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Home grown: The case for local food in a global market
Abstract
People everywhere depend increasingly on food from distant sources. In the last 40 years, the value of international trade in food has tripled, and the tonnage of food shipped between nations has grown fourfold, while population has only doubled. In the United States, food typically travels between 2,500 and 4,000 kilometers from farm to plate, up to 25 percent farther than in 1980. In the United Kingdom, food travels 50 percent farther than it did two decades ago. For those who can afford it, the long-distance food system offers unprecedented and unparalleled choice-any food, anytime, anywhere. But the "global vending machine" often displaces local cuisines, varieties, and agriculture. Products enduring long-term transport and storage depend on preservatives and additives, and encounter endless opportunities for contamination on their long journey from farm to plate. Long-distance food erodes the pleasures of face-to-face interactions around food and the security that comes from knowing what one is eating. A more diffuse, but potentially more powerful, actor is the food consumer. Consumers may seek out local food because of the superior taste of products harvested at the peak of ripeness and flavor, and because of the high level of control it gives over the food they eat. Well-publicized food safety concerns-such as mad cow disease and genetically modified foods-have stirred consumers everywhere to determine the origins of their food. This depends heavily on shortening the distance between food producers and consumers.
... Analogous to a watershed, a foodshed can be described as: "the geographic area from which a population derives its food supply" 25 (Peters et al., 2008, p. 2). Early foodshed studies advocated for highly localised food systems and high levels of urban food self-sufficiency (e.g., [26][27][28]. The advantages of local foodsheds are that they can improve consumer-producer relationships, decrease transport costs, greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on (inter-) national infrastructure, and may improve the economic viability of local communities 25,28 . ...
... Early foodshed studies advocated for highly localised food systems and high levels of urban food self-sufficiency (e.g., [26][27][28]. The advantages of local foodsheds are that they can improve consumer-producer relationships, decrease transport costs, greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on (inter-) national infrastructure, and may improve the economic viability of local communities 25,28 . While shocks such as international conflict, inflation, fuel shortages or transport strikes may be mitigated by local foodsheds 27 , high self-sufficiency levels can also pose risks in terms of local civil unrest or natural hazards 1 . ...
... In addition, an increased animal protein consumption will either require more imports, or more land to be allocated for livestock. A geographically larger foodshed will go hand in hand with increased transportation costs and emissions 28,61 . However, a larger foodshed might also increase agricultural incomes in (rural) Uganda. ...
Due to rapid urbanisation, food systems in sub-Saharan African cities are increasingly under pressure. Through the lens of a foodshed, this paper quantitatively analyses the spatial extent of the food provisioning area for consumers of different socio-economic status in Kampala (Uganda). Based on a primary dataset of surveys with households and food vendors, we map the foodshed by registering where consumers obtain their food, and the origin of where it is grown. We show that 50% of the food consumed in the city originates from within a 120 km proximity to Kampala, including 10% from within the city itself. At present, urban agricultural activities are twice as important as international imports for the urban food provision. Established, high-income urban dwellers have a more local foodshed due to their broad participation in urban agriculture, while low-income newcomers rely heavily on retailers who source food from rural Uganda.
... vii Introduction Shorter, more localized food supply chains have been proposed as a vehicle for sustainable development (Lyson 2004;Halweil & Worldwatch Institute 2002;Rosset & Land Research Action Network. 2006;Desmarais 2007;Vía Campesina n.d.). ...
... Localized food systems thus contribute to reducing usage of harmful agro-chemicals and preserve natural resources for future generations (Norberg-Hodge et al. 2002). Halweil & Worldwatch Institute (2002) also point out that in localized food systems, a small number of farms are expected to produce a variety of crops, thus increasing on-farm biodiversity. ...
... While there is no consensus among academics, geopolitics, corporate culture, neoliberal ideology, technology, demographics or a combination thereof are the usual suspects. Moving beyond such grand questions, Halweil (2002) points to public policies that have contributed to the rise of the globalized agro-food industry. Certain policies act as directly as barriers for smallscale producers by making it harder for them to enter markets (e.g. ...
This paper reviews the state of knowledge about local food systems (LFS). We identify LFS as an effective mean to achieve food sovereignty [...and...] examined which public policies have been identified as effective means to support the emergence, consolidation and further development of LFS. We have come up with a large inventory of such policies proposed in the literature, although few have been tested systematically. We found that the problems related to financing, to the market power of large firms in food values chains, and to the lack of knowledge—both from the producers and consumers side—were often raised as obstacles to the scaling-up of LFS. [...E]ven though there is no national policy to promote LFS, provincial governments have been active with various programs in this area. There is much variations from one provinces to another, but the existing programs tend to cluster on the demand side, focusing on consumer education and marketing projects, even running some themselves (the origin labelling and promotion
programs). To a lesser extent, we saw some program to support organic farming (transition programs) but very few focusing on processing and distribution.
Full text:
https://legacy.equiterre.org/sites/fichiers/Local_Food_Systems_and_Public_Policy_-_A_Review_of_the_Literature_0.pdf
... Die Urbane Produktion von landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugnissen hat den Vorteil der Nähe zu VerbraucherInnen und Absatzmärkten, was sich günstig auf bestimmte Produktionszweige, insbesondere den intensiven Gemüse-und Obstbau, auswirkt (ebd.). Kurze Transportwege ermöglichen es, die Lebensmittel ohne lange Lagerungszeiten und Zusatzstoffe zur Endkundschaft zu bringen (Halweil, 2002). "Wir versuchen, so wenig Müll wie möglich zu produzieren und vieles wiederzuverwenden. ...
... Zukünftig wollen wir noch mehr auf erneuerbare Energie und E-Mobilität inkl. (Halweil, 2002). "Der Preis für Lebensmittel ist viel zu gering in Deutschland, was auch an der Subventionslage hier liegt. ...
... Die Urbane Produktion von landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugnissen hat den Vorteil der Nähe zu VerbraucherInnen und Absatzmärkten, was sich günstig auf bestimmte Produktionszweige, insbesondere den intensiven Gemüse-und Obstbau, auswirkt (ebd.). Kurze Transportwege ermöglichen es, die Lebensmittel ohne lange Lagerungszeiten und Zusatzstoffe zur Endkundschaft zu bringen (Halweil, 2002). "Wir versuchen, so wenig Müll wie möglich zu produzieren und vieles wiederzuverwenden. ...
... Zukünftig wollen wir noch mehr auf erneuerbare Energie und E-Mobilität inkl. (Halweil, 2002). "Der Preis für Lebensmittel ist viel zu gering in Deutschland, was auch an der Subventionslage hier liegt. ...
... Natural embeddedness consists of patrons' desires for food produced in ways considered better for the environment, like organic or sustainable farming methods, contrasted with larger-scale food production methods (Halweil, 2002;Murdoch et al., 2000). Concerns about food quality and safety can be included in this concept, including genetically modified foods, food contamination, and pesticides. ...
... Concerns about food quality and safety can be included in this concept, including genetically modified foods, food contamination, and pesticides. Through this set of values, local foods or foods of known origin can be associated with safety and trust (Halweil, 2002). Qendro (2015) found consumers in Albania and the UK trust farmers markets more than traditional supermarkets as a provider of good quality and organic fruits and vegetables. ...
