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Digital recording/transmission of the cholinergic signal
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that the biological activity of agonists can be transferred to water by electromagnetic means [1-7]. Since July 1995, in keeping with these results, we have digitized, recorded, and 'replayed' to water the activity of acetylcholine (ACh) or water (W) as control. ACh and W were recorded (16 bits, 22 KHz), for 1-5 sec, via an especially designed transducer, on the hard disk of a computer equipped with a Sound Blaster 16 card. Files were digitally amplified and the signal of digitally recorded ACh or W was replayed for 15 min, via the transducer, to 15 ml, W-containing plastic tubes. W thus exposed (dACh, dW) was then perfused to isolated guinea-pig hearts. In 13 open experiments, coronary flow variations were (%, mean + SEM, nb of samples): W+dW(not stat. diff.), 3.3 + 0.2, 20; dACh, 16.2 + 1.0, 33, p = 4.1 e- 10 vs W+dW; ACh (0.1 M), 23.4 + 2.8, 12, p = 5 e-3 vs dACh. In 25 blind experiments: W-fdW, 3.6 + 0-3, 61; dACh, 20.4 + 1.3, 58, p = 1 e-16 vs W+dW; ACh (0.1 M), 28.1 + 2-3, 24, p = 3 e-3 vs dACh. Atropine inhibited the effects of both ACh and dACh. Moreover, we have recently transferred specific digital signals via telephone lines. These results indicate that the molecular signal is composed of waveforms in the 0-22 Khz range. They open the way to purely digital procedures for the analysis, modification and transmission of molecular activity.
... Experimental data accumulated seemingly in favor of a role of water for storing information on molecules in solution. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] During this period, Benveniste made a step further by stating that molecular information could be "imprinted" in water through electromagnetic fields (1992) as in a magnetic tape 15 and could be even digitized (1995). 20 At this occasion, he coined the expression "digital biology". ...
... [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] During this period, Benveniste made a step further by stating that molecular information could be "imprinted" in water through electromagnetic fields (1992) as in a magnetic tape 15 and could be even digitized (1995). 20 At this occasion, he coined the expression "digital biology". 20,21 In Table 1, arguments from Benveniste's experiments in favor of or against "memory of water" are summarized. ...
... 20 At this occasion, he coined the expression "digital biology". 20,21 In Table 1, arguments from Benveniste's experiments in favor of or against "memory of water" are summarized. The arguments in favor of "memory of water" are mainly the observation of "activated" states of the biological systems associated to test samples "imprinted" with different methods and the apparent specificity of the biological effects. ...
The “memory of water” experiments suggested the existence of molecular-like effects without molecules. Although no convincing evidence of modifications of water – specific of biologically-active molecules – has been reported up to now, consistent changes of biological systems were nevertheless recorded. We propose an alternate explanation based on classical conditioning of the experimenter. Using a probabilistic model, we describe not only the biological system, but also the experimenter engaged in an elementary dose-response experiment. We assume that during conventional experiments involving genuine biologically-active molecules, the experimenter is involuntarily conditioned to expect a pattern, namely a relationship between descriptions (or “labels”) of experimental conditions and corresponding biological system states. The model predicts that the conditioned experimenter could continue to record the learned pattern even in the absence of the initial cause, namely the biologically-active molecules. The phenomenon is self-sustained because the observation of the expected pattern reinforces the initial conditioning. A necessary requirement is the use of a system submitted to random fluctuations with autocorrelated successive states (no forced return to the initial position). The relationship recorded by the conditioned experimenter is, however, not causal in this model because blind experiments with an “outside” supervisor lead to a loss of correlations (i.e., system states randomly associated to “labels”). In conclusion, this psychophysical model allows explaining the results of “memory of water” experiments without referring to water or another local cause. It could be extended to other scientific fields in biology, medicine and psychology when suspecting an experimenter effect.
... Later he has developed a new technology as follows: An aqueous solution in which molecules were dissolved was put into a copper tub, then white noise was applied to one side of the wall of copper tub and it was recorded from the opposite side of the wall of copper tub using a microphone which can record sound waves of 20 to 20,000 Hz. Thereafter, Benveniste and colleagues confirmed through repeated experiments that, when the recorded sound wave was converted into a vibration signal to vibrate the water using a transducer, a physiological reaction was also induced [6][7][8][9][10]. He further showed that recorded sound wave file could be sent through email and transferred sound signal could also induce physiological reaction by vibrated water [11]. ...
