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The compassion scale

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... The Compassion scale (CS), originally developed by Pommier (2011) and adapted for the Portuguese population by Vieira and Castilho (2013), is utilised to measure compassion for others and consists of 24 items. The answers are given using a Likert scale from 1 to 5, ranging from 'almost never' to 'almost always' (Vieira & Castilho, 2013). ...
... This self-reported scale presents six subscales (within parentheses, the Cronbach's alphas for the original and Portuguese versions are presented, respectively): Kindness (α = 0.83; α = 0.79), Indifference (α = 0.71; α = 0.79), Common Humanity (α = 0.71; α = 0.78), Separation (α = 0.68; α = 0.79), Mindfulness (α = 0.72; α = 0.74) and Disengagement (α = 0.71; α = 0.78). The Cronbach's alpha value for scale total was 0.87 in the original version (Pommier, 2011), 0.92 in the Portuguese version (Vieira & Castilho, 2013) and 0.90 in the current study. The scale presents good psychometric capabilities with excellent internal consistency (Pommier, 2011;Vieira & Castilho, 2013). ...
... The Cronbach's alpha value for scale total was 0.87 in the original version (Pommier, 2011), 0.92 in the Portuguese version (Vieira & Castilho, 2013) and 0.90 in the current study. The scale presents good psychometric capabilities with excellent internal consistency (Pommier, 2011;Vieira & Castilho, 2013). The total score is computed by adding the means of each subscale, while inverting the scores of the Indifference, Separation and Disengagement subscales (Vieira & Castilho, 2013). ...
Article
People with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) face discriminatory behaviours based on their condition, a consequence of prevailing negative attitudes in society. The main goal of this study was to adapt and validate the Societal Attitudes Towards Autism scale (SATA) for the Portuguese population. Additionally, we intended to examine possible factors that may influence current attitudes towards ASD. Participants were 377 adults from the general Portuguese population, with an average age of 38.55years. The sample was collected online using self- reported questionnaires. Starting from the original factorial structure, four SATA models were tested. The final model showed adequate fit. This unifactorial model comprised 12 items, with two correlated error pairs. The internal consistency of the total scale was acceptable (α=0.79), and the convergent validity was confirmed by significant correlations between the SATA and compassion, and empathy. Findings suggested temporal stability was adequate. Women aged 31 to 45 years, with more knowledge of and contact with ASD, and with an autistic family member, showed more positive attitudes towards ASD. The SATA seems to be a valid and reliable scale to measure the attitudes of the Portuguese population towards ASD.
... Compassion Scale: This scale was developed by Pommier (2010), with its Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability study being conducted by Akdeniz and Deniz (2016) (23,24). The scale consists of 24 items and six dimensions in total. ...
... Separation involves a sense of separation from others, especially when others suffer. When individuals start to see others as separate from themself, they may stop approaching others with compassion in situations of suffering (23). When examining the scale items belonging to the separation subdimension, items are seen that include an individual being insensitive in a negative situation. ...
... Kindness and sincerity help one develop the perception that the world is a safe place and allow individuals to be open to themself and others. People with low levels of kindness and sincerity perceive the world as dangerous and direct their attention negatively toward themself for protection (23). The high kindness scores for the male and female students may be vital for allowing them to be more open to themselves and the outside world, to show sincere interest in the needs of others, and to create a positive workplace environment, such as in volunteer activities. ...
... Compassion Fatigue Scale: It was developed by Pommier (2011) and translated into Turkish by Akdeniz and Deniz, 2016). The purpose of the scale is to measure compassion towards others. ...
... One of the measurement tools used was used to determine the relationship between nurses' patience levels and compassion fatigue, and the other was used within the scope of criterion validity in order to determine nurses' patience levels and personality type. In this context, in order to test the criterion validity of PSN to 252 nurses, the relationship among PSN, compassion fatigue scale (Pommier, 2011), Type A personality scale (Batıgün and Şahin, 2006) was examined with Pearson Correlation Analysis. As a result of the analysis, as can be seen in Table 4, between the compassion fatigue scale and the PC (r=.251 p<.05), among the subdimensions of the PSN (r=.251 p<.05), among the PWP (r=-.238, ...
... CFA, which is the second stage of construct validity is done in order to prove the accuracy of the structure created by exploratory factor analysis. In order to test the criterion validity of the PSN; Compassion Fatigue Scale (Pommier, 2011) and Type A Personality Scale (Rathus and Nevid, 1989) were used. Negatively significant with the "compassion fatigue scale" of PSN; it can be said that the "Type A personality scale" has a positive and significant relationship with the dimensions of "importance given to speed" and "getting away from social activities". ...
Article
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Aim: The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable scale that measures the level of patience nurses have shown during their active working life against the difficulties of their profession. Material and Method: This study is a methodological research designed to test the validity and reliability of the Patience Scale in Nurses (PSN). In the method part of the study, creating an item pool, obtaining expert opinion, pilot study, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), criterion validity and reliability analysis are included. Findings: As a result of exploratory factor analysis, 4 sub-dimensions were obtained and the subscales of patience for colleagues, patience for business processes, patience for patients and their relatives, patience for inadequacy. Second level confirmatory factor analysis compliance values were found acceptable. It has been observed that the criteria of validity of the PSN is aprovided both among other scales and among its dimensions. When Cronbach Alpha coefficients are analyzed, four sub-dimensions It was observed that it took values between 0.832 and 0.892. In addition, the reliability coefficient of the entire scale is 0.840. As a result of the data obtained, the reliability of the scale was found to be high. Conclusion: Analyzes conducted in this study, a scale consisting of 24 items and four sub-dimensions was obtained. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes showed that the scale is a valid and reliable scale. ÖZET Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı hemşirelerin aktif çalışma hayatları boyunca mesleklerinin zorluklarına karşı göstermiş oldukları sabır düzeylerini ölçen geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmanın yöntem bölümünde madde havuzu oluşturulması, uzman görüşü alınması, pilot çalışma uygulaması, açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA), doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA), ölçüt geçerliliği ve güvenirlik analizlerine yer verilmiştir. Bulgular: AFA sonucunda 4 alt boyut elde edilmiş ve çalışma arkadaşlarına duyulan sabır, iş süreçlerine duyulan sabır, hasta ve hasta yakınlarına duyulan sabır, yetersizliğe duyulan sabır alt ölçekleri olarak adlandırılmıştır. İkinci düzey doğrulayıcı faktör analizi uyum değerleri kabul edilebilir düzeyde bulunmuştur. Hemşirelerde Sabır Ölçeği'nin (HSÖ) hem diğer ölçekler arasında hem de kendi boyutları arasında ölçüt geçerliliğinin sağlandığı görülmüştür. Cronbach Alpha katsayıları incelendiğinde dört alt boyutun 0.832 ile 0.892 arasında değerler aldığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca tüm ölçeğin güvenirlik katsayısı ise 0.840 çıkmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler sonucunda ölçeğin güvenirliğinin yüksek derece olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Yapılan analizler sonucunda; 24 madde ve dört alt boyuttan oluşan bir ölçek elde edilmiştir. Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğunu göstermiştir.