The rise in popularity of farmers markets in the United States reflects consumers’ negative response to more traditional food distribution systems. Farmers markets provide consumers with a more local and often more personal food purchasing experience. The purpose of this study was to examine consumer motivations to patronize farmers markets through the lens of social, spatial, and natural embeddedness. A qualitative approach was employed utilizing semi-structured, in-depth interviews. These interviews were conducted in person using a set of predetermined questions and revealed nine themes. The findings indicate that two types of consumer choices with different properties exist in farmers market patronage (e.g., the choice of a particular farmers market vs. the choice of a particular vendor at the market). Inconsistency occurs in consumer choice patterns (e.g., economic saving does not greatly affect the choice to shop at a particular farmers market but can determine whom to buy from once at the market), implying that situational dynamics play a critical role at the point of purchase. While this study supports the usefulness of embeddedness as a conceptual framework for understanding farmers’ market patronage, it demonstrates a distinction between motivation to patronize the market and shopping behaviors exhibited once there.
... ), but Ruthenberg indeed adds notes on the morphogenesis of farming systems (i.e., change from one into another stable state) at the end of each section (Ruthenberg also mentions shifting cultivation ('slash and burn'), a type of farming that some see recurring on a global scale in modern large scale business operated farming systems, also called 'empire' [6] emphasizing quick profits and mining of resources, eventually leaving the land unproductive). Change of GB systems in space and time can imply shift of production from meat to dairy, from pasture as fodder to pasture for soil conservation [7], as well as from monetary value only (commodity) to inclusion of societal values (community), from focus on large supply chains to a mix of short and large, from less to more sustainable [8,9]. cureans in ancient Greece saw 'enjoyment' as 'something' of today without 'hangover' tomorrow. ...
... The odds are indeed that high input GB systems yield more, but that they also cost more (non-linearly) in terms of low-entropy resources when the local contexts do not themselves support those high yields. Finally, as a case from 'cropping', strawberries for Christmas in Northwestern Europe are likely to imply more entropy than strawberries in season [9]. -Faster and larger scale is less likely than smaller and slower (These faster and larger systems are 'farther from equilibrium', with entropy generation approaching zero when a system is in equilibrium. ...
Terms such as system crash, collapse of chaos and complexity can help one understand change, also in biological, socio-economic and technical systems. These terms need, however, explanation for fruitful dialogue on design of sustainable systems. We start this paper on Grass Based (GB) systems, therefore, dwelling on these terms and notions as review for the insiders and to help interested ‘outsiders’. We also stress the need to use additional and/or new paradigms for understanding of the nature of nature. However, we show that many such ‘new’ paradigms were known for long time around the globe among philosophers and common men, giving reason to include quotes and examples from other cultures and eras. In the past few centuries, those paradigms have become hidden, perhaps, under impressive but short-term successes of more linear paradigms. Therefore, we list hang-ups on paradigms of those past few centuries. We then outline what is meant by ‘GB systems’, which exist in multiple forms/‘scapes’. Coping with such variation is perhaps the most central aspect of complexity. To help cope with this variation, the different (GB) systems can be arranged on spatial, temporal, and other scales in such a way that the arrangements form logical sequences (evolutions) of stable states and transitions of Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS). Together with other ways to handle complexity, we give examples of such arrangements to illustrate how one can (re-)imagine, (re-)cognize and manage initial chaotic behaviors and eventual ‘collapse’ of chaos into design and/or emergence of new systems. Then, we list known system behaviors, such as predator–prey cycles, adaptive cycles, lock-in, specialization and even tendency to higher (or lower) entropy. All this is needed to understand changes in management of evolving GB into multi-scapes. Integration of disciplines and paradigms indicates that a win-win is likely to be exception rather than rule. With the rules given in this paper, one can reset teaching, research, rural development, and policy agendas in GB-systems and other areas of life.
... This raise in the food production is important to cope with the hunger rate, which is on continuous rise all along the globe ( Figure 5), specifically in the developing countries, where food production needs to be doubled (FAO, 2008). Almost one in the nine people around the world suffers from chronic hunger, despite of the fact that ample food is present to meet the requirements of people all over the World (Halweil, 2002;FAO, 2015). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the estimated total number of undernourished people in the world reached 795 million people in the period 2014-2016, down from 820.7 million in 2010-12. ...
... This include the substitution of commodity crops for food crops (e.g. growing corn instead of vegetables) and exporting food crops at the expense of the food security of the country (Davis, 2002;Halweil, 2002). In addition, the increasing demand of biofuels utilizes a large proportion of arable land, which now becomes unavailable for food production (Tenenbaum, 2008;Childs & Bradley, 2007). ...
Global food security is one if the major issues that needs utmost attention of the scientific community in near future. The growing food demand of the society is putting enormous pressure on the resources over which the food supply of the civilization depends. The two major components affecting the global food security are population and global climate change. The rate at which the population of the World is increasing, the food production needs to be doubled to meet the growing requirements. Consequences of global climate change not only reduce the productivity of major staple crops, but also cause destruction of the arable land that can be used for agricultural purposes. The present chapter discusses the effects of population increase and climate change upon food production, which will play a significant role in food security around the globe in near future.
... Les circuits courts de distribution ont été proposés à titre de moyen de développement durable qui pourrait contribuer à surmonter ou au moins éviter plusieurs des effets négatifs du système alimentaire traditionnel (Lyson, 2004;Halweil et Worldwatch Institute, 2002;Rosset et Land Research Action Network, 2006;Desmarais, 2007;Via Campesina, s.d.). Le système traditionnel, qui se base sur les méthodes de production industrielle et la distribution centralisée à haut volume, est caractérisé par l'insécurité alimentaire ainsi que d'importants impacts environnementaux comme la contamination des cours d'eau, l'érosion et l'épuisement des sols de même qu'un taux élevé de gaspillage au niveau de la vente au détail et de la consommation (Équiterre, 2007). ...
... Bien que leurs niveaux de développement puissent varier quelque peu, les initiatives québécoises de circuits courts ressemblent beaucoup à celles que l'on peut retrouver dans d'autres pays occidentaux (voir par exemple les recensements internationaux réalisés par Halweil et Worldwatch Institute, 2002et Blouin et al., 2009 Gregoire, 2003), des établissements d'enseignement supérieur (Curry et al., 2007;Kennedy, 2003;Giuliano, 2010;Richer, 2005;Richer et al., 2007;Markley, 2005;Hardesty, 2008) En Europe, les enjeux de la santé et de l'environnement nutritif jouent un rôle important. L'initiative paneuropéenne iPOPY fait la promotion de la consommation d'aliments biologiques à l'école afin d'améliorer la santé des élèves ainsi que la protection de l'environnement (He et Mikkelsen, 2009;Kristensen et al., 2010;Mikkola et Roos, 2010). ...
La demande en produits maraîchers frais locaux en circuits courts est très forte dans les régions urbaines du Québec. Afin de répondre à cette demande, diverses formules innovantes de mise en marché existent telles que l’agriculture soutenue par la communauté (ASC). Par contre, ces initiatives ne parviennent pas à répondre complètement à la demande en zone urbaine. Selon l’avis des experts en agriculture, le regroupement de producteurs constitue une solution prometteuse pour augmenter l’offre de produits disponibles. L’objectif du projet est donc d’identifier un modèle de mise en marché, possiblement collectif, qui répondrait à la fois aux besoins des producteurs et des consommateurs de la région de Montréal. Le projet se divise en trois volets. Le premier vise à évaluer l’intérêt les craintes et les motivations des fermes existantes ou en démarrage à s’associer entre elles, à partager les connaissances et les ressources, à se spécialiser dans la culture de quelques produits et à augmenter les superficies cultivées ou à regrouper leur offre. Le deuxième volet vise à caractériser les modèles de regroupements les plus performants, en documentant les façons de faire au Québec et ailleurs dans le monde. Le troisième volet du projet consiste à étudier les marchés les plus prometteurs pour les regroupements (restaurants, institutions, ASC, etc.). Quatre livrables découleront de ce projet : ! un portrait de l’opinion des producteurs quant à la possibilité de faire partie d’un regroupement; ! une liste de producteurs potentiellement intéressés par le regroupement; ! une identification et des recommandations sur les modèles de regroupement considérés les plus performants et pour lesquels il est nécessaire d’approfondir la recherche; ! une analyse des marchés les plus prometteurs.
