Introduction to Personality and Intelligence
Abstract
“There is a wonderful balance and clarity in coverage of complex and contentious issues. Throughout, the tone is amiable…the writing engaging and clear.” —Robbie Sutton, University of Kent, U.K. Nick Haslam's highly-anticipated new text is a thoroughly engaging introduction to the psychology of personality. Fully tailored to the British Psychological Society's guidelines regarding the teaching of Individual Differences, Introduction to Personality and Intelligence provides the perfect package for any undergraduate Psychology student taking a course in this fascinating subject. Key Features: Coverage of all core topics for a personality course; A whole section devoted to intelligence; Includes mental disorders and cognitive approaches; Focuses on major theoretical issues; Presents a good range of applied theory chapters; Packed with pedagogical features including: key concept boxes and a full glossary, illustrative case studies, and annotated further reading The author's writing style, use of pedagogy, and incorporation of the latest empirical research findings makes Introduction to Personality and Intelligence an essential textbook for all Psychology students taking a Personality or Individual Differences course.
... " This factor primarily pertains to interpersonal orientation (Pervin, 2001). On one end of the spectrum, this trait encompasses characteristics such as caring, cooperativeness, and selflessness; while on the opposite end, it may manifest as indifference, callousness, and viciousness (Mccrae and Costa, 1989;Digman, 1990;Haslam, 2007). Individuals who score high on agreeableness typically demonstrate trusting behavior, pleasure, and cooperation with others, while individuals who score low on agreeableness are quarrelsome (Digman, 1990;Zellars et al., 2000). ...
... Individuals exhibiting high scores in this trait are described as well-organized, efficient, goal-striving, thorough, diligent, and achievement-oriented (McCrae and Costa, 1987;Haslam, 2007). Conversely, individuals with low scores on this trait tend to be impulsive, careless towards responsibilities, and disorganized (Haslam, 2007). ...
... Individuals exhibiting high scores in this trait are described as well-organized, efficient, goal-striving, thorough, diligent, and achievement-oriented (McCrae and Costa, 1987;Haslam, 2007). Conversely, individuals with low scores on this trait tend to be impulsive, careless towards responsibilities, and disorganized (Haslam, 2007). Those high in conscientiousness tend to prioritize self-efficacy and goal-directed behaviors and are result-oriented. ...
Introduction
Job burnout has severe consequences for teachers and students. This study aimed to measure the direct effects of personality traits on job burnout-stress syndrome among allied health educators. Furthermore, teachers’ digital competence was evaluated as a personal job resource for mitigating the negative impact of burnout.
Methods
This study examined direct relationships between work-related stress syndrome and personality traits, namely, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. Data was collected from 334 allied health institution teachers through a self-reported questionnaire. Linear regression analysis was used to test for direct effects. Moderating effects were evaluated using Andrew F Hays PROCESS macro v2.16.3.
Results
All five personality traits had a significant negative relationship to burnout and teachers’ digital competence moderated the relationship between personality traits and burnout. This study’s findings provide evidence, that personality is significantly related to job burnout among allied health educators.
Conclusion
These empirical findings conclude that personality traits are related to burnout in the non-Western culture of Pakistan. Furthermore, teachers’ digital competence acts as a personal job resource and potential moderator in the current digital working environment. Therefore, future teachers should enrich their digital competencies for improved performance, and advanced digital competency courses should be included in their curriculum.
... Here entrepreneurial personality got much importance in the previous studies (Cooper et al., 1988;Zhao et al., 2010). Personality is the well-established and persistent behavioral patterns that come from the inside of the individuals (Haslam, 2007;Salbach-Andrae et al., 2008) also depicts personality as features or qualities that make an individual unique. So individuals' deeds are the results of the 'personality traits that an individual possesses (Costa & Mccrae, 1992). ...
... Simply, skill is an ability to convert knowledge into practice efficiently (Wickham, 2006). Similarly, entrepreneurial ability is the capacity to build or establish a business that generates revenue for the entrepreneur and helps society as a whole (Hisrich & Peters, 2002). More simply, entrepreneurial skill is the individual ability to start the new set-up by turning the idea into action to reward the both entrepreneur and the society (Olagunju, 2004). ...
... Skill is an ability to turn knowledge into practice (Wickham, 2006). In the same way, entrepreneurial skill is an ability to create or develop new undertakings that produce monetary gain to entrepreneurs and add value to society (Hisrich & Peters, 2002). Entrepreneurial skills set consist of four skills: first, technical skills are the skills necessary for the smooth product line of the business (Lyons, 2002). ...
Entrepreneurship is the engine of the growth and development of every economy.
Furthermore, the Total Entrepreneurship Activity Rate is also very low in the different
economies. So, the current scenario leads the policymakers to look for the factor that can
augment the intention to new start-ups. Hence, this study aims to investigate which factor
matters the most to enhance the entrepreneurial intention is entrepreneurial personality
(entrepreneurial self-efficacy, risk-taking propensity, locus of control, and innovativeness) or
entrepreneurial skills (technical skills, management abilities, entrepreneurial abilities, and
personal maturity capabilities). Furthermore, the moderating role of entrepreneurial skills on
the relationship between entrepreneurial personality and intention to new start-ups is also
analyzed to fully explore the intensity of the factors. The Ajzen theory of planned behavior (TPB)
supports this scenario as entrepreneurial skills (Factors) impact the entrepreneurial
personalities (Attitudes) and it will lead to the entrepreneurial intention (Intention) and ultimate
result in a start-up (Behavior). Online cross-sectional surveys were utilized to gather data from
students in the business and IT fields enrolled in 16 years of education considering convenience
sampling. Statistical results based on the 494 responses; show that entrepreneurial personalities
are better predictors of entrepreneurial intention due to their high explanatory power as
compared to entrepreneurial skills. On the other hand, a little moderation effect of
entrepreneurial skills is found and again clears the intensity of the entrepreneurial skills
towards explaining the intention to new start-ups. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to the
educationist that they must identify the students who possess the entrepreneurial personality first
and then consider the students' potential entrepreneurial skills and nurture them and enable
them to be entrepreneurs
... The trait openness (to experience) refers to the extent to which a person is open to experiencing a variety of activities, and prefers novelty over convention [27]. It manifests in traits such as creativity, imaginativeness, curiosity, and aesthetic appreciation. ...