... Benveniste modulated the information wave of the matter to sound wave and the sound signal was recorded in a computer. Recorded digitized sound signal was converted into vibration signal using transducer to reproduce physiological reaction in the water [6][7][8][9][10][11]. ...
... These innovative devices were most probably related to the determination of Benveniste for standing out from homeopathy and putting the debate on scientific grounds. Two models emerged from this period and very promising results, which were regularly communicated to scientific congresses, were obtained (Hadji et al., 1991;Benveniste et al., 1992;Aïssa et al., 1993;Benveniste et al., 1994;Aïssa et al., 1995;Benveniste et al., 1996;Benveniste et al., 1997;Benveniste et al., 1998;1999). The first model was the isolated rodent heart model (using Langendorff device) and the other one was the in vitro coagulation model, which was thereafter completely automated. ...
... For the first attempts, the electronic transfer was performed using two electric coils (one for input and the other for output) wired at a low-frequency electronic amplifier (Aïssa et al., 1993;Benveniste et al., 1994;Aïssa et al., 1995). Then Benveniste's team showed that the "information" captured by the electric coil at input could be recorded on the hard disk of a computed via its sound card and then "replayed" to water samples placed in the electric coil at output (Benveniste et al., 1996;Benveniste et al., 1997;Benveniste et al., 1998). The term "digital biology" was coined by Benveniste to describe these new experiments. ...
In previous articles, we proposed to describe the results of Benveniste’s experiments using a theoretical framework based on quantum logic. This formalism described all characteristics of these controversial experiments and no paradox persisted. This interpretation supposed to abandon an explanation based on a classical local causality such as the “memory of water hypothesis. In the present article, we describe with the same formalism the cognitive states of different experimenters who interact together. In this quantum-like model, the correlations observed in Benveniste’s experiments appear to be the consequence of the intersubjective agreement of the experimenters.
... After high dilutions, Benveniste developed from the year 1992 different devices based on electromagnetism and made of electric coils and electronic amplifiers which were supposed to "transfer the activity" of biologically-active molecules directly to water samples without the dilution process [3,[15][16][17][18][19][20]. The "transmission" experiments were also supposed to avoid contaminations that could be responsible for the observed effects. ...
Benveniste’s experiments – known in the lay press as the “water memory” phenomenon – are generally considered to be a closed case. However, the amount of data generated by twenty years of well-conducted experiments prevents closing the file so simply. An issue, which has been little highlighted so far, merits to be emphasized. Indeed, if Benveniste failed to persuade his peers of the value of his experiments, it was mainly because of a stumbling block, namely the difficulty of convincingly proving the causal relationship between the supposed cause (“informed water”) and the experimental outcomes in different biological models. To progress in the understanding of this phenomenon, we abandon the idea of any role of water in these experiments (“water memory” and its avatars). In other words, we assume that “controls” and “tests” that were evaluated were all physically identical; only their respective designations (labels) differentiated them. Since we state that there is no causal link between labels (“controls” vs. “tests”) and corresponding states of the biological system (no change vs. change), these variables are independent. Therefore, the key question is: “Is it possible to observe a correlation between independent variables that mimics a causal relationship but is itself not causal?” In this article, we show how simple considerations based on probability theory lead to describe non-classical correlations involving the experimenter. This probabilistic modelling allows to propose an alternative explanation to Benveniste’s experiments where water plays no role and where the place of the experimenter is central.
... After high dilutions, Benveniste developed from the year 1992 different devices based on electromagnetism and made of electric coils and electronic amplifiers which were supposed to "transfer the activity" of biologically-active molecules directly to water samples without the dilution process [3,[15][16][17][18][19][20]. The "transmission" experiments were also supposed to avoid contaminations that could be responsible for the observed effects. ...