... This also happens to the development of Minangkabau customs and culture that continues to spread as a result of social interactions that move dynamically so that it becomes a culinary cultural heritage. However, the demand for the authenticity of traditional food is still always expected by consumers through local processing, and the skill of serving food locally shows commitment in maintaining cultural traditions and forms of appreciation expressed as cultural heritage [14,15,[23][24][25]. The authenticity of Minangkabau cuisine as a cultural heritage of food is ethnic food that has characteristics compared to other regions. ...
... According to the previous research [8,25,30], it is said that enterprise cultural heritage is a source of a sustainable competitive advantage by prioritizing past history and the knowledge has to be more valuable and unique than their competitors. Homogeneity in the era of globalization breeds consumer tastes so that the authenticity and past traditions of culinary heritage are highly valued by consumers in the current era because they can reminisce about their past memories about food [10,23,24,27]. Choosing to consume traditional cuisine is not just a choice of one's lifestyle but gives a symbolic meaning to one's cultural identity [31,32] which further binds a local identity and local specialization [10]. ...
The enterprise cultural heritage of the Minangkabau cuisine, West Sumatra in Indonesia was formed by several factors such as history, knowledge, and inheritance of processing procedures to the presentation of cuisine. Minangkabau cuisine has a wealth of assets in the form of heterogeneity of culinary heritage resources that are thick with a unique value of a unique taste. Thus, Minangkabau cuisine with its cultural heritage becomes the strength of cultural identity for the Minangkabau people in the process of selecting food. The sustainability of the Minangkabau restaurant business cannot be separated from the ownership of its valuable, scarce, inimitable, and non-substitute resource assets so that it is not easy to move to competitors. The findings in this study have never been answered in previous literature reviews; furthermore, this paper is able to explain treasures about the history, geographical, cultural, and social significance of ethnic food Minangkabau with scientific evidence, the enterprise culture heritage in achieving the sustainable competitive advantage of Minangkabau cuisine with a more interesting scientific approach. This review aims to explain scientifically the identity of food and culture from Minangkabau cuisine, West Sumatra, Indonesia, namely reviewing the history and food culture of Minangkabau cuisine related to its origin, the authenticity of Minangkabau food, and the enterprise cultural heritage as a restaurant for Minangkabau cultural cuisine as a source of sustainable competition in this global business era. In the end, it was found that Minangkabau cuisine has high heterogeneity resource assets as a source of achievement of sustainable competitive advantage by heritage value.
... Due to the growth in international trade in food from far-off sources, food shipments have travelled longer and carried more weight globally in recent decades [4]. For instance, food travelled 50% further in the UK and 25% further in the USA at the start of the twenty-first century than it did in the 1980s [5]. ...
... Firstly, urban agriculture promotes local food production and distribution. Placing agricultural production closer to cities reduces the supply chain lengths, decreasing the ecological impact of cities while fostering greater synergy among urban residential, industrial, and agricultural sectors [61,62,63,64]. There is also less need for secondary storages, further reducing the carbon footprint. ...
The progressive degradation of environment and urban sprawl inspired the search for alternative ways of urban development. In this context, the concept of a “regenerative city” has gained significant traction in the field. It encompasses a variety of principles and strategies to ensure that cities can function sustainably and do not just consume resources but also actively regenerate them. In this context, the role of urban farming is particularly relevant. Urban farming, as a multifunctional tool, can contribute to food security, ecological sustainability, community resilience, and social cohesion. By integrating nature into the very fabric of urban design and ensuring that cities can sustainably support their inhabitants, we move closer to a vision of cities that are not just places of residence but thriving ecosystems in their own right. To achieve this goal we need not invent urban theories de novo. Throughout the decades, researchers have proposed cities encompassing agrarian land. The present study aims to present three lesser-known theories of W. Czerny, L. Zimowski and O. Hansen on the backdrop of theories by i.e. L. Migge, F.L. Wright, particularly focusing on the role of agriculture within city framework and their implications for the built structure of cities in the future.
... In the U.S. as a whole, the food production system has become more industrialized and diets have shifted to include more processed foods over the past 50 years. Estimates indicate that for consumers in the U.S. food typically travels more than 1,500 miles from where it is produced to where it is consumed (Halweil, 2002). The Boston region, with its heavily developed urban/suburban character, is no exception. ...
This report provides technical documentation for the quantification of scenarios developed by the Tellus Institute for the Boston Scenarios Project (“BSP”). It serves as a supplement to the BSP final report: Alternative Long-Range Scenarios for the Boston Region: Contours of the Future. The report analyzes three long-range scenarios for the Boston region (Business-As-Usual (BAU), Policy Reform, and Deep Change), presenting the quantitative inputs and assumptions used in developing the scenarios and projecting them out to the year 2050.
... Local markets preserved heirloom cultivars grown by farmers according to their own standards rather than conforming to global market demands. But the globalization of food supply transformed the role of farmers from responsive entrepreneurs catering to local consumers into mass marketers of generic commodities (Halweil, 2002), resulting in the disappearance of many heirloom apple cultivars (Anastopoulo, 2014). Currently, an average of 10 to 20 cultivars out of 7,500 named varieties dominate the market (Volk et al., 2015). ...
Reports indicate that climate changes will result in the extinction of a significant percentage of plant species even though many of these species contributed to crucial genetic traits that led to the development of domestic crops. In the past, the diversified range of plant species, varieties, and agricultural practices allowed agriculture production and local food systems to tolerate moderate climate variability. Today, industrial farming relies on very limited genetic diversity for commercial production. Narrowing the genetic base leads to higher susceptibility to environmental changes and diseases.
Heirloom cultivars survived climate variations and extreme conditions but were abandoned in favor of a handful of commercial cultivars that dominate the food industry and fit the standards of the global food system. From a climate change perspective, it would be important to conserve heirloom cultivars to preserve biodiversity and make greater genetic diversity available to farming, which will lead to resilience and adaptation.
... This issue is also emphasized and confirmed in Fig. 2, according to the number of papers that have been published in these areas. This is while the average kilometers traveled by food in the 1980s increased by 25% in the US and by 50% in the UK to an average of 2,500-4,000 kilometers at the beginning of the 21st century (Halweil 2002). Food transport negatively affects logistics costs and the environment. ...
... Reasons for the growth in farmers markets and demand for local products vary; however, commonly cited motives include community aspiration to become more self-sufficient and less reliant on food transportation; a desire for fresh, nutrient-rich food that does not require the amount of packaging and refrigeration; an appeal to lessen the environmental impact by saving the energy used to preserve and transfer products to supermarket shelves; and an interest in strengthening local communities by investing food dollars close to home (Halweil, 2002;Brown, 2002). In addition, the many benefits of farmers markets include that they "help establish connections between consumers and food producers, provide an additional income source for farmers, and in general, serve as a tool for community development" (Abel, Thomson, & Maretzki, 1999, p. 1). ...
