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Crocus sativus L. in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: A double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial

Authors:
  • Institute of Medicinal Plants Research

Abstract

Depression is a serious disorder in today's society. With estimates of lifetime prevalence as high as 21% of the general population in some developed countries. As a therapeutically plant, saffron it is considered an excellent stomach ailment and an antispasmodic, helps digestion and increases appetite. It is also used for depression in Persian traditional medicine. Our objective was to assess the efficacy of stigmas of Crocus sativus (saffron) in the treatment of mild to moderate depression in a 6-week double-blind, placebo controlled and randomized trial. Forty adult outpatients who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition for major depression based on the structured clinical interview for DSM IV participated in the trial. Patients have a baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score of at least 18. In this double-blind, placebo controlled, single-center trial and randomized trial, patients were randomly assigned to receive capsule of saffron 30 mg/day (BD) (Group 1) and capsule of placebo (BD) (Group 2) for a 6-week study. At 6 weeks, Crocus sativus produced a significantly better outcome on Hamilton Depression Rating scale than placebo (d.f.=1, F= 18.89, p<0.001). There were no significant differences in the two groups in terms of observed side effects. The results of this study indicate the efficacy of Crocus sativus in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. A large- scale trial is justified.
ﻲﻳوراد نﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻠﺼﻓ
ناﺮﻔﻋز ﺮﺛا
(Crocus sativus L.) ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻒﻴﻔﺧ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا نﺎﻣرد رد : ﻚﻳ
ﻲﺑﻮﺳود هﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻣزآرﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﻧوراد لﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺎﺑ و ﺮﺒﺧ
ﺪﻤﺣا ﻲﻠﻋ ﻻﺎﺑرﻮﻧ
1
، ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻤﻬﻃ ﻒﺠﻧ رﻮﭘ
2
هدازﺪﻧﻮﺧآ ﻦﻴﻫﺎﺷ ،
3
*
،ﻲﻧﺎﺧ ﻲﺳﻮﻣ
4
يﺪﻴﺸﻤﺟ ﻦﻴﺴﺣﺮﻴﻣا ،
5
1- تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ،ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻧاور هوﺮﮔ دﺎﺘﺳا مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﻪﺑزور نﺎﺘﺳرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ،ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻧاور ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ ناﺮﻬﺗ
2- مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﻪﺑزور نﺎﺘﺳرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ،ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻧاور تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ،ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻧاور رﺎﻴﺘﺳد ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ ناﺮﻬﺗ
3- ناﺮﻬﺗ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻧاور هوﺮﮔ رﺎﻴﺸﻧاد)ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻧاور تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ( هﺪﻜﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ و
،ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاددﺎﻬﺟ ﻲﻳوراد نﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔناﺮﻬ
4- ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاددﺎﻬﺟ ﻲﻳوراد نﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ هﺪﻜﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﺑﺮﻣ
5 - ﻲﻤﻠﻋ تﺄﻴﻫ ﻮﻀﻋ و ناﺮﻬﺗ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،يزﻮﻨﮔﻮﻛﺎﻣرﺎﻓ رﺎﻴﺘﺳد هﺪﻜﺸﻫوﮋﭘ نﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻲﻳوراد ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاددﺎﻬﺟ
*ﻪﺒﺗﺎﻜﻣ سردآ : هرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻲﺑﺮﻏﺮﻬﻤﮔرﺰﺑ نﺎﺑﺎﻴﺧ ،سﺪﻗ نﺎﺑﺎﻴﺧ ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳا بﻼﻘﻧا نﺎﺑﺎﻴﺧ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ97
قوﺪﻨﺻ ﻲﺘﺴﭘ :1446- 13145 ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاددﺎﻬﺟ ﻲﻳوراد نﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ هﺪﻜﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ،
ﻚﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟا ﺖﺴﭘ :s.akhond@neda.net
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ
ﻲﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ يﺪﺟ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻚﻳ هزوﺮﻣا ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا دور .ﺮﻤﻋ مﺎﻤﺗ رد نآ ﻲﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ عﻮﻴﺷ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ رد
دوﺪﺣ و ﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ رد ﻪﺘﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﻛ21 ﻲﻣ ﺪﺻرد ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . رد ﻲﻧﺎﻣرد هﺎﻴﮔ ﻚﻳ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ناﺮﻔﻋز
يﻮﻗ ﻢﺳﺎﭙﺳاﺪﺿ ﻚﻳ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ و هﺪﻌﻣ درد ﻲﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ ﺎﻬﺘﺷا ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا و اﺬﻏ ﻢﻀﻫ ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ .
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا نﺎﻣرد ياﺮﺑ ناﺮﻳا ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﺐﻃ رد ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ . فﺪﻫ ناﺮﻔﻋز ﻪﻟﻼﻛ ﺮﺛا ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳا
ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻣزآرﺎﻛ ﻚﻳ رد ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻒﻴﻔﺧ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا نﺎﻣرد رد6 ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﻲﺑ ﻮﺳود ،يا دﻮﺑ ﺎﻤﻧوراد لﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺎﺑ و ﺮﺒﺧ.
سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﭘﺮﺳ رﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻞﻬﭼDSM IV ﻲﺳﺎﺳا ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻧاور ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ ﻪﺑ و
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ دراو و ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ هﺮﻤﻧ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ياﺮﺑ نﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣﺎﻫ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ18 ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد. نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳا رد
ﻪﺑ ناﺮﻔﻋز لﻮﺴﭙﻛ ﻲﻓدﺎﺼﺗ رﻮﻃ30 ﻲﻠﻴﻣ زور رد مﺮﮔ)زور رد رﺎﺑ ود ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ) (ﻚﻳ هوﺮﮔ ( ﺎﻤﻧوراد لﻮﺴﭙﻛ ﺎﻳ
)زور رد رﺎﺑود ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ) (ود هوﺮﮔ ( تﺪﻣ ياﺮﺑ6 ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﻪﺘﻔﻫ .رد لﻮﻃ6 رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ناﺮﻔﻋز ﻪﺘﻔﻫ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻤﻧوراد ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ رد نﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣﺎﻫ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ زا يﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ يراد يرﻮﻃ ﻪﻛ001/0
p< ،89/18
f= و1 d.f.= دﻮﺑ .ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا ﻲﺒﻧﺎﺟ ضراﻮﻋ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻦﻤﺿ رد ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ هوﺮﮔ ود ﻦﻴﺑ يراد . ﻦﻳا ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﺮﺴﻓا نﺎﻣرد رد ار ناﺮﻔﻋز ﺮﺛا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻒﻴﻔﺧ ﻲﮔد ﺪﻫد . ﻦﻳا ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﺮﻛﺬﺘﻣ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺒﻟا
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻣزآرﺎﻛ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺑ ددﺮﮔ ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ.
