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Demolition of Buildings--An Overview

January 2014

Authors:

PROF RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT, BADNERA - AMRAVATI

We know that every structure is designed for a specific life period, generally 100 years. The existence of the structure after the service life period is very dangerous to its occupants and surrounding buildings. Therefore it becomes essential to demolish the building. Demolition is the tearing-down of buildings which involves taking a building apart while preserving the valuable elements for re-use. There are various methods of demolition. The building is brought down either manually or mechanically depending upon the method used for demolition of buildings. Equipments used for demolition work are hammers, rammers, excavators, bulldozers, wrecking ball and the explosives used are dynamites and detonators etc which is generally preferred for tall buildings. The various steps involved before the demolition process includes surveying of the demolition site, removal of hazardous material and safety precautionary measures. The study also includes the precautionary measures regarding machinery or equipments, scaffolding, public safety and worker safety. Various strategies of demolition waste have been reported in literature for implementing good practices for demolition of buildings.

Demolition of cantilevered RCC slab (Manual method)

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Demolition of slab

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Demolition of Slabs and Beams

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Figures - uploaded by Pravin Khandve

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Content uploaded by Pravin Khandve

Content may be subject to copyright.

International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)

Volume 1,Issue 6,June 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406

Demolition of Buildings – An Overview

Shweta O. Rathi1, P.V. Khandve2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Prof Ram Meghe College of Engineering and Management, Badnera

Amravati (M.S.), rathi.shweta89@gmail.com

2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Prof Ram Meghe College of Engineering and

Management, Badnera, Amravati (M.S.), khandvesir@gmail.com

Abstract - We know that every structure is designed for a specific life period, generally 100 years.

The existence of the structure after the service life period is very dangerous to its occupants and

surrounding buildings. Therefore it becomes essential to demolish the building. Demolition is the

tearing-down of buildings which involves taking a building apart while preserving the valuable

elements for re-use. There are various methods of demolition. The building is brought down either

manually or mechanically depending upon the method used for demolition of buildings. Equipments

used for demolition work are hammers, rammers, excavators, bulldozers, wrecking ball and the

explosives used are dynamites and detonators etc which is generally preferred for tall buildings. The

various steps involved before the demolition process includes surveying of the demolition site,

removal of hazardous material and safety precautionary measures. The study also includes the

precautionary measures regarding machinery or equipments, scaffolding, public safety and worker

safety. Various strategies of demolition waste have been reported in literature for implementing good

practices for demolition of buildings.

Keywords – Demolition, dismantling, building, collapse, precautions.

I. INTRODUCTION

Demolition is the process of destroying down or dismantling or collapsing down of large

buildings after its useful life period. The process of demolition is carried out with the help of some

equipment or other methods with legal procedure followed by the consent of the local authority. We

know that every structure is designed for a specific life period generally 100 years. The existence of

the structure after the service life period is over is very dangerous to its occupants and surrounding

buildings. The purpose of demolition is to prevent the accidental collapse of any part of the building

and to ensure safety of workers, public and neighboring properties.

Prior to carrying out any building demolition, detailed building appraisal by means of surveys

and appropriate assessments shall be required which shall include a building survey and a structure

survey. Increased concern for environmental protection has led governments to introduce legislation

to encourage the use of construction demolished waste after recycling it. Demolition sites are the

sources of large amounts of solid waste, which today is being used as mere landfill. On the other

hand, building practices are such that reusable materials also become mixed with rubble, stone and

soil, reducing their value and making recycling difficult or uneconomical. A building waste recycling

as aggregates is a modern approach for preventing environmental pollution through reducing the

stocks of waste. The reuse of building waste is a relatively new issue for the world despite the

existing considerable quantity of building waste. Demolition work is one of the most important

operations in construction engineering field. If demolition activity is not done carefully it may result

into severe consequences. The various causes of consequences of demolition of buildings are as

follows -

i. Injury to human workers due to the difficulty of accessing into or working inside a

building which is under demolition.

ii. Falling of smaller objects or debris from the demolishing building.