Various environmental, health, and food safety concerns have affected the purchasing decision of consumers and contributed to the growing demand for local produce and products, all of which can be found at local farmers markets. The research reported here adds knowledge about the media coverage regarding the role of farmers markets in local food consumption. Through a framing analysis of newspapers from eight different U.S. cities, the study revealed that four frames describe the coverage on the farmers markets and the buying local trend. Suggestions for Extension outreach efforts based on the locavore movement are offered.
... In the United Kingdom, for example, a geographical distance of 30-40 miles is considered local, with the exception of the London metropolitan area, which considers food from within 100 miles as local. Canada also refers to a local diet as a "100-mile diet" [28,29], whilst Washington, D.C., considers food from within a 150-mile radius as local [30], and according to the U.S. Congress, up to 400 miles is considered local [31]. A common notion is that a local food system grows and distributes food more locally through direct sales to consumers or "the unification of food production and consumption within the same physical and social space" [32,33]. ...
The United States food system is highly centralized with only three of the fifty states producing more than 75 percent of U.S. fruits and vegetables. The high reliance on long-distance transportation and cold chains undermines the sustainability of the food system and adds to its vulnerability. This was most recently demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic which caused significant disruptions to food supply chains. A promising alternative is a more decentralized and localized food system which reduces the reliance on long-distance transportation and long supply chains. Since such a food system will likely consist of smaller producers, questions have been raised about its economic viability. This precipitated the idea of Food Hubs as market aggregators. The model was first introduced by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as a way to aggregate the agricultural product of small farms. It has since evolved to imply a more flexible food system that can complement various parts of the food supply chain. This study develops a framework to assess the social and environmental sustainability contributions of Food Hubs and especially of urban Food Hubs, since 80 percent of U.S. food consumers live in urban and metro areas. Using our framework, we conducted a content analysis of publicly available information for 50 Food Hubs in metropolitan areas across the United States. We find that Food Hubs contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing food transportation through sourcing from local farms. They also perform relatively well in contributing to lowering food waste and loss. Their contributions to improving water management and adopting more sustainable food production methods, however, appear to be less strong. Similarly, Food Hubs appear to enhance some of our selected aspects of social sustainability such as improving access to fresh and healthy food to local consumers, and organizations such as schools and hospitals. Only a few of the Food Hubs in our sample, however, address our other aspects of social sustainability such as improving food security. We conclude our study by offering an aggregate ranking of the sustainability contributions of our selected Food Hubs based on our assessment framework.
... This disconnection of people from food production has led to a certain degree of indifference about the origin of food, the used production methods, and the scale of the phenomenon and its consequences. This is particularly true in most industrialised countries, where well-being is widesprea and food is abundant and cheap (Halweil 2002). Indeed, it is important to remember that in these countries less than 5% of the population produces food and that the food supply is relatively secure (Herrendorf et al. 2014). ...
http://dx.doi.org/10.15488/10074
Creative Food Cycles addresses three interconnected fields of innovation:
1. CREATIVE FOOD CYCLES AS DRIVER FOR URBAN RESILIENCE. Fostering novel and adaptive Food Cycles as driver for resilience in cities, economy, society, and culture.
2. CREATIVE FOOD CYCLES AS SOCIAL INNOVATION. Extending civic participation in Food Cycles toward active engagement, new urban communities, and new models of social entrepreneurship.
3. CREATIVE FOOD CYCLES BASED ON DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES. Experimenting with interactive devices and digital protocols with a strong cultural and social impact, as an empowering force of Food Cycles
Creative Food Cycles is funded by the European Union in the Creative Europe programme from 2018 to 2020. The project is coordinated by the Institute for Design and Urban Planning of the Leibniz University of Hannover and pre- formed with the project partners Institute for Advanced Architecture of Cat- alonia IAAC Barcelona/Spain and Department of Architecture and Design of the University of Genoa/Italy. Creative Food Cycles combines research with experimental prototyping, cultural actions and social dialogue.
... Even considering estimated embodied carbon from construction, rooftop farms are an overall sink over the first few years (Getter et al., 2009;Whittinghill et al., 2014). CO 2 emissions from the building could be avoided through decreased energy use (Oberndorfer et al., 2007;Batchelor et al., 2009;Garrison et al., 2012;Saadatian et al., 2013) primarily from 10 to 43% decreases in air conditioning use due to higher albedo and extra cooling from the presence of the garden (Meier, 1990;Garrison et al., 2012), or avoided transport of food from rooftop farms (Pirog et al., 2001;Halweil, 2002;Lower and Restaurant, 2014). Pirog et al. (2001) found produce brought to Chicago travels an average of 1,518 miles and that using local food from the surrounding area reduced the associated carbon emissions from travel by 5-17 times. ...
Integrating cities with the surrounding environment by incorporating green spaces in creative ways would help counter climate change. We propose a rooftop farm system called BIG GRO where air enriched with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) produced through respiration from indoor spaces is applied through existing ventilation systems to produce a fertilization effect and increased plant growth. CO 2 measurements were taken inside 20 classrooms and at two exhaust vents on a rooftop at Boston University in Boston, MA. Exhausted air was directed toward spinach and corn and plant biomass and leaf number were analyzed. High concentrations of CO 2 persisted inside classrooms and at rooftop exhaust vents in correlation with expected human occupancy. CO 2 levels averaged 1,070 and 830 parts per million (ppm), reaching a maximum of 4,470 and 1,300 ppm CO 2 indoors and at exhaust vents, respectively. The biomass of spinach grown next to exhaust air increased fourfold compared to plants grown next to a control fan applying atmospheric air. High wind speed from fans decreased growth by approximately twofold. The biomass of corn, a C4 plant, experienced a two to threefold increase, indicating that alternative environmental factors, such as temperature, likely contribute to growth enhancement. Enhancing growth in rooftop farms using indoor air would help increase yield and help crops survive harsh conditions, which would make their installation in cities more feasible.
... As the plants absorb nutrients, the water can also then be reused in the fish tanks. 11 Alternatively, the plants can be grown in soil that is irrigated with the nutrient-rich water from the fish tanks, a technique known as fertigation. The coproduction of vegetables and protein creates a number of benefits: ...
... Locavorism is an emergent consumer ideology (i.e., a set of beliefs) that determines consumer preferences for local foods (Reich et al. 2018). Locavorism is shown to be driven by three sets of beliefs: intrinsic superiority of local foods (superior taste and quality; Anderson 2008;Onozaka and McFadden 2011), preference for smallscale production (concerns about safety and transparency; Costanigro et al. 2014;Halweil 2002), and building and supporting one's own/local community (farmers markets and local co-ops are abundant, community-enhancing space; Brown and Miller 2008). Therefore, locavorism can alter attitudes toward food production technologies in the local vicinity. ...
The motive behind the paper is two-fold. First, map out the multiple
parallel mediation effects and examine the relationship between
knowledge sharing and sustainable performance. Second, the paper
describes how the observed heterogeneity influences the
relationship between knowledge sharing, sensing capability, agility,
and sustainable performance. The paper proposed two methods. The
paper leveraging the dimension reduction method, PLS-PM,
generates the bootstrap sub-samples to consolidate the multiple
parallel mediation effects. And second, we framed the segmentation
tree and highlighted the influence of social-demographic variables—
firm size, education levels, and occupancy level on knowledge
sharing and sustainable performance using the unique PATHMOX-PLS
technique. The findings show that sensing capability and agility
significantly mediate the relationship between knowledge sharing
and sustainable performance. At the same time, the manager’s and
employee’s firm size, education, and occupancy levels have signaled
different interpretations of the relationship between dynamic
capability drivers and sustainable performance. The paper posits the
practical applications as results of underpinned findings that could
be scalable to other firms in Tanzania as well as globally.