ﻞﮔ نﺎﮔژاو: ﻲﻳوراد نﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ،ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ،ناﺮﻔﻋز
،ﻢﻫد هرﺎﻤﺷرﺎﻬﺑ 1383
31
نﺎﻣرد رد ناﺮﻔﻋز ﺮﺛا...
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ يﺪﺟ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻚﻳ هزوﺮﻣا ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا
ﻲﻣ دور .آ ﺮﻤﻋ مﺎﻤﺗ عﻮﻴﺷ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ رد ن
دوﺪﺣ و ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﻛ21 ﻲﻣ ﺪﺻرد ﺪﺷﺎﺑ.
،ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣآ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻧاور ﻦﻤﺠﻧا ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ
ﻲﻤﻳﻼﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺐﻠﻏا ،ﺖﺳا نﻮﮕﻤﻫﺎﻧ لﻼﺘﺧا ﻚﻳ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﻧاور و يرﺎﺘﻓر و ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ حﻮﻄﺳ رد
ﻲﻣ دﻮﺷ . يﺎﻫوراد ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺐﻠﻏا نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻦﻳا
ﮔدﺮﺴﻓاﺪﺿ موﺎﻘﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﺘﺣ يﺎﻫزود رد ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺻ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧدﺮﮔ . ﻲﻜﺸﺧ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﺒﻧﺎﺟ ضراﻮﻋ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ
لﻼﺘﺧا و ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻨﻧار رد ﻲﻧاﻮﺗﺎﻧ ،ﺖﺳﻮﺒﻳ ،نﺎﻫد
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ ﺎﻫوراد ﻦﻳا ﺎﺑ ﻲﺴﻨﺟ دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ]1.[
ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ يﺎﻫوراد ،ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ نﺎﻣرد ﻚﻳ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻲﺒﺴﻧ يﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ و
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻲﻳوراد ﺶﻳﺮﻳﺬﭘ و دﻮﺒﻬﺑ.
،ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓاﺪﺿ يﺎﻫوراد ﻦﻴﻟوا ﺶﻳاﺪﻴﭘ
هﺪﻨﻨﻛرﺎﻬﻣ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓاﺪﺿ و زاﺪﻴﺴﻛاﻮﻨﻴﻣآﻮﻨﻣ يﺎﻫ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻘﻠﺣ ﻪﺳ ﻪﻫد رد ﻲﻳا1950 و1960 ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻚﻳ
دﺮﻛ دﺎﺠﻳا ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا نﺎﻣرد رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ]2.[
ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴ هﺪﻨﻨﻛرﺎﻬﻣ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ يﺪﻌﺑ يﺎﻫ بﺬﺟزﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﻧا ﻦﻴﻧﻮﺗوﺮﺳ بﺬﺟزﺎﺑ ةﺪﻨﻨﻛرﺎﻬﻣ و ﻦﻴﻧﻮﺗوﺮﺳ ﻲﺑﺎﺨﺘ
ﻲﭘارﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﻔﻧ(SNRI) ﻪﻫد رد ﻦﻴﺴﻛﺎﻓﻼﻧو ﻞﺜﻣ
ناﺰﻴﻣ نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ار ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ﻲﻧﺎﻣرد ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ
ﻢﻟﺎﺳ و ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻟو ﻲﻠﺒﻗ يﺎﻫوراد ﺮﺗ
ﺖﺳا هداد ﺎﻘﺗرا]2 .[ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓاﺪﺿ ًاﺮﻴﺧا ﻚﻴﭙﻴﺗآ يﺎﻫ
ﻴﻣ و نودزﺎﻔﻧ ،نﻮﻴﭘوﺮﭘﻮﺑ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ نﺎﻣرد ياﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﭘازﺎﺗﺮ
ﻲﻣ سﺮﺘﺳد رد ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ.
ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻚﺴﻳر و ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ يدﻮﺒﻬﺑ ناﺰﻴﻣ لﺎﺣ ﻦﻳا ﺎﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻗﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ نﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ دﻮﻋ ﺎﻳ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺪﻧﺎﻣ . ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﺖﺳا زﺎﻴﻧ يﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺖﻴﻤﺳ و ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﺎﺑ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ
]2 .[ يﺎﻫوراد زا يﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ نﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ هرﺎﺼﻋ
رد ﺶﺨﺑﺪﻳﻮﻧ و ﺪﻳﺪﺟ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا نﺎﻣرد
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧور.
ناﺮﮔ ناﺮﻔﻋز زا اﺪﺟ و ﺖﺳا نﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﻳودا ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﻲﺘﻨﺳ شزرا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ،اﺬﻏ ﻲﻨﺷﺎﭼ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ شا
ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا و نﺎﻃﺮﺳﺪﺿ ةﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﺛا ﻪﺑ ﺮﻴﺧا ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ةﺪﻨﻫد
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هرﺎﺷا نآ]9 ،8 ،7 ،6 ،5 ،4 ،3.[
ناﺮﻔﻋز شزرا)هﺪﺷ ﻚﺸﺧ ﻪﻟﻼﻛ (ﺟو ﺖﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ دﻮ
مﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﺻا ﻪﻳﻮﻧﺎﺛ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺑﺎﺘﻣ ﻪﺳ و ﻦﻴﺳوﺮﻛ يﺎﻫ
ﻦﻴﺳوﺮﻛوﺮﻜﻴﭘ ،ناﺮﻔﻋز ﮓﻧر لوﺆﺴﻣ ﻪﻛ نآ تﺎﻘﺘﺸﻣ
نآ يﻮﺑ و ﺮﻄﻋ لوﺆﺴﻣ لﺎﻧاﺮﻓﺎﺳ و ﻢﻌﻃ لوﺆﺴﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ.
