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International Journal of Institutional Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1(1): July-August 2011
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JASMINUM SPECIES: AN OVERVIEW
Akash Jain1* , Rishu Sharma1, Ashok Kumar1, Sunil Sharma2,
1M.M. College of Pharmacy, M.M. University, Mullana, Ambala.
2Guru Jambeshwar University of Science & Technology (GJUS&T), Hisar.
Keywords:
Jasminum, Herbal drugs,
Medicinal plants
For Correspondence:
Akash Jain*
M.M. College of
Pharmacy, M.M.
University, Mullana,
Ambala.
E-mail:
akash2911@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The use of herbal drugs for prevention and treatment of
various health ailments has been in practice since time
immemorial. Literature revealed that about 25% of drugs
prescribed worldwide are of plants origin. Traditionally
Jasminum species has been used to treat dysmenorrhoea,
amenorrhoea, ringworm, leprosy, skin diseases and also as an
analgesic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic,
aphrodisiac, sedative, expectorant therefore an attempt has
been made to enumerate some of jasminum species used for
the alleviation of ailments. In the present article an endeavour
has been made to present a potential of Jasminum species
used for general healthcare.
Pharmaceutical Sciences
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INTRODUCTION:
Herbal plants are pioneer for new drug discovery and development, not only for plant
constituents used directly as therapeutic agents, but also as starting materials for synthesis of
pharmacologically active compounds [1]. The use of plants for prevention and treatment of
various health ailments has been in practice from time immemorial and it is estimated that
about 25% of drugs prescribed are derived from plants, moreover, WHO's essential medicine
list contains 252 drugs out of which 11% is exclusively of plant origin [2]. In the present
scenario, pharmaceutical companies are involved in research on plant materials for their
potential medicinal value as the demand for herbal products is growing exponentially due to
its fewer side effects as compare to other system of medicines [3]. Jasminum genus with about
200 species belonging to family Oleaceae are of three types: shrub or bush form, vines and
trees, native to tropical and warm temperate regions. Many jasminum plants prominently
feature white, yellow or pink flowers with sweet fragrance and others are unscented [4].
Jasminum species is used to treat many conditions such as amenorrhoea, ringworm, leprosy,
skin diseases and also as an analgesic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic,
aphrodisiac, sedative, expectorants, diuretics and among others.
Jasminum grandiflorum Linn (Spanish jasmine, Common jasmine, Chameli, Jati)
Jasminum grandiflorum is a scrambling sub erect twining evergreen shrub [5,6], native to
India, France, Italy, China, Japan, Morocco and Egypt[7-10].The leaves are opposite, entire
ovate to somewhat elliptic in shape with acuminate mucronate apex, whereas flowers are
terminal and axillary cymes, calyx lobes are long, linear [11,12]. Roots are useful in
cephalalgia, mental debility, chronic constipation, flatulence, strangury, sterility,
dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, ringworm, leprosy, skin diseases and giddiness. Leaves are
useful in odontalgia, fixing loose teeth, ulcerative stomatitis, leprosy, skin diseases,
ottorhoea, otalgia, strangury, dysmenorrhoea, ulcers, wound, corns and flowers are useful in
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stomatopathy, cephalopathy, odontopathy, ophthalmopathy, leprosy, skin diseases, pruritis,
strangury, dysmenorrhoea, ulcers, as refrigerant, ophthalmic and vitiated conditions of
pitta[13]. Phytochemical studies revealed that leaves contains 2”-epifraxamoside, demethyl-2”-
epifraxamoside, jasminanhydride[14], oleacein, 2-(3, 4- dihydroxy phenyl)-ethanol,
isoquercitrin, ursolic acid[15], resin, salicylic acid, jasminine, indole oxygenase[16], 3, 4-
dihydroxy benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-30, 40-dihydroxyacetophenone and oleanolic acid[14],
flower contains Cis-3-hexenol, 2-vinyl pyridine, indole, myrcene, linalool, geranyl linalool,
α-terpineol, geraniol, linalyl acetate, nerolidol, phytol, isophytol, farnesol, eugenol, benzyl
alcohol, p-cresol, methyl benzoate, benzyl cyanide, benzyl acetate, methyl dihydrojasmonate,
methyl anthranilate, jasmone, methyl- N-methyl anthranilate, vanillin, cis-3-hexenyl
benzoate, benzyl benzoate, methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate[17], jasgranoside, jaspolyoside,
8-epi-kingiside, 10-hydroxy-oleuropein, 10-hydroxyligstroside, oleoside-7,11-
dimethylester[18], 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-hederagenin-28-O-β-
D-galactopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranosylester, hederahederagenin-3-O-β-D-
glucopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranoside, 2-α,3β,23-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic–O-β-