Keywords: Knowledge Sharing, Sustainable Performance,
Heterogeneity, Managers and Employees, PLS-PM, Pathmox tree.
... Sin embargo, si la alternativa es un tomate producido en invernadero, ese invernadero puede ser calentado también a base de energía fósil. Es necesario entender estos balances a nivel de toda la 'cuenca alimenticia' (Halweil, 2002), y para los diversos productos que utiliza la sociedad (para métodos ver (Dijkema and Basson, 2009)). ¿Qué herramientas tenemos para entender? ...
RESUMEN El clima está cambiando, eso ya no es novedad. Pero lo que es más difícil de comprender y manejar como sociedad, son las complejas interrelaciones que tiene ese fenómeno con otros fenómenos de cambio, resiliencia en la biodiversidad y sistemas humanos. El 'cambio' es mucho más que climático. Se da en un contexto de cambio de población (tanto cantidad como distribución espacial y de edades), de consumo, social, cultural, globalización, cambio económico y de huella ecológica. Se da además en un contexto netamente 'humano', donde no solo importa el dato o el modelo científico al servicio del bien común, sino que a menudo priman la percepción, los intereses privados, el engaño y la duda. Esta discusión revisa la trama de interrelaciones que constituyen este contexto, esencial para entender las consecuencias del cambio, y para informar una reflexión madura sobre cómo actuar en consecuencia. Palabras claves: cambio climático, percepciones, sistemas socio-económicos, monitoreo, políticas, adaptación. INTRODUCCIÓN: EL CONTEXTO El clima está cambiando, como siempre lo hizo. Las temperaturas suben y bajan, las lluvias aumentan y disminuyen. El cambio actual es distinto, en varios aspectos, a los cambios anteriores. 1) el cambio actual no es una variabilidad multianual cíclica: las temperaturas están subiendo más allá de los rangos de la variabilidad de los últimos decenios, siglos e incluso milenios. 2) el cambio se está produciendo rápidamente, cosa que sí se ha producido en pocas ocasiones en el pasado, con resultados catastróficos en la biodiversidad. 3) el cambio, según el consenso de los investigadores del Panel Intergubernamental para el Cambio Climático (IPCC, 2007b), es en gran parte responsabilidad humana, a través de la deforestación, quema de combustibles fósiles y ganadería, entre otras actividades. 4) tal vez uno de los puntos más importantes, el cambio se está dando en un contexto mundial muy diferente al de cualquier fluctuación climática del pasado (amenazas a la biodiversidad que fueron estimadas, antes de hablar de cambio climático, en porcentajes tan catastróficos como los de las mega-extinciones, como las de los dinosaurios en el límite Cretácico-Terciario; para una revisión de estimaciones y el debate sobre su validez ver Gibbs (2001)). Ese contexto incluye factores interdependientes como el crecimiento poblacional y de consumo, factores de cambio social y cultural, y globalización económica, resultantes en una huella ecológica expandida al punto que las estimaciones indican que desde 1985 esta huella es mayor a la de todo el
planeta (Hails et al., 2006), en otras palabras, estamos viviendo del capital que se achica rápidamente,
no del interés. Todos los recursos están disminuyendo, menos uno, la población humana. Y es el ser
humano el que presentará los mayores desafíos al desarrollo en las próximas décadas, no el medio
ambiente.
En los próximos párrafos se exploran las implicancias del cambio climático dentro de este
contexto global, y se identifican los aspectos claves que requieren atención si se quiere llegar a
acciones y adaptación. El ensayo se concentra en los aspectos de la incertidumbre de la información
(tanto científica como generada por procesos sociales) y cómo esta afecta la motivación política y la
capacidad de reaccionar frente a los cambios graduales.
... Although no singular definition of "local" exists, initiatives that promote local food often aim to connect food producers and consumers in the same geographic region (Feenstra 2002). In addition, local food economies may support eating food that is fresh, organic and supplied by small farms (Halweil 2002). One of the main benefits of eating locally, as touted by Michael Pollan, a renowned advocate of food-system re-localization, is keeping small-scale farmers in business (Pollan 2006). ...
Recent decades have led to increased interest in geographically localized food production and consumption systems as a means of supplying healthy food and strengthening local economies. A major pillar of this economic-strengthening is the idea that more direct markets support the development of viable, small-scale farm businesses. However, literature has increasingly shown that even direct sales may prove challenging as an avenue to economic viability for small-scale farmers. This paper contributes to this literature through an examination of market perceptions and pricing strategies used by small-scale farmers engaged in direct sales opportunities. Interviews with nine farm owners and managers, as well as three leaders of local food initiatives, revealed the creative strategies that small-scale food producers use to mitigate costs, set prices and convey the value of their products. Though farmers employ these creative strategies to make ends meet, their ability to become viable businesses is limited by the scope of current opportunities available within Atlanta's local food system, primarily farmers’ markets and Community-Supported Agriculture. In order for local food production to provide viable livelihoods for small-scale farmers, Atlanta's local food infrastructure may need to support small-scale farmers’ access to more diverse direct-market opportunities.
... مواد نقل و حمل از ناشی ای گلخانه های گاز انتشار نتیجه در غذای مقوله در .) Pirog et al., 2001 Lyson and Green, 1999;Halweil, 2002;Magdoff, عموم و کشاورزان بین نزدیک روابط چنین هم .)2007 به مربوط های مسئله مورد در آگاهی افزایش سبب مردم .) ...
... Rönesans zamanında yenilebilir bahçeler, beslenme ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasının yanı sıra zevk ile de yakın ilişkilidir. Meyve ve sebzelerin kullanımı Rönesans bahçelerinde çok yaygın olmakla beraber, elde edilen ürünler şatoların bakımı için para toplamak amacıyla yerel halka satılmaktaydı (Çelik, 2017;Wilhelmi, 2013 (Fetouh, 2018;Beck ve Quinley, 2003;Halweil, 2002). ...
The Importance of Soil Fertility for Sustainable Agriculture:
The relationship between soil and man is approximately equivalent to human history. Mankind has achieved a large part of soil’s development, production, industry and economy with the soil, by cultivating and using it, and still continues to do so. However, it can be said that this important resource of ours has been threatened more than ever due to factors such as increasing population, landfilling of pollutants to soil and water, erosion and flooding. In order for our soil under these conditions to feed us and our generations after us, we need to use it more carefully more than it is. The meaning of careful soil using is to knowing soil properties such as physical, chemical and biological. These knowledges include performing some cultural practices such as planting, planting, fertilizing, tillage and contain processing carefully, consciously and without harming to the soil. In this review, the characteristics of soils, their importance and protection were discussed.
... Lionization is associated with a belief in the superiority of local food in terms of taste and health, is a consistent predictor of the preference for local food (Onozaka and McFadden, 2011). Opposition refers to opposing distant foods for safety and transparency (Halweil, 2002), which translates into a distrust of nonlocal foods. Communalization pertains to the belief in which consumers see themselves as actively participating in the local community by consuming local food. ...
