees sampled from a N(0,1) distribution. The item parameters for the study were selected from responses to the Job Descriptive Index (Drasgow & Hulin, 1988), which represented a moderately easy test (i.e., item difficulties were centered below the mean of the 8 distribution). ...
Marginal maximum likelihood (MML) estimation of the logistic response model assumes a structure for the distribution of ability (8). If this assump tion is incorrect, the statistical properties of MML estimates may not hold. Monte carlo methods were used to evaluate MML estimation of item param eters and maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of θ in the two-parameter logistic model for varying test lengths, sample sizes, and assumed θ dis tribution. 100 datasets were generated for each of the combinations of factors, allowing for item-level analyses based on means across replications. MML estimates of item difficulty were generally precise and stable in small samples, short tests, and under varying distributional assumptions of θ. When the true distribution of θ was normal, MML estimates of item discrimination were also gen erally precise and stable. ML estimates of θ were generally precise and stable, although the distribu tion of θ estimates was platykurtic and truncated at the high and low ends of the score range.
... (1) El marco teórico y conceptual que sirvió de guía en la construcción de ítems del State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, (2) La teoría de equivalencia psicométrica y el marco conceptual de respuesta de ítems en medición transcultural (Drasgow y Hulin, 1987;Brislin, 1970;Hulin, 1987;Sechrest, Fay y Hafeez, 1972;Sperber, Devellis y Boehlecke, 1994). ...
We presented a view ofthe conceptual and theoretical framework of anger and hostility that guided the construction of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). The goal of this study was to report the final selection and adaptation of the 44 items that comprise the Multicultural Latin American Anger Expression Inventory (ML-STAXI). In keeping with the conceptual definitions of stage-anger, trait-anger, and anger expression and control, new items were also constructed to replace those containing English idiomatic expressions, Utilizing a multicultural Latin American population sample, responses to the items, were factored by principal factor analysis with promax rotations to determine the level of correspondence of factor structure between these two instruments. The analyses substantially verified the factor structure of the ML-STAXI previously found in a Latín American sample. The ML-ST AXI presents with empirical
... Essentially, because of its relatively small population and its geographical and cultural proximity to the United States, Canada has traditionally favored the use of American tests and norms instead of the development of specifically Canadian assessment devices. Although many authors (Drasgow & Hulin, 1987;Geisinger, 1994;Hambleton, 1993) have warned tests users that such practices can seriously threaten the validity of tests results and score interpretation, practical concerns and feasibility have often been invoked as obstacles to the Canadian normalization or adaptation of imported tests. While recommendations that tests be renormed or interpreted differently when they undergo a translation or adaptation have often been made (Geisinger, 1994;Helms-Lorenz & van de Vijver, 1995;Lonner, 1990), psychological tests used in Canada have rarely been submitted to renorming or even to adaptation. ...
Translation of psychological tests developed and normed in other countries appears to be a common practice in countries that, like Canada, recognize more than one official languages or have among their population considerable cultural groups whose mother tongue is not the official language. In such situations, rigorous assessment of the equivalence of the original and translated versions of the test is essential, in particular when translated test versions are scored using original test norms. This article, based upon a research project aimed toward establishment of double (for French and English Canadians) Canadian norms of the CPI-434 (Gough, 1996), describes how the Guidelines for adapting tests, developed by the International Tests Commission, allow one to consider the process of equivalence assessment of a translated test as being similar in nature to the collection of construct validity evidence of a test. From this perspective, and in line with the Guidelines, a translation method focused on the judgmental assessment of conceptual and linguistic equivalence of translated tests is proposed and discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Although the internal consistency of the Chinese MDQ was quite high, the eight items with a kappa of less than 0á4 should be reviewed. Such further study could determine how to improve the translation or whether these items should be removed from the scale (Drasgow & Hulin 1987). As suggested by Portney & Watkins (1993), subjective examination of the data provided some assistance in understanding the low kappa results. ...
Translation of questionnaires and issues of equivalence¶ The validity of studies using translated instruments may be questioned when there is a lack of attention to and/or minimal explanation of the procedures used for determining the equivalence between the primary and secondary language tool. Ensuring equivalence of a translated Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire is an important prerequisite for identifying culturally specific expressions of concepts under investigation and for cross-cultural comparisons. This paper examines the principles and procedures for determining equivalence of translated tools and their application to the development of an equivalent Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Translation and back-translation were used to develop a Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Bilingual university students completed both versions of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Most of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire items had an acceptable Kappa openface> 0·4. Intraclass correlation coefficients indicated moderate to high levels of equivalence for total scores and all scales. Improvement in the translation of some items is needed to further enhance the equivalence of the Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire.