Benveniste’s experiments – known in the lay press as the “water memory” phenomenon – are generally considered to be a closed case. However, the amount of data generated by twenty years of well-conducted experiments prevents closing the file so simply. An issue, which has been little highlighted so far, merits to be emphasized. Indeed, if Benveniste failed to persuade his peers of the value of his experiments, it was mainly because of a stumbling block, namely the difficulty of convincingly proving the causal relationship between the supposed cause (“informed water”) and the experimental outcomes in different biological models. To progress in the understanding of this phenomenon, we abandon the idea of any role of water in these experiments (“water memory” and its avatars). In other words, we assume that “controls” and “tests” that were evaluated were all physically identical; only their respective designations (labels) differentiated them. Since we state that there is no causal link between labels (“controls” vs. “tests”) and corresponding states of the biological system (no change vs. change), these variables are independent. Therefore, the key question is: “Is it possible to observe a correlation between independent variables that mimics a causal relationship but is itself not causal?” In this article, we show how simple considerations based on probability theory lead to describe non-classical correlations involving the experimenter. This probabilistic modelling allows to propose an alternative explanation to Benveniste’s experiments where water plays no role and where the place of the experimenter is central.
... Despite having been marginalized after this disturbing episode, Benveniste continued to develop his investigations. Other biological models were used (mainly isolated rodent heart and plasma coagulation) and original procedures were developed in order to confirm the initial ideas [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Using electronic devices, Benveniste's team reported that the "electromagnetic signature" emitted from molecules in solution could be transferred to samples of water or even recorded on a computer memory before being "played" ("digital biology"). ...
Background: Benveniste’s biology experiments suggested the existence of molecular-like effects without molecules (“memory of water”). In this article, it is proposed that these disputed experiments could have been the consequence of a previously unnoticed and non-conventional experimenter effect. Methods: A probabilistic modelling is built in order to describe an elementary laboratory experiment. A biological system is modelled with two possible states (“resting” and “activated”) and exposed to two experimental conditions labelled “control” and “test”, but both biologically inactive. The modelling takes into account not only the biological system, but also the experimenters. In addition, an outsider standpoint is adopted to describe the experimental situation. Results: A classical approach suggests that, after experiment completion, the “control” and “test” labels of biologically-inactive conditions should be both associated with “resting” state (i.e. no significant relationship between labels and system states). However, if the fluctuations of the biological system are also considered, a quantum-like relationship emerges and connects labels and system states (analogous to a biological “effect” without molecules). Conclusions: No hypotheses about water properties or other exotic explanations are needed to describe Benveniste’s experiments, including their unusual features. This modelling could be extended to other experimental situations in biology, medicine and psychology.
... Le signal émis est enregistré et stocké en données numériques. Après amplification, il peut ainsi être « rejoué » à une solution naïve d'eau, qui sera par la suite « lue » par le système de Langendorff(Benveniste et al., 1996).Afin d'expérimenter sa nouvelle propriété de numérisation, Benveniste met en place en 1996 un protocole d'étude en collaboration avec les Etats-Unis. Les expériences visent à transférer un signal biologique sous la forme de fichiers mp3, d'imprimer le signal à une solution naïve, et enfin de l'injecter au coeur afin d'en constater les effets. ...
Les hautes dilutions homéopathiques, dépourvues de molécules actives à partir de la dilution 12 CH, seraient en mesure de conserver une activité biologique. Ceci, incarné par l’hypothèse de Jacques Benveniste (« mémoire de l’eau »), est étayé par les études physiques suggérant qu’une haute dilution serait différente de son solvant de départ. La biologie numérique (développée par Luc Montagnier) étudie l’émission de signaux électromagnétiques par les biomolécules, et leur numérisation. L’eau morphogénique (eau Z.E.), ou quatrième état stable de l’eau serait le support de cette émission. Les molécules d’eau, objets quantiques, interagissent avec le vide quantique par échange de photons. Elles entreraient en cohérence énergétique, cohérence manifestée par une vibration collective à l’unisson, correspondant à un signal électromagnétique de basses fréquences, spécifique de la biomolécule.
Ce signal serait à l’origine des variations de mesure observées lors des expérimentations. L’existence du vivant et ses interactions avec l’environnement dépendraient alors de trois paramètres fondamentaux : les biomolécules (émettrices de rayonnements), l’eau (support) et l’électromagnétisme (langage).
Cette triade autoriserait une forme de communication cellulaire méconnue, par ce signal basses fréquences, à longue portée. Les expérimentations in vitro sur les hautes dilutions en représenteraient simplement une manifestation, rendue possible par la dynamisation des tubes. La cohérence mécanique générée par la dynamisation, renforcerait la cohérence quantique de l’eau, et donc le maintien du signal. Le principe d’infinitésimalité au regard de la physique quantique, et le principe de similitude, envisagé comme une opposition de phase (signal inversé), définissent ainsi l’homéopathie « quantique ». Cette nouvelle vision de l’homéopathie amènerait-elle un profond changement dans la compréhension du vivant?