ﺰﺟ هﺎﻴﮔ ﻦﻳا ﻲﻣ نﺎﻴﻘﺒﻧز هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ء ﺚﻋﺎﺑ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻲﺘﻧآ تاﺮﺛا و هﺪﻌﻣ درد ﻦﻴﻜﺴﺗ ،ﻚﻳدﻮﻤﺳﺎﭙﺳا
ﻚﻤﻛ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا و ﻢﻀﻫ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻨﻫد هﺪﺷ دﺎﻳ نآ زا ﺎﻬﺘﺷا ة
ﺖﺳا . هدﺮﻛ فﺮﻃﺮﺑ ار يﻮﻴﻠﻛ ﻚﻴﻟﻮﻛ يﺎﻫدرد ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺶﻨﺗ نﺪﺷ فﺮﻃﺮﺑ و هﺪﻌﻣ درد ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ و
ﺪﺷ]9 ،8 ،7 ،6 ،5 ،4 ،3.[
ﻪﺑ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ياﺮﺑ ناﺮﻳا ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﺐﻃ رد ناﺮﻔﻋز رﺎﻛ
ﻲﻣ دور . تاﺮﺛا ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳوراد نﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺐﺘﻛ زا ﻲﺧﺮﺑ
هدﺮﻛ هرﺎﺷا نآ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓاﺪﺿ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ ﺪﻧا
دراﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو يﺪﻨﺘﺴﻣ كرﺪﻣ]10.[
نﺎﻣرد رد ناﺮﻔﻋز ﺮﺛا ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﺎﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ
ﻲﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﻲﻳﺎﻣزآرﺎﻛ ﻚﻳ رد ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻒﻴﻔﺧ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا
ﻲﺑﻮﺳود ﺮﺒﺧ6 ﻪﺘﻔﻫ دﻮﺑ ﺎﻤﻧوراد لﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺎﺑ و يا.
رﺎﻛ شور و داﻮﻣ
ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻴﻳﺎﻣزآرﺎﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳا شور
ﻲﺑﻮﺳود دﺎﺼﺗ ﺮﺒﺧ هﺪﺷ ﻲﻓ6 ﻪﺘﻔﻫ دﻮﺑ يا . ﺎﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻧاور ﻚﻴﻨﻴﻠﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﭘﺮﺳ ﻦﻴﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ رد ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ
ﻦﻳدوﺮﻓ زا ﻪﺑزور1382 ﻦﻳدروﺮﻓ ﺎﺗ1383 ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا.
نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ
سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﭘﺮﺳ رﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻞﻬﭼ
DSM IV ﺎﺑ و
ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﻜﻴﻨﻴﻠﻛ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻚﻳ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻣزآرﺎﻛ دراو ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﻲﺳﺎﺳا ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا.
سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ17 هﺮﻤﻧ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ نﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣﺎﻫ ﻲﻟاﺆﺳ18
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ.
هرﺎﻤﺷﻫد ،ﻢرﺎﻬﺑ 1383
32
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻻﺎﺑرﻮﻧ
ﻲﺼﻴﺨﺸﺗ يﺎﻫرﺎﻴﻌﻣ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧارﺎﻤﻴﺑ
DSM IV لﻼﺘﺧا دﻮﺟو ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺪﻧﺪﺸﻧ دراو ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد
ﻚﻳ لﻮﻃ رد ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﺎﻳ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ،ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ لﺎﺳ
ﻲﺒﻄﻗود لﻼﺘﺧا(BMD) لﻼﺘﺧا و ﺎﻴﻧﺮﻓوﺰﻴﻜﺳا ،
ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ لﺎﭙﻳﺎﺗوﺰﻴﻜﺳا ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ.
ﻲﻣ نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺎﺗ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺑ4 ﻪﺑ دورو زا ﻞﺒﻗ ﻪﺘﻔ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ هدﺮﻜﻧ فﺮﺼﻣ پوﺮﺗﻮﻜﻳﺎﺳ يوراد ﭻﻴﻫ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ .
زا هﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻦﺳ18 ﺎﺗ55 دﻮﺑ لﺎﺳ .
ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ و يﺪﺟ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻚﻳ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز هﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ رﺎﻤﻴﺑ يﺪﺟ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
رد ﻲﺸﻛدﻮﺧ ﻚﺴﻳر ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧارﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا نﺎﻣز
ﻲﻣ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ةﺮﻤﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺻﺎﺨﺷا
ار نﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣﺎﻫ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ رد ﻲﺸﻛدﻮﺧ لاﺆﺳ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ
زا ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ2 ﻲﻣ ﺐﺴﻛ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺎﻳ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ ةﺪﻳا ﻪﻛ
زا ﺖﺷاد هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ار ﻲﺸﻛدﻮﺧ
ﻲﻣ فﺬﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺪﺷ . ﺮﺑ لاد ﻪﻛ ﻲﺘﻴﻌﺿو ﺮﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نﺪﺷ ﺮﺗﺪﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا ﺰﻴﻧ دﻮﺑ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ةﺮﻤ
ﻲﻣ جرﺎﺧ زا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ مﺎﻤﺗا زا ﻞﺒﻗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧآ و ﺪﻨﺘﺸﮔ
ﻲﻣ جرﺎﺧ حﺮﻃ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ نﺎﻣرد ﺖﺤﺗ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ
ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ يرﻮﻓ ﺖﺒﻗاﺮﻣ و ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ . ﺎﻳ ﻪﻠﻣﺎﺣ نﺎﻧز
ﻲﻧﺎﻧز ﻪﻛشور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻲﮕﻠﻣﺎﺣ زا يﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ فﺬﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ .ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﻤﻫ زا ﻨﻨﻛهﺪ ﺎﻫ
ﺖﻳﺎﺿر قﻼﺧا ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻛ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ حﺮﻃ و هﺪﺷ ﺬﺧا ﻲﺒﺘﻛ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
ﺪﺷ ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ ناﺮﻬﺗ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ.
هدﺎﻣآ ناﺮﻔﻋز لﻮﺴﭙﻛ يزﺎﺳ
ﺖﻛﺮﺷ زا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا رد ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ ناﺮﻔﻋز
ناﺮﻔﻋز ﻦﻳﻮﻧ)ﺪﻬﺸﻣ سﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﻬﺷ (ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ.
هرﺎﺼﻋ ﺖﻬﺟ يﺮﻴﮔ120 مﺮﮔ بﺎﻴﺳآ ار ناﺮﻔﻋز ﺔﻟﻼﻛ
ﻢﻴﻨﻛ. بﺎﻴﺳآ زا ﺶﻴﭘ ﺖﺷاد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ندﺮﻛ
ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ بﺎﻴﺳآ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ نآ نﺪﺷ غاد زا رﺎﻛ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ و ددﺮﮔ ﺰﻴﻤﺗ
دﻮﺷ يﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ ردﻮﭘ يور ﻲﺒﻳﺮﺨﺗ ﺮﺛا ﺖﻠﻋ.