... Open people are heavily invested in cultivating new experiences, and are described as original, curious and liberal [28]. People who fall at the other end of this factor -called the opposite poleare uncreative, conventional and narrow in their interests, conservative and sometimes rigid in their approach to life's challenges and opportunities [27]. The second dimension -conscientiousness -refers to the extent to which people prefer an organized or a flexible approach in life, and is thus concerned with the way in which they control, regulate, and direct their impulses [28]. ...
... The second dimension -conscientiousness -refers to the extent to which people prefer an organized or a flexible approach in life, and is thus concerned with the way in which they control, regulate, and direct their impulses [28]. People who score high on conscientiousness are hardworking, conscientious, punctual, and persevering [27]. People who score low on conscientiousness, in contrast, tend to be disorganized, negligent, lazy, aimless and are likely to give up [29]. ...
Conversational agents (CAs)—software systems emulating conversations with humans through natural language—reshape our communication environment. As CAs have been widely used for applications requiring human-like interactions, a key goal in information systems (IS) research and practice is to be able to create CAs that exhibit a particular personality. However, existing research on CA personality is scattered across different fields and researchers and practitioners face difficulty in understanding the current state of the art on the design of CA personality. To address this gap, we systematically analyze existing studies and develop a framework on how to imbue CAs with personality cues and how to organize the underlying range of expressive variation regarding the Big Five personality traits. Our framework contributes to IS research by providing an overview of CA personality cues in verbal and non-verbal language and supports practitioners in designing CAs with a particular personality.
... Big five personality traits converge to many psychological phenomena but are particularly relevant to emotions. In a similar way that personality traits form a unified structure, also affective states form two dominant dimensions of negative and positive affect (Haslam, 2007) that have been discovered across cultures (Watson & Clark, 1984). Positive refers to emotions and moods such as joy, happiness and enthusiasm, whereas negative states involve such as fearfulness, anxiety, sadness and contempt (Haslam, 2007). ...
... In a similar way that personality traits form a unified structure, also affective states form two dominant dimensions of negative and positive affect (Haslam, 2007) that have been discovered across cultures (Watson & Clark, 1984). Positive refers to emotions and moods such as joy, happiness and enthusiasm, whereas negative states involve such as fearfulness, anxiety, sadness and contempt (Haslam, 2007). Neuroticism is associated with proneness to experience negative emotions whereas, extraversion positive states (Haslam, 2007). ...
... Positive refers to emotions and moods such as joy, happiness and enthusiasm, whereas negative states involve such as fearfulness, anxiety, sadness and contempt (Haslam, 2007). Neuroticism is associated with proneness to experience negative emotions whereas, extraversion positive states (Haslam, 2007). Over 30 years of extensive analysis attest sufficient evidence of the validity and robustness of the two dimensions of E and N (Meyer & Shack, 1989). ...
Terrorist attacks can instigate widespread and long-lasting fear. Mass media can enforce fear by framing the events and affecting their perceptions. We implemented a news experiment to investigate the fear-triggering effects of different types of terrorist threats. We manipulated the type of terrorist group in three scenarios: a homegrown Islamist group, a foreign Islamist group, and a domestic far-right group. The fourth group served as the control group. The data were collected in early 2017 from Finland (N = 2024), Norway (N = 2063), Spain (N = 2000), France (N = 2003), and the United States (N = 2039). The results showed that in Finland and France, fear was higher in groups primed with jihadist scenarios. Ethnic intolerance was associated with fear related to jihadist news across all of the countries. Institutional trust was positively associated with fear, whereas interpersonal trust was negatively associated when significant. Moreover, highly neurotic individuals were likely to fear more across the cultural context or threat type. The results support previous studies on two cross-culturally merging dimensions of personality and emotions; neuroticism, and negative affect.
... Cognitive approach to personality covers cognitive concepts and mental processes such as personal constructs, explanatory styles, self-conceptions, coping strategies, and emotional intelligence. The focus of this approach is on how people make sense of themselves, their world and their acting within it (Haslam, 2007). ...
... The results of these attempts were a variety of techniques for assessing personality. Interviews have been a popular means of assessing personality because they collect critical information about an individual's personality (Boyle & Barton, 2008); however, they are sometimes too time-consuming, invalid, and unreliable (Haslam, 2007). Inventories or questionnaires, also known as scales, are the most common techniques which consist of printed statements with fixed set of response options on paper or computer. ...
... These inventories are easy to develop, administer, and score (Boyle & Barton, 2008). Another method is projective test whose purpose is to avoid the limitation of self-report inventories by an open-ended way of responding to ambiguous stimuli such as visual stimuli or verbal instructions (Haslam, 2007). ...
This study was designed to determine whether there is any association between learners' personality traits and their sets of attributions in learning English as a foreign language, regarding their gender differences. To this aim, 216 lower intermediate English language learners, 111 male and 105 female, studying in Shokouh English language institutes in Mashhad took part in the study. They completed NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Attribution questionnaire (ATFLL). The results of the correlational study in male and female groups indicated significant relationships between some of personality traits and sub-scales of attribution theory. The result of t-test showed that the difference between means was not significant in any of the attribution sub-constructs between male and female learners. Regarding personality factors, results showed that the difference between the means was significant only for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.
... The correlation between general intelligence and global openness has been reported at between r ≈ 0.20 to 0.30 (von Stumm, Hell, & Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011), suggesting the effect is somewhere between typical and relatively large for differential psychology (Gignac & Szodorai, 2016). Correspondingly, relatively more intelligent people have been suggested to possess relatively more open personalities (e.g., Haslam, 2007). Interpretations of the effect have largely assumed the association to be linear, i.e., ever greater levels of openness are assumed to associate with ever greater levels of intelligence. ...