... W ater is essential for life, providing the medium in which every biochemical interaction occurs, and playing key roles in biochemistry. 1 Reports of ''memory'' and structuring effects in water solutions, [2][3][4] and the presence of nanostructures in highly dilute solutions [5][6][7][8][9] have been suggested as mechanisms underlying homeopathy, [10][11][12] and reports of transmission of biological information from/into liquid water 13,14 have suggested a role for electromagnetic fields in the biological activity of water. 15 However, significant controversies remain unresolved, [16][17][18] and further studies providing new data are needed to bring clarity to this topic. ...
... Emerging from the work of Jahn and Dunne (2011, 1987, and others, was laboratory proof that somehow the unconscious mind was communicating with the subtangible physical world, a world of Quantum possibilities, and, somehow, "this marriage of unformed mind and matter would then assemble itself into something tangible in the manifest world" (McTaggart, 2002, p. 121). This is the world of implicate order described by Bohm (1980) and the cobweb of Puthoff (1981Puthoff ( , 1990, Popp (2000Popp ( , 2002, Beneveniste (1996Beneveniste ( , 1998 and Pribram (1991Pribram ( , 1993Pribram ( , 1998. ...
We embrace the ancient art and science of Alchemy to explore the larger shift underway for humanity and how we can consciously and intentionally speed up evolution to enhance outcomes. In this conversation, we look at balancing and sensing, the harmony of beauty, and virtues for living the future. Conscious compassion, a virtue, is introduced as a state of being connected to morality and good character, inclusive of giving selfless service. We are now ready to refocus our attention on knowledge and consciousness, exploring the new roles these play in our advancement. And all of this—all of our expanding and growth as we move through the Intelligent Social Change journey—is giving a wide freedom of choice as we approach the bifurcation. What will we manifest?
Today we are in the midst of a conscious shift. The content of this book has been an attempt to surface and connect the amazing developmental journey underway in which we all play a leading role--whether as a participant, resister or observer--in preparing for this consciousness shift.
... For these last experiments, he coined the expression "digital biology". The experimental results obtained with "electromagnetic transmission" and "digital biology" have been mainly described as abstracts of congresses [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. ...
The case of the “memory of water” was an outstanding scientific controversy of the end of the twentieth century which has not been satisfactorily resolved. Although an experimenter effect has been proposed to explain Benveniste’s experiments, no evidence or convincing explanation supporting this assumption have been reported. One of the unexplained characteristics of these experiments was the different outcomes according to the conditions of blinding. In this article, an original probabilistic modeling of these experiments is described that rests on a limited set of hypotheses and takes into account measurement fluctuations. All characteristics of these disputed results can be described, including their “paradoxical” aspects; no hypothesis on changes of water structure is necessary. The results of the disputed Benveniste’s experiments appear to be a misinterpreted epiphenomenon of a more general phenomenon. Therefore, this reappraisal of Benveniste’s experiments suggests that these results deserved attention even though the hypothesis of “memory of water” was not supported. The experimenter effect remains largely unexplored in biosciences and this modeling could give a theoretical framework for some improbable, unexplained or poorly reproducible results.
... More particularly, two biological systems were developed with success. These were the isolated guinea pig heart, a classical model in physiology, and the in vitro plasma coagulation, which had the advantage to be possibly automated [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. ...
Benveniste’s experiments have been the subject of an international scientific controversy (known as the case of the “memory of water”). We recently proposed to describe these results in a modeling in which the outcome of an experiment is considered personal property (named cognitive state) of the observer and not an objective property of the observed system. As a consequence, the correlations between “expected” results and observed results in Benveniste’s experiments could be considered the consequence of quantum-like interferences of the possible cognitive states of the experimenters/observers.
In the present paper, we evidence that small random fluctuations from the environment together with intersubjective agreement force the “expected” results and the observed results experienced by the observers into a noncommuting relationship. The modeling also suggests that experimental systems with enough compliance (e.g., biological systems) are more suitable to evidence quantum-like correlations. No hypothesis related to “memory of water” or other elusive modifications of water structure is necessary.