هرﺎﺼﻋ يﺮﻴﮔ
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ هرﺎﺼﻋ ﻲﻠﻛ شور ﺎﺑ نﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ زا يﺮﻴﮔ يﺎﻫ
هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﻂﺳﻮﺗ و نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ دﺮﻴﮔ ةدﺎﻣ عﻮﻧ ،ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ ﻪﺑﺮﺛ،
عﻮﻧ ﺮﮕﻳد يﺎﻫﺮﺘﻣارﺎﭘ و هرﺎﺼﻋ فﺮﺼﻣ درﻮﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ يﺮﻴﮔ هرﺎﺼﻋ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد دﻮﺷ ]11[.
ياﺮﺑ هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا شور ،ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻦﻳا رد
هرﺎﺼﻋ ﻞﻧﺎﺗا ﺎﺑ يﺮﻴﮔ80 نﻮﻴﺳﻻﻮﻛﺮﭘ ،ﻪﺟرد
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻨﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺪﻨﻳآﺮﻓ ﻚﻳ نﻮﻴﺳﻻﻮﻛﺮﭘ
ﺎﻳ ردﻮﭘ نآ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﻓﺮﻇ رد هﺎﻴﮔ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ
ﺎﭘ رد ﻲﺟوﺮﺧ ﻚﻳ طﻮﻠﺨﻣ لﻼﺣ ﺎﺑ دراد دﻮﺟو نآ ﻦﻴ
ﻲﻣ دﻮﺷ و اﺰﺟاي ﻚﻳ نﺪﺷ ﺮﻳزاﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ هﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻞﺣ
ﻲﻣ اﺪﺟ نآ زا لﻼﺣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ .
ﻦﻳﺪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ120 هﺎﮕﺘﺳد دراو ار ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ردﻮﭘ مﺮﮔ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ و هدﻮﻤﻧ رﻮﺗﻻﻮﻛﺮﭘ1800 ﻲﻠﻴﻣ ﺮﺘﻴﻟ ﻞﻧﺎﺗا80
رد ﻪﺟرد3 هرﺎﺼﻋ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻲﻣ يﺮﻴﮔ ﺎﻤﻧﻢﻴ.
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻬﻣ رﻮﺗﻻﻮﻛﺮﭘ رد ردﻮﭘ ﻲﮔدﺮﺸﻓ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
ﻲﻤﻧ ﻪﻟﻮﻛﺮﭘ لﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هدﺮﺸﻓ ﻲﻠﻴﺧ ﺮﮔا ﺮﮔا و دﻮﺷ
جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا و هدز لﺎﻧﺎﻛ نآ نورد لﻼﺣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻞﺷ ﻲﻠﻴﺧ
ﻲﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻲﻔﻴﻌﺿ دﺮﻴﮔ .
ردﻮﭘ نﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺨﻳر زا ﺲﭘلﻼﺣ و ﻲﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻪﻛ
ﻲﻣ نﺪﺷ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ عوﺮﺷ ﻊﻳﺎﻣ ،ﺪﻨﻛ ﺎﭘ ﻪﭽﻳرد ﻲﻨﻴ
ﻲﻣ ار رﻮﺗﻻﻮﻛﺮﭘ هﺪﻧﺎﺷﻮﭘ ار رﻮﺗﻻﻮﻛﺮﭘ يور و ﻢﻳﺪﻨﺑ
و48 ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﻲﻗﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻳراﺬﮔ. ﺲﭙﺳ
ﺎﭘ ﻪﭽﻳردﻲﻣ ار ﻲﻨﻴ ﺎﺸﮔﻲﻣ هزﺎﺟا و ﻢﻴ لﻼﺣ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻫد
ﺪﺑﺎﻳ نﺎﻳﺮﺟ هﺮﻄﻗ هﺮﻄﻗ و ﻲﮕﺘﺴﻫآ ﻪﺑ ]11[.
ﻊﻤﺟ ةرﺎﺼﻋ ار نﻮﻴﺳﻻﻮﻛﺮﭘ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ زا هﺪﺷ يروآ
ﻆﻴﻠﻐﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ يزﺎﺳ هدﻮﻤﻧ ءﻼﺧ رد ﺮﻴﻄﻘﺗ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد دراو
تراﺮﺣ ﺖﺤﺗ و40 -35 ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺔﺟرد ﻲﻣ ﻆﻴﻠﻐﺗ داﺮﮔ ﺎﻤﻧﻢﻴ.
لﻮﺴﭙﻛ ﺔﻴﻬﺗ و نﻮﻴﺳﻻﻮﻧاﺮﮔ
ﺔﻴﻬﺗ فﺪﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا لﻮﺴﭙﻛ يﺎﻫ15 ﻲﻠﻴﻣ ﻲﻣﺮﮔ
،ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ناﺮﻔﻋز هرﺎﺼﻋهﺪﺷ ﻆﻴﻠﻐﺗ هرﺎﺼﻋ ار
لﻮﻧاﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ زﻮﺘﻛﻻ ردﻮﭘ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ آردﺪﻣ و
هرﺎﻤﺷﻫد ،ﻢرﺎﻬﺑ 1383
33
نﺎﻣرد رد ناﺮﻔﻋز ﺮﺛا...
ﭙﻛ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﻂﺳﻮﺗلﻮﺴﭙﻛ ،ﻦﻛﺮﭘ لﻮﺴ يوﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ
15 ﻲﻠﻴﻣ مﺮﮔﺪﺷ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ناﺮﻔﻋز ةرﺎﺼﻋ.
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﺣاﺮﻃ
ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﻚﻳ ﻦﻤﺿ نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻧاور ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻚﻤﻛ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﻪﭽﺨﻳرﺎﺗ و ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ . ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ
ﻓدﺎﺼﺗ زا ﻲﻜﻳ يﺮﺗﻮﻴﭙﻣﺎﻛ يﺎﻫﺪﻛ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ و
لﻮﺴﭙﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺎﻤﻧوراد ﺎﻳ ناﺮﻔﻋز يﺎﻫ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ .
لﻮﺴﭙﻛ ندﺮﻛ ﻲﻓدﺎﺼﺗ و ﺺﻴﺼﺨﺗ ﺪﻨﻳآﺮﻓ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑزور نﺎﺘﺳرﺎﻤﻴﺑ زﺎﺳوراد.