... In light of the above, insights into the precise nature of the association between intelligence and openness would be afforded by estimating the association between intelligence and openness items. If only a small number of openness items are observed to associate linearly with intelligence, then the notion that more intelligent people tend to have more open personalities (e.g., Haslam, 2007) would be challenged. To our knowledge, Zimprich, Allemand, and Dellenbach (2009) is the only investigation that has reported the correlations between openness items (nine items from the German NEO-FFI) and intelligence (Zimprich et al., 2009), however, the item-level correlations were not interpreted by the authors (nor were nonlinear effects explored). ...
The linear association between intelligence and openness has been estimated at r ≈ 0.20 to 0.30. However, little research has examined the possibility of a nonlinear effect between the two dimensions. Consequently, task-based intelligence and self-reported openness data were collected from 371 participants (UK community sample). We found that the association was nonlinear, i.e., the positive effect was no longer observed beyond an IQ of ≈ 105. Furthermore, across the 10 openness items, four evidenced positive, linear effects with intelligence, all of which were epistemic openness items. By comparison, several experiential openness items showed inverted U-shaped effects. It is concluded that, beyond relatively low to moderate levels of intelligence, general intelligence may be unrelated to global openness, especially if need for cognition is considered distinct from openness.
... La personalidad está estructurada a partir de varios elementos: biológicos, contextuales, experienciales y relacionales; los cuales están en constante interacción. Esta lógica sistémica lleva a que las modificaciones que se lleven a cabo en alguno de estos elementos afecten el funcionamiento de los otros; lo cual puede conducir incluso a cambios estructurales profundos (Bermúdez et al., 2011;Costa et al., 2002;Caprara y Cervone, 2000;Haslam, 2007;Pervin, 1998). ...
Las neurotecnologías han avanzado significativamente en los últimos años, generando impactos notables en la vida humana. La neuroética ha liderado discusiones sobre los límites éticos en su uso, mientras que en el ámbito legal se ha reconocido la necesidad emergente de establecer neuroderechos para proteger a los seres humanos frente a los avances y posibles consecuencias negativas que pueden darse en su identidad personal. Se busca analizar los posibles rasgos transhumanistas presentes en los neuroderechos y su potencial contradicción con los principios de protección, especialmente en lo que respecta al acceso equitativo a mejoras cognitivas y su impacto en la identidad personal de los seres humanos. Se ejecutó una investigación cualitativa documental utilizando el método triangular de la bioética de Elio Sgreccia, y la hermenéutica filosófica desde la perspectiva crítica. Se examinaron textos relevantes en la materia, posteriormente analizados críticamente, identificando rasgos transhumanistas presentes en los neuroderechos. Los neuroderechos llegan a legitimar aspiraciones transhumanistas de mejora cognitiva, resultando en afectaciones significativas en la identidad personal. A partir de estos hallazgos, se proponen elementos a tener en cuenta en la elaboración de normativas que verdaderamente propendan por la protección de las personas frente al aumento de las neurotecnologías.
... More modern descriptions of personality have arisen over time. In this context, personality can be seen set of characteristics attributed to each individual rather than a uniquely human term distinguishing us from other animals (Haslam, 2007). Terminologically, and personality can be de ined as "consistent behavioral patterns and interpersonal processes" (Burger, 2010). ...
... They are relatively stable and expected to be operational in many phases of the behaviour change process. However, traits are not expressed in all situations, and some are more generalisable than others (Haslam et al., 2017). For example, recent studies of NfC indicate that this trait is rooted deep in neurological systems, and it changes how the individual perceived stimuli at the time of attention (Aquino et al., 2020;Kim, 2019). ...
Self-tracking devices are promising tools for delivering support for behavioural changes. They present a mix of behaviourally relevant, theory-driven features and functionalities. The effectiveness of digital tools lies in their ability to scale solutions to individuals with diverse characteristics. However, the same solution will probably not deliver results for all needs. Some challenges could be overcome by commercial off-the-shelf systems designed to solve health behaviour problems, such as a lack of physical activity.
Although digital systems to support health behaviour changes have progressed remarkably, there is still room for new endeavours to understand why some turn into solutions and why many do not work as expected. Accordingly, this thesis explores the intersection of theories and techniques of behaviour change and the current design of commercial self-tracking systems. The work is based on subjective user evaluations and built on the persuasive systems design (PSD) model. Themes include reflection, the susceptibility to social influence strategies, the need for cognition, an exerciser’s self-schema and goal focus.
This thesis comprises five studies. The quantitative data for the thesis were collected using structured survey questionnaires in 2015 and 2019. Surveys targeted those who had used their self- selected systems to monitor physical activity. Theory-based research models were analysed using structural equation modelling.
The studies report differences in user evaluations in each studied theoretical theme and highlight heterogeneity in the real-life context of physical activity monitoring. Findings suggest that even the most basic mechanisms might not work for all users or systems. Users also choose systems to match their preferences and motivations, and tailoring approaches might not always be feasible. This work also contributes to perceptions of effectiveness, often neglected in discussions of evidence and theory. The thesis presents design insights from the intersection of evidence-based strategies and subjective user experiences and aims to advance the designs of future systems by embracing the subjective nature of behaviour change experiences.
... The dictionary defines it as all spiritual and cognitive characteristics that separate one individual from others. 12 Self-schemas have been described as "cognitive generalizations about the self, derived from past experiences that organize and guide the processing of self-related information". 13 Everything that an individual can know or conceptualize about himself constitutes a basis for the construction of selfschemas. ...
Background: Sexual myths are exaggerated, incorrect and unscientific ideas on sexuality that people believe to be true. The purpose of this study was to examine factors that may be related to belief in sexual myth in university students.
Methods: This study was performed in May 2016 among students from a university in Samsun, Turkey. Five hundred ninety-nine students consenting to participate were included. A questionnaire containing the Sexual Myths Scale (SMS), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised/Abbreviated Form, Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale and The Sexual Self-Schema Scale (SSS), together with a sociodemographic data form consisting of 15 questions drawn up by the authors, were used in this cross-sectional study.
Results: SMS scores were significantly lower in females than in males. SMS scores were negatively correlated with maternal and paternal educational levels and positively correlated with religious belief. Students’ scores on the SMS increased as their political beliefs tended to the right and as their religious faith increased. Statistically significant correlation was also determined between students’ scores on the SSS and SMS.