Extant research on local food consumption is emerging yet limited. This study aims tofill a void to test locavorism as a second-order construct and its effects on authenticity,pride, and willingness to visit. Further, the boundary condition of the effect oflocavorism is also explored. Results suggest that restaurant managers that endeavorto offer locally-sourced menus need to emphasize the characteristics of locavorism(i.e., lionization, opposition, and communalization) when marketing to locavores as atarget consumer group. This study provides valuable insights into local foodconsumption behavior within the restaurant context by examining the factors andeffects of locavorism.
... Food travelled 50 per cent farther in the early 21 st century to reach the UK and 25 per cent further to reach the USA compared to distances travelled in the 1980s (Halweil 2002). The increase in food transport distances and the reduction in maritime transport costs and logistical and port costs has not only negatively impacted the environment but also increased the risks related to food quality, biosafety, invasive species, and traceability. ...
The TEEBAgriFood ‘Scientific and Economic Foundations’ report addresses the core theoretical issues and controversies underpinning the evaluation of the nexus between the agri-food sector, biodiversity and ecosystem services and externalities including human health impacts from agriculture on a global scale. It argues the need for a ‘systems thinking‘ approach, draws out issues related to health, nutrition, equity and livelihoods, presents a Framework for evaluation and describes how it can be applied, and identifies theories and pathways for transformational change.
... This recent engagement in eating locally, making food at home, or engaging in "personal" agriculture (e.g., gardening, raising backyard chickens) has implications for long-term humanenvironmental sustainability. Generally speaking, producing and eating local foods promotes a shorter and more resilient supply chain (Reisch et al., 2013) and more environmentally sustainable practices and community-based distribution methods (e.g., farmer's markets, local restaurant sales) ( Fig. 3b; Halweil, 2002), and increases the likelihood of eating fresh healthy foods (Kortright and Wakefield, 2010). Local food production also avoids many risks that industrialized agriculture poses for the emergence of novel infectious disease, including "rendering" animal waste products into livestock feed (Walters, 2014) and use of antibiotics (Khachatourians, 1998). ...
Pandemics have accelerated in frequency in recent decades, with COVID-19 the latest to join the list. Emerging in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, the virus has spread quickly through the world, affecting billions of people through quarantine, and at the same time claiming more than 800,000 lives worldwide. While early reflections from the academic community have tended to target the microbiology, medicine, and animal science communities, this article articulates a viewpoint from a perspective of human interactions with Earth systems. We highlight the link between rising pandemics and accelerating global human impacts on Earth, thereby suggesting that pandemics may be an emerging element of the “Anthropocene.” Examples from Denver, Colorado, USA, show how policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic changed human-environment interactions and created anomalous landscapes at the local scale in relation to the quality of air and patterns of acquiring and consuming food. In recognizing the significance of novel infectious diseases as part of understanding human-landscape interactions in the Anthropocene, as well as the multi-scale interconnectedness between environment and health, this viewpoint converges toward an urgent need for new paradigms for research and teaching. The program required extends well beyond the already broad interdisciplinary scholarship essential for addressing human-landscape interactions, by integrating the work of health scientists, disease specialists, immunologists, virologists, veterinarians, behavioral scientists, and health policy experts.
... In the United States, food travels between 2,500 and 4,000 kilometers from farm to plate, as much as 25 percent farther than in 1980's. In the UK, food travels 50 percent farther than it did two decades ago [Halweil, 2002]. ...
Au cours des soixante dernières années, la population mondiale a connu un sursaut spectaculaire, passant de 2,5 milliards d’habitants à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale à 7 milliards en 2011. Cette croissance démographique se distingue des précédents épisodes tant par son importance que par l'apparition conjointe d'une tendance nouvelle et soutenue à la concentration des populations au sein des villes. Appelée à se renforcer partout dans le monde, cette tendance au grossissement des villes lance un véritable défi à la communauté internationale en matière de durabilité de notre système économique en général et alimentaire en particulier. Cette thèse propose un traitement théorique de la question de la durabilité des systèmes d'approvisionnement alimentaires en milieu urbain. A la frontière entre économie publique et économie géographique, elle poursuit comme objectif principal de permettre la conduite d'une analyse formalisée des arbitrages environnementaux et sociaux dans un cadre spatial explicite. En outre, l'idée selon laquelle aucune réponse ne saurait être satisfaisante sans qu'une attention spécifique soit portée aux interactions spatiales, économiques et écologiques entre espaces urbains et agriculture constitue l'un des positionnements clés défendus dans ce travail. De manière générale, les travaux de cette thèse font apparaître l'élément majeur suivant: du fait de la forte et inextricable interconnexion entre milieux urbain et rural, l'évaluation environnementale, sociale et économique d'un système alimentaire ne peut se faire qu'en connaissance des caractéristiques démographique et physique de la ville concernée.
... Although imported foods are becoming popular, mainly in upper class urban households [66], they do not contribute to the national economy as much as domestic foods do. For example, in West Africa, each US$ 1 spent on local produce boosts the local economy by US$ 1.96 -2.88 [67]. Additionally, most of the smallholder farms in Africa can be construed as closed systems with inadequate transportation networks and the consumption of much of what is locally produced [68]. ...
The human-environment connection in the mostly rural drylands of Africa forms a complex, interlinked system that provides ecosystem services. This system is susceptible to climatic variability that impacts the supply of its products, and high population growth, which impacts the demand for these products. When plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis, they use some of this carbon to maintain plant cellular structure. The rest is stored as plant tissue and forms plant biomass. The annual accumulation of this plant biomass is called net primary production (NPP). On an annual basis, NPP supplies the provision of crops, animal feed and pasture. The societal implications of reduced NPP can be severe, possibly leading to crop failure and eventual food insecurity. This paper focuses on a method of quantifying the human impact on ecosystems using satellite-derived estimates of NPP and quantitative data on the demand for food, feed, and fuel. This work leans on three main sources (see footnote) and streamlines key concepts introduced therein. The first section is an introduction to the link between humans and the environment in the drylands of Africa. The second section describes the role of climate and the concept of primary production, and the history of its estimation using data from Earth-observing satellites. The third section presents the various consumable components necessary for human survival and their statistical derivation. The fourth section details the conceptual framework that is based on the supply and demand of NPP. The fifth section broadly discusses the framework’s advantages and limitations, other studies that attempt to quantify human impact on ecosystems as well as knowledge gaps and future research needs.
... Similarly, the use of regionally produced proteinrich feedstuffs for dairy production in Austria was found to result in lower greenhouse gas emissions than feeding dairy cattle with soybean meal imported from South America, predominantly due to high emission resulting from land use changes (Hörtenhuber et al., 2011). Additionally, there is an increasing interest of consumers in locally grown food for reasons such as taste and concerns regarding food safety or genetically modified food (Halweil, 2002). All those reasons call for the reinforcement of home grown grain legumes in Central Europe. ...
Soybean crop management have not been studied much in Central Europe as compared with cereals. We assessed the effect of variety, row spacing, seeding rate and nitrogen (N) fertilization on yields and yield components of soybean in a two-year experiment in Gleisdorf, Austria. The varieties Lenka, Naya and Xonia were tested in row spacings of 13 cm, 38 cm and 76 cm with 30 germinable seeds m ⁻² . Additionally, 60 seeds m ⁻² were tested at 13 cm row spacing, and 38 cm row spacing was additionally established with N fertilization. Faster soil coverage was obtained with a high seeding rate or narrower row spacings. First pod height differed between varieties and increased with higher seeding rate. Grain yield was not affected by treatments but yield components differed. The widest row spacing resulted in a lower plant density but more pods plant ⁻¹ , grains plant ⁻¹ , grains pod ⁻¹ (in one year) and a higher thousand kernel weight (TKW). The higher seeding rate resulted in a higher plant density but less pods plant ⁻¹ whereas grains pod ⁻¹ and TKW did not differ. N fertilization did not affect the grain yield. Correlation analysis showed a high adaptability of soybean to different seeding rates and row spacings through modulation of yield components.