In conclusion, a quantum-like interpretation of Benveniste’s experiments offers a logical framework for these experiments that have remained paradoxical to now. This quantum-like modeling could be adapted to other areas of research for which there are issues of reproducibility of results by other research teams and/or suspicion of nontrivial experimenter effect.
... For the next step, Benveniste used the sound card of a personal computer as an electronic amplifier and he reported that the ''electromagnetic information'' emitted by a solution containing biological molecules in a wire plugged at input could be digitized and stored on the hard disk of a computer. In a second time, this file could be ''played'' and information could be imprinted into a sample of water placed in a wire plugged at output (Aïssa et al. 1993;Benveniste et al. 1994;Aïssa et al. 1995;Benveniste et al. 1996Benveniste et al. , 1997Benveniste et al. , 1998. To describe these methods, Benveniste coined the term ''digital biology''. ...
Benveniste’s experiments were at the origin of a scientific controversy that has never been satisfactorily resolved. Hypotheses based on modifications of water structure that were proposed to explain these experiments (“memory of water”) were generally considered as quite improbable. In the present paper, we show that Benveniste’s experiments violated the law of total probability, one of the pillars of classical probability theory. Although this could suggest that quantum logic was at work, the decoherence process is however at first sight an obstacle to describe this macroscopic experimental situation. Based on the principles of a personalist view of probability (quantum Bayesianism or QBism), a modeling could nevertheless be built that fitted the outcomes reported in Benveniste’s experiments. Indeed, in QBism, there is no split between microscopic and macroscopic, but between the world where an agent lives and his internal experience of that world. The outcome of an experiment is thus displaced from the object to its perception by an agent. By taking into account both the personalist view of probability and measurement fluctuations, all characteristics of Benveniste’s experiments could be described in a simple modeling: change of the biological system from resting state to “activated” state, concordance of “expected” and observed outcomes and apparent “jumping” of “biological activities” from sample to sample. No hypothesis on change of water structure was necessary. In conclusion, a modeling of Benveniste’s experiments based on a personalist view of probability offers for the first time a logical framework for these experiments that have remained controversial and paradoxical till date.
... In the last version (1997), the coil was directly fixed on the perfusion column of the Langendorff system and therefore the system could be piloted from the computer without injection of the samples of "informed" water into the perfusion circuitry. The results obtained with these successive devices were published as posters and abstracts at congresses (Aïssa et al., 1993;Benveniste et al., 1994;Aïssa et al., 1995;Benveniste et al., 1996;Benveniste et al., 1997;Benveniste et al., 1998). If true, these "discoveries" were ground-breaking, but they received great skepticism (Schiff, 1998;Beauvais, 2007). ...
Objectives: “Memory of water” experiments (also known as Benveniste’s experiments) were the source of a famous controversy in the contemporary history of sciences. We recently proposed a formal framework devoid of any reference to “memory of water” to describe these disputed experiments. In this framework, the results of Benveniste’s experiments are seen as the consequence of quantum-like interferences of cognitive states. Design:
In the present article, we describe retrospectively a series of experiments in physiology (Langendorff preparation) performed in 1993 by Benveniste’s team for a public demonstration. These experiments aimed at demonstrating “electronic transmission of molecular information” from protein solution (ovalbumin) to naïve water. The experiments were closely controlled and blinded by participants not belonging to Benveniste’s team. Results: The number of samples associated with signal (change of coronary flow of isolated rodent heart) was as expected; this was an essential result since, according to mainstream science, no effect at all was supposed to occur. However, besides coherent correlations, some results were paradoxical and remained incomprehensible in a classical
framework. However, using a quantum-like model, the probabilities of the different outcomes could be calculated according to the different experimental contexts. Conclusion: In this reassessment of an historical series of memory of water” experiments, quantum-like probabilities allowed modeling these controversial experiments that remained unexplained in a classical frame and no logical paradox persisted. All the features of Benveniste’s experiments were taken into account with this model, which did not involve the hypothesis of “memory of water” or any other “local” explanation.