Conclusion: The most effective mean to preclude sexual prejudices is sexual education begins at an early age and continues throughout psychosexual development. The reasons for dysfunctional sexual beliefs must be revealed for planning a proper sexual education. These factors can be determined with multifaceted, wide-ranging research.
... Elsewhere, personality has been defined as temperament corresponding to psychological individuality aspects related to emotional expression. These are presumed to have a biological basis and correspond to personal attributes relevant to moral conduct, self-mastery, will-power, and integrity [24]. ...
... Elsewhere, personality has been defined as temperament corresponding to psychological individuality aspects related to emotional expression. These are presumed to have a biological basis and correspond to personal attributes relevant to moral conduct, self-mastery, will-power, and integrity [24]. ...
... Indeed, it is my conviction that engaging in the critical task of re-visioning how an African person becomes a person through other persons in the African context is a cause worthy of attention if we are to offer an Africentric alternative to the currently pervasive Eurocentric hegemony in the personality field that gives little room for the accommodation of other accounts of how human subjectivities are crafted (Haslam, 2007;Mischel, Shoda, & Ayduk, 2007;Hogan & Smither, 2008;John, Robins, & Pervin, 2008;Ryckman, 2008;Cervone & Pervin, 2009;Feist & Feist, 2009;Larsen & Buss, 2009;Schultz & Schultz, 2009;Ewen, 2009;Cooper, 2010;Crowne, 2010;Funder, 2010;Olson & Hergenhahn, 2010;Miserando, 2011;Friedman & Schustack, 2011). ...
The principal objective of this article is to work out an Africentric theory of human personhood. The aim is to attempt an African psychological rendering of that fundamental African assumption, made popular by the Nguni proverb, that "umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu" (often translated as "a person is a person through other persons"). To achieve this aim an African psychological theory of human personhood is offered to demonstrate that, in Africa as in other parts of the world, mature human beings are not born but made. In grounding the theory within an Africentric paradigm, the following themes that reflect an African origin of the theory are discussed: the basic postulates of an African worldview; an Africentric theory of human motivation; influential agents, moral visions, and social processes in the formation of an African personhood. The central goal of the discussion is to show how African personhood is socio-culturally derived and to point at the variety of enduring forces, both ancient and modern, determining its distinctive form.
... Os traços de personalidade são constructos essenciais para descrever as diferenças individuais (McAdams, 1995;McAdams & Pals, 2006) bem como constructos explicativos que ajudam a explicar as diferenças inter-individuais ao longo de um continuum. São predisposições gerais que se podem expressar de forma diferente, ainda que relativamente consistente ao longo do tempo e dos contextos e em diferentes estilos comportamentais, motivacionais, emocionais e interpessoais (veja-se Lima, 1997;Haslam, 2007;Millon, Grossman, Millon, Meagher, & Ramnath, 2004;Shea & Yen, 2005). ...
... Big Five Personality Factor model, also known as 'fi ve factor model', is probably the most dominant model of personality structure in contemporary personality psychology (Haslam, 2007) however cross-cultural studies offer partial support to Big Five approach (Kalat, 2011) but Costa & McCrae (2008) argue that because traits are functions of biology, and human beings have a common genome, the structure of personality ought to be universal. ...
Smartphone-based messaging applications have shown phenomenal growth with the proliferation of the internet coupled with the high penetration of smartphones into masses. The current study is an attempt to understand the relationship between the individuals’ personality and their use of WhatsApp, a popular smartphone-based messaging application in Indian context. For personality assessment the study takes Big Five Inventory. A questionnaire consisting items on individual WhatsApp use and Big Five Inventory was administered to students in an Indian University. Multiple regression and logistic regression revealed
significant relationships between personality and WhatsApp usage and use of its different inbuilt functions.
... Probably partly due to its intuitive appeal, the dopamine hypothesis of extraversion has become a common fixture in university textbooks. For example, Haslam (2007) notes that "DA functioning is greater in more extraverted people and in animals that show stronger tendencies to explore and approach rewarding stimuli" (p. 88). ...
An influential theory within personality neuroscience suggests that trait extraversion is underpinned by individual differences in dopamine function. In a review of the relevant literature, we evaluate this theory in light of the evidence from molecular genetics, neuroimaging, and psychopharmacology. Evidence linking individual differences in extraversion with dopamine-relevant genes, structural volume of dopamine-rich brain regions (e.g., in striatal and ventral prefrontal areas), dopamine receptor availability, and frontal alpha asymmetry is mixed at best. Evidence concerning both scalp recorded (electroencephalogram) and hemodynamic (functional magnetic resonance imaging) neural responses to rewards appears somewhat more promising. Perhaps the best evidence concerns extraversion-dependent responses – both neural and behavioural – to dopaminergic drugs. Future research in this area must go beyond the demonstration of theoretically consistent associations and attempt to provide more specific causal evidence for the dopamine hypothesis of extraversion. A further challenge is to expand this hypothesis to incorporate other neurobiological processes that are likely to underlie this trait.
... In retrospect, there have come several theories intending to find out psychological answers for learning questions. Haslam (2007) delineates personality as distinction from "an inanimate thing." He considers it as our shared humanity. ...
Although the role of personality traits in predicting the academic performance has been extensively studied, the relationship between affective factors, extraversion and introversion, and academic writing has been a neglected area of research. In this study, it was tried to examine to what extent these affective factors could foretell academic writing ability. To do so, 30 EFL students participated in the study studying literature in junior level at Ilam University, Iran. The pupils would take the free writing exam and their papers were scored based on Barron's rating criteria (2004). After that, they were divided into two groups of extraverts and introverts through Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). The results revealed that there is no significant relation between personality and writing ability. The findings refuted the cliche that the extraverts outperform the introverts in skills like writing.
... Many psychologists believe that personality could be best understood through examining the individual's traits (Feshbach, Weiner, & Bohart, 1996). Therefore, many methods have been suggested: interviews both in 'structured' and more 'open-ended' forms (Boyle & Barton, 2008, p. 166), inventories or questionnaires, also known as scales, and projective test which is an open-ended way of responding to ambiguous stimuli (Haslam, 2007). In this field there has been a long disagreement and tension between objective and subjective methods of assessing personality. ...