... However, it results in substantial environmental costs, which are not taken into account in food prices, such as erosion, loss of biodiversity, water resource depletion, or pollution of rivers from surface runoff (Knudsen et al. 2006;Nellemann 2009). Furthermore, food producers and consumers are disconnected due to the fact that food travels far distances to nourish our population (Halweil 2002). The continuous reduction of arable land on the one hand, and the increasing demand for locally produced food on the other hand, highlights the urgency to put urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) on the political and research agenda. ...
Urban agriculture describes the growing of plants and animals in and around cities and it involves activities such as production, processing, delivery, and marketing of agricultural products. Urban fabrics can be composed of manifold urban and peri-urban agriculture depending on spatiality (e.g., rooftop gardens and indoor farming), the actors involved (e.g., family farms and community-supported agriculture), and the organizational perspective (e.g., market orientation including urban farming or subsistence activities such as urban gardening). This chapter aims to contribute to an increased understanding about the impacts and framework conditions for the implementation of urban agriculture taking into account various types of urban food production such as allotment gardens (Breuste and Artmann), community gardens (Liu), community-supported agriculture (La Rosa), home gardens (Dissanayake and Dilini), and the edible city concept (Artmann and Sartison). Thereby, the case studies used cover a wide range of geographical backgrounds from the Global South and North such as Pakistan (Waseem and Breuste), Sri Lanka (Dissanayake and Dilini), China (Liu), Spain (Breuste and Hufnagl), Italy (La Rosa), Austria (Breuste and Artmann), and Germany (Artmann and Sartison). This chapter aims at the development of a comprehensive understanding of urban agriculture and the challenges and changes in food production in cities.
El turismo rural sostenible en la Costa Sur de Jalisco, es una alternativa para revalorizar el campo mexicano y ofrecer a las sociedades rurales oportunidades de desarrollo y aprovechamiento de sus recursos naturales y culturales, compitiendo con las formas de turismo (tradicional) de sol y playa en la zona costera Costalegre de Jalisco, con aquellas en las que se interactúa con la sociedad (rural) y su medio, como lo plantea el turismo rural sostenible. Considerando al turismo como estrategia viable para el desarrollo de las sociedades rurales y entendiendo la importancia de la planificación adecuada de los espacios de uso para el turismo, en este artículo se presentan los resultados de un diagnóstico del potencial turístico existente en la comunidad indígena de Cuzalapa, municipio de Cuautitlán, estado de Jalisco, en el occidente de México.
Cities are facing various societal challenges calling for nature-based solutions providing multidimensional benefits to nature and urban residents. Urban and peri-urban agriculture can be considered one of such solutions contributing to urban resilience, ecosystem services and quality of life in cities. In order to upscale urban food supply and its related benefits, the concept of edible cities (referring to the use of public urban green spaces for the cost-free provision of food) gains importance in research and urban planning. This chapter presents the German frontrunner Andernach, one of the first edible cities in Germany to help understand the implementation of edible cities and their potential benefits. Interviews with major initiators of the concept showed that the edible city stands out for its multifunctional social, ecological and economic benefits addressing various urban challenges such as food security, biodiversity or social cohesion. The edible city of Andernach was implemented by the city government without a concept but by practical learning and driven by the demand to re-connect urban residents to nature and food. However, further efforts are needed that edible cities are not only “nice to have” but that urban food supply becomes a fixed task for city administration and urban policy.KeywordsUrban gardeningNature-based solutionsUrban transformationHuman-nature connectionEdible cityAndernach
Home gardens are a central part of the domestic dwelling. Urban home gardens can play a significant role in maintaining ecosystem quality and simultaneously contribute to livelihood needs. Thus, they can be mitigating crucial issues in the urban landscape that arise due to human pressure on the environment. In the context of this concern, a better understanding of urban home gardens is essential. The study was carried out in three different geographical and socioeconomic regions of Sri Lanka. According to the results, land utilization for gardening is high in Galle and Jaffna, while Kandy shows the lowest record. The increasing area utilized for gardening from the city core to its periphery is common in all three study sites. While Kandy is specific with front gardening, Galle and Jaffna used all surrounding areas for gardening. Gardens in Jaffna and Galle are mostly used for food production while gardens in Kandy are oriented more on the visual appearance. Quality enhancement of urban home gardens should be mitigating environmental issues as the green cover has a unique function on carbon sequestration and increases water detention function and reduces soil erosion and floods.KeywordsFunctionalityHome gardensLandscapeStructureUrban gardensSri Lanka
The aim of this research is to understand the effects of locavorism and food personality traits of tourists visiting Gaziantep on local food attitudes and local food purchase intention. Locavorism, food personality traits, local food attitude and local food purchase intention scales were used in the research. The primary data of the research consists of questionnaires applied to 412 tourists visiting Gaziantep using the convenience sampling method. After the research data were coded in the SPSS statistical program, they were analyzed with the structural equation model in the Smart PLS statistical program. Among the scales used in the research model, it was determined that the locavorism sub-factor of socialization was formative and other scales had reflective features. In this context, the partial least squares method was used as the measurement method. When the results of the research were examined, it was concluded that lioanization did not significantly affect the local food attitude, while the opposition and the communization affected the local food attitude positively. In addition, it was determined that the food neophilia personality trait positively affected the local food attitude, and the food neophobia personality trait did not affect the local food attitude negatively. Finally, it was found that local food attitude positively affects local food purchase intention.
Urban agriculture provides a promising, comprehensive solution to water, energy, and food scarcity challenges resulting from the population growth, urbanization, and the accelerating effects of anthropogenic climate change. Their close access to consumers, profitable business models, and important roles in educational, social, and physical entertainment benefit both developing and developed nations. In this sense, Urban Water Resource Reclamation Facilities (WRRFs) can play a pivotal role in the sustainable implementation of urban agriculture. Reclaimed water as a recovered resource has less supply variability and in certain cases can be of higher quality than other water sources used in agriculture. Another recovered resource, namely, biosolids, as byproduct from wastewater treatment can be put to beneficial use as fertilizers, soil amendments, and construction material additives. The renewable electricity, heat, CO 2 , and bioplastics produced from WRRFs can also serve as essential resources in support of urban agriculture operation with enhanced sustainability. In short, this review exhibits a holistic picture of the state‐of‐the‐art of urban agriculture in which WRRFs can potentially play a pivotal role.
Practitioner Points
Reclaimed water can be of higher quality than other sources used in urban agriculture.
Biosolids can be put to beneficial use as fertilizers, soil amendments, and construction material additives.
The renewable electricity, heat, CO 2 , and bioplastics produced can also serve as essential resources in support of urban agriculture.
The aim of the paper was to present main factors influencing development of worldwide transporting food. We underlined problems of creating more and more complex food supply chains. Moreover, we pointed out food production regionalization as the reasons for the current trend of increasing the volume and length of food transport. As a summary, we presented possible solution to the problem of environmental effects of food transport which can be implemented by customers, producers and also transport companies.