... 1. Recognising suffering is an explicit or implicit feature of all definitions of compassion (Strauss et al., 2016), which can be understood as noticing (Kanov et al., 2004), a sensitivity to, or an awareness of suffering (Gilbert, 2009). 2. Understanding the universality of human suffering contains understanding of 'the universality of pain in human experience' (Feldman & Kuyken, 2011, p. 145) and common humanity (Pommier, 2010), which engages a sense of '[t]here but for the grace of God, go I' (Strauss et al., 2016, p. 17), non-judgement and universal application. This understanding is critical to ensuring that compassion is not 'selectively doled out', based on in-group bias (Bandes, 2017, p. 184), but instead applies to all peoplehere, for example, those who offend and victims alikein their full humanity and dignity as equals (Hopkins et al., 2019). ...
... This understanding is critical to ensuring that compassion is not 'selectively doled out', based on in-group bias (Bandes, 2017, p. 184), but instead applies to all peoplehere, for example, those who offend and victims alikein their full humanity and dignity as equals (Hopkins et al., 2019). 3. Feeling empathy for the person suffering and connecting with the distress (emotional resonance) is an explicit element of all definitions of compassion and may be expressed as feeling, meeting, being open to, or moved or touched by the suffering in the person's experience (Dalai Lama, 1995;Feldman & Kuyken, 2011;Gilbert, 2009;Kanov et al., 2004;Pommier, 2010;Strauss et al., 2016). Connecting with the distress entails a physical or affective response, in which the pain of the sufferer's experience is felt, and shared, by the person witness to it. ...
... This entails a capacity to stay with the arising emotional distress and thereby stay turned towards the sufferer and their experience, rather than becoming overwhelmed and turning away (Hopkins & Bartels, 2019). 5. Motivation to act or acting to alleviate suffering is again an explicit element of all definitions of compassion (Strauss et al., 2016) and is frequently singled out as the key feature that distinguishes compassion from empathy, such that compassion incorporates, but is more than, empathy (Gilbert & Choden, 2014;Hopkins & Bartels, 2019;Strauss et al., 2016). This motivation to act may variously be described as wanting to help, a commitment to relieve, or a desire or wish to alleviate and includes acting or responding to alleviate and prevent suffering and its causes (Dalai Lama, 1995;Feldman & Kuyken, 2011;Gilbert, 2009;Kanov et al., 2004;Pommier, 2010;Strauss et al., 2016). ...
Article
Compassion has the capacity to change how we think and feel about people who offend, enabling us to understand individual and systemic causes of criminality and whether, and in what circumstances, desistance is possible. Across two experiments, our research examined whether a more compassionate sentencing delivery, firstly, in written sentencing remarks and, secondly, in videoed sentencing remarks, stimulated more concern for sentenced offenders amongst members of the Australian public. Our results suggest that it is possible to alter the features of a written or orally-delivered sentence, so that it is recognisably more compassionate. Further, engagement with compassion-enhanced sentencing remarks altered criminal justice spending preferences, reducing the proportion of the criminal justice budget that the public believed should be spent on imprisonment and increasing that to be spent on rehabilitation.
... The CS was utilized to assess compassion towards others. The CS consists of 24 items with a five-point Likert scale (1 = almost never to 5 = almost always) response format and is based on the same foundational theory of compassion as the SCS [53]. The CS measures the following factors: Kindness vs. Indifference, Common Humanity vs. Separation, and mindfulness vs. Disengagement. ...
... Previous studies support the validity and reliability of this instrument [54,55]. Good reliability of the CS is also indicated by a Cronbach alpha of 0.90 and a split-half coefficient of 0.90 [53]. ...
Article
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College students experiencing psychological distress have significantly greater negative emotions than students who practice compassionate thinking. We have developed Eight Steps to Great Compassion (ESGC), an innovative brief and no-cost online video training program about how to increase compassion among busy and young adult university students. To examine the effectiveness and benefits of the ESGC, a single-group pre-test–post-test quantitative design with undergraduate university students (N = 92; Mage = 20.39) evaluated its effects. The results from the post-test showed that the ESGC had a significant positive impact on increased feelings of compassion towards oneself, compassion for others, and the sense of personal well-being from the pre-test. The analysis of the PERMA-Profiler subscales also reflected a statistically significant increase in overall well-being and health and a decrease in negative emotions and loneliness. From the Post-Survey Lesson Feedback, 88% of the participants reported significant positive changes in themselves and the way that they live due to the program. These findings appear to show important implications for improving healthy minds and reducing negative emotions among university students.
... When defining self-compassion, it is worth looking at the more general concept of compassion since these terms are directly related to each other (Neff, 2003a, b;Pommier, 2011). Compassion appears when a person notices the suffering of another person, is not indifferent to the situation, therefore does not avoid it, but shows kindness towards the person and the desire to alleviate their suffering (Wispe, 1991). ...
... Compassion appears when a person notices the suffering of another person, is not indifferent to the situation, therefore does not avoid it, but shows kindness towards the person and the desire to alleviate their suffering (Wispe, 1991). Compassion for others is underpinned by three dimensions: kindness, reflectivity, and communion with humanity (Pommier 2011). Research on compassion shows that it is an important element of professional life (Atkins, Parker, 2012, Lilius, et al., 2008, Frost et al., 2006. ...
Article
The aim of the theoretical analysis is to define the connections and dependencies between the rationality of decisions made and personality determinants, in this case the construct of being good to oneself. The achievement of the intended goals was based on a systematic review of the literature on the subject, referring to the results of foreign and domestic empirical research, mainly in the field of social sciences and philosophy. The implementation of the theoretical goal complements the research gap that comes from the fact of inflation in the field of self-compassion and praxeological leadership, and their mutual functional connections. The practical usefulness of the conducted analysis is an interesting and solid contribution to asking research questions and planning further research on the participation of personality factors in decision-making processes in leadership.As a result of the critical analysis, a concept of praxeological leadership was presented, which highlighted the role and importance of self-compassion, indicating the positive and negative aspects of the analyzed correlation in the decision-making process in management and leadership.
... The scale developed by Pommier (2011) contains 24 items rated on a 5-point Likerttype scale ranging from 1 to 5 (1 = never, 2 = rarely, 3 = occasionally, 4 = often, and 5 = always). The reliability and validity analyses of the Turkish version of the scale were performed by Akdeniz and Deniz (2016). ...
... After the scores for the inversely and directly scored items are calculated, the mean score for the overall scale is calculated. Higher overall scale scores show higher compassion levels (Çingöl et al., 2018;Pommier, 2011). In the study conducted by Akdeniz and Deniz (2016), the Cronbach's α value of the scale was reported to be 0.85. ...
Article
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This descriptive study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the attitudes of nurses working at a university hospital towards older people and their compassion levels. The sample of the study comprised 432 nurses working at a university hospital. The data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the University of California at Los Angeles Geriatrics Attitudes Scale, and the Compassion Scale. In the analysis of the data, frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean values, tests for the significance of the difference between two mean values, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and Pearson’s correlation test were used. The attitudes of the participants towards older adults were positive (47.18 ± 6.40), and their compassion levels were high (4.08 ± 0.41). There was a significant positive correlation between the participants’ mean scores on the University of California at Los Angeles Geriatrics Attitudes Scale and the Compassion Scale (r = 0.313). The participants had positive attitudes towards elderly individuals and high compassion levels. As the participants’ compassion levels increased, so did their mean University of California at Los Angeles Geriatrics Attitudes Scale scores. Gender, length of service, working unit, status of living with an older person, and compassion were identified as predictors of University of California at Los Angeles Geriatrics Attitudes Scale scores. The use of methods likely to increase compassion in nurses’ education and professional life may increase their perception of attitudes towards older age and thus ensure that older people receive quality healthcare.
