Content uploaded by Richard Shields
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Richard Shields on Apr 01, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
Canine nutrient digestibility and stool quality evaluation of canned diets containing various soy protein supplements
... The oligosaccharides in legumes mainly consisting of raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose are believed to have beneficial effects in the hindgut metabolism (Ofuya & Akhidue, 2005) as they are perceived to act as prebiotics. Previous studies have reported increasing dietary oligosaccharide levels results in increased fecal moisture (Moore et al., 1980;Wiernusz et al., 1995). It has been now well established that higher consumption of fiber improves gut health, and fermentable fiber can act as a prebiotic and increase the population of health-promoting microbiota, including lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (Roberfroid, 2005). ...
... Further, Yamka et al. (2003) have observed that the carbohydrate fraction of soy may contribute to a greater water holding capacity of the feces. The relationship between protein source and fecal consistency and moisture has also been reported earlier (Weber et al., 2017;Wiernusz et al., 1995). ...
As part of the efforts to look for new feed resources, an experiment was conducted to ascertain the effects of replacing part of the soybean meal protein with red gram and lentil on the nutritional profile of dogs as influenced by the frequency of feeding. Fifteen adult Spitz dogs were divided into three equal groups and fed three diets containing soybean meal (SBM) alone or in combination with red gram (RGM) and lentil (LTL) as the protein sources. The entire study duration of 10 weeks was divided into two equal periods wherein the dogs were fed either twice or once daily. Results indicated that the food intake was similar (P > 0.05) among the three groups, irrespective of the frequency of feeding. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and carbohydrates were higher (P < 0.05) in the LTL group when the dogs were fed twice daily. However, the digestibility of nutrients remained similar (P > 0.05) when the dogs were fed once daily except for crude fiber digestibility, which was found higher (P < 0.05) in the LTL group. The fecal quality data indicated a lower (P < 0.05) pH accompanying higher water content in dogs under the RGM group. The blood metab-olites measured at three different periods during the study did not vary (P > 0.05) among the dietary groups. It is concluded that both red gram and lentil could effectively replace a part (50%) of the soybean meal protein without any adverse effects on the nutrient utilization and metabolic profile of dogs. Moreover, based on the results, lentil appears to have the edge over red gram as a potential vegetable protein source when used in the diet of dogs. K E Y W O R D S blood metabolites, digestibility, dog, fecal quality, lentil, red gram, soybean meal
... Four dry-extruded, nutritionally complete diets, varying in protein sources [Poultry meal (PM) and wheat gluten (WG)] and concentrations were studied in SB and LB-dogs. PM is the most common protein source used in dog food while WG is one of the most digestible (Wiernusz et al., 1995). Two protein levels were tested: low [LP], Measurements on the colorectal part of the large intestine were obtained through barium radiographs. ...
... This beneficial effect of WG is likely due to the reduced quantity of undigested proteins entering the colon. The relationship between highly digestible protein and improved faecal quality has previously been reported (Wiernusz et al., 1995). Proteins such as WG with their high ileal digestibility could help to maximize faecal quality and colonic health, especially in large and sensitive breeds. ...
Field observations on food tolerance have repeatedly shown that when fed an identical diet, large breed (>25 kg) dogs present softer and moister faeces than small breed ones (<15 kg). The purpose of this review is to highlight the findings of four PhD theses, carried out between 1998 and 2013, whose objectives were to investigate the anatomical and physiological peculiarities that would explain, at least in part, this observation, as well as their nutritional implication. This work showed that large breed dogs, in contrast with smaller breeds, present a highly developed caecum and colon, which could explain the relatively longer colonic transit time. A prolonged colonic transit time could explain higher colonic fermentative activity, as supported by higher faecal concentrations of fermentative by-products. This effect would be reinforced by increased intestinal permeability and reduced sodium net-absorption. Taken together, these elements could be a possible cause of higher digestive sensitivity in large breed dogs. When prescribing a diet to a small or large breed dog, several aspects of the formulation must be taken into account. For a large breed dog, the general goal is to limit any ingredient that could increase the level of fermentable undigested residues and, in fine, exacerbate colonic fermentation. Highly digestible sources of proteins and starches are therefore strongly recommended to maintain an optimal digestive tolerance. Fermentable fibre sources (i.e. beet pulp and FOS) must also be used in limited quantity in their diet. Conversely, the incorporation of non-fermentable fibre (i.e. cellulose) appears useful to increase their stool quality. For a small breed dog, the general objective is to minimize any ingredient that could excessively limit colonic fermentation and induce in fine constipation. Purified starches and cellulose are therefore not really suitable for them. In contrast, cereals flours as well as non-fermentable fibre provided by cereals are recommended.