International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)

Volume 1,Issue 6,June 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406

iii. Falling of partially demolished structure.

iv. Collapse of unstable structure due to original structure being disturbed.

v. Employing inappropriate methods to demolish.

vi. Collapse of heavy demolition equipment due to inadequate support of the partially

demolished structure.

vii. Collapse of the partially demolished structure due to the accommodation of large amount

of unclear debris.

viii. Congested site environment that easily cause damages to human workers or to the third

parties that are situated nearby the demo1ition site.

ix. Difficult access for workers entering into a building under demolition

x. Heavy machinery used in demolition may have risk of collapse due to insufficient

support.

To avoid these consequences from demolition work, it is necessary to understand complete

process of demolition of building.

II. DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS

Demolition is the tearing-down of buildings and other structures. Demolition contrasts with

deconstruction, which involves taking a building apart while carefully preserving valuable elements

for re-use. Demolition methods can vary depending on the area where it will be held on, time

available, the building material, the purpose of the demolition and the way that debris is going to be

disposed. Times saving methods are more expensive than the slower ones.

2.1. Pre-planning of demolition activity

The different steps before the start of a demolition process are -

2.1.1. Surveying of Site

Study of different parameters with different views of the structure and its surroundings with

structural point of view is carried in surveying. The two types of surveying which are mainly

conducted are building surveying and structural surveying.

2.2.2. Removal of hazardous materials

Before starting demolition of building hazardous materials if any, such as asbestos containing

materials, petroleum contamination and radioactive contamination, etc exist in the building are

removed. Further investigation and removal of such hazardous material or contamination by experts

shall be done.

2.2.3. Preparation of plan for demolition work

Demolition Plan and strategy is prepared which includes the following -

a. The building location to be demolished.

b. Topography of the site with its ground level contours and sections of the slopes and ground

supported by the building where appropriate in detailed.

c. Details of ground removal and/or backfilling.

2.2.4. Required stability report

The Stability Report shall include the following parts -

a. A report on the stability of the building to be demolished during all stages of demolition.

b. In the case when powered mechanical plants or equipment are used, structural calculations for all

temporary supports and bracings.

c. A report on the stability of neighboring buildings, adjoining properties.

International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)

Volume 1,Issue 6,June 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406

III. METHODS OF DEMOLITION

The demolition sequence will depend on things like the type of construction, location, and

demolition methods selected. Buildings and structures should generally be demolished in reverse

order to their construction, that is, by „sequential demolition‟. The different methods of demolition

are as below –

3.1. Demolition of building by Top Down- Manual Method

Manual methods are carried out top down, proceeding, in general, from the roof to ground. The

particular sequence of demolition may vary, depending on site conditions and structural elements to

be demolished.

3.1.1. Demolition of Cantilevered Structures and Balconies

Cantilevered structures, balconies and canopies may project out of the building over the

pedestrian footpath or in some cases over a portion of the traffic lane. Figure 1.Illustrates the

demolition of cantilevered slab. The general sequence of dismantling cantilevered slabs and beams

are described in the following –

i. The exterior wall shall be demolished first.

ii. Any structure or dead load supported by the cantilevered system shall be removed prior to

demolishing the cantilevered slabs and beams.

iii. The concrete shall be broken down gradually starting from the exterior edge of the

cantilevered floor, working inwards and toward its supporting beams.

Figure 1. Demolition of cantilevered RCC slab (Manual method)

International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)

Volume 1,Issue 6,June 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406

3.1.2. Demolition of Floor Slabs

Reinforced concrete floor slab shall be demolished by gradually breaking away the concrete. The

reinforcement shall remain and be cut off after the concrete is broken away.