رﺎﻛ ﻦﻳا رد ﻲﺑﻮﺳود ﻲﻳﺎﻣزآ ﻪﺑ نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺮﺒﺧ
لﻮﺴﭙﻛ ﻲﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ترﻮﺻ ناﺮﻔﻋز يﺎﻫ)30 ﻲﻠﻴﻣ مﺮﮔ
زور ردزور رد رﺎﺑ ود ترﻮﺻ ) (ﻚﻳ هوﺮﮔ ( ﺎﻳ
ﺎﻤﻧوراد)زور رد رﺎﺑود) ( هوﺮﮔ2 ( ياﺮﺑ6 ﻪﺘﻔﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ . ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ ار ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺔﻤﻫ
ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ . ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻧاور مﻮﺳ لﺎﺳ رﺎﻴﺘﺳد ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ
ﻪﺘﻔﻫ رد زا ﺲﭘ ﺶﺷ و رﺎﻬﭼ ،ود ،ﻚﻳ ،ﺮﻔﺻ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا نﺎﻣرد عوﺮﺷ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﺻا سﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﺞﻳﺎﺘ نﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣﺎﻫ17 دﻮﺑ ﻲﻟاﺆﺳ.
نﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣﺎﻫ هﺮﻤﻧ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ(HAM-D) هﺮﻤﻧ زا
دﻮﺑ وراد ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻣرد ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا يﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ . لﻮﻃ رد
ﻲﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد وراد ﻪﻛ ﻲﺻﺎﺨﺷا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ
ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ﻲﻫﺎﮔآ وراد عﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ود ﺮﻫ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ.
ﻲﺒﻧﺎﺟ ضراﻮﻋ
ﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺒﻧﺎﺟ ضراﻮﻋ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ هرود لﻮﻃ رد ﻚﻴﺗﺎﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ ر
يﺎﻫزور رد ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻧاور رﺎﻴﺘﺳد ﻂﺳﻮﺗ و هﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ3 ،7 ،12 ،
21 ،28 و42 ﻲﻣ ﺖﺒﺛ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ) هرﺎﻤﺷ لوﺪﺟ2.(
هداد ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ و ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ شور ﺎﻫ
تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ياﺮﺑ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا سﺎﻴﻘﻣ
نﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣﺎﻫ ياﺮﺑ رﺮﻜﻣ ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ود ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﺰﻴﻟﺎﻧآ نﻮﻣزآ
وراد ،نﺎﻣز وراد ﻞﺧاﺪﺗ و- ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا نﺎﻣز. ﻢﻫ
ﺎﺑ رﺮﻜﻣ ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ﻚﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﺰﻴﻟﺎﻧآ هوﺮﮔ ﺮﻫ رد ﻦﻴﻨﭼ
ﻚﻳPost hoc Tucky Test مﺎﺠﻧاﺮﻳﺬﭘﺖﻓ. ياﺮﺑ
نآ نﺎﻳﺎﭘ و ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ عوﺮﺷ رد هوﺮﮔ ود ﺔﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣزا
unpaired Student t test ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ياﺮﺑ و ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ﻲﻳوراد ضراﻮﻋ عﻮﻴﺷ و ﻚﻴﻓاﺮﮔﻮﻣد تﺎﻋﻼﻃا
Fisher’s Exact test ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا .
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﭻﻴﻫ هوﺮﮔ نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻦﻴﺑ يراد1 و2 ﺮﻈﻧ زا
ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو ﺲﻨﺟ و ﻦﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻚﻴﻓاﺮﮔﻮﻣد تﺎﻋﻼﻃا) لوﺪﺟ
هرﺎﻤﺷ1 .(35 ﺪﻧﺪﻧﺎﺳر نﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ار ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رﺎﻤﻴﺑ . هوﺮﮔ رد
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا ﺮﻔﻧ رﺎﻬﭼ ﺎﻤﻧوراد هوﺮﮔ رد و ﻚﻳ ناﺮﻔﻋز.
هرﺎﻤﺷ لوﺪﺟ1 - ﻪﻳﺎﭘ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا
ناﺮﻔﻋز هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻤﻧوراد هوﺮﮔ
نز 9 9
دﺮﻣ 11 11
ﻦﺳ) رﺎﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا
± ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ( 56/8 ± 30/37 )لﺎﺳ( 12/6 ± 52/35 )لﺎﺳ(
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا ﺎﻤﻧوراد هوﺮﮔ رد ﻪﻛ يداﺮﻓا داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﭼﺮﮔ
ﻲﻟو دﻮﺑ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ناﺮﻔﻋز هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ جرﺎﺧ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ د دﻮﺟو ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا جوﺮﺧ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ زا يرا
ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ)34/0 =p.(
هرﺎﻤﺷﻫد ،ﻢرﺎﻬﺑ 1383
34
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻻﺎﺑرﻮﻧ
ﺎﻤﻧوراد ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ رد ناﺮﻔﻋز ﺮﺛا
تاﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ(Mean±S.E.M) ﻞﻜﺷ رد نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ هوﺮﮔود
هرﺎﻤﺷ1ﻲﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ دﻮﺷ .ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ سﺎﻴﻘﻣﺮﻈﻧزا يراد
ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو هوﺮﮔودردﺮﻔﺻ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ نﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣﺎﻫ)73/0=p.(
Trial (weeks)
02468
Hamilton Depression Scores
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Saffron (Stigma) 30mg/Day
Placebo
***
**
ns
***
***
***
***
ns
***
***
هرﺎﻤﺷ ﻞﻜﺷ1 - Mean ± SEM نﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣﺎﻫ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ رد ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا تاﺮﻤﻧ ﺮﻳدﺎﻘﻣ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ يراد ns= ،001/0***= p< ,01/0 **= p<
ﻲﻘﻓا ﻢﻳﻼﻋ)
** و*** (ﻲﻨﻌﻣ نﺎﻴﺑ ياﺮﺑ و يدﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻳﻼﻋ و ﻪﻳﺎﭘ تاﺮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ رد يرﺎﻣآ يرادns هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا هوﺮﮔ ود ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ياﺮﺑﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﻞﻜﺗوﺮﭘ ود ﻦﻴﺑ وراد ﺮﺛا ﺖﻬﺟ زا يراد
ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ)001/0 p< ،89/18 f = ،1 =d.f. و
Greenhouse - Geisser correction ( رد هوﺮﮔ ود رﺎﺘﻓر
دﻮﺒﻧ ﻦﮕﻤﻫ نﺎﻣز لﻮﻃ)001/0
p< ،04/021 f = ،
85/1 =
d.f. وGreenhouse - Geisser correction .( ﻪﺑ
هوﻼﻋﻚﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﺰﻴﻟﺎﻧآ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻣرد ﺮﺛا ﻪﻓﺮﻃ يراد
داد نﺎﺸﻧ هوﺮﮔ ود ﺮﻫ رد ار)0001/0 p<.(
ﻪﺘﻔﻫ زا ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﻤﻧوراد و ناﺮﻔﻋز هوﺮﮔ رد
1 و2 ﺪﺷ هﺪﻳد نﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣﺎﻫ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ زا.