... The primary disadvantage, however, associated with the higher proportion of the fines in the feed is reduced gizzard development (Abdollahi et al., 2013). It has been reported that the reduced gizzard development enhanced the passage of undigested nutrients from fore to hind gut, which in turn, negatively affects the feed efficiency (Wiernusz et al., 1995;Drozd et al., 2022). In addition, the undigested proteins that reach in hind gut are fermented by microbes and are responsible for synthesis of various compounds of secondary nature such as ammonia, indoles, phenols and amines, which further exert negative impacts on production traits and intestinal histomorphology in the broilers (Qaisrani et al., 2015). ...
The research was conducted to examine the dietary influence of insoluble fiber sources, on performance, gut development,
nutrients digestibility and carcass characteristics of the broilers. For this purpose, a total of 180-day old mixed sex, broiler
(Ross 308) were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups of 6 replicates each. The broilers in first treatment group were fed
basal diet, whereas broilers in other experimental groups were fed rations containing insoluble fiber from oat, rice hulls,
sugarcane bagasse and wood shavings in such a way that the level of ingredients of each fibre source was 3%. All the diets
were offered to the broilers in mash form during the entire experimental duration. The oat hulls-based diet improved (P ˂ 0.05)
the growth performance compared to those fed other experimental diets. The oat hulls-based diets increased the villus height
by 15%, reduced the crypt depth by 11% and improved the villus height to crypt depth ratio upto 34% relative to those fed the
rice hulls or wood shaving, while those fed sugarcane bagasse or control being intermediate. Apparent illeal digestibility of
nutrients including dry matter, crude protein and amino acids was increased (P ˂ 0.05) by feeding oat hulls-based ration to the
broilers. Carcass traits such as dressed weight with and without giblets, breast and leg quarter yields were higher (P ˂ 0.05) by
the addition of oat hulls compared to other dietary treatment groups. The broiler fed oat hulls and sugarcane bagasse-based
rations improved (P ˂ 0.05) the relative weight of the gizzard compared to other treatment groups. In conclusion, dietary
inclusion of 3% sugarcane bagasse and oat hulls resulted in an improved production, better duodenal histo-morphology,
increased digestibility of various nutrients and carcass parameters in the broilers.
... Therefore, in most cases, there is no nutritional adequacy statement on the packaging, and even if there is, it is difficult to trust the statement written by the manufacturers. Nutritional adequacies of conventional pet foods have been studied in other countries [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], but not in Republic of Korea. ...
Background:
New alternative types of pet foods such as raw and cooked homemade-style diets containing human food ingredients have been introduced due to a trend of pet humanization and diversification of consumer needs.
Objectives:
To evaluate nutritional adequacy of new alternative types of dog foods containing human food ingredients as maintenance diets for dogs.
Methods:
Eleven homemade-style foods for adult dogs were purchased from online channel in Korea and analyzed to evaluate nutritional adequacy for adult dogs. Nutrients analyzed included crude protein, amino acids, crude fat, fatty acids, and minerals.
Results:
Crude protein and amino acids in all products satisfied Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) requirements. Crude fat in one of 11 products did not meet AAFCO requirements. The most deficient minerals were selenium (10 of 11, 90.9%), copper (five of 11, 45.5%), zinc (five of 11, 45.5%), potassium (three of 11, 27.3%), calcium (three of 11, 27.3%), iron (two of 11, 18.2%), and magnesium (one of 11, 9.1%). Six products were not in the range of the recommended Ca:P ratio in AAFCO dog food maintenance nutrient profiles.
Conclusions:
This study performed nutritional evaluation of raw and cooked homemade-style foods as maintenance diets for adult dogs. Some nutritional inadequacies were observed including some minerals, Ca:P ratio, and omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio, although three products (26.2%) satisfied the AAFCO standard except selenium. Overall, the data suggest a need for accurate nutritional adequacy statement for consumers based on proper methods to validate the formula.
... Carbohydrate fermentation in the colon leads to the production of lactate and short chain fatty acids, which decrease pH and increase luminal osmolarity (Binder, 2010). In canine diets containing soybean protein, total fecal output and A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t fecal moisture decrease with the removal of oligosaccharides (Clapper et al., 2001;Wiernusz et al., 1995), which would otherwise be rapidly fermented in then colon. The structural ß-glucans of yeast cells are also known to be susceptible to fermentation and are likely responsible for the greater apparent TDF digestibility of TY. ...