... Empathy can apply to a broader range of situations. For example, people can feel empathy with the anger, fear, or excitement of others (Pommier, 2011). Besides, Goetz et al., (2010) argues that compassion is the emotion that one feels, whereas empathy is the emotional experience of others, while Sprecher and Fehr (2005) suggests that compassion is broader than empathy since compassion because compassion leads to humanity in general rather than just related to certain interpersonal relationships. ...
... While altruism has a greater emphasis than compassion on the act of helping behavior with a great sacrifice with elements different from compassion (Churchill & Street, 2005). The construct of kindness was used by Neff (2003) and Pommier (2011) as components of compassion. However, these two terms have differences: compassion includes elements beyond kindness (e.g. when seeing the suffering of a starving person on television, then the individual becomes touched to help; love for spouse then the individual is willing to sacrifice anything); while kindness includes elements outside compassion (e.g. ...
Conference Paper
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Compassionate love is an important concept in a relationship, defined as an attitude towards other people, both close others and foreign; contain feelings, cognitions, and behaviors that focus on caring, attention, tenderness, and orientation to support, help, and understand others. The purpose of this study is to validate Compassionate Love Scale (CLS) developed by Sprecher and Fehr. The method of translating into Indonesian refers to the International Test Commission. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on data from 185 subjects (consisting of mothers and caregivers). The results show that the second order CFA measurement model is a model that is fit with CLS. The reliability of the three CLS dimensions is high based on Composite Reliability (CR) and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values, namely: (1) tenderness and caring (0.895; 0.552); (2) acceptance and understanding (0.907; 0.594); and (3) helping and sacrifice (0.954; 0.749). In addition, CLS also fulfills convergent and discriminant validity. Thus, Compassionate Love Scale (CLS) translation results are a valid and reliable scale for use in Indonesia.
... In 2011, the compassion scale and in 2013 the compassionate nursing scales were developed. In 2016, compassion scale was adapted to Turkish (1)(2)(3)(4). Even if the main aim of a patient is to get the required treatment when s/he came to the hospital, s/he also wants to be perceived rightly, to get a qualified nursing and to encounter with compassionate behaviors and a comfortable environment. ...
... In the reliability analysis, the Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was found to be 0.895. The Compassion Scale: The Compassion Scale was developed by Pommier (2) and the adaptation of it to Turkish was materialized by Akdeniz and Deniz (1). The compassion scale is made up of six subtitles (kindness, indifference, common humanity, separation, mindfulness, and disengagement). ...
... Cronbach's alpha = 0.84. Compassion is comprised of 7 items assessing the degree to which an individual displays care and concern for others and is motivated to help them (partially adapted from McCullough et al., 2002;Pommier, 2011;Sprecher & Fehr, 2005). A sample item is "My heart goes out to people who are unhappy." ...
Article
This paper explores the role that gender plays in moderating the relationship between protective factors and rule violating behavior among adolescents and young adults. We explore the relationship between rule violating behavior, protective factors, and gender for regulatory strengths, meaning making strengths, and interpersonal strengths. The Resilience Portfolio Model is used to understand the process of resilience and how utilizing various types of strengths may decrease the prevalence of rule violating behavior. Participants were 860 adolescents and young adults (12–20 years old) within a rural, Appalachian area of the United States who self-reported behaviors based on survey data. Blockwise regression analyses and interaction analyses were conducted to identify gender differences. Findings indicate that overall, males are significantly more likely to report rule violating behaviors than females. Gender moderated the relationship between psychological endurance and moral meaning making with these strengths showing a stronger protective effect for male versus female youth. Several strengths were associated with less rule violating behavior and operated similarly for male and female youth, including emotion regulation, optimism, and community support. Findings suggest that more attention needs to focus on identifying and understanding gender-specific strengths as well as identifying strengths which may operate similarly for both males and females that contribute to reduced rule violating to improve developmental outcomes for adolescents and young adults. These findings are important especially as it relates to prevention of rule breaking among all adolescents and young adults.
... The Compassion Scale (CS; [33,41]) assesses compassion for others, based on Neff's theoretical model of self-compassion [3,42]. Neff's conceptualization of self-compassion emphasizes affective and cognitive processes, and involves six components presented as three bipolar continuums: self-kindness and self-judgment; mindfulness and overidentification; common humanity and isolation. ...
Article
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Compassion towards oneself and towards others has been associated with positive psychological outcomes, however, research is limited by the availability of valid psychometric measures, particularly in languages other than English. The current study translated (English to French) and validated the following measures: the Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales (CEAS), assessing self-compassion (CEAS-SC), compassion to others (CEAS-TO), and compassion from others (CEAS-FROM); the Compassion Scale (CS); and the Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scales for Self (SOCS-S) and Others (SOCS-O). French-speaking participants were recruited online (N = 384) and completed the translated measures as well as questionnaires assessing self-compassion, depression, anxiety, stress, insecure attachment, mindfulness, and well-being. Confirmatory Factor Analysis supports the original factor structures proposed for the CEAS-FROM (two-factor hierarchical), CS (four-factor hierarchical), SOCS-S and SOCS-O (five-factor hierarchical), with alternate factor structures proposed for CEAS-SC (three-factor) and CEAS-TO (two-factor). Results showed good internal consistency and convergent validity for all scales, supporting the use of total scores for the translated measures.
... Esto podría deberse a que la pareja sana pudiera estar también sufriendo a nivel físico y psicológico, incluso en mayor medida que el paciente (Polenick et al., 2015). Además, si la pareja del paciente está preocupada por sus propias respuestas emocionales (Pommier, 2010), ello le limita en el ánimo y dedicación suficiente para influir en el optimismo del enfermo (Wei et al., 2005). En el caso inverso, se observa la mayor relación de la calidez y empatía del paciente en el optimismo de su pareja. ...
Article
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En México, las cardiopatías y la diabetes son de las principales causas de muerte. Estas enfermedades no solo afectan al paciente, sino también a su entorno, incluyendo a su pareja. En este contexto, variables como la calidez y la empatía compartida pueden tener un efecto en el optimismo de los miembros de la pareja, ayudándolos a mejorar su salud física. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la relación de la calidez y empatía del paciente diabético (A) o con cardiopatía (A’) con el optimismo de su pareja sana (B y B’) y viceversa. Para ello, participaron 218 parejas donde uno de los miembros tuviera diabetes, y 203 parejas con un miembro diagnosticado con alguna cardiopatía. Los resultados demuestran que existe una diferencia entre los participantes debido a las características de cada enfermedad; a su vez, se observó que la calidez y la empatía del paciente (A y A’) influyen más en el optimismo de su pareja sana (B y B’) que a la inversa. Por último, se encontró que la calidez, más que la empatía, desarrolló optimismo en los participantes.
... Compassion Scale (CS). This scale was developed by Pommier in 2011(Pommıer, 2011. The scale assesses compassion for others. ...