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ نﺎﻳﺎﭘ رد هوﺮﮔ ود ﻦﻴﺑ توﺎﻔﺗ) ﻪﺘﻔﻫ6( ﻲﻨﻌﻣ راد
دﻮﺑ)0001/0
p< ،38 =d.f. ,81/6 =t .( نﺎﻳﺎﭘ رد تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ
ﻪﻳﺎﭘ هﺮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ رد ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
(Mean ± SD)
67/4
± 2/12 و71/4 ± 1/5 - ﺎﻤﻧوراد و ناﺮﻔﻋز ياﺮﺑ
دﻮﺑ .ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ نﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣﺎﻫ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ تاﺮﻤﻧ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ رد يراد
ﻪﺘﻔﻫ رد6 دﻮﺟو ﺮﻔﺻ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ هوﺮﮔ ود رد
ﺖﺷاد)0001/0
p< ،38 =d.f. و78/4 = t.(
ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ و ﻲﺒﻧﺎﺟ ضراﻮﻋ
ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ لﻮﻃ رد ﻲﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻪﺿرﺎﻋ ﺖﻔﻫ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ .ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ زا ﺎﻤﻧوراد و ناﺮﻔﻋز ﻦﻴﺑ يراد
ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو ﻲﺒﻧﺎﺟ ضراﻮﻋ ﺮﻈﻧ) هرﺎﻤﺷ لوﺪﺟ2.(
هرﺎﻤﺷ د ،ﻢﻫرﺎﻬﺑ 1383
35
نﺎﻣرد رد ناﺮﻔﻋز ﺮﺛا...
هرﺎﻤﺷ لوﺪﺟ2- هوﺮﮔ ﺮﻫ يﺎﻀﻋا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ ﻲﺒﻧﺎﺟ ضراﻮﻋ و ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ضراﻮﻋ
اﻮﻋﻲﺒﻧﺎﺟ ض
ر
ﺎﻤﻧوراد ناﺮﻔﻋ
ز
P
باﺮﻄﺿا 1 3 60/0
ﺎﻬﺘﺷا ﺶﻫﺎﻛ 2 2 1
ﺎﻬﺘﺷا ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا 1 5 18/0
باﻮﺧﻲﮔدﻮﻟآ 2 1 1
عﻮﻬﺗ 1 2 1
دردﺮﺳ 2 3 1
ﻲﻳاﺪﻴﺷ ﻪﻤﻴﻧ 1 2 1
ﺚﺤﺑ
يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ساﺮﻫ هﺮﻬﭼ ﻲﻧاور يﺎﻫ يﺎﻴﻧد ﺮﺑ ار يﺰﻴﮕﻧا
هﺪﻴﺸﻛ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻪﺑ بﺮﻏ ﺪﻧا .يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻦﻳا ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ رد ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ
هﺪﻳد ﺮﻤﻋ ﻞﻳاوا ﻪﻛ ﻦﺴﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ رد نآ زوﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ار ﻮﻴﺗاﺮﻧژدورﻮﻧ يﺎﻫ لﺎﺣ رد ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﺖﺳا ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا]1 .[ و ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻣرد ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ درﻮﻣ رد ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ
ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﺐﻃ رد ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻧﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ
يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ نﺎﻣرد ﻲﻣ رﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧاور يﺎﻫ ﺪﻧور]2.[
ﺪﺿ يﺎﻫوراد يﺮﺗﺮﺑ زا ﻪﻫد ﺪﻨﭼ زا ﺲﭘ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا
ﺪﻳﺪﺷ و ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻒﻴﻔﺧ عﻮﻧ نﺎﻣرد ،ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺻ
صﻮﺼﺧ ﻪﺑ و ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ يﺎﻫوراد ﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺳا ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا
ﻒﻠﻋ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ حﺮﻄﻣ ﺎﭘورا رد يﺎﭼ]6.[
ﺎﺗ ﻒﻴﻔﺧ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ﺎﺑ نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳا
ﻲﻣ ناﺮﻔﻋز ﻪﻛ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺪﻳاﻮﻓ يرﺎﻣآ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
زا ﺲﭘ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ6 ﻖﻠﺧ رد ﻪﺘﻔﻫ نﺎﺷﻲﻣ هﺪﻳد دﻮﺷ . ﺮﺛا
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻦﻳا ﻲﻜﻴﻨﻴﻠﻛ تاﺮﻤﻧ رد يدﻮﺒﻬﺑ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷ ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ ناﺮﻔﻋز هوﺮﮔ رد نﻮﺘﻠﻴﻣﺎﻫ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ.
ﺮﺛا ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻣزآرﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﻟوا ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳا
ﺖﺳا ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻒﻴﻔﺧ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا نﺎﻣرد رد ناﺮﻔﻋز
ﻲﻤﻧ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ اﺬﻟ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ.
ﻳا رد ناﺮﻔﻋزيﺰﻳﺮﻧﻮﺧ دﺎﺠﻳا زود يﺎﻫ
نآ هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ ضراﻮﻋ زا ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃﺮﻴﻏ
ﻲﻣ دﺮﻜﻧ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . يﺎﺘﺳار رد ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳا ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ هوﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ
هﺪﺷ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ ﻲﻧاﻮﻴﺣ ﺔﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا يا
دراد ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓاﺪﺿ ﺮﺛا ناﺮﻔﻋز هرﺎﺼﻋ]10.[
هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ و نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ يﺎﻫوراد ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺎﻬﻧآ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻣ ار ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟنﺎﻣرد ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﺰﻳﻮﺠﺗ نﺎﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﻪﻠﻴﺳو ﻪﺑ ًﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺎﻳ و دﻮﺷ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ .نﺎﻣرد ﻦﻳا زا يدﺎﻳز داﺪﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ كراﺪ ﺎﻫ
دراﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو يﺪﻨﺘﺴﻣ . ندﺮﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
نﺎﻣرد دﻮﺑ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ﻲﺘﻨﺳ يﺎﻫ .
ﺖﻳدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳا يﺎﻫ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ زود دﺮﺑرﺎﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻖﻴ
ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻢﻛ داﺪﻌﺗ ،ناﺮﻔﻋز ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ه يﺮﻴﮕﻴﭘ هﺎﺗﻮﻛ نﺎﻣز و ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ راﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧﺪﻣ يﺪﻌﺑ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ رد ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺑ
دﺮﻴﮔ
. رد ناﺮﻔﻋز ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻊﻗاو رد
دراد ﺖﻟﻻد ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻒﻴﻔﺧ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا نﺎﻣرد . ترﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﻋز ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﺒﻧﺎﺟ ضراﻮﻋ ،ﺮﮕﻳد ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ،ناﺮﻔ
ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ نﺎﻣرد ﻚﻳ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ نآ دﺮﺑرﺎﻛ هﺪﻨﻨﻛﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ ﻲﺑﻮﺧ
ﻦﻳا و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ناﺮﻳا ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﺐﻃ رد ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا نﺎﻣرد ياﺮﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ددﺮﮔ ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ هﺪﻨﻳآ رد يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺑ.
هرﺎﻤﺷ د ،ﻢﻫرﺎﻬﺑ 1383
36
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻻﺎﺑرﻮﻧ
ﻲﻧادرﺪﻗ و ﺮﻜﺸﺗ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا رد هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ناﺮﻔﻋز
ﻦﻳﻮﻧ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ا ناﺮﻔﻋز ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ اﺪﻫ
ﻦﻳﺪﺑ سﺎﭙﺳ ﻪﻠﻴﺳو ﻲﻣ يراﺰﮔ ددﺮﮔ.
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
1. KapLan H, Sadock B. comprehensive text
book of psychiatry. 7
th ed. Williams and
wilkins company. USA. 2000, pp:1284-441.
2. Richelson E. Pharmacology of
antidepressant- Characteristics of the ideal
drug. Mayo. Clin. Proc. 1994; 69: pp: 1069-
81.
3. Evans WC. Trease and Evans
pharmacognosy. 15 th ed. W.B Saunders. USA.
2002, pp: 437-38.
4. Flming T. physicians Desk Reference
(PDR) for Herbal medicines. 2th ed. medicinal
Economics company. 2000, pp: 653-54.
5. Huang KCH. The phamacology of Chinese
Herbs. 2th ed. CRC press. 1999, pp: 172, 474- 75.
6. Duke JA, Bogenschutz GM, du CJ, Duke
peggy- Ann k. Handbook of medicinal herbs.
2th ed. CRC press. 2002, pp:640-41.
7. Sweetman SC. Martindale the complete
drug refrence. 33th ed. Pharmaceutical Press.
2002, Vol 1, p:1029.
8. Abe K, Saito H. Effects of saffron extract
and its constituent crocin on learning
behaviour and long-term potentiation.
Phytother Res. 2000; 14: pp:149-52.
9. D Amelio F, Frank S. Botanicals a
phytocosmetic desk reference. CRC Press.
1999, pp: 39-40.
10. مﻼﻏ ﻲﻤﻳﺮﻛ ﺎﺿر، ﻦﻴﺴﺣ ﻦﻴﺴﺣ هداز ، ﻖﻟﺎﺧ هﺎﻨﭘ
نارﻮﭘ.
و ﻲﺑآ هرﺎﺼﻋ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓاﺪﺿ ﺮﺛا ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻜﻟا
ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﺪﻴﻔﺳ شﻮﻣ رد ناﺮﻔﻋز گﺮﺒﻠﻠﮔ و ﻪﻟﻼﻛ .
مﻮﻠﻋ ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
ناﺮﻳا ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ. 1380 ، ﺪﻠﺟ4، تﺎﺤﻔﺻ :57 -153.
11. مﺎﺼﻤﺻ يدﺎﻫ ﺖﻌﻳﺮﺷ .
هرﺎﺼﻋ و يﺮﻴﮔ
داﻮﻣ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳاشور و ﻲﻳوراد نﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺮﺛ يﺎﻫ
ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺷزرا و ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ.
لوا پﺎﭼ، تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا
نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﻲﻧﺎﻣ. 1371 ، تﺎﺤﻔﺻ16-14.
هرﺎﻤﺷ د ،ﻢﻫرﺎﻬﺑ 1383
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نﺎﻣرد رد ناﺮﻔﻋز ﺮﺛا...
هرﺎﻤﺷﻫد ،ﻢرﺎﻬﺑ 1383
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... Methanol extract of leaves of A. paniculata and andrographolide were found to exhibit adaptogenic properties and significantly ameliorate stress-induced pathological changes . Reduces clinical symptoms, delays disease onset, and reduces depression in the EAE mouse model Akhondzadeh et al., 2005;Ghazavi, et al., 2009; Nigella sativa L. ...
... Methanol extract of leaves of A. paniculata and andrographolide were found to exhibit adaptogenic properties and significantly ameliorate stress-induced pathological changes . Reduces clinical symptoms, delays disease onset, and reduces depression in the EAE mouse model Akhondzadeh et al., 2005;Ghazavi, et al., 2009; Nigella sativa L. ...
... Methanol extract of leaves of A. paniculata and andrographolide were found to exhibit adaptogenic properties and significantly ameliorate stress-induced pathological changes . Reduces clinical symptoms, delays disease onset, and reduces depression in the EAE mouse model Akhondzadeh et al., 2005;Ghazavi, et al., 2009; Nigella sativa L. ...
... Studies suggested saffron extracts may have some effects on the glutamate system (33,34). Akhondzadeh et al have shown that saffron monotherapy was more effective than placebo in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression (35). Another supplement that may be effective in this way is Cinnamomum tamala, which has been reported to be effective in a clinical study of MDD treatment (36). ...
Article
Full-text available
Current therapies for depression are moderately effective, as response and remission rates were reported at 50% and 15-40%, following the first trial with current medications, respectively, and electroconvulsive therapy is not beneficial for more than half of the resistant patients. Recent research suggests that medication with glutamatergic modulatory properties may have antidepressant effects and would be of benefit to refractory patients. This study aims to review the efficacy of these medications in the treatment of unipolar depression. Ketamine, as the leading drug acting through the glutamatergic system, appears to be effective in treating depression IV and orally and in combination with electroconvulsive therapy. There is also clinical evidence of the promising effects of amantadine and lanicemine. Supplements and herbs such as L-carnosine, Crocus sativus (saffron), and Cinnamomum tamala, which were reported to be effective in randomized controlled trials on patients with depression, may act through this system as an antidepressant. Taken together, glutamate receptor modulators are alternative drugs for patients with resistant depression. Further high-quality clinical studies are recommended.