The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of a Torula yeast on diet processing, palatability, and total tract nutrient digestibility in extruded feline diets. Four dietary treatments were compared, differing by protein source: Torula yeast (TY), pea protein concentrate (PP), soybean meal (SM), and chicken meal (CM). Diets were produced using a single-screw extruder under similar processing conditions. Palatability assessment was conducted as a split plate design where both first choice and intake ratio (IR) were determined. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients was estimated using Titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. During diet production, specific mechanical energy (SME) of TY and SM (average of 187 kJ/kg) was greater (P<0.05) than for PP (138 kJ/kg); however, CM was similar to all treatments (167 kJ/kg). Kibble diameter, piece volume, and sectional expansion ratio were greatest for TY (P<0.05). Additionally, both bulk and piece density were lowest (P<0.05) for TY. Kibble hardness was lower for TY and SM (P<0.05; average of 2.10 Newtons) compared to CM and PP (average of 2.90 Newtons). During the palatability trial, TY was chosen first a greater number of times than CM (P<0.05; 36 vs 4, respectively), but differences were not found between TY and PP (25 vs 15, respectively) or TY and SM (24 vs 16, respectively). Cats had a greater IR (P<0.05) of TY compared to CM and PP (0.88 and 0.73, respectively). However, there was no difference in preference between TY and SM. ATTD of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) was greater (P<0.05) for CM (87.43 and 91.34%, respectively) than other treatments. Both DM and OM ATTD of TY were similar (P<0.05) to PP and SM (average of 86.20 and average of 89.76%, respectively). Ash ATTD was greater (P<0.05) for cats fed TY and SM (average of 37.42%), intermediate for PP (32.79%), and lowest for CM (23.97%). Crude protein (CP) ATTD of TY was similar to all other treatments (average of 89.97%), but fat ATTD was lower (P<0.05; 92.52%) than other treatments (93.76 to 94.82%). Gross energy (GE) ATTD was greater (P<0.05) for CM than TY (90.97 vs 90.18%, respectively); however, TY was similar to PP and SM (average of 90.22%). Total dietary fiber (TDF) ATTD was similar between TY and CM (average of 66.20%) and greater (P<0.05) than PP and SM (average of 58.70%). The Torula yeast used in this study facilitated diet formation, increased diet preference, and was highly digestible when fed to cats.
... These feed ingredients, however, due to lack of coarse particles neglect the foregut role, thereby, reducing gizzard development. This reduced development, in turn, facilitates the excessive load of nutrients reaching the hindgut (Wiernusz et al. 1995), which might hinder the nutrients digestibility. Besides affecting feed e ciency, the undigested protein reaching hind gut may be fermented by the microbes. ...
This study evaluated the influence of insoluble fiber source on growth performance and digestive traits of the broilers from 1 to 35 d of age. In total 180, day-old, straight run broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments having 6 replicates of 6 broilers each. The dietary treatments included a control diet, and the diets containing oat hulls, rice hulls, wood shavings and sugarcane bagasse at 3% inclusion level. Diets were offered in mesh form in starter, grower and finisher phases. Growth performance was higher ( P < 0.05 ) in the broilers fed oat hulls diets compared to those fed rice hulls, sugarcane bagasse and wood shaving as insoluble fiber source and control. The broilers fed oat hulls diets had 4% greater dressed weight with giblet, 5% improved dressed weight without giblet, 4% higher breast yield and 15% increased leg quarter yield among other dietary treatments. Oat hulls and sugarcane bagasse based diets resulted in higher ( P < 0.05 ) relative gizzard weight. The oat hulls diets increased 15%villus height, 11% reduced crypt depth and 34% improved villus height to crypt depth ratio than for the rice hulls or wood shaving birds, whereas those fed control or sugarcane bagasse being intermediate. Oat hulls supplementation resulted in higher ( P < 0.05 ) apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and amino acids in broilers. Overall, oat hulls and sugarcane bagasse supplementation resulted in greater growth performance and carcass characteristics, improved gut morphology and a better nutrients digestibility in the broilers.
... Poultry meal is a common protein source in commercial pet food and its protein digestibility varies considerably, ranging from 77.0% to 90.0% depending on the production process [39,40]. From another point of view, wheat gluten is a highly digestible protein source with an apparent digestibility of 93.8% [41]. Similarly, inclusion of rice protein concentrate, corn gluten meal, soybean meal, and soybean protein isolate did not negatively influence protein digestibility compared to animal proteins in the canine diets [37]. ...