This study was designed to determine whether there is any association between learners' personality traits and their set of attributions in learning English as a foreign language. For this aim, 216 lower intermediate English language learners, 111 of whom were male and 105 230 female, studying in Shokouh English language institutes took part in the study. They were asked to complete NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Attribution questionnaire (ATFLL). The results of the correlational study indicated a significant relationship between some of personality traits and sub-scales of attribution theory. The results of Regression Analyses also demonstrated that some of personality factors are good predictors of the factors learners attribute their successes or failures to.
... Findings of the current study must be evaluated with regard to several limitations of the research. First, the design of the current study relies heavily on self-report assessment, which is susceptible to errors or distortions in memory, response biases, and introspective awareness (Haslam, 2007). Future studies on SE measurement could be supplemented with the use of observer reports (Hill & Pargament, 2003) and/or ecological momentary assessment, which "involves repeated sampling of subjects' current behaviors and experiences in real time, in subjects' natural environments" (Shiffman, Stone, & Hufford, 2008, p. 1). ...
What feels like spiritual experience to believers could seem like psychosis, a break from reality, to another. Validating measures that discriminate spiritual experiences from psychopathology reduce iatrogenic effects of misdiagnosis. We tested the reliability and validity of the Spiritual Emergency Scale (SES), assessing internal consistency, test–retest reliability, structural, convergent, and divergent validity. The reliability and validity of the Experiences of Psychotic Symptoms Scale (EPSS) were tested to explore potential convergent and divergent relationships between SE and psychosis. Feedback from a spiritual pilot sample prompted scale amendments to the SES and EPSS, whereby 5-point Likert-type scales replaced true–false options. We sampled 98 people from online spiritual forums, 94 undergraduate psychology students, and 20 of their friends and family. Scales included the following: SE, positive symptoms of psychosis, alogia (disfluency of thought and speech), spirituality, depression, anxiety, stress, and mysticism (experiences of connectedness that escape language). The SES-R and EPSS-R exhibited good internal consistency and structural validity, adequate test–retest reliability, and convergent and divergent validity. SE emerges as a distinct measurable construct, overlapping with positive symptoms of psychosis, distinguishable from the negative dimension of psychosis by its divergent relationship with alogia.
... The representational theory of measurement proposes that measurement ''is the assignment of numerals to objects or events according to rule'' (Stevens in Mari, 2005, p. 263;cf. Stevens, 1946) and is the common approach to measurement in personality research (e.g., Haslam, 2007). Numerical values are commonly assigned to hypothesised personality attributes via Likert-style response formats (i.e., numerical rating responses on a scale of strongly disagree = 1 to strongly agree = 5). ...
Personality assessment helps us to predict how people behave under various
circumstances or how well a person might perform within certain roles. However,
there are reasons to question the supposed ‘construct validity’ of tests designed to
assess various personality attributes including dispositional traits. To demonstrate
this, the paper first discusses a realist account of test validity where validity requires
that both the attribute exist and that changes in the attribute are causally related to
changes in test scores. The paper demonstrates that the validity for tests of
dispositional traits is questionable given conceptual problems with traits existing as
within-person attributes capable of causing changes in test scores. The widespread
reliance on Likert-style response formats is then discussed in relation to the
assumed quantitative structure of personality attributes. Based on a realist view of
measurement, the uncritical adoption of a representational theory of measurement
within personality research means that the validity of all personality tests claiming to
‘measure’ personality attributes is questionable. Suggestions for addressing test
validity in personality assessment are then discussed in terms of paying greater
critical attention to personality theory itself and adopting a realist theory of
assessment and measurement.
... 6) Characteristics of Software Testers: This section asked respondents' opinions on the personality characteristics of good software testers. The characteristics listed were based on the well-known "Big Five" factor model of personality, which is one of the most popular models of personality traits in modern personality psychology research [11]. This model groups the many traits that can be used to describe an individual's personality into five broad dimensions, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. ...
Most software testing research has focused on the development of systematic, standardised, and automated testing methodologies and tools. The abilities and expertise needed to apply such techniques and tools - such as personality traits, education, and experience - have attracted a comparatively small amount of research attention. However, the limited research in the area to date provides some indication that the human traits of software testers are important for effective testing. This paper presents the opinions of software testers themselves, collected through an online survey, on the importance of a variety of factors that influence effective testing, including testing-specific training, experience, skills, and human qualities like dedication and general intelligence. The survey responses strongly suggest that while testing tools and training are important, human factors were similarly considered highly important. Domain knowledge, experience, intelligence, and dedication, amongst other traits, were considered crucial for a software tester to be effective. As such, while systematic methodologies are important, the individual most clearly does matter in software testing. The results of our research have implications for education, recruitment, training and management of software testers.
... Personality traits are essential constructs of individual differences (McAdams, 1995;McAdams & Pals, 2006) as well as explanatory constructs that help to explain interindividual differences along a continuum. They are general predispositions that can be expressed differently, yet relatively consistently, across time and context, and are expressed in different attitudinal, motivational, emotional, and interpersonal styles (see Lima, 1997;Haslam, 2007;Millon, Grossman, Millon, Meagher, & Ramnath, 2004;Shea & Yen, 2005). ...
This paper proposes a depressive personality organization—a unique set of traits. It proposes a psychodynamic and psychiatric operationalization and reports on a preliminary validation through the construction of a questionnaire and the investigation of its psychometric properties in three nonclinical samples and a clinical sample of depressed patients. Preliminary results support the validity of the instrument and the underlying theoretical conceptualization of a depressive personality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
... Furthermore, psychological researches show that in addition to broad aspects of personality, traits can also express personality differences of individuals. In fact, despite the importance of broad dimensions of personality traits, specific traits are the main argument in trait psychology and many of the trait researchers have studied and explained the effect of personality traits on individuals' behaviours as they believe that traits are suitable units in personality description (Haslam, 2007). In the proposed architecture, due to the above-mentioned discussion, the need for tentative research and the need for psychological experiments we considered personality based on the anxiety trait, which is a facet of the neuroticism dimension of the Big Five psychological model of personality. ...