... Thus, in 1992, he reported that a specific electromagnetic radiation emitted from a solution containing a biologically-active molecule could be transmitted to water via an electronic amplifier (Benveniste et al. 1992;Aïssa et al. 1993;Benveniste et al. 1994;Aïssa et al. 1995). Finally, in 1996, he described the storage of this ''biological information'' on a hard disk via the sound card of a computer; the stored information could then be ''played'' to water to transmit this specific ''information'' (Benveniste et al. 1996;Benveniste et al. 1997;Benveniste et al. 1998). ...
The “memory of water” was a major international controversy that remains unresolved. Taken seriously or not, this hypothesis leads to logical contradictions in both cases. Indeed, if this hypothesis is held as wrong, then we have to explain how a physiological signal emerged from the background and we have to elucidate a bulk of coherent results. If this hypothesis is held as true, we must explain why these experiments were difficult to reproduce by other teams and why some blind experiments were so disturbing for the expected outcomes. In this article, a third way is proposed by modeling these experiments in a quantum-like probabilistic model. It is interesting to note that this model does not need the hypothesis of the “memory of water” and, nevertheless, all the features of Benveniste’s experiments are taken into account (emergence of a signal from the background, difficulties faced by other teams in terms of reproducibility, disturbances during blind experiments, and apparent “jumps of activity” between samples). In conclusion, it is proposed that the cognitive states of the experimenter exhibited quantum-like properties during Benveniste’s experiments.
... As a first approach in the reanalysis of these results, the abstracts of congress communications on the Langendorff model written by Benveniste's team were collec-ted. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Then, all results were extracted, and they were classified regardless of the methods supposed to have "informed" the water samples and regardless of the biological molecules supposed to have left an "imprint" in water. It appeared that the distribution of the biological effects for samples reported to be active was unimodal (modal class with 20%-30% of the maximal change in coronary flow). ...
After more than 20 years, the case of the "memory of water" still has not been resolved satisfactorily. After the affair with the journal Nature, Benveniste extended his results on high dilutions to an "electromagnetic biology" and then to a "digital biology," where electromagnetic signals supposed to be emitted from biologically active solutions were said to be stored on magnetic memories. Although the results obtained by Benveniste and coworkers were obvious, the difficulties in reproducibility by other teams created doubt of the reality of the alleged phenomenon. In a first step, we analyzed a set of experiments obtained by Benveniste's team in the 1990s. We quantified the relationship between "expected" effects (ie, labels of the tested samples) and apparatus outcomes, and we defined the experimental conditions to observe significant correlations. We concluded that the results of these experiments were related to experimenter-dependent correlations, which did not support the initial "memory of water" hypothesis. The fact that a signal emerged from background noise, however, remained puzzling. Therefore, in a second step, we described Benveniste's experiments according to the relational interpretation of quantum physics of C. Rovelli. In this interpretation, the state of a system is observer-dependent and the collapse of the wave function appears only in the states relative to a given observer. This interpretation allowed us to elaborate a model describing Benveniste's experiments in which the emergence of a signal from background noise was described by the entanglement of the experimenter with the observed system. In conclusion, the pursuit of the experimental "proof" to support the "memory of water" hypothesis has prevented other interpretations. Although our hypothesis does not definitely dismiss the possibility of "memory of water," the experimenter-dependent entanglement could be an attractive alternative interpretation of Benveniste's experiments.
Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity is categorised as a multisymptomatic 'el-allergy' in the Nordic classification of 2000 (R.68.8). Its symptoms are 'certainly real' and it can be a 'disabling condition' (W.H.O., 2005). It was first recorded in the mid 20th century as an occupational illness, but it has now spread into the general population through environmental exposure from increasing levels of electromagnetic fields and radiation.
This Summary covers current research on this syndrome, covering EM Sensitivity and EM Hypersensitivity. It includes tables of symptoms, EMF sources and exposure guidelines, along with references to scientific studies.
This New Edition adds updates, international doctors' protocols, aspects of quantum biology, evidence for sensitivity in animals and plants, case studies, disability issues and human rights.
The “memory of water” experiments suggested the existence of molecular-like effects without molecules. Although no convincing evidence of modifications of water – specific of biologically-active molecules – has been reported up to now, consistent changes of biological systems were nevertheless recorded. We propose an alternate explanation based on classical conditioning of the experimenter.
Using a probabilistic model, we describe not only the biological system, but also the experimenter engaged in an elementary dose-response experiment. We assume that during conventional experiments involving genuine biologically-active molecules, the experimenter is involuntarily conditioned to expect a pattern, namely a relationship between descriptions (or “labels”) of experimental conditions and corresponding biological system states.