Figure 2. Demolition of slab

3.2. Demolition of building by Top Down- By Machines

The sequence of demolition by machine is typically the same as the top down manual method,

except that most of the demolition is done by mechanical plant. The demolition begins with the

lifting of the mechanical plant on to the building top floor. When rope or tie wire is used for pulling,

the workers shall be protected or stay away from the area within reach of the rope or tie wire. The

concrete shall be broken away first before the cutting of reinforcement. Alternatively the reinforced

concrete slab may be cut by saw cutting. Demolition sequence would be as shown in following

figures.

Figure 3. Demolition of Slabs and Beams

International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)

Volume 1,Issue 6,June 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406

Figure 4. Continue Demolition of Slabs and Beams

Figure 5. An access ramp to allow machine to climb down to the next floor below

Figure 6. Demolition of interior column

International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)

Volume 1,Issue 6,June 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406

3.3. Demolition of building by Wrecking Ball

The wrecking ball application consists of a crane equipped with a steel ball. The destruction of the

building is by the impact energy of the steel ball suspended from the crawler crane. Recommended

techniques for the wrecking ball operations include

i. Vertical Drop - free falling of the wrecking ball onto the structure and

ii. Swing in line - swinging of the ball in-line with the jib.

Figure 7 illustrates the operation through Wrecking Ball.

Figure 7. Operation using Wrecking Ball

3.4. Demolition of building by implosion

Implosion is the strategic placing of explosive material and timing of its detonation so that a structure

collapses on itself in a matter of seconds, minimizing the physical damage to its immediate

surroundings. The technique weakens or removes critical supports so that the building can no longer

withstand the force of gravity and falls under its own weight. Implosion are discussed in the

following -

i. Pre-weakening of the structure shall be designed to ensure the structural stability before

the implosion.

ii. To minimize the dispersion of building debris into adjoining land after implosion, a

trench or bund wall shall be installed outside the building to contain the debris, unless a

basement exists.

iii. A good design will cause the structure to fall towards the centre of the building and/or

within the protected area.

International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)

Volume 1,Issue 6,June 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406

iv. A good design will provide adequate and sufficient time delay to allow only one or two

floors of the building debris to fall on ground level at a time in order to limit the

magnitude of the impact on the ground.

v. The design must also identify an exclusion zone to evacuate all residents or inhabitants

during the implosion.

vi. The structural safety of the building to be imploded shall be checked and certified to be

sound and safe at all stages prior to implosion.

IV. PROTECTIVE PRECAUTIONS FOR DEMOLITION

Safety precautions must be taken to safeguard persons working on the site and members of the

public who are in the vicinity, as well as to protect property likely to be affected by the demolition.

4.1. Precautions regarding Machinery / Equipment

The following precautions should be taken regarding machinery/ equipment -

i. All dismantling equipment should be operated by competent persons with appropriate

training.

ii. These equipment should be used and maintained as recommended by the equipment‟s

manufacturer or supplier.

iii. Lifting equipment should be thoroughly examined by an authorized examiner at least

once every 12 months for those lifting goods or materials or once every 6 months for

those lifting personnel.

4.2. Precautions regarding Scaffolding

The following precautions should be taken regarding scaffolding -

i. Scaffolds above 4m in height (excluding tower and trestle scaffolds) should be erected,

installed, added, altered or dismantled by an approved scaffold contractor.

ii. Working platforms should be free from debris.

iii. Every scaffold should have at least one designated access point.

iv. Care should be taken to prevent damage to scaffolding components from falling debris.

4.3. Precautions regarding Public Safety

The following precautions should be taken regarding public safety -

i. The demolition site should be properly barricaded with appropriate warning signs posted.

ii. No unauthorized entry should be permitted in the demolition site.

iii. Catch platforms should be provided where exterior walls or roofs are being demolished.

iv. Movement of machinery from floor to floor should be considered in the demolition

procedures.

v. The use of dismantled debris to form access ramps for machinery may lead to overloading

of floors.