In this paper we present a computational model of personality, PIACT, which is an extension of ACT-R cognitive architecture, to consider the effect of personality factors. The personality component of PIACT is based on the trait anxiety, which is a facet of the neuroticism dimension of the FFM psychological model of personality. The designed model has been evaluated in two parts: First, by using the technique “Reverse-U” from cognitive science. The results of our research conformed to the psychological studies. Second, the model was evaluated in a simulated soccer environment. The results indicated a decrease in the efficiency factor of the goalkeeper because of an increase in the number of the scored goals.
Fraud against individuals is a major and growing problem. Understanding why some people fall victim to fraud, while others do not, is crucial in developing effective prevention strategies. We therefore studied the effect of socio-demographics, personality traits, mental, general, and cognitive health, routine Internet activities, and prior fraud knowledge on general fraud victimization, susceptibility to fraud attempts, and exposure to fraud attempts. We modeled data from a Dutch fraud victimization survey, using an exhaustive fraud taxonomy and a representative sample for which an elaborate set of historical background variables were available. Results show that there is no clear personality or other profile of those most at risk for fraud, except for having low self-control, having a non-Western, immigrant background or being a frequent Internet user. Improving fraud knowledge could be an effective way to prevent fraud victimization by reducing susceptibility to attempts.
Chapter 1 outlines the major research paradigms in personality investigations, corresponding to the psychodynamic, behaviorist, phenomenological, cognitive social learning, and trait approaches. It highlights their main theoretical assumptions and discusses alternative personality measurements. Among them, the
Five Factor Model (FFM; Costa & McCrae, 1985, 1992) is elaborated on in more detail since,
firstly, it underlies a vast body of research into personality, and secondly, it constitutes the theoretical framework for one of the research instruments
applied in the empirical study discussed in Chaps. 4 and 5. The constituents of the FFM, that is, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism are analyzed in terms of their underlying facets, and accounted for with regard to heredity. They are also discussed with reference to the affects-behaviors-cognitions-desires framework (ABCDs; Wilt & Revelle, 2015, 2017), considered over human lifespan, and reflected on from the angle of people’s objective biographies as well as considered from the perspective of their impact on learning and the language learning process.
The present study aimed at investigating the relationships among willingness to communicate (WTC), big five personality traits, and empathy. To conduct the study, 302 intermediate learners were selected randomly from English language institutes in Mashhad, Iran. Three questionnaires of big five factor, willingness to communicate in a foreign language, and interpersonal reactivity index were administered in one session. Spearman correlation formula was employed to analyse the data. The findings revealed that WTC was slightly correlated with extraversion, openness, and agreeableness. Also, empathy was slightly correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, and WTC. Furthermore, a moderate correlation was found between empathy and neuroticism.
Duygu ve zekâ kavramları daha çok bireysel psikolojinin konusu olarak değerlendirilmekte ve bu noktadan hareketle tanımlanmaktadır. Duygu ve zekânın kişiler arası ilişkiler ve toplumsal yönü, ya ihmal edilen bir alan ya da kişisel gelişim çalışmalarının mucizevi kavramları olarak görülmektedir. Oysaki popüler bakış açılarıyla tanımlanmaya çalışılan duygu ve zekâ kavramlarının doğru anlaşılması, onun toplumsal yönünün ihmal edilmemesi kişiler arası ilişkilerin analizinde ve sosyolojik açıdan önemli bir konudur. Bu çalışmada duygu ve zekâ kavramlarının tahlili ve aralarındaki ilişki ile ilgili tespitlere yer verilmiş ve kişiler arası ilişkiler ve sosyolojik yönü bakımından önemi değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı duygu ve zekâ kavramının doğru bir şekilde anlaşılması ve bu alanda yapılacak olan araştırmalara yol göstermesidir. Analizlerin sonucunda duygu ve zekânın kişiler arası ilişkiler ve iletişim, kültür ve toplum açısından önemli bir alan olduğu ve kavramların doğru şekilde anlaşılması ve kullanılmasının sosyolojik açıdan önemli olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır.
If there is one value that seems beyond reproach in modernity, it is that of the self and the terms that cluster around it, such as self-esteem, self-confidence and self-respect. It is not clear, however, that all those who invoke the self really know what they are talking about, or that they are all talking about the same thing. What is this thing called 'self', then, and what is its psychological, philosophical and educational salience? More specifically, what role do emotions play in the creation and constitution of the self? This book proposes a realist, emotion-grounded conception of selfhood. In arguing for a closer link between selfhood and emotion than has been previously suggested, the author critically explores and integrates self research from diverse academic fields. This is a provocative book that should excite anyone interested in cutting-edge research on self-issues and emotions that lies at the intersection of psychology, philosophy of mind, moral philosophy and moral education.
The present study was aimed to examine the role of personality types on the prediction of gratitude among adults. The gender differences in gratitude were also examined. Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item Form (GQ-6) (McCullough, Emmons & Tsang, 2002) and Big Five personality inventory (John & Srivastava, 2005) were used for data collection for a sample of adults (N = 200). Independent t-test, Pearson Correlation, and multiple regression were computed for data analysis. Results indicated that extraversion has a significant positive correlation with agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and gratitude and a significant negative correlation with neuroti-cism. Results also showed that openness has a significant correlation with conscientiousness and gratitude and a significant negative correlation with neuroticism. Also, conscientiousness has a significant correlation with gratitude and a non-significant negative correlation with neuroticism. Neuroticism has a significant negative correlation with gratitude. Multiple regression analysis was computed with personality types as predictor variables and gratitude as an outcome variable. Findings also indicated that extroversion, agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness have a significant positive effect on gratitude, while neuroticism has a significant negative effect on gratitude. Therefore, individuals who are social, outgoing open, and helping they inclined to show more gratitude..
Membahas tentang otoritarianisme beserta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi
The Present study is aimed at studying the personality’s big five factor and emotional intelligence among young adults of nuclear and joint family. Study was administered among 24 young adults, both male and female of age between 20-28 years, out of these, 12 were from nuclear families and 12 were from joint families. For the assessment of personality traits, NEO-FFI-3 developed by McCrae and Costa (1986) was used. And The Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Scale (SSREI: Schutte et al, 1988) was used for assessment of Emotional Intelligence. The data collected was analyzed with the help of various statistical techniques like t-test and correlation using SPSS. The results indicated that there is no significant difference in mean scores of personality and emotional intelligence of young adults belonging to nuclear families and joint families. And Emotional Intelligence is found to be positively correlated with Extraversion, and Openness dimensions of personality and no correlation was found in emotional intelligence with Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness dimensions of personality.