Article
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Introduction Compassion is defined as the sadness felt by a living thing or a person due to a negative situation. Compassion fatigue describes emotional, physical, social and spiritual exhaustion or a decrease in these feelings. The concept of compassion, which is at the center of nursing, may be related to compassion fatigue in nurses. Objective The aims of the study were to determine the level of compassion fatigue and compassion among intensive care nurses and to examine the relationship between them. Methods This study was conducted through descriptive research and cross-sectional survey. The population of the research consisted of intensive care nurses from two hospitals in Turkey. Since the universe is accessible, the sample selection method was not used (n = 182). Demographic data form, Compassion Fatigue sub-dimension of the Professional Quality of Life Scale and Compassion Scale were used in the study. Results The mean score of the nurses’ compassion fatigue was 15.86 ± 7.22, and compassion was 72.21 ± 7.28. There was a moderate negative relationship between compassion and compassion fatigue (r = −.405). It was determined that the nurses’ compassion was at a moderate level and their compassion fatigue was at a low level. Conclusion It can be assumed that ICU nurses’ compassion is at a medium level and their compassion fatigue is at a low level. It was established that as the compassion level of the nurses increased, the level of compassion fatigue decreased. Developing a sense of compassion in nurses working in intensive care units can reduce compassion fatigue.
... 78 Due to its' complexity and the debates concerning its definition, compassion for others has also proven 79 challenging to measure (Mascaro et al., 2020;Gu et al., 2017). Several different scales have been used 80 in the past, including the Compassion Scale (CS; Pommier, 2010), the Compassionate Engagement and 81 ...
Article
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Compassion is important for facilitating individual well-being and commitment. However, little is known about its importance and function within organizational contexts. This study aimed to assess the associations between compassion for others, experienced compassion, secure flourishing, and organizational commitment within a sample of 390 managers from South Africa. Given that Pommier’s Compassion Scale (which was used in this study) was not previously validated in South Africa, the study investigated its factorial validity and measurement invariance across genders. The Compassion Scale, Experienced Compassion Scale, Secure Flourishing Index and Organizational Commitment Scale were administered via an online survey. The results supported a bifactor ESEM Model with one general compassion factor and four specific subscale factors (mindfulness, kindness, indifference, and common humanity). Managers’ general compassion and belief in common humanity (a compassion subscale factor) significantly affected their secure flourishing, yet not their organizational commitment. Compassion experienced from others, however, had a strong and significant effect on their secure flourishing and organizational commitment. The results indicate that the Compassion Scale is a valid, gender invariant, and reliable measure of compassion for others, and is suitable for organizational research. Giving and receiving compassion at work has significant benefits for managers and organizations.
... The Compassion Scale is an adapted version of the scale developed by Pommier (2011) and conducted by Akdeniz and Deniz in 2016. The researchers calculated the reliability coefficient of the scale as .85 ...
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Bu araştırmanın amacı, Sınıf Eğitimi Anabilim Dalında öğrenimini sürdüren öğretmen adaylarının duygusal zekâları ile empati ve merhamet düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırma süreci nicel araştırma desenlerinden ilişkisel tarama yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın evrenini 2022-2023 yılları eğitim-öğretim döneminde İç Anadolu'da yer alan bir devlet üniversitesinde Sınıf Eğitimi Anabilim Dalında öğrenim görmekte olan öğretmen adayları oluşturmaktadır. Evrendeki tüm adaylara ulaşılması nedeniyle ayrıca örneklem tayinine gidilmemiştir. Araştırmanın verileri Duygusal Zekâ Ölçeği, Empati Ölçeği ve Merhamet Ölçeği olmak üzere üç farklı ölçek kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Veriler çevrim içi ortamda oluşturulan formlar aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Toplamda 197 öğretmen adayına ulaşılmıştır. Normallik analizi sonucunda parametrik testlerin uygulanması uygun görülmüştür. Buna göre korelasyon, çoklu doğrusal regresyon, bağımsız örneklem t testi ve tek yönlü ANOVA analizleri yapılarak bulgular elde edilmiştir. Duygusal zekâ ölçeğinden alınan puanlarda erkeklerin ortalamasının kadınlardan daha yüksek olduğu; empati ve merhamet ölçeğinden alınan puanlarda ise kadınların ortalamasının erkeklerden yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ölçeklerin tamamında ise cinsiyetler arası anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Duygusal zekâ ölçeğinden alınan puanlarda 2.sınıf düzeyinde öğrenim gören öğretmen adaylarının, empati ölçeğinden alınan puanlarda 3.sınıf düzeyinde öğrenim gören öğretmen adaylarının, merhamet ölçeğinden alınan puanlarda ise 1.sınıf düzeyinde öğrenim gören öğretmen adaylarının diğer sınıf düzeylerindeki öğretmen adaylarına göre daha yüksek bir ortalamaya sahip oldukları görülmüştür. Ölçeklerin tamamında sınıf düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Değişkenler arası ilişkiye bakıldığında Duygusal Zekâ ile Empati ve Merhamet arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi sonucuna bakıldığında bağımsız değişkenler olan empati ve merhametin, bağımlı değişken duygusal zekâyı anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı saptanmıştır. İlgili ß(beta) değerlerine bakıldığında en güçlü yordayıcı değişkenin Merhamet olduğu görülmektedir. Bunu Empati değişkeni takip etmektedir. Bağımsız değişkenlerin bağımlı değişkene ilişkin toplam varyansın %18'ini açıkladığı da ortaya konulmuştur. / The research aimed to investigate the correlation between emotional intelligence, empathy, and compassion levels among primary teacher candidates. The study employed a correlational survey design, utilizing quantitative research methods. The participants consisted of pre-service teachers enrolled in grades 1-4 at a state university in the Central Anatolia Region during the 2022-2023 academic year. As the entire population was included, no sampling was conducted. Data collection involved three scales: Emotional Intelligence Scale, Empathy Scale, and Compassion Scale, administered through online forms. A total of 197 teacher candidates were included in the study. Parametric tests were applied after normality analysis, including correlation, multiple linear regression, independent samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA analyses. Results indicated that male teacher candidates had higher average scores in the Emotional Intelligence Scale, while female candidates scored higher in the Empathy Scale and Compassion Scale, although no significant gender differences were observed. Regarding class levels, second-grade candidates had higher average scores in the Emotional Intelligence Scale, third-grade candidates had higher scores in the Empathy Scale, and first-grade candidates had higher scores in the Compassion Scale. However, no significant differences were found
... The interpersonal aspect of compassion is still debated. Some operationalize it through the universality of suffering, which also has a cognitive connotation (Neff, 2003a;Pommier, 2010;Strauss et al., 2016), while others (e.g., Gilbert, 2010Gilbert, , 2014) emphasize a reciprocal process of giving and receiving compassion. Empirical evidence supports the bidirectional nature of compassion. ...