... The most significant limitation in all the above translation methods is the involvement of bilingual translators because these translators often have different world views and may interpret survey items differently than the monolingual speakers in the target population who will be surveyed. [18][19] Irrespective of the translation method, simply translating a survey from one language to another does not lead to linguistic and conceptual equivalence. 16,20 Incorporating the input of monolingual representatives through one-on-one interviews or focus groups may help address this limitation. ...
The validity of physical activity (PA) self-report measures can be a problem when using these measures with target populations that differ from the population for which the measures were originally developed.
Describe an approach to further tailor PA self-report measures to a target community, and report on focus group and cognitive interview findings.
Topics relevant to culturally tailoring measures are discussed, including translation, focus groups, and cognitive interviews. We describe examples from our own work, including focus groups and cognitive interviews conducted to assess Latinos' interpretations of PA questions derived from various epidemiological surveys that were developed in White communities.
Findings from focus groups and cognitive interviews provide valuable information about the comprehension, interpretation, and cultural relevance of the PA questions to Latino communities.
It is recommended that investigators collect formative data to better assess the equivalence of items being applied to a different cultural group. Guidelines for cultural attunement of self-report instruments are described to promote more uniform and rigorous processes of adaptation and facilitate cross-cultural investigations.
... Empirical evidence has shown that, when researchers use only bilingual participants to test translated instruments, bias can be introduced because bilingual speakers may use and understand languages differently than do monolingual speakers (Candell & Hultin, 1986;Drasgow & Hulin, 1987;Jones & Kay, 1992;Tang & Dixon, 2002). Thus, we used purposive sampling to recruit 10 bilingual firstgeneration Chinese immigrant youth through university Chinese student associations, local Chinese organizations, churches, and personal referrals. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the linguistic and cultural equivalency of two Chinese-version instruments measuring sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among 10 bilingual and 2 monolingual Chinese immigrant youth aged 13-19 years. We used a rigorous design to translate, back-translate, and pilot test the instruments. Kappa coefficient, percentage agreement, and qualitative feedback from participants were used to examine reliability and validity of the instruments. Telephone interviews revealed that answer discrepancies in different language versions were due to external factors rather than lack of linguistic and cultural equivalency. This study offers preliminary evidence supporting the cultural and linguistic equivalence of two Chinese-version sexual scales.
... (1) El marco teórico y conceptual que sirvió de guía en la construcción de ítems del State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, (2) La teoría de equivalencia psicométrica y el marco conceptual de respuesta de ítems en medición transcultural (Drasgow y Hulin, 1987;Brislin, 1970;Hulin, 1987;Sechrest, Fay y Hafeez, 1972;Sperber, Devellis y Boehlecke, 1994). ...
Se presenta un análisis conceptual y del marco teórico de la cólera y
hostilidad poniendo énfasis en las distinciones de la experiencia, expresión y control de la cólera. El propósito de este artículo fue reportar la construcción y adaptación del1nventario Multicultural Latinoamericano de la Expresión de la
Cólera (ML-STAXI). Siguiendo el marco teórico y conceptual de Cólera/Estado,
Cólera /Rasgo, y Expresión y Control de la Cólera, se procedió a la selección final y adaptación de 44 ítems que conforman el ML-STAXI. Utilizando una muestra multicultural con participantes (sujetos) de diversos países latinoamericanos,
se confirmó la validez de construcción y consistencia interna del instrumento con base en el análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotaciones promax. Los resultados confirman las observaciones preliminares
encontradas en estudios anteriores en cuanto a la multidimensionalidad de la
cólera y un elevado nivel de correspondencia factorial entre el State- Trait Anger Expression Inventory y el ML-STAXI. Asimismo, el ML-STAXI demuestra un alto nivel de validez de constructo y consistencia interna, reflejada en su estructura
factorial y coeficientes alpha.
... However, it is important to mention that some critics argue against making national personality comparisons simply because of technical issues (see Pervin, 1999, for a review). To properly conduct much cross-cultural research, a foundation described as measurement equivalence must be laid (Drasgow & Hulin, 1987;Ghorpade, Hattrup, & Lackritz, 1999). Essentially, we would like people from two different cultures who have the same underlying trait to the same degree to also generate the same observed score on the personality test. ...
The possibility that national personality traits could explain national subjective well-being (SWB) is controversial, with many researchers arguing that traits are irrelevant to any national-level analysis. The weaknesses of this standpoint are reviewed, followed by a series of empirical investigations. Using Eysenck's 3-factor model (H. J. Eysenck & S. B. G. Eysenck, 1975) and P. T. Costa and R. M. McCrae's (1992b) 5-factor model, the authors found that Neuroticism and Extraversion correlated significantly with national SWB. Lie scale scores were also related strongly to national SWB. Neuroticism and Extraversion incrementally predicted SWB above gross national product per capita. The strength of these results indicates that personality can have stronger relationships at national levels of analysis than at the individual level. National personality traits appear to be unwisely neglected, having considerable but largely unconsidered explanatory power.