The main purpose of this chapter is to comprehensively examine the role of managers’ personal values in terms of influencing behaviour. First, the chapter introduces existing studies about the relations between individuals’ personal values and managers’ behaviour, where values are considered as key drivers of manager behaviour in organizations. The chapter describes the phenomena of personal values and their empirical examination within the frame of management, as well as psychological literature. Various approaches to measuring personal values are presented. Since we base our discussion and measurement of values on Schwartz’s Theory of Basic Human Values, we present this theory comprehensively. Based on the literature review, we try to emphasize the most influential personal values and groups of values that determine managers’ behaviour, regardless of the methodology used for measuring personal values or the approach to examining managers’ behaviour. The last part of the chapter provides an overview of the links between the most significant personal values and managers’ behaviour, and outlines typical single values and dimensions of values for managers’ behaviour in modern organizations.
This report is the result of a two-year research project funded by The Danish
Industry Foundation. The project focused on improving competitiveness
through sales and operations planning (S&OP).
The project offered two innovations:
(1) implementing S&OP among small and medium enterprises
(SMEs) and (2) studying human behavior in the S&OP process.
The project began with case studies of ten Danish production companies,
eight of which had successfully implemented S&OP; from the S&OP project
results, a five-phase model emerged. The model was developed to help Danish
companies implement S&OP. The model begins with a need clarification
and situation analysis. After this initial activity, an S&OP pilot process is
developed, which the company subsequently implements. This systematic
approach is thus based on the concrete experiences and results achieved by
the companies that participated in this project. Both large companies and
SMEs participated in the S&OP research project to facilitate comparisons
between the two firm sizes. Eight company cases appear in Appendix A.
Further, 25 tools were developed, which can be used as inspiration for the
individual phases. The list of tools is not exhaustive. In practice, other tools
might exist for specific work. Likewise, users can modify the tools presented
here and apply them in varying degrees to specific situations. The 25 tools
and the eight cases can be accessed in electronic form on the project website:
www.salesandoperationsplanning.dk.
The study investigated the relationship between the personality typology of a sample of Iranian translation students and their translation quality in terms of expressive, appellative, and informative text types. The study also attempted to identify the personality types that can perform better in English to Persian translation of the three text types. For that purpose, the personality type and the translation quality of the participants was assessed using Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality test and translation quality assessment (TQA), respectively. The analysis of the data revealed that the personality type of the participants seemed relevant to the translation quality of all the text types. The translation quality of the participants with intuitive and thinking types was significantly better than the sensing type counterparts in translating expressive texts. The participants with intuitive and feeling types also performed better than their counterparts with sensing type in translation of the informative text. Moreover, the participants with intuitive, feeling, and thinking personality types performed more successfully than the participants with sensing type in translation of the appellative text. The findings of the study are discussed in light of the existing research literature.
In diesem Kapitel werden inhaltiche Ergebnisse der empirischen Persönlichkeitspsychologie zu verschiedenen Persönlichkeitsbereichen exemplarisch dargestellt. Es geht also nicht darum, eine ausgewogene Übersicht über die inzwischen gewaltige Literatur zu einzelnen Persönlichkeitsbereichen zu geben, sondern an wenigen Beispielen typische Ergebnisse und hiermit zusammenhängende methodische Probleme darzustellen.
Personality traits influence occupational choice and are valid predictors of managerial success. The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether a relationship exists between possessing certain personality traits and small business success. The personality dimensions of the five-factor model of personality, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Openness to experience, Agreeableness and Neuroticism were the focus of this study.
Convenience sampling was employed and 383 usable questionnaires were returned. The validity and reliability of the measuring instrument was assessed. Multiple regression analysis was undertaken to establish relationships between the independent variable (the five dimensions of personality) and the dependent variable, Business success.
The findings of this study show that individuals who have high levels of the personality traits Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Openness to experience are more likely to have successful small businesses. Openness to experience is of specific importance as it demonstrates the strongest influence, and is the only trait that has a positive influence on both the financial and growth performance of the business. As such, insights are provided into the personality profile most suited to successful small-business ownership.
This paper undertakes a review of literature for two major reasons namely to critically examine the complex interrelationship of personality, demography and incentives; and to describe how personality traits and demographic properties shape ones perception of incentive elements which result in high or low levels of job satisfaction. Two significant managerial and organisational behaviour implications emerge, which stress the urgency of a continuous engagement of these concepts – personality, demography and incentive – in order for firms to be better placed to structure their incentive plans accordingly for reasons of organisational effectiveness.
Integrating findings on the effects of more alternatives with findings on the effects of more attributes, we offer a motivational decision-making model, suggesting that epistemic motivation moderates individuals’ responses to complex information. Study 1 empirically investigated the shared essence of four conceptualizations of epistemic motivation, further distinguishing it from the maximizing/satisficing motivation. A series of experiments indicate that epistemic motivation moderates the effect of complex information on one’s discomfort with a decision (Studies 2–4) and on the tendency to implement one’s choice in action (Study 3). Taken together, our findings indicate that individuals with low epistemic motivation experience more discomfort and are less likely to implement their decision when faced with complex information whereas those high on epistemic motivation portray a weaker or even an opposite effect. The consistent findings across conceptualizations (dispositional Need-for-Cognitive-Closure and manipulated Openness vs. Conservation values) indicate the robustness of the findings and the important role of epistemic motivation in complex decisions.