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Purpose Previous compassion scales measured correlates or consequences of compassion, included mindfulness in their definition and do not fully operationalize the affective, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal skills involved in cultivating compassion. The proposed Compassion Questionnaires towards Self (CQS) and Others (CQO) aim to operationalize compassion towards self and others by grounding them in affective, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal dimensions with each representing a set of skills that can be cultivated through training and practice. Methods Based on the proposed theoretical approach, the CQS and CQO items were developed through consultations with a panel of eight graduate students and a group of ten experts in the field. A series of three studies were conducted to validate the questionnaires and test their clinical utility. Results Results from the three studies suggested the merging of the affective and cognitive dimensions, yielding three independent dimensions for both the CQS and CQO. These findings were additionally supported by convergent and discriminant evidence. In addition, results suggested that CQS and CQO subscales’ scores are moderately associated with mindfulness measures and are sensitive to mindfulness training or meditation practice and experience. Conclusions. The CQS and CQO are the first questionnaires that operationalize compassion towards self and others as sets of affective, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal skills/abilities that are independent from mindfulness, and they have important theoretical and practical implications. Limitations as well as theoretical and practical implications of the CQS and CQO are thoroughly discussed.
... Mindfulness was measured using the Compassion scale developed by Pommier (2011) to measure the mindfulness levels of the participants. The mindfulness subscale consists of 4 items (e.g., "I pay careful attention when other people talk to me") that measure the awareness levels of young adults. ...
... The Compassion Scale is an adapted version of the scale developed by Pommier (2011) and conducted by Akdeniz and Deniz in 2016. The researchers calculated the reliability coefficient of the scale as .85 ...
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Bu araştırmanın amacı, Sınıf Eğitimi Anabilim Dalında öğrenimini sürdüren öğretmen adaylarının duygusal zekâları ile empati ve merhamet düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırma süreci nicel araştırma desenlerinden ilişkisel tarama yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın evrenini 2022-2023 yılları eğitim-öğretim döneminde İç Anadolu’da yer alan bir devlet üniversitesinde Sınıf Eğitimi Anabilim Dalında öğrenim görmekte olan öğretmen adayları oluşturmaktadır. Evrendeki tüm adaylara ulaşılması nedeniyle ayrıca örneklem tayinine gidilmemiştir. Araştırmanın verileri Duygusal Zekâ Ölçeği, Empati Ölçeği ve Merhamet Ölçeği olmak üzere üç farklı ölçek kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Veriler çevrim içi ortamda oluşturulan formlar aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Toplamda 197 öğretmen adayına ulaşılmıştır. Normallik analizi sonucunda parametrik testlerin uygulanması uygun görülmüştür. Buna göre korelasyon, çoklu doğrusal regresyon, bağımsız örneklem t testi ve tek yönlü anova analizleri yapılarak bulgular elde edilmiştir. Duygusal zekâ ölçeğinden alınan puanlarda erkeklerin ortalamasının kadınlardan daha yüksek olduğu; empati ve merhamet ölçeğinden alınan puanlarda ise kadınların ortalamasının erkeklerden yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ölçeklerin tamamında ise cinsiyetler arası anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Duygusal zekâ ölçeğinden alınan puanlarda 2.sınıf düzeyinde öğrenim gören öğretmen adaylarının, empati ölçeğinden alınan puanlarda 3.sınıf düzeyinde öğrenim gören öğretmen adaylarının, merhamet ölçeğinden alınan puanlarda ise 1.sınıf düzeyinde öğrenim gören öğretmen adaylarının diğer sınıf düzeylerindeki öğretmen adaylarına göre daha yüksek bir ortalamaya sahip oldukları görülmüştür. Ölçeklerin tamamında sınıf düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Değişkenler arası ilişkiye bakıldığında Duygusal Zekâ ile Empati ve Merhamet arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi sonucuna bakıldığında bağımsız değişkenler olan empati ve merhametin, bağımlı değişken duygusal zekâyı anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı saptanmıştır. İlgili ß(beta) değerlerine bakıldığında en güçlü yordayıcı değişkenin Merhamet olduğu görülmektedir. Bunu Empati değişkeni takip etmektedir. Bağımsız değişkenlerin bağımlı değişkene ilişkin toplam varyansın %18’ini açıkladığı da ortaya konulmuştur.
... Items are answered according to how frequently participants feel and act towards others, using a 5-point scale (1 = almost never to 5 = almost always). The original version has a total score (α = 0.90) and six subscales (Kindness, Common Humanity, Mindfulness, Indifference; Separation, and Disengagement), with alpha values ranging from 0.57 (Disengagement) to 0.77 (Kindness) (Pommier, 2011). In the current study, we used the two-factor model found in the Portuguese version, which represents a positive and a negative valence of compassion: Compassion (comprising Table 2 Youth sociodemographic features by group. ...
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Background: Affiliation has a positive role on well-being and human development. Most children and youth living in residential youth care (RYC) experienced maltreatment from significant others, becoming a particularly vulnerable group. Their complex needs require well trained caregivers who help them to heal and thrive. Objective: This cluster randomized trial sought to test the Compassionate Mind Training program for Caregivers (CMT-Care Homes) effectiveness on affiliative outcomes across time. Participants and setting: A sample of 127 professional caregivers and 154 youth from 12 Portuguese residential care homes (RCH) participated on this study. Methods: RCHs were randomized to treatment (n = 6) and control (n = 6) groups. Caregivers and youth completed self-report measures at baseline, post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up on social safeness and emotional climate. Caregivers were also evaluated on compassion outcomes. Results: MANCOVA indicated large multivariate time X group effects. Univariate results suggested that caregivers from the treatment group showed improvements in compassion towards others and in self-compassion across time, while the control group gradually deteriorated in both variables. Youth and caregivers from the treatment group noticed a more soothing and safer RCH emotional climate, as well as feeling safer within relationships. At 6-month follow-up, improvements were retained by caregivers, but not by youth. Conclusions: The CMT-Care Homes brings a new model to RYC, that represents a promising approach in promoting safe relationships and affiliative environments in RCHs. Supervision should be provided to monitor care practices and sustain change across time.
... In the first part of the questionnaire, there are demographic questions (11 questions). In the second part of the questionnaire, the Compassion Scale, which consists of 24 statements developed by Pommier (2011) and tested for Turkish validity and reliability by Akdeniz and Deniz (2016), measures the level of compassion of individuals. The scale has 6 sub-dimensions: compassion, indifference, awareness of sharing, disconnection, mindfulness, and disengagement. ...
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The aim of this study is to examine whether the level of compassion fatigue has an effect on work satisfaction in healthcare workers. The population of the research consists of 210 healthcare professionals from different professions working at Elazığ Fırat University Hospital. The data were obtained by face-to-face survey method. While collecting data in the study, the Compassion Scale consisting of 24 statements developed by Pommier (2011) and the Turkish validity and reliability study of which was conducted by Akdeniz and Deniz (2016) and the Work Engagement Scale consisting of 17 statements by Schaufeli et al. (2006) were used. The relationship between compassion fatigue and work satisfaction and the effect of compassion fatigue on work satisfaction were investigated by correlation and regression analyzes.According to the results of the research, health workers experience moderate compassion fatigue and their work satisfaction level is moderate. In addition, it was determined that the level of compassion fatigue in healthcare workers had a significant effect on work satisfaction.
... Direct questions about the presence of absence of compassion can be difficult and might not always evoke insightful responses in participants (Frost et al., 2000;Lilius et al., 2011;Madden et al., 2013). There are also quantitative methods to measure compassion (Pommier, 2010) and self-compassion (Neff, 2003), they were however deemed less appropriate in this research because of their non-participatory nature and the indication of eco-villagers during preliminary field visits of 'being tired of questionnaires' (Field visit Suderbyn (Gotland, Sweden), 11-19 November 2016). ...