D-glucopyranosyl ester, hederagenin-3-O-β-Dxylopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl
(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside, 2α,3β,23-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic–O-α-L-
rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, hederagenin-
3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-α-Larabinopyranoside[19], kaempferol-3-O-α-L-
rhamnopyranosyl(1→3)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside, kaempferol-3-
O-rutinoside, 7-ketologanin, oleoside-11-methyl ester, 7-glucosyl-11-methyloleoside,
ligstroside and oleuropein[20].Moreover, jasmine oli consist of methyl jasmonate [21], benzyl
benzoate, linalool, linalyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, indole, jasmone, methyl anthranilate, P-
cresol, geraniol, racemic (5-pent-2-enyl)-5, 1-pentanolide, benzyl benzoate, nerol, 1-α-
terpineol, d and dl-linalool, γ-jasmolactone, farnesol, nerolidol and eugenol [10,22]. Hydro
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alcoholic extract of leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum L. showed anti ulcer activity in aspirin
and pylorus ligation (APL) induced acute gastric ulcer models with reduction in gastric fluid
volume, free acid, total acid and an increase in the pH of gastric fluid [23]. Petroleum ether,
chloroform, acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum
Linn were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using agar diffusion
method. Out of all extracts tested, petroleum ether, methanol and aqueous extracts were
effective against all four microorganisms. Chloroform extract was only effective against
Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acetone extract was effective against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli [24]. Ethanolic flower extract of Jasminum
grandiflorum have been shown wound healing activity by reduction in wound area, increased
wet and dry granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline content in excision and dead space
wound models [25]. Oleacein extracted from aerial parts of J. grandiflorum exhibited ACE
inhibitor activity with IC50 values 26-66 mM [15]. Oleuropein extracted from the flowers of J.
grandiflorum demonstrated indubitable anti-HBV (hepatitis B virus) activity in HepG2 2.2.15
cells test in vitro and duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) infected ducklings test in vivo [26]. Oral
administration of ethanol extract of J. grandiflorum flowers to 7,12-
dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) injected animals prevented the formation of tumors in
the pre-initiation period and exerted significant anti-lipid peroxidative effect and improved
the antioxidant defense system in DMBA-treated rats [27]. The antioxidant activity of
ethanolic axtract of leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum L. (JGLE) has been assayed by using in
vitro methods like 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrate (DPPH) assay, reductive ability,
superoxide anion scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity and it showed
antioxidant activity in a dose dependent manner [28]. Flowers of J. grandiflorum are useful to
women when brewed as a tonic as it aids in preventing breast cancer and stopping uterine
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bleeding [29]. Ethanolic and aqueous extract of J. grandiflorum flowers and leaves in DMBA
treated rats showed reduction of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow
[30].
Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine, Indian jasmine, Sampaguita, Mogra)
Jasminum sambac is a member of Oleaceae family, known as sampaguita in the Philippines,
where it is national flower, gunda mallige in India, mo li in China, pikake in Hawaii and
Arabian jasmine in the mainland USA. It is commercially grown in India, Thailand, China
and Philippines [31]. It is an evergreen vine or shrub reaching up to 1-3 m . The leaves are
ovate; phyllotaxy is opposite or in whorls of three. The flowers blooms throughout the year
and are produced in clusters of 3-12 together. They are strongly scented and open at night,
close in morning [31]. The plant traditionally used as an analgesic, antidepressant, anti-
inflammatory, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, sedative, expectorant and tonic (uterine) effects [31].
Roots are used to treat wounds and snake bites. The leaves and flowers have antipyretic and
decongestant properties [31]. The flowers are used for treatment of diarrhoea, abdominal pain,
conjuctivitis and dermatitis. The leaves and roots are used for treating diarrhoea, fever, pain
and as an anaesthetic [33, 34]. Phytochemical studies shown that the roots contains
dotriacontanoic acid, dotriacontanol, oleanolic acid, daucosterol and hesperidin [35] and leaves
contain sambacosides A, E and F [36], flower contains molihuaside A-E, sambaeoside A [37].