Introduction
The origins of health status assessment can be traced to the 1960s and the need at that time for a new armamentaria of health statistics to measure outcomes above and beyond mortality and morbidity. The state of health outcomes assessment in the 1960s has been characterized by the five Ds: death, disease, disability, discomfort, and dissatisfaction. In the USA, death registration was standardized in most states by 1930 and disease surveys had been underway since the late 1880s.– Measurement of disability began in the 1930s– but earnestly gained momentum in the late 1950s.– The National Health Interview Survey, which is a major source of information on disease and disability, was instituted in 1957 and continues today. Measurement of discomfort (subjective and objective sickness impacts) began in the 1940s, and continues to constitute a significant component of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) surveys. Measurement of patient satisfaction commenced in the 1950s for mental health care, and the 1960s for general medical care.
We have made great progress in measuring patient health outcomes since the five Ds were first propounded. There are over 85 tools that measure basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Myriad measures of depression exist. Close to two dozen generic HRQOL instruments have been developed. Hundreds of disease-specific instruments abound., In cancer, over 75 different HRQOL measures exist. The vast majority of these measures have been created under the umbrella of classical test theory (CTT).
The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the effects in score and validity, of one test administration in a non dominant language for the subjects, also the score and validity of the instrument translated to the basque language. The results in a verbal comprehension test were compared in relation to the reference and two focal groups. The high percentage of differential item functioning show a lack of validity of the test in anyone of the two evaluated conditions.
A continuing evolution in both problem recognition and systematic research addressing the need for culturally equivalent and transnational versions of tests has been noted over the past decade. While the concerns and problem areas for cultural equivalence assessment research have remained relatively constant over the years, new variations of these problems have emerged. Additionally, the number and quality of studies addressing these concerns as well as related methodologies have improved and become more sophisticated. The present chapter reviews the current status of available methodologies for test translation and cultural equivalence, addresses the emergence and problems associated with computer and Internet technologies for cross-cultural testing, and provides recommendations regarding clinical approaches to selection of adapted tests for assessing culturally diverse clients.
Se describe la importancia del estudio de la ira y hostilidad. Presentamos un análisis de los aspectos conceptuales y teóricos de la expresión y supresión de la ira. El propósito de este artículo fue reportar las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario Multicultural de la Expresión de la Ira y Hostilidad (IMIHOS), en base a una muestra multicultural con participantes de diversos países de América Latina. Se realizó un análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotaciones promax con el fin de determinar el nivel de correspondencia de la estructura factorial del instrumento. Los resultados reportados demuestran un elevado nivel de validez de constructo y consistencia interna, reflejada por su estructura factorial y coeficientes alpha de Cronbach. Palabras clave: Ira, hostilidad, validez de constructo, investigación transcultural. We present a view of the conceptual and theoretical framework of the expression and suppression of anger. The goal of this study was to report the development of the Multicultural Anger Expression and Hostility Inventory. Responses to the items were factored in separate principal component factor analysis with promax rotations to determine the level of factor structure. The analyses substantially verified the factor structure of previous studies in Latin American samples. The instrument presents with empirical evidence that demonstrates a high degree of construct validity and internal consistency as shown by its factorial structure and alpha correlations. A importância do estudo da raiva e hostilidade é descrito. Nós apresentamos uma análise dos aspectos conceituais e teóricos da expressão e supressão da raiva. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar as propriedades psicométricas do Inventário de Expressão Multicultural de raiva e hostilidade (IMIHOS), com base em uma amostra multicultural com participantes de vários países da América Latina. A análise factorial de componentes principais com rotações Promax, a fim de determinar o nível de correspondência na estrutura do instrumento foi conduzido. Os resultados apresentados demonstram um alto nível de validade de construto e consistência interna, como refletido pela sua estrutura fatorial e coeficientes alfa de Cronbach. Palavras-chave: raiva, hostilidade, validade de constructo, a pesquisa transcultural.
Although scientific publications on the subject of optimism have been numerous in the field of general psychology over the last fifteen years, there have been very few studies in the area of sport. In an effort to advance the body of knowledge related to optimism in sport, this article will present a review of the scientific literature stemming from research in North America on the subject of optimism. More specifically, the two theoretical approaches which have received the most attention of researchers in the field of optimism over the past thirty years will be presented. An overview of the limits of optimism studies is also discussed along with orientations for future research in the area of optimism and sport.