... MÖ: Pommier tarafından geliştirilen ölçek 24 maddeden oluşmaktadır. 17 Ölçek; sevecenlik, umursamazlık, paylaşımların bilincinde olma, bağlantısızlık ve bilinçli farkındalık alt boyutlarından oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirliği Akdeniz ve Deniz tarafından yapılmıştır. ...
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Amaç: Otizm, belirtileri erken dönemde başlayan, etkileri ömür boyu süren gelişimsel bir bozukluktur. Otizm hem çocukların hem de ebeveynlerinin yaşamında fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyal sorunlara neden olabilmektedir. Pediatri hemşireliği dersi alan öğrencilerin merhamet düzeyleri ile otizm konusundaki tutumlarının belirlenmesi, öğrencilerdeki merhamet duygusu ile otizme yönelik tutumları aralarındaki ilişkinin ortaya çıkarılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kesitsel olarak yapılan bu araştırma, pediatri hemşireliği alan 139 öğrenci ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın gerçekleştirilmesi için gerekli izinler alınmıştır. Araştırmada veriler hazırlanan ''Öğrenci Sosyo-Demografik Bilgi Formu'', ''Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğuna Yönelik Toplumsal Tutumlar Ölçeği'' ve ''Merhamet Ölçeği'' kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmada, öğrencilerin merhamet düzeylerinin oldukça yüksek olduğu ve otizme yönelik olumsuz tutumlarının düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca öğrencilerin Merhamet Ölçeği'nden aldıkları puan ortalamaları ile Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğuna Yönelik Toplumsal Tutumlar Ölçeği aldıkları puan ortalaması arasında negatif yönde orta düzeyde bir korelasyon olduğu görülmektedir. Öğrencilerin merhamet puanları otizme yönelik tutumlarının değişiminin %13,4'ünü açıklamış vebu değer istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Pediatri hemşireliği dersi alan öğrencilerinde otizmli bireylere yönelik bakım vermede diğer etkenlerin yanında merhamet duygusunun da etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Hemşirelerin eğitimi sırasında profesyonel gelişimlerinin desteklenmesi kadar insani duyguların gelişimi de son derece önemli olduğu bu çalışmada belirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle öğrencilerde merhamet duygunun geliştirilmesi ve otizmli bireylere yönelik olumlu tutumlar geliştirilmesini destekleyici diğer faaliyetlerin desteklenmesi önerilmektedir.
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Giriş: Geleceğin hemşireleri olarak, organ bağışı ve nakil sürecinde aktif rol alacak hemşirelik öğrencilerinin organ bağışına yönelik tutumlarını ve organ bağışını etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek toplumun organ bağışı konusunda farkındalık kazanması açısından önem taşımaktadır. Amaç: Bu çalışma, hemşirelik öğrencilerinin merhamet düzeylerinin organ bağışına yönelik tutumları ile ilişkisini belirlemek amacı ile yapıldı. Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ilişki arayıcı araştırma türünde yapılan bu çalışma, bir vakıf üniversitesinde öğrenim gören hemşirelik öğrencileri (n = 194) ile gerçekleştirildi. Veriler, “Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu”, “Merhamet Ölçeği” ve “Organ Bağışı Tutum Ölçeği” kullanılarak 2021-2022 eğitim-öğretim yılı bahar döneminde yüz yüze toplandı. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, bağımsız gruplarda t testi, tek yönlü anova analizi ve pearson korelasyon analizi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin Merhamet ölçeğinden aldıkları toplam puan ortalaması 100.40±12.64, Organ Bağışı Tutum ölçeğinden aldıkları toplam pozitif puan ortalaması 98.35±16.30 ve toplam negatif puan ortalaması 58.45±18,88 olarak saptandı. Öğrencilerin merhamet düzeyleri ile organ bağışına yönelik pozitif tutumları arasında zayıf düzeyde pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki (r=.37, p=.000), organ bağışına yönelik negatif tutumları arasında ise zayıf düzeyde negatif yönde anlamlı ilişki (r=-.35, p=.000) saptandı. Sonuç: Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin merhamet düzeylerinin yüksek, organ bağışına yönelik tutumlarının ise olumlu olduğu belirlendi. Öğrencilerin merhamet düzeyleri arttıkça organ bağışına yönelik tutumları artmaktadır. Toplumsal farkındalığın arttırılmasında önemli rol oynayacak hemşirelik öğrencilerinin, merhamet düzeylerini ve organ bağışı konusunda pozitif tutumunu geliştirmeye yönelik eğitimlerin planlanması, bu gelişimi destekleyecek farklı öğretim yöntemlerinin kullanılması ve uygulama alanlarının oluşturulması önerilmektedir.
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Amaç: Çalışmada, ebelik ve hemşirelik öğrencilerinin öz-şefkat ve merhamet düzeylerinin, etkileyen faktörlerin ve öz-şefkatin merhamet üzerine yordayıcılığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Araştırma tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı tipte, Konya ilinde yer alan vakıf üniversitelerinden birinde Sağlık Bilimleri Yüksekokulu Ebelik ve Hemşirelik bölümünde okuyan 423 öğrenci ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmada sosyo-demografik soruları içeren anket formu, öz-duyarlılık ölçeği ve merhamet ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Anket formları öğrencilere yüz yüze doldurulmuştur. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin %61’i orta düzeyde öz-duyarlılık bildirirken, Merhamet Ölçeği puan ortalamaları 90.67±16.70 olarak bulundu. Öz-duyarlılık ölçeği; aile tipi, yaşanılan yer ve ebeveyn tutumu gruplarında istatistiksel olarak farklı bulunurken, merhamet ölçek toplam puanının bölümü isteyerek tercih etme hariç tüm gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak farklı olduğu bulundu. Ebe ve hemşire öğrencilerin öz-duyarlılık ölçek puanları merhamet ölçek puan toplam varyansının %9.6’sını açıkladı (R=0.309, R2=0.096, p
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Bu çalışmanın amacı bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik sağlamlığın merhamet yorgunluğu üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışma da veriler hazırlanan anket formu aracılığıyla Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi’nde görev yapan hekim ve hemşirelerden elde edilmiştir. Bu amaçla bilişsel esneklik ölçeği, psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği, merhamet ölçeği ve demografik özelliklerin belirlenmesine yönelik yaş, cinsiyet, çalışma yılı ve unvan bilgilerini içeren bir anket formu hazırlanmıştır. Geri dönüşü sağlanan 404 anket formu üzerinden yürütülen çalışmanın katılımcılarının büyük çoğunluğunun kadın (%65.6, N=265) hemşire, (%68, N=274), 46-55 yaş gurubunda (%33.4, N=135) ve 20 yıldan fazla (%36.6, N=148) iş deneyimine sahip bireylerden oluştuğu gözlenmektedir. Araştırma bulgularını elde etmek için SPSS ve LISREL programlarından yararlanılmıştır. Kullanılan ölçeklerin geçerliliği doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ile belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Son olarak frekans analizi, güvenilirlik, korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri yapılarak elde edilen bulgular yorumlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik sağlamlığın merhamet yorgunluğu üzerinde negatif yönlü bir etkiye sahip olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgulara dayanarak sağlık çalışanlarının bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinin yükseltilmesi yoluyla merhamet yorgunluğu düzeyinin düşürülebileceği ifade edilebilir.