The essential oil and methanol extract of flowers of J. sambac were evaluated for its
antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis CIP103907, E. coli CIP 105182, S. enterica
CIP105150 and S. pyogenes., B. Cereus LMG 13569 by using disc diffusion and micro
dilution methods [32] and also subjected for their antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical
scavenging and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the DPPH test system, the IC50 value of
essential oil and methanol extract were respectively 7.43 and 2.30μg/ml. In the β-carotene-
linoleic acid system, oxidation was effectively inhibited by J. Sambac and the RAA (Relative
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antioxidant activity) value of essential oil and methanol extract were respectively 96.6% and
93.9% [32]. Ethyl acetate (EAE) and water extract (WTE) of leaves of Jasminum sambac
showed reduction in plasma glucose level, lipid profile and serum urea in diabetic rats [38].
The efficacy of jasmine flowers applied to the breasts to suppress puerperal lactation was
compared that of Bromocriptine by reduction in serum prolactin level [39].
Jasminum mesnyi Hance (Primrose jasmine, Japanese jasmine, Japani chameli)
Jasminum mesnyi Hance (Jasminum primulinum Hemsley) also known as “Primrose
Jasmine” or “Japanese Jasmine” found in tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate regions
of Asia. It is an open evergreen, rambling shrub, leaves are opposite, trifoliolate and attached
to base of branchlets. Flowers are usually solitary, axillary or rarely terminal, yellow
coloured, having 6-10 petals [40-42]. The glossy dark green leaves are opposite and divided into
three leaflets. The trumpet shaped flowers are borne in early spring and sporadically into
summer [43]. Jasminum mesnyi leaves contains secoiridoids glucosides such as jasmoside and
jasmesoside, 9″-hydroxyjasmesoside, 9″-hydroxyjasmesosidic acid, jasminin 10″-O-β-d-
glucoside, 2”-hydroxyjasminin, isojasminin, jasminin, 4”-hydroxyisojasminin, jasmosidic
acid and phenolic glucoside like syringin or rutin[44-47]. Methanolic leaf extract and its n-
butanol, ethyl acetate fractions of jasminum mesnyi have been shown to reduce fasting serum
glucose level [48] and also showed in-vitro antioxidant activity in a dose dependent manner by
DPPH radical scavenging and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays [48 ].
Jasminum angustifolium Linn. (Wild Jasmine, Banmallika)
Jasminum angustifolium Linn. belonging to the family Oleaceae, distributed in south India
(kerala, Karnataka) on the hills of lower elevation[49]. Leaves are simple ovate-lanceolate,
acute, glabrous [50] and flowers are either solitary or more usually in three. Petals are linear,
obtuse and acute [51]. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of whole plant of Jasminum
angustifolium Linn. have been shown antitumor activity by increasing the survival time (life
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span) and decrease in peritoneal cancer cell count and body weight against Dalton’s ascitic
lymphoma (DAL) model [52]. Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic and chloroform extract of
Jasminum angustifolium Linn were evaluated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (1ml/kg)
induced hepatic damage and was evidenced by reduction in level of alkaline phosphatase
(ALP), alkanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), cholesterol,
glucose, total protein and bilirubin concentration in blood [53].
Jasminum auriculatum (Needle flower jasmine, Juhi, Juyi)
Jasminum auriculatum Vahl (Oleaceae) commonly known as Juhi, Needle flower jasmine,
Yutika, grows almost throughout South India, on dry slopes of the Western Ghats [54].
Flowers are white, sweet scented and trifoliate with two lower leaflets broadly ovate,
acuminate or rounded [55]. The roots are useful in skin diseases especially for ringworm and
flowers are fragrant, bitter, acrid, sweet, refrigerant, astringent, cardiotonic, diuretic and
depurative in nature. They are useful in burning sensation, hyperdesia, ulcers, odontalgia,
stomatopathy, ophthalmopathy, cardiopathy, urolithiasis, nephrolithiasis, strangury and
dermatopathy[55].Jasminum auriculatum leaves has been reported to contain lupeol and
jasminol[56]. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of flowers of Jasminum auriculatum showed
diuretic activity by increasing the total volume of urine and concentrations of potassium and
sodium salts in urine [57] and antiurolithiatic activity by reducing the elevated urinary oxalate
synthesis [58].