4.4. Precautions regarding Worker Safety

The following precautions should be taken regarding worker safety -

i. Workers involved in demolition works must be provided with appropriate training and

instructions to carry out demolition works safely.

ii. Supervision is needed to ensure that only those workers who have received training and

instructions are authorized to carry out the work.

iii. All personnel assessing the demolition site must be provided with safety boots and

helmets.

International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)

Volume 1,Issue 6,June 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406

iv. Workers should, when necessary, be provided with appropriate personal protective

equipment such as goggles, hearing protection devices, safety harness, gloves, protective

clothing, etc.

v. Appropriate respirators for dust or chemicals should also be provided.

V. PROBLEMS IN DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS

The problems which may arise while carrying out the building demolition are as follows -

i. Accidents due to persons falling from high, unprotected workplaces and through

openings.

ii. Accidents due to persons being struck by falling objects.

iii. The building collapsing suddenly and unexpectedly may cause death of the workers.

iv. Insecure materials in or on the structure.

v. Exposure to dust, chemicals, and noise influence the occupational health.

Demolition of buildings involves various demolition activities which cause influence on the

environment which ultimately give rise to pollution.

VI. CONCLUSIONS

It is concluded that before carrying out any demolition works, building survey must be done

carefully, so that it may not cause any severe damage to the environment, public and adjacent

properties around the building which is to be demolished. Any type of building to be demolished, its

method depends upon various factors such as site condition, type of structures, age of building,

height of building and economy and most important its location with presence of its surrounding

with its structural stability. Controlled demolition of building is necessary to ensure safety of both

the workers and the surroundings so as to cause least amount of injuries and accidents. Explosive or

implosion demolition is the most preferred method for safely and efficiently demolishing the larger

structures which requires a very high precision. The procedure of demolishment should be carried

out with the aim of minimizing the risks of causing damage to persons and properties of the public,

endangering the health and safety of site personnel and damaging the neighborhood environment.

REFERENCES

[1] M.G.Bhandari, V.K.Kulkarni, R.K.Malviya, (2013), “ Building Demolition: Ground to Earth Important as

Construction”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com

(ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)

[2] Ch.F. Hendriks, Mrs G.M.T. Janssen (2001), “Construction and demolition waste: general process aspects”,

HERON, Vol. 46, No. 2 (2001) ISSN 0046-7316

[3] Asif Husain, and Majid Matouq Assas (2013), “Utilization of Demolished Concrete Waste for New Construction”,

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 73

[4] R. Kamala, B. Krishna Rao (2012),” Reuse of Solid Waste from Building Demolition for the Replacement of Natural

Aggregates”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-

2, Issue-1, October 2012

[5] “Technical Advisory for Demolition”, Published in March 2009 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in

collaboration with the Ministry of Manpower, www.wshc.gov.sg

[6] Buildings Department (2004), “Code of practice for demolition of buildings” published by Buildings Department

[7] BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS (2012), Draft NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2005: PART 11

approach to sustainability

[8] Achuta Rao, “Report on Demolition of Structures”, SAG Refresher Course No. 12203

[9] K. Arya, A.K.Sharma, Arvind Kumar, N.K.Sharma, “Report on Demolition of Structures using Implosion