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Amaç: Araştırma, hemşirelik öğrencilerinin merhamet düzeyleri ile bakım davranışları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı türde yapılan araştırmanın örneklemini bir devlet üniversitesinin hemşirelik bölümlerinde öğrenim gören 201 üçüncü ve dördüncü sınıf öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Veriler Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu, Merhamet Ölçeği ve Bakım Davranışları Ölçeği-24 ile toplanmıştır. Veriler sayı, yüzde, ortalama, standart sapma, bağımsız örneklem t-testi ve Pearson korelasyon analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması 21,70±1,27 olup %77,1’i kadın, %63,7’si üçüncü sınıf öğrencisidir. %68,7’i hemşirelik mesleğini isteyerek seçmiştir ve %86,6’sı mesleğini sevmektedir. Öğrencilerin merhamet ölçeği toplam puan ortalaması 104,33±10,98 ve bakım davranışları ölçeği toplam puan ortalaması 5,33±0,47’dir. Cinsiyet ile merhamet ölçeği toplam puan ortalamaları ve hemşirelik mesleğini isteyerek seçme durumu ile bakım davranışları toplam puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur (p
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Öz Bu çalışma, lise öğrencilerinde hayatın anlamı, merhamet ve sosyal medya bağımlılığının incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Tarama modelinde gerçekleştirilen çalışmanın örnekleminde 283 lise öğrencisi yer almıştır. Veriler Hayatın Anlamı ve Amacı Ölçeği, Çocuklar İçin Merhamet Ölçeği ve Ergenler İçin Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda öğrencilerin hayatı anlamlı bulma ve merhamet düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu, sosyal medya bağımlılıklarının ise orta düzeyin altında yer aldığı görülmüştür. Hayatın anlamı ile merhamet arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Hayatın anlamı ile sosyal medya bağımlılığı arasında ise negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Ancak merhamet ve sosyal medya bağımlılığı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadığı anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca kitap okumaya daha fazla zaman ayıran öğrencilerin hayatın anlamı ve merhamet düzeylerinin daha yüksek, sosyal medya bağımlılıklarının ise daha düşük düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Son olarak, öğrencilerde internet kullanım süresi arttıkça hayatın anlamı ve merhamet düzeylerinin farklılık göstermediği, ancak sosyal medya bağımlılığının artış gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Abstract This study was conducted to examine the meaning of life, compassion, and social media addiction in high school students. The sample of the study, which was conducted in the survey model, included 283 high school students. Data were collected using the Meaning and Purpose of Life Scale, Compassion Scale for Children, and Social Media Addiction Scale for Adolescents. As a result of the analyses, it was seen that the students' levels of finding life meaningful and compassion were at a high level, and their social media addiction levels were below the average level. A significant positive relationship was found between the meaning of life and compassion. A significant negative relationship was found between the meaning of life and social media addiction. However, there was no significant relationship between compassion and social media addiction. In addition, students who spent more time reading books had high levels of meaning in life and compassion and low levels of social media addiction. Finally, it was found that the meaning of life and compassion levels of students did not differ as internet use increased, but social media addiction increased.
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Background and Aims: There is mixed evidence to date of a relationship between compassion towards others and psychological well-being. In this paper, we are raising several methodological constraints that contribute to divergent findings in the past by exploring the relationship between naturally occurring compassion practices, the relative contribution of the motivational and action components of compassion and holistic psychological well-being (self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, personal growth). Methods: 134 adults (79% females) took part in a cross-sectional, questionnaire study conducted online. Results: Findings indicate that while compassion-engagement did not predict any wellbeing indices, compassion-action was a significant contributor to feelings of autonomy, self-acceptance, personal growth, and positive relations. Discussion: This study shows how the cognitive, empathic response alone was not enough to increase feelings of well-being. It is the actual act of compassion that brings about the positive psychological effects. Conclusions: This study offers unique contributions to the literature of compassion, by clarifying the weight of each of the two elements on positive psychological outcomes that are in line with modern conceptualizations of psychological well-being. Future research is needed to build up on our findings to identify individual and situational aspects that influence engagement in prosocial behavior, how these positive outcomes can be maintained over time, thereby enhancing the clinical value of compassion-focused therapeutic approaches. Keywords: compassion, well-being, engagement, action, empathy, prosocial behaviour, positive psychology
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The effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) in eliciting empathy lies in the fact that VR offers possibilities for situating people in a specific context and in the shoes of others. Previous research has investigated the benefits of VR in eliciting empathy and has compared VR with other technologies. However, there is a lack of research on the predictors of empathy in VR experiences. To fill this gap in the literature, this study aimed to identify the predictors of empathy when VR is used as a medium to elicit empathy. A structural model based on hypotheses was validated using partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with data from the interaction of 100 participants in a tailor-made VR experience developed to create empathy toward migration. The results show that our model explains 44.8% of the variance in emotional empathy as a result of the positive influence of compassion and attitudes toward migrants. Moreover, the model explains 36.8% of the variance in cognitive empathy as a result of the positive influence of engagement, attitudes toward migrants, compassion, and immersion.
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Bu çalışmada PS (Personality Structure) Kişisel Eğilimler Envanteri geliştirilmiş ve psikometrik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Envanter, başarı veya liderlikle ilişkisi olan psikolojik özellikleri kapsamaktadır. 29 farklı psikolojik özelliğin literatürü incelenmiş, ölçme niteliği yüksek Türkçe bir envanterin geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. 29 ölçek ve 271 maddeden oluşan envanterin geliştirilmesi için iki çalışma yürütülmüştür. İlk çalışmanın katılımcılarını, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi öğrencileri oluşturmuştur. Tekrarlı veri toplama sürecinde, toplamda 5778 geçerli katılımcı verisi sağlanmıştır. Bu aşamada, ölçeklerin yapısal geçerliliği ve boyutların güvenilirliği sağlanana kadar veri toplama ve madde geliştirme süreci devam etmiştir. Tatmin edici bulgulara ulaşıldıktan sonra, 74 katılımcı ile 3 hafta arayla test tekrar test uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. İkinci çalışmada ölçeklerin yakınsama, ayırt etme ve yordama geçerlilikleri incelenmiştir. Bu aşamada Türkiye geneli sağlanan 324 katılımcının verileri ile analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yakınsama ve ayırt etme geçerlilikleri kapsamında literatürden edinilen 199 korelasyon değeri ile bu çalışmadaki korelasyon değerleri karşılaştırılmış ve tartışma yapabilirlik ölçeği dışındaki ölçeklerin geçerliliklerinin tatmin edici düzeyde olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca ölçeklerin sosyal istenirlikle ilişkileri incelenmiş ve literatürle uyumlu olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Son olarak yordama geçerliliği incelemesinde, kriter olarak sübjektif okul başarısı belirlenmiştir. 29 ölçekten 27’sinin direkt ya da dolaylı yordayıcı özelliği olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Gelişim odaklılık ve makyavelizm ölçekleri, sübjektif okul başarısını yordamada zayıf nitelik göstermiştir. Netice olarak; PS Kişisel Eğilimler Envanterinin, büyük oranda ölçüm niteliği yüksek, literatürle uyumlu, Türkiye’deki araştırmalarda kullanılabilecek ve gelişime açık bir envanter olduğu söylenebilir.