The model predicts that the conditioned experimenter could continue to record the learned pattern even in the absence of the initial cause, namely the biologically-active molecules. The phenomenon is self-sustained because the observation of the expected pattern reinforces the initial conditioning. A necessary requirement is the use of a system submitted to random fluctuations with autocorrelated successive states (no forced return to the initial position). The relationship recorded by the conditioned experimenter is, however, not causal in this model because blind experiments with an “outside” supervisor lead to a loss of correlations (i.e., system states randomly associated to “labels”).
In conclusion, this psychophysical model allows explaining the results of “memory of water” experiments without referring to water or another local cause. It could be extended to other scientific fields in biology, medicine and psychology when suspecting an experimenter effect.
Background:
Benveniste's biology experiments suggested the existence of molecular-like effects without molecules ("memory of water"). In this article, it is proposed that these disputed experiments could have been the consequence of a previously unnoticed and non-conventional experimenter effect.Methods:A probabilistic modelling is built in order to describe an elementary laboratory experiment. A biological system is modelled with two possible states ("resting" and "activated") and exposed to two experimental conditions labelled "control" and "test", but both are biologically inactive. The modelling takes into account not only the biological system, but also the experimenters. In addition, an outsider standpoint is adopted to describe the experimental situation.Results:A classical approach suggests that, after experiment completion, the "control" and "test" labels of biologically-inactive conditions should both be associated with the "resting" state (i.e., no significant relationship between labels and system states). However, if the fluctuations of the biological system are also considered, a quantum-like relationship emerges and connects labels and system states (analogous to a biological "effect" without molecules).Conclusions:No hypotheses about water properties or other exotic explanations are needed to describe Benveniste's experiments, including their unusual features. This modelling could be extended to other experimental situations in biology, medicine, and psychology.
Bacteria, very old on an evolutionary scale, can live within agricultural soils wiredtogether into communities. The information content transferred through the wires is not yetentirely clear. It has recently been discovered that, younger on the evolutionary scale, E. colibacteria can live in communities with wireless communication systems. E. coli bacteria containDNA macromolecules in the form of a closed loops. The DNA molecules are coated with coherentwater shells having semiconducting properties. The electron energy levels when moving withinthe DNA water shells can be invoked to explain the broadcast and reception frequency spectraof the wireless bacterial systems.
The study detailed in this paper is about the determination of the physical–chemical parameters of water, after keeping it in prolonged contact with the Nafion polymer. The parameters under study are: electrical conductivity, χ (μS cm−1); heat of mixing with acid (HCl), ΔQ
mixHCl (J kg−1) or basic (NaOH) solutions, ΔQ
mixNaOH (J kg−1), and pH. χ increases of up to two orders of magnitude, ΔQ
mixNaOH (J kg−1) is exothermic and increases as the electrical conductivity increases, with a roughly linear trend, up to one order of magnitude. The analogous ΔQ
mixHCl (J kg−1), on the contrary, is found to be null. The pH is quite acid and shows a very good linear correlation with log χ. The linear correlations hint at a single cause for the variation of the three very different physical–chemical parameters. This complex and hard to rationalize phenomenology, finds a good theoretical support in the work hypothesis of the formation of dissipative structures within the liquid. These are far-from-equilibrium systems outside the paradigm of classical thermodynamics. The work hypothesis of the formation of molecular aggregates of water molecules (dissipative structures, aqueous nanostructures, clusters, coherence domains, etc.) is shared with two other aqueous systems obtained with different preparation protocols, so we briefly recall them here: (1) EDS (extremely diluted solutions): obtained through an iterative process of successive dilutions and agitations. (2) IFW (iteratively filtered water): obtained through an iterative process of successive filtrations through sintered glass filters. (3) INW (iteratively nafionized water): obtained through an iterative process of successive drying and wetting of the Nafion polymer. Each protocol produces water exhibiting its own peculiarities, to the point that they can be considered different, albeit with the common element of a variation of the super-molecular structure of the water solvent. The physical–chemical properties of these perturbed waters cannot be framed by the paradigm of classical thermodynamics, but rather require the use of the thermodynamics of systems far from the equilibrium and of irreversible processes.