Technology”, SESSION NO 514 INTEGRATED COURSE IRICEN PUNE

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The work is dedicated to the solution of relevant scientific and applied issue - increasing the efficiency of production projects development for the dismantling and demolition of old buildings. The shown issue of demolition (dismantling) of buildings and structures is a multidimensional, multifaceted, multifunctional, and interdisciplinary task. The process of old buildings demolition f requires the efforts and coordination of many specialists from different fields of knowledge and professions. One aspect of the issue is the design of efficient and safe work production technologies. The authors of publications on the topic of the research provide various examples and arguments for the use of various demolition methods and justify their advantages. These examples of practical experience of various methods application are mostly single particular cases, without generalizations, and the results are not embodied in the concrete finished documents and are of little use in practice at project development of works. All that is needed is to equip the developers with typical technological solutions (schemes) in conjunction with digital technologies for systematisation according to certain features and automated search in case of transfer for their reuse and which were clear and convincing for both parties (Customer and developer). The purpose of the article: typification and systematization of technical solutions (schemes) for the works’ production on dismantling and destruction of structures and digitalization for the process of work production project development. The object of research: a selection of the main technical solutions in the implementation of dismantling objects. To realize the given goal, the following tasks were solved: An electronic database of Work production project documentation was created from the implemented projects of dismantling (demolition) of buildings and structures. The sample population included more than 30 buildings and structures of industrial and civil purpose decommissioned and dismantled (demolished) over the past 7 years in Dnipropetrovsk and adjacent regions. An analysis of the technical solutions (schemes) for the production of works included in the projects was carried out and the most important (key) factors of the object and the surroundings, which condition the technical solutions for the buildings and structures dismantling, were determined. The series (limits) of changes in the numerical values of key factors, as well as the relative frequency (repeatability) of making those production decisions in the total volume of the sample population were obtained. On the basis of groups of key factors, a system of documentation and review (search) was created based on key features of technical solutions, production schemes for dismantling buildings and structures. Results. The research allowed us to proceed to typification of the most recurrent technical solutions and to digitalization of the Work production project development process, maximally using typical work production schemes (drawings, specifications, information) for reuse. Using a digitized base of typical technical solutions for reuse and digital technologies of systematization, review and transfer of work production schemes, it is aimed at significantly reducing the time of development of Work production project and their implementation with minimal expenditure of time and resources.

Utilization of demolished concrete waste for new construction

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2013

Construction and demolition waste: General process aspects

Article

Jan 2001

A review of the general process aspects of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is presented. The design and construction based on ease of recycling and prevention of construction and demolition waste is emphasized. Methods for quantitative prevention of demolition wastes and selective demolition are discussed. It was concluded that demolition of buildings should be executed in a manner so as to reuse the CDW as aggregate after proper crushing, sieving and cleaning.

Building Demolition: Ground to Earth Important as Construction

Apr 2008

M G Bhandari
V K Kulkarni
R K Malviya

M.G.Bhandari, V.K.Kulkarni, R.K.Malviya, (2013), " Building Demolition: Ground to Earth Important as Construction", International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)

Reuse of Solid Waste from Building Demolition for the Replacement of Natural Aggregates

Oct 2012
2249-8958

R Kamala
B Krishna Rao

R. Kamala, B. Krishna Rao (2012)," Reuse of Solid Waste from Building Demolition for the Replacement of Natural Aggregates", International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 -8958, Volume-2, Issue-1, October 2012

Technical Advisory for Demolition by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with the Ministry of Manpower, www.wshc.gov.sg [6] Buildings Department Code of practice for demolition of buildings " published by Buildings Department

Jan 2004

" Technical Advisory for Demolition ", Published in March 2009 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with the Ministry of Manpower, www.wshc.gov.sg [6] Buildings Department (2004), " Code of practice for demolition of buildings " published by Buildings Department [7] BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS (2012), Draft NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2005: PART 11 approach to sustainability

Report on Demolition of Structures

Achuta Rao

Achuta Rao, "Report on Demolition of Structures", SAG Refresher Course No. 12203

Report on Demolition of Structures using Implosion Technology

K Arya
A K Sharma
Arvind Kumar
N K Sharma

K. Arya, A.K.Sharma, Arvind Kumar, N.K.Sharma, "Report on Demolition of Structures using Implosion Technology", SESSION NO 514 INTEGRATED COURSE IRICEN PUNE

Code of practice for demolition of buildings

Jan 2004

Buildings Department (2004), "Code of practice for demolition of buildings" published by Buildings Department

Demolition of Buildings--An Overview

Abstract and Figures

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