This study aims at determining the relationship between occupational burnout and personality traits of Turkish EFL teachers. Occupational burnout has been studied from numerous perspectives with a wide range of professions including teachers. Many parameters in the burnout process like age, poor leadership and stressful environments have been mostly agreed on. However, the related literature lacks studies concerning language teachers. Furthermore, the relationship between occupational burnout and personality traits of language teachers has also been ignored. Taking this point into account, Turkish teachers of English working in a certain district in Turkey are the focal point of the study, and 224 of them participated in it. The data was collected via two questionnaires. Occupational burnout was measured with Maslach Burnout Inventory and the personality traits of the participants were measured with the Five-factor Personality Inventory. Relevant issues were also analyzed through a qualitative approach. No dominant personality trait could be detected among the participants. The results also showed that occupational burnout exists among the participants but due to different factors than being questioned. A positive correlation between neuroticism and occupational burnout is also among the findings of the current study.
Keywords: EFL teachers, burnout, personality traits
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between personality types of college students and their learning styles. The total population of the study is composed of 421 undergraduate students from University of Gaziantep. The Big Factor Personality Inventory and Kolb’s Learning Styles Inventory III were used as the research tools. Participants’ personality traits, dispersion levels of their learning styles and the relationships between these two variables were measured by using K-means cluster, percentage and frequency and k-square analysis respectively. The results of the cluster analysis suggested two different personality profiles and the participants appeared to be equally distributed into these two groups. In terms of learning styles, it was noticed that the majority of the participants adopted assimilating and diverging learning styles. The results revealed a meaningful relationship between learning styles and personality profiles.
Key Words: Personality, Learning.
This paper explores three psychological theories of self – Kenneth Gergen's theory of the crystallised self, Carol Dweck's theory of the incremental self and William Swann's theory of the homeostatic self – for their ability to account for personal change in general, and radical self‐change in particular. Special attention is paid to their educational implications. The overall conclusion is that whereas all three theories provide important insights into self‐change, none of them gives a fully satisfying account.
This paper has three aims. The first is to subject to critical analysis the intractable debate between realists and anti-realists about the status of the so-called (moral) self, a debate that traverses various academic disciplines and discursive fields. Realism about selves has fallen on hard times of late, and the second aim of this paper is to get it back on track. Traditional substantive conceptions of the self contain ontological baggage that many moderns will be loath to carry. This paper settles for a more moderate aim, a “softer” kind of self-realism derived from an unlikely source—Hume—and outlines the Humean moral self and its possible advantages. The third and subsidiary aim is to challenge the view that recent “narrative” conceptions of selfhood have made the old realism versus anti-realism debate redundant. “Narrativism” about selves turns out to do little more than recycle old arguments in fancy new packages.
In diesem Kapitel werden inhaltliche Ergebnisse der empirischen Persönlichkeitspsychologie zu verschiedenen Persönlichkeitsbereichen exemplarisch dargestellt. Es geht also nicht darum, eine ausgewogene Übersicht über die inzwischen gewaltige Literatur zu einzelnen Persönlichkeitsbereichen zu geben, sondern an ausgewählten Beispielen typische Konstrukte, Ergebnisse und methodische Probleme darzustellen. Bisher gibt es in der Persönlichkeitspsychologie kein funktionsorientiertes Gliederungsschema, das sich allgemein durchgesetzt hätte. Um den Einstieg in die weiterführende Literatur zu erleichtern, orientiert sich die hier vorgenommene Gliederung an traditionellen persönlichkeitspsychologischen Forschungsthemen, z. B. physische Merkmale, Temperament und Fähigkeiten. Ich habe aber versucht, an einigen Stellen funktional Verwandtes, aber traditionell Getrenntes unter einem gemeinsamen Dach zusammenzubringen: Motive, Erwartungs- und Attributionsstile als Handlungsdispositionen, Werthaltungen und Einstellungen als Bewertungsdispositionen und Selbstkonzept, Selbstwertgefühl, Selbstbewusstheit, Selbstüberwachung, Narzissmus und Wohlbefinden als selbstbezogene Dispositionen. Jedes Unterkapitel endet mit einer exemplarischen Anwendung der Forschung, Fragen und Literatur.
This article presents a view of love as a story. The basic idea is that through the interaction of our personal attributes with the environment, the latter of which we in part create, we develop stories about love that we then seek to fulfill in our lives. Various potential partners fit these stories to greater and lesser degrees, and we are more likely to be attracted to and then to become intimate with partners who better fulfill the roles we have created in our stories. Each story has two complementary roles, and people tend to be satisfied in relationships when they can match persons to ideal stories and roles within those stones. A tentative taxonomy of some kinds of stories is presented, and the characteristics of the stones are described. The view is also related to contemporary theories of love, and it is argued that the current view is complementary with these theories, in that it answers different questions about the nature of love than do the other theories.
In this article, I examine the relation between personality and physical fitness. One group (N = 97) of male adults completed the Hogan Personality Inventory and five nationally recognized physical fitness batteries. A second group (N = 35) completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and a set of medical and physical performance assessments. Results indicate that physical fitness must be defined in multidimensional terms and that fitness is related to self-confidence and self-discipline. Measures of psychopathology were unrelated to measures of health and fitness. These data suggest that the personal qualities associated with fitness are also those that promote and extend health.
This article reviews studies on the relation between social motives and susceptibility to physical illness. The motives examined in the studies include power motivation and affiliation motivation and their related syndromes such as inhibited power and relaxed affiliation. The subject populations include college students as well as adults. Blood pressure, self-reports of illnesses, catecholamines, and parameters of immunologic functioning are among the indices of health outcomes investigated. Taken together, these studies suggest that social motives may be importantly related to susceptibility to illness, that the power motive may be related to heightened susceptibility to illness, particularly when the person is under stress, whereas the affiliation motive may be related to diminished susceptibility to illness.
Personality disorders (PDs) are usually construed as psychiatric categories characterized by a unique configuration of traits and behaviors. To generate clinical hypotheses from normal personality trait scores, profile agreement statistics can be calculated using a prototypical personality profile for each PD. Multimethod data from 1,909 psychiatric patients in the People's Republic of China were used to examine the accuracy of such hypotheses in the Interpretive Report of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Profile agreement indices from both self-reports and spouse ratings were significantly related to PD symptom scores derived from questionnaires and clinical interviews. However, accuracy of diagnostic classification was only modest to moderate, probably because PDs are not discrete categorical entities. Together with other literature, these data suggest that the current categorical system should be replaced by a more comprehensive system of personality traits and personality-related problems.