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This study investigates the effects of an intensive Buddhist (Zen) meditation practice on reductions in existential isolation and increases in prosocial behavior. This study also examines whether the hypothesized reduction in existential isolation resulting from the intensive meditation practice predicts other‐focused compassion. Study 1 utilized a quasi‐experimental design to investigate the effects of meditation on existential isolation and other compassion by comparing healthy Koreans who completed a 7‐day intensive silent Zen meditation ( n = 35) with those who completed a 7‐day vacation ( n = 30). All participants completed measures twice: at baseline and after either their meditation retreat or their vacation. Study 2 used a longitudinal design to investigate whether Study 1 findings would replicate among 75 new TempleStay program participants. In Study 1, relative to participants in the vacation group, participants in the meditation group experienced reduced existential isolation and increased other‐focused compassion from Time 1 to Time 2. Reductions in existential isolation mediated the increases in other‐focused compassion. In Study 2, after a 1‐week intensive meditation training, participants experienced a reduction in existential isolation and an increased in other‐focused compassion; again, the reductions in existential isolation mediated increases in other‐focused compassion. Across two studies, we found evidence of reduced existential isolation and increased other‐focused compassion following an intensive Zen‐meditation practice. These results indicate that meditation practice may help people who suffer from existential isolation, as well as the people with whom they interact.
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Existing research on person-organization (P-O) fit has ignored other-centered mechanisms in explaining why high levels of fit with the work environment increase employee’s organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Using four factors involved in the compassion process (common humanity, empathic concern, kindness, mindfulness), this paper investigates employee compassion as a mediator that explains why POF affects OCB directed towards individuals (OCB-I) and the organization (OCB-O). Our structural equation modeling analysis on 280 Spanish hotel employees reveals that compassion mediates the relationship between POF and OCBs. However, considering the employment contract of the sample (temporary, permanent), the mediation for OCBO was partial and full among permanent and temporary staff, respectively. These findings suggest that staff who fit their hotel are more likely to be sensitive to others’ setbacks and misfortunes, lessening or alleviating them (compassionately) by performing OCBs. However, compared with permanent staff, temporary staff’s OCBO response to POF is more compassion driven.
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Objectives Stigma towards persons with mental illness is widespread. Mindfulness may protect against stigma by cultivating accepting attitudes, non-reactivity, and prosocial emotions. This study aimed to assess whether higher trait mindfulness among nurses was linked to lower stigma towards psychiatric patients, and whether compassion mediated this relationship. Method In this cross-sectional study among nurses in four tertiary care hospitals in Sri Lanka, stigma towards psychiatric patients was assessed using the Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-9), which assesses nine separate domains of stigma. The 20-item Six-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the 5-item Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale were used to assess mindfulness and compassion, respectively. Correlations among these variables were explored. Mediation analyses were performed. Results A total of 405 nurses (90.6% female, mean age = 39.6 years) participated in the study. Those with higher trait mindfulness were more likely to believe they would help a person with mental illness, and less likely to believe a person with mental illness should be avoided or segregated from the society. Compassion was inversely correlated with avoidance and anger, and positively correlated with pity, helping, and coercion domains. Trait mindfulness was positively correlated with compassion. Mediation models revealed that compassion partially mediated the effects of trait mindfulness on helping and avoidance. Facet-level analyses revealed significant effects of describing, non-reactivity, and observing on several stigma domains mediated through compassion. Conclusions Trait mindfulness among nurses appears to have a direct buffering effect against several domains of stigma towards psychiatric patients and significant indirect effects through compassion, albeit with small effect sizes. Preregistration This study is not pre-registered.
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This study was a descriptive-correlational design which evaluated the relationship between compassion and spirituality levels and attitudes toward organ donation among Turkish nursing students. A sample of 296 participants studying in the nursing department of a foundation university in the spring semester of the 2021–2022 academic year was formed. A descriptive information form, Spirituality Scale, Compassion Scale, and Organ Donation Attitude Scale were used for data collection. Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis were used to evaluate scale scores. The compassion levels of students were high, their attitudes toward organ donation were positive and strong, and their level of spirituality (x\overline{x }= 18.71 ± 6.10) was slightly above average. Higher levels of spirituality and compassion were positively correlated with positive attitudes toward organ donation (p < 0.05). The compassion and spirituality of nurses should be high for raising public awareness of organ donation.
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Background and aim: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between professional attitude and compassion among nurses. Material and methods: The sample of the crossectional study recruited 202 nurses who accepted participation and working in a state hospital. Data were collected between 20 June 2019 and 2 August 2019 with a questionnaire form, Inventory of Professional Attitude at Occupation (IPA) and Compassion Scale. Data were collected via face-to-face method. Form and scales were completed by the participants. The study was reported according to the STROBE. Results: The mean IPA was 134.57 ± 15.43. The mean score of the Compassion Scale was 73.89 ± 11.54. The mean scores of the Compassion Scale's sub-dimensions were 16.17 ± 3.22 for kindness, 8.62 ± 3.44 for indifference, 15.45 ± 3.17 for common humanity, 9.02 ± 3.46 for separation, 15.95 ± 3.00 for mindfulness, 8.67 ± 3.44 for disengagement. There were positive correlations between kindness (r = .356), common humanity (r = .214), mindfulness (r = .297) subscales and there were negative correlations between indifference (r = -.441), separation (r = -.411) and disengagement (r = -.415) subscales and the Inventory of IPA. There was a negative correlation between IPA and total Compassion Scale scores (r = -.140). IPA scores were significantly different according to sex, age, working duration, weekly working time, satisfied with colleague relationships. Compassion scores were significantly different for weekly working time, satisfaction with colleague relationships, suitability of the nursing profession and working in emergency and outpatient clinics (p < .05). Conclusion: As nurses' professional attitude scores increased, kindness, common humanity and mindfulness subscales scores increased, while indifference, separation and disengagement subscales scores of the compassion scale decreased. Relevance to clinical practice: Increasing the awareness about professional attitude and compassion in nursing should start with undergraduate education of nurses, and it is recommended to organise in-service training to develop professional attitudes and compassion in occupational life and to research patient perspectives about compassion.
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Emotions play a key role in the development and maintenance of human relationships. Compassion, relating to other emotions such as love and tolerance, has an undeniable effect on human relations. Compassion having many definitions in the literature, has three different domains. These are compassion for self, for others and from others. Compassion must be defined according to three concepts. Because compassion’s definitions are related to one of these three domains. But when compassion is defined in a single aspect, it is incomplete and insufficient. Therefore, in order for a person to be characterized as compassionate, he should be compassionate to himself, to others, and to accept compassion towards from others. But when compassion is mentioned, people remember only, compassion for others, but not for self and from others. When we look at the studies on compassion, only this domain of compassion is generally considered. In addition, lately, self-compassion, which expresses compassion towards one's self, has also been included in the studies. However, compassion has another domain. This is compassion from others. Evaluating compassion, it is necessary to consider these three domains. Therefore, in this study, the concept of compassion and compassion domains are described in line with the available sources.
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