... Many studies highlighted the ability of saffron extracts to act as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, wound healing, anti-ageing agents [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Clinical trials 2 highlighted the efficiency of saffron capsules in ameliorating depression symptoms in comparison to placebo [14] or conventional drugs such as imipramine [15] and fluoxetine [16]. Similarly, clinical studies performed on patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease showed significantly better outcome on cognitive function after administering saffron capsules in comparison to placebo [17] while the same effectiveness was observed when saffron capsules were compared to donezepril [18]. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Crocin, a glycoside carotenoid showing several health benefits, is mainly obtained from saffron (Crocus sativus L.), whose quality and content of phytochemicals can be strongly affected by environmental conditions. Therefore, in this work, the crocin content and the in vitro antioxidant activity of saffron extracts obtained from three different varieties (Greek, Sicilian, and Iranian saffron) were assessed. Crocin content in saffron extracts was quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity of saffron extracts was evaluated using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging test. The Maillard reaction was used to assess the anti-glycation activity. Although the Sicilian and Iranian saffron extracts contained higher amounts of crocin compared to the Greek one, ORAC values and % NO inhibition were higher for the Greek variety that showed a total phenolic content about two-fold greater than that of the other two extracts. Sicilian and Greek saffron had similar anti-glycation activities, while the Iranian saffron was less effective. These results suggest that the antioxidant activity of saffron extracts could be ascribed to their naturally occurring complex mixture of phytochemicals, deserving further investigations as supplement to prevent pathological conditions induced by radical species.
... A specific combination product containing 30 mg of saffron has been used safely twice daily for up to 6 weeks. However, the dose of saffron may depend on several factors, such as the user's age, health, and other conditions (Akhondzadeh et al., 2004(Akhondzadeh et al., , 2005. The safety of saffron tablets (200 and 400 mg) was evaluated in healthy volunteers over 7 days, revealing a decrease in mean arterial pressures and standing systolic blood pressure in those receiving the 400-mg dose. ...
Article
Pain can become a chronic and deliberating experience with a significant burden. In preclinical and clinical studies, Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) has shown analgesic activities. Considering the unsatisfactory results of current therapeutic management for chronic pain conditions, we aimed to review saffron's analgesic activity and underlying mechanisms. Saffron showed antinociceptive activities in formalin-, carrageenan-, and capsaicin-induced experimental pain models. Saffron analgesic activities affected several targets, including ion channels of nociceptors; the adrenergic system and central histaminic system; inhibition of inflammatory pathways, apoptotic pathways, and oxidative stress; regulation of NO pathway, and the endocannabinoid system. Clinical studies showed analgesia of Saffron in rheumatoid arthritis, after-pain following childbirth, dysmenorrhea, and fibromyalgia. Our literature review showed that saffron can be beneficial as an adjunct therapy to commonly used analgesics in practice, particularly in chronic pain conditions.
... Crocus sativus is used in Asian and, in particular, Indian (Ayurveda) and Persian (Islamic) traditional medicine (ITM) as a sedative agent to strengthen the body against such stresses as trauma and anxiety, an anticonvulsant and memory enhancer, and a remedy for alleviation of chronic fatigue, depression, and inflammation [71,135]. This therapeutic activity of Crocus, known since the 6th century BC, has been confirmed in the most recent basic research conducted on animals (rodents) and in human clinical studies [134,[175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Psychotropic effect of Crocus sativus L. (family Iridaceae) biologically active chemical compounds are quite well documented and they can therefore be used in addition to the conventional pharmacological treatment of depression. This systematic review on antidepressant compounds in saffron crocus and their mechanisms of action and side effects is based on publications released between 1995–2022 and data indexed in 15 databases under the following search terms: antidepressant effect, central nervous system, Crocus sativus, cognitive impairement, crocin, crocetin, depression, dopamine, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, picrocrocin, phytotherapy, neurotransmitters, safranal, saffron, serotonin, and biologically active compounds. The comparative analysis of the publications was based on 414 original research papers. The investigated literature indicates the effectiveness and safety of aqueous and alcoholic extracts and biologically active chemical compounds (alkaloids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoid, phenolic, saponins, and terpenoids) isolated from various organs (corms, leaves, flower petal, and stigmas) in adjuvant treatment of depression and anxiety. Monoamine reuptake inhibition, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-α agonism are the main proposed mechanism of the antidepressant action. The antidepressant and neuroprotective effect of extract components is associated with their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The mechanism of their action, interactions with conventional drugs and other herbal preparations and the safety of use are not fully understood; therefore, further detailed research in this field is necessary. The presented results regarding the application of C. sativus in phytotherapy are promising in terms of the use of herbal preparations to support the treatment of depression. This is particularly important given the steady increase in the incidence of this disease worldwide and social effects.
Article
Full-text available
Introduction: large levels of glucocorticoids and stress results structural and functional changes in brain and hippocampus, limbic system has a key role in cognitive functions including learning and memory. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Objective: the AIM of this study was to assess the efficacy of saffron in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: fifty-six patients of 55 years old were eligible to participate in this study. the study is a double-blind study of parallel groups of patients with AD. Results: saffron is effective similar to donepezil in the treatment of mild to moderate AD after 22 weeks. The safety of saffron is comparatively similar like donepezil. The side effects presented with saffron and donepezil groups likely same. The major parameter taken was Alzheimer’s disease assessment Scale-cognitive subscale score evaluated with baseline. The safety of saffron was also recorded systemically. Participators were given a capsule saffron 30 mg/day (15 mg twice daily) or donepezil 10 mg/day (5 mg twice per day). Conclusion: this study provides mainly suggests that possible therapeutic effect of saffron extract at least in short-term treatment of patients with mild-to0moderate Alzheimer’s disease.
Chapter
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a prevalent health condition that requires significant attention and intervention due to its multifaceted nature. It encompasses a variety of ailments such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Despite extensive research, the underlying pathophysiology of MetS is not entirely understood, and current synthetic drugs used to treat it have adverse effects and can be expensive. Therefore, natural products are being investigated as a potential alternative treatment for MetS. This chapter provides an overview of studies on natural products as a treatment for MetS. The available evidence suggests that bioactive phytochemicals and herbal medicines, such as curcumin, resveratrol, Nigella sativa, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Theobroma cacao, have the potential to treat MetS effectively. Furthermore, natural products can be explored as a novel drug discovery approach for MetS. However, it is imperative to conduct well-designed randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes to confirm these findings. Based on our review, we conclude that natural products could be a promising alternative for treating MetS. Further research is warranted to explore this potential fully. The use of natural products for MetS treatment could reduce the reliance on synthetic drugs, many of which have harmful side effects and are costly. The development of natural products as a treatment for MetS could have significant implications for public health, and we encourage further research in this area.
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