The accuracy of marginal maximum likelihood esti mates of the item parameters of the two-parameter lo gistic model was investigated. Estimates were obtained for four sample sizes and four test lengths; joint maxi mum likelihood estimates were also computed for the two longer test lengths. Each condition was replicated 10 times, which allowed evaluation of the accuracy of estimated item characteristic curves, item parameter estimates, and estimated standard errors of item pa rameter estimates for individual items. Items that are typical of a widely used job satisfaction scale and moderately easy tests had satisfactory marginal esti mates for all sample sizes and test lengths. Larger samples were required for items with extreme diffi culty or discrimination parameters. Marginal estima tion was substantially better than joint maximum like lihood estimation. Index terms: Fletcher-Powell algorithm, item parameter estimation, item response theory, joint maximum likelihood estimation, marginal maximum likelihood estimation, two-parameter logistic model.
The purpose of this study was to test the effects of computer administration and identification of respondents on responses on the Job Descriptive Index (JDI). Affordable and user-friendly computer technology has made it possible to administer organizational surveys on computers. However, the effect of this recent technology on survey responses is not certain. In addition to response bias, the study compared the differences in candor, enjoyability, and reliability of responses between paper-and-pencil and computer administration. One hundred seventy-six subjects were randomly assigned to computer or paper-and-pencil administration of the survey, and to three levels of identification. Subjects completed the JDI and additional questions on paper-and-pencil or on computer terminals. The equivalent levels of job satisfaction on both methods of administration demonstrate the feasiblity of computer administration of the JDI. In addition, the JDI subscales demonstrated similar levels of reliabilities on computer and on paper-and-pencil. Identification of subjects influenced responses on the Supervision subscale only, identified subjects scoring higher than anonymous participants. Subjects perceived both methods of administration as being equally truthful and enjoyable.
En este trabajo se subrayan las fases a las que debería someterse todo proceso de adaptación de pruebas psicológicas y se ilustran con el estudio de la adaptación al euskera de dos pruebas con componentes verbales. En la primera fase, de carácter exploratorio, se comparan los coeficientes de fiabilidad y las estructuras factoriales y se detecta el funcionamiento diferencial de los ítems. En la segunda fase de índole confirmatoria, se analizan las causas de este último concluyendo la existencia o inexistencia de sesgo. El funcionamiento diferencial se evalúa con el estadístico Mantel-Haenszel y tres medidas derivadas de la teoría de respuesta a los ítems (c2 de Lord y las áreas exactas con signo y sin signo de Raju). El alto porcentaje de funcionamiento diferencial encontrado lleva a la conclusión de que las adaptaciones, lejos de ser simples traducciones lingüísticas, han de tener en cuenta distintas dimensiones semánticas que garanticen la equivalencia en el grado de familiaridad y significatividad entre los términos utilizados.
In the past, most refugees who permanently resettled in the traditional recipient countries of North America, Europe, and Australasia were screened prior to arrival in a host country. In the last decade, increasing numbers of unauthorized refugees or asylum seekers, those who formally lodge application for refugee status in the country in which they are residing, have applied for protection after crossing the borders of these countries. Concerns about uncontrolled migration have encouraged host countries to adopt policies of deterrence in which increasingly restrictive measures are being imposed on persons seeking asylum. These measures include, variously, confinement in detention centers, enforced dispersal within the community, the implementation of more stringent refugee determination procedures, and temporary forms of asylum. In several countries, asylum seekers living in the community face restricted access to work, education, housing, welfare, and, in some situations, to basic health care services. Allegations of abuse, untreated medical and psychiatric illnesses, suicidal behavior, hunger strikes, and outbreaks of violence among asylum seekers in detention centers have been reported. Although systematic research into the mental health of asylum seekers is in its infancy, and methods are limited by sampling difficulties, there is growing evidence that salient postmigration stress facing asylum seekers adds to the effect of previous trauma in creating risk of ongoing posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric symptoms. The medical profession has a role in educating governments and the public about the potential risks of imposing excessively harsh policies of deterrence on the mental health of asylum seekers. JAMA. 2000;284:604-611
This article reviews the literature on using behavior-rating scales to assess the mental health of children from different ethnic groups in the United States. Particular emphasis is placed on children referred to child welfare and juvenile justice systems. Differences between categorical and dimensional classification, as well as broadband versus narrowband classification approaches are discussed. Sources of potential bias and the best available methods used to assess ethnic group differences in ratings scales are presented. Finally, the extent to which behavior rating scales have been examined for measurement equivalence is critiqued and directions for future research are forward.
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