Energy medicine (EM) provides a new medical choice for patients, and its advantages are the noninvasive detection and nondrug treatment. An electromagnetic signal, a kind of EM, induced from antibiotic coupling with weak, extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) is utilized for investigating the growth speed of Escherichia
coli (E. coli). PEMFs are produced by solenoidal coils for coupling the electromagnetic signal of antibiotics (penicillin). The growth retardation rate (GRR) of E. coli is used to investigate the efficacy of the electromagnetic signal of antibiotics. The E. coli is cultivated in the exposure of PEMFs coupling with the electromagnetic signal of antibiotics. The maximum GRR of PEMFs with and without the electromagnetic signal of antibiotics on the growth of E. coli cells in the logarithmic is 17.4 and 9.08 %, respectively. The electromagnetic signal of antibiotics is successfully coupled by the electromagnetic signal coupling instrument to affect the growth of E. coli. In addition, the retardation effect on E. coli growth can be improved of by changing the carrier frequency of PEMFs coupling with the electromagnetic signal of antibiotics. GRR caused by the electromagnetic signal of antibiotics can be fixed by a different carrier frequency in a different phase of E. coli growth.
A novel property of DNA is described: the capacity of some bacterial DNA sequences to induce electromagnetic waves at high aqueous dilutions. It appears to be a resonance phenomenon triggered by the ambient electromagnetic background of very low frequency waves. The genomic DNA of most pathogenic bacteria contains sequences which are able to generate such signals. This opens the way to the development of highly sensitive detection system for chronic bacterial infections in human and animal diseases.
The success of Homeopathy in curing many diseases has been a serious challenge to science. Nineteenth century explanations for the healing process of Homeopathy cannot withstand the scrutiny of modern science and need to be abandoned or modified. The surviving propositions are discussed. A biocybernetic model with multilevels of electromagnetic feedback loops offers a hope of explaining the healing process. This model, its explanation of the healing process and experimental support are elaborated.
Many practitioners of natural medicine as well as a non-controlled study have reported about positive effects of MORA bioresonance therapy on psychosomatic diseases. The present placebo controlled study aimed to test the effects of MORA bioresonance therapy on non-organic gastro-intestinal complaints.
A randomized, placebo controlled study was carried out on 20 participants (10 in the placebo group, 10 in the verum group). The main outcome parameters were the patients' and the physician's estimation of the intensity and frequency of gastro-intestinal complaints as well as the examination results recorded by the physician: stomach pain by palpation, meteorism by percussion and intestinal noise by auscultation, assessed pre and post treatment. Secondary outcome parameters were the electric resistance between hands and feet, data from feces, urine and blood, and the subjective general condition of body, mind and soul.
According to the participants' and the physician's estimation the intensity and frequency of the gastro-intestinalcomplaints were markedly and significantly reduced in theverum group (p < 0.01). This was also true for stomach pain(p < 0.01) and meteorism (p < 0.05), but not for intestinal noise (p > 0.05). The main outcome parameters in the placebo group changed only slightly (p > 0.05).
TheMORA bioresonance therapy can markedly improve non-organic gastro-intestinal complaints.
For about 15 years, one of the authors (JS) has successfully treated patients suffering from rheumatic diseases with individually tested and electronically stored nosodes from tooth diseases and articular rheumatism using exogenic MORA bioresonance therapy. Until today no human study has tested that kind of nosode therapy. The present, partially controlled study aims to test the effectiveness of that type of nosode therapy.
A partially placebo-controlled study was carried out on 15-21 participants (depending on the parameter) who suffered from rheumatic diseases. The main outcome parameter was the mean EAP(electro acupuncture)-40 value (controlled), i.e. the mean difference of the 40 final measured values from the norm of scale division 50. Secondary outcome parameters (not controlled) were the perceived state of health as well as biochemical, physicochemical and cellular parameters of the blood.
The mean EAP-40 value was significantly reduced (p < 0.01) by the verum treatment. The placebo treatment also yielded slight results but these were not significant (p > 0.05). The mean perceived state of health, the sedimentation of blood cells, the mean calcium value and the redox potential of the blood improved significantly (p < 0.01). The other parameters indicated no or only slight changes (p > 0.05).
The results suggest that therapy with electronically stored nosodes is effective in patients with rheumatic diseases.