Food is vital for human survival. Food has had a significant impact on our built environment since the beginning of human life. The process of feeding oneself was most people’s primary job for the greater part of human history. Urban Migration moved people away from rural and natural landscapes on which they had been dependent for food and other amenities for centuries.1 Emergence of the cities leads to a new paradigm where the consumers get their food from rural hinterland where the main production of food products happens2 . In a globalized world with an unprecedented on-going process of urbanization, There is an ever reducing clarity between urban and rural, the paper argues that the category of the urban & rural as a spatial and morphological descriptor has to be reformulated, calling for refreshing, innovating and formulating the way in which urban and rural resource flows happen. India is projected to be more than 50% urban by 2050 (currently 29%). The next phase of economic and social development will be focused on urbanization of its rural areas. This 50 %, which will impact millions of people, will not come from cities, but from the growth of rural towns and small cities. Urbanization is accelerated through Government schemes such as JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission ) , PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana), 100 smart cities challenge, Rurban Mission are formulated with developmental mindset. The current notions of ‘development’ are increasing travel distances, fuels consumption, food imports, deterioration of biodiversity, pollution, temperatures, cost of living. The enormity of the issue is realized when the cumulative effect of all cities is addressed. Urban biased development becomes an ignorant choice, causing the death of rural and deterioration of ecological assets. Most people live in places that are distant from production fields have been observed as an increasing trend. Physical separation of people from food production has resulted in a degree of indifference about where and how food is produced, making food a de-contextualized market product as said by Halweil, 20023 . The resulting Psychological separation of people from the food supply and the impacts this may have on long term sustainability of food systems. Methodology : . Sharing the learning about planning for food security through Field surveys, secondary and tertiary sources. Based on the study following parameters : 1. Regional system of water 2. Landforms 3. Soil type 4. Transportation networks 5. Historical evolution 6. Urban influences A case study of Delhi, India, as a site to study a scenario that can be an alternative development model for the peri-urban regions of the city. To use the understanding of spatial development and planning to formulate guidelines for sustainable development of a region that would foster food security.
Cities face many environmental challenges while providing opportunities for integrating human infrastructure with the surrounding environment. One effort to improve environmental conditions in cities is to increase the amount of green space in creative ways within city limits. Here we propose a unique system taking carbon dioxide (CO2) from indoor spaces and applying it to rooftop gardens or farms through existing ventilation systems with the elevated CO2 levels leading to a fertilization effect that increases plant growth. CO2 measurements were taken inside multiple classrooms as well as at the exhaust vents on a rooftop and air from exhaust was applied to crops and biomass and leaf number were measured. High concentrations of CO2 ([CO2]) persisted inside university classrooms as well as at rooftop exhaust vents in correlation with expected human occupancy and stayed around 1070 ± 70 and 830 parts per million (ppm) CO2 reaching a max of 4470 and 1300 ppm CO2 respectively. Growth in Spinacia oleraceae L. (spinach) grown next to exhaust air increased 4-fold in comparison to plants grown next to a control fan applying atmospheric air. High wind speed decreased growth by approximately 2-fold. Zea mays (corn), a C4 plant, grown next to exhaust experienced a 2 to 3-fold increase, indicating alternative environmental factors additionally playing a part in growth enhancement. Enhancing growth in rooftop gardens using indoor air, could help rooftop plants grow larger and survive harsh conditions. This would make rooftop gardens more viable and better able to provide environmental services and connect urban areas to the surrounding environment.
Rainfed farming is mostly found in the Middle East, Asia, Africa and Latin America. The harsh environmental conditions of West Asia, North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa are the main factors limiting crop production. Demand and problems of rainfed arable land are increasing in demand for increasing grain production due to the problems and challenges of fast-growing world population, global climate change, lack of suitable water for irrigation and erosion of agricultural land. Rainwater harvesting methods are commonly practiced and it is possible to improve water access for domestic and agricultural use in arid and semi-arid regions. New funds are becoming available to encourage the implementation of water harvesting methods. This chapter deals with crops and management, research that can improve water efficiency, water harvesting methods, and opportunities in rainfed farming for better working as well as commercial development. The people of semi-arid region are constantly fighting problems related to water in farming methods. This can only be achieved by proper agricultural methods and can provide good technology by governance.
This paper estimates the foodmiles (embedded distances) and transport-related carbon emissions of 27 Food Quality Scheme (FQS) products – Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), Protected Geographical Indications (PGI) and organic – and their reference products. It goes further than the existing literature by adopting a value chain perspective, instead of the traditional consumer perspective, and focusing on FQS products. The same methodology is applied across all the case studies. The article specifically investigates the determinants of differences between FQS and their references. FQS products travel significantly shorter distances (−30%) and generate significantly lower transport-related emissions (−23%) than conventional food products. The differences are even greater for vegetal and organic products. The relationship between distance and transport-related emissions is not exactly proportional and highlights the importance of transport modes and logistics, in particular for exports and imports. Finally, we stress the importance of the spatial distribution of the different stages in the value chains (e.g. production, processing). PDO technical specifications delimit a geographical area for production and processing, thereby limiting distances and transport-related emissions compared to conventional food products, but also compared to other types of FQS.
The man-made peninsula Palm Jumeirah on the coast of Dubai is a project of superlatives and an exemplary model for the gated communities and resorts that have developed worldwide in property bubbles. The development may be spectacular, but cannot conceal the fact that the former marketing success story is faced with serious problems. How can an isolated anti-urban exclave be opened up and integrated? Can issues concerning networking, the public sphere and affordable housing, as well as climate change adaptation, biodiversity and the supply of energy be resolved through targeted tactical interventions? The Charter of Dubai is a manifesto of critical urban transformation. It subversively encourages the conversion of isolated quarters into a socially and ecologically open urban space.
The detailed catalogue of the individual measures, richly illustrated with clear sketches and references, make the Charter a handbook for urban transformation that takes account of the social and the ecological.
With a foreword by Philipp Misselwitz, an essay by Kees Christiaanse and an interview with the planners of the Palm Jumeirah.
Isabel Maria Madaleno has a Ph.D. in Human Geography and works at the Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (Tropical Institute), Lisbon, Portugal. Urban agriculture, defined as food and non-food production dispersed throughout urban and peri-urban areas, can play an important role in the cities of the future. A main benefit of these activities could be an improvement in the nutritional status and food security of urban people. Urban agriculture may contribute to food self-reliance, jobs and effective survival strategies. It provides an opportunity for purposeful recreation and educates young people about health and environmental issues. Producing food in a city environment helps to develop community bonds because it encourages cooperation and a sense of sharing. Children, young people and adults have opportunities to increase their understanding of, and respect for, the tasks and challenges faced by farmers and to be directly involved with the production of healthy food. Urban agriculture constitutes a positive way to improve the urban environment, adding a further dimension to the wide-ranging benefits urban people derive from public open spaces. In this article, the evolution of cities and use of green space in Europe and North America are explained. Recent experiences in urban agriculture in a number of countries in Africa, Europe and Latin America are described. It is argued that urban agriculture can foster local solutions to social, environmental, political and economic problems in a diversity of settings. After the Industrial Revolution, urbanites became separated from nature, confined as they were to narrow indoor spaces, and prevented from feeling the soil under their feet by modern transportation and urban infrastructures. The residence and the workplace became separated. Although the urban sprawl spread to consume many formerly rural spaces, some green areas persisted inside metropolitan areas.