Jasminum arborescens Roxb. (Tree Jasmine)
Jasminum arborescens Roxb. belonging to family Oleaceae and distributed in Sub-
Himalayan tract, Bengal, Central and South India. It is known as Nava-mallikaa in Ayurveda
and Nagamalli in Siddha[59]. Leaves are opposite, simple, ovate, acute or acuminate [60] and
are astringent, stomachic. Juice of leaves, with pepper, garlic and other stimulants, is used as
an emetic in obstruction of bronchial tubes due to viscid phlegm [59]. Ethanol, chloroform and
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petroleum ether extracts of leaves of Jasminum arborescens Roxb has been shown in-vitro
antioxidant activity in a dose dependent manner by DPPH free radical scavenging and Fe+3
reducing power assays [59] and also anthelmintic activity of these extracts was performed on
adult Indian earthworm Pheretima pasthuma in which time taken for paralysis and death of
worms was found lesser in case of ethanol extract followed by chloroform and petroleum
ether extract [59].
Jasminum amplexicaule Buch.-Ham.
Jasminum amplexicaule Buch.-Ham. belonging to the family Oleaceae, distributed in Sikkim,
Bhutan, Khasia, South India to Hongkon. Leaves are opposite, simple, ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate and flowers are scentless, calyx is pubescent, corolla is white, tinged with red
outside [60]. This plant used as a traditional medicine in dysentery, diarrhoea and bellyache in
China [61]. It contained some di and trimeric iridoids like jasamplexoside A, B and
verbascoside[62] and leaves contained jaslanceosides B, E., jasminoside, isojasminoside[63].
Methanol extract of twigs and leaves of Jasminum amplexicaule and different fractions of
this extract showed anti-diarrhoea, analgesic activity in castor oil-induced and magnesium
sulphate-induced diarrhoea models, antienteropooling assay, gastrointestinal motility models
and analgesic activities were investigated using hot-plate, writhing and formalin models [61].
Jasminum lanceolarium (Jasminum lanceolaria, Jasminum lanceolarium Roxb.)
Jasminum lanceolarium is a climbing shrub belongs to family Oleaceae, distributed in China,
India, Myanmar, Taiwan [64]. Leaves are opposite, alternate, simple or trifoliate [65]. Leaves
and stems revealed the presence of 5, 7, 3', 5'-tetrahydroxyflavanone, (2S)-5, 7, 3', 4'-
tetrahydroxyflavan-5-O-beta-D-glucopyranosie, mannitol, nonacosane, trans-p-coumaric
acid, cis-p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and, trans-cinnamic acid[66], trans-P-coumaroyl and
trans-feruloyl esters of 10-hydroxyoleoside, jaslanceosides A–E[67,68] and (2S)-5,7,3',5'-
tetrahydroxy-flavanone 7-O-beta-D-allopyranoside, Betulinaldehyde, betulinic acid, betulin,
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syringing, liriodendrin and compound (2S)-5,7,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-flavanone 7-O-beta-D-
glucopyranosie exhibited significant radical scavenging activity through DPPH (1,1-
diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay[69].
Jasminum nudiflorum (winter jasmine, hardy jasmine)
Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. belonging to family Oleaceae, is an rambling, diffuse shrub with
slender, arching stems and four-angled green branchlets that bear opposite compound leaves
with three leaflets and distributed in South England, China[70,71]. Leaflets are dark green,
oblong and flowers are bright yellow, unscented, funnel shaped [70]. In China, flowers and
leaves are used in treatment of inflammatory swelling, purulent eruptions, bruises or
traumatic bleeding [72]. Phytochemical studies revealed that leaves and stems contained
jasnudiflosides A-C [73], also leaves contained jasnudiflosides F-L, nudifloside D,
isooleoacteoside[74] and stems contained jasnudiflosides D- E, nudiflosides A-C[75]. Leave
extract of Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. has been shown inhibitory effect on the corrosion of
cold rolled steel in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods in a dose dependent manner [76].
CONCLUSION:
Medicinal plants play a significant role as therapeutics aids in health system all over the
world. A major factor impeding the development of the medicinal plant is lack of information
about utilization of medicinal plants. Here we summarised the some activities of Jasminum
species which may be open a new era for development of new drug for various ailments.
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