Pet owners are increasingly concerned about the links between health status, animal welfare, environmental impacts, climate change and consumption of animal products. Accordingly, many owners are increasingly interested in vegetarian diets for themselves and their companion animals. However, such diets should be investigated nutritionally regards digestibility as well as on fecal quality and nitrogen output. In light of this trend, six Beagle dogs were included in a cross-over experimental design and offered a vegetarian diet containing wheat gluten (8.81%), rice protein (8.81%) and sunflower oil (6.84%) or an meat-based diet containing poultry meal (19.5%) and poultry fat (5.23%). The dogs received extruded complete diets for 12 days (adaptation and collection period, each 6 days). The dogs fed both diets showed a high and identical palatability (scoring of food intake) of the experimental diets. No significant differences occurred regarding digestibility of organic matter, crude protein and crude fat between vegetarian and meat-based diets. However, dogs fed the meat-based diet had higher (p < 0.05) nitrogen-free extract digestibility (89.5%) compared to those fed the vegetarian diet (88.6%). The amount of nitrogen excreted in feces (g)/kg BW 0.75 was slightly, but not significantly, higher for dogs fed the vegetarian diet compared to those fed the meat-based diet (0.88 vs 0.79). The fecal consistency scores were considered to be within an acceptable range (well formed and firm). The mass of the feces between both groups were similar (62.9 g wet feces/100 g dry matter food) for vegetarian and meat-based diets. Additionally, the fecal dry matter content was comparable between both groups (29.0% and 29.6% for vegetarian and meat-based diets, respectively). In conclusion, the results of this study appear to indicate that virtually the only significant difference between the two diets was lower nitrogen-free extract digestibility in the vegetarian diet. However, the vegetarian diet did not result in a significant difference in amount of nitrogen excreted in feces.
... The similar content of the sum of organic acids in the faeces despite the higher protein content of the GF diet (39.24%, as-fed) than the CTR diet (24.40%, as-fed) could be due to the higher digestibility of the dietary protein (Wiernusz et al., 1995) as discussed above, considering that proteins undigested in the small intestine are subjected to putrefaction in the large intestine, leading to the accumulation of fermentation products such as ammonia, amines, phenol, indole and sulphides, BCFA, SCFA, and gases (hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane), as well as intermediate products, such as lactate and succinate (Hughes et al., 2000;MacFarlane and Cummings, 1991). ...
Two different diets characterized by the absence of cereals or by the presence of conventional cereals were evaluated on the nutrient digestibility and faecal characteristics and faecal fermentative end-product concentrations of 8 neutered adult Labrador retrievers housed at the Regional Centre Helen Keller (Messina, Italy) during the training work for the service guide for the blind. Dogs (age = 17 ± 1 months, initial body weight [BW] = 26.3 ± 1 kg, and body condition score [BCS] = 4.5 ± 0.11) were divided into 2 homogeneous groups for sex (half males and half females). Dogs in the grain free (GF) group were fed a commercial diet characterized by the absence of grain cereals, and dogs in the control (CTR) group were fed a super-premium pet food characterized by conventional grains as the carbohydrate source. The trial lasted 84 d, preceded by a 7-d of adaption period. Physical examination, digestibility, and faecal characteristics were studied. The statistical model included the effects of diet (GF vs. CTR), time (from d 0 to 84, end of the trial) and the interaction (diet × time). The high-protein, low-carbohydrate dry diet (GF) offered higher apparent nutrient digestibility of protein (+10%; P = 0.002) and fat (+7%; P
... Feeding diets with a poorly digestible protein source results in more protein reaching the hindgut (Wiernusz et al., 1995), potentially resulting in increased protein fermentation. The latter results in the production of ammonia, amines, phenols, indoles, sulphide, branchedchain fatty acids (BCFA), volatile fatty acids (VFA), and gases (hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane) as well as intermediate products such as lactate and succinate (Macfarlane et al., 1992). ...
An experiment with 288 male (Ross 308) 1-d-old broilers was conducted to test the hypothesis that a coarse diet supplemented with butyric acid (BA) and fermentable carbohydrates (FC) improves performance of broilers with a poorly digestible protein source. The interaction effects of diet structure (fine or coarse), FC supplementation (with or without), and BA supplementation (with or without) in a poorly digestible diet based on rapeseed meal (RSM) were tested in a factorial arrangement of 8 (2 × 2 × 2) dietary treatments. The coarseness of the diet affected feed intake (FI) ( P < 0.001), BW gain ( P = 0.001), and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) ( P = 0.001) positively. Broilers fed the coarse diets had, on average, 14% heavier gizzards and 11, 7, 5, and 6% lower relative empty weights of the crop, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, respectively, compared with those fed the fine diets. Dietary coarseness resulted in, on average, 6% greater ileal protein digestibility, 20% lower gizzard pH, 19% greater villus height, 18% lower crypt depth, and 23% reduced cecal branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) compared with chickens fed the fine diets. Broilers fed BA-supplemented diets had an improved FCR ( P = 0.004) and decreased crypt depth ( P < 0.001) compared with those fed diets without BA. Fermentable carbohydrate supplementation did not influence growth performance, gut development, or contents of total BCFA and total biogenic amines in the cecal digesta ( P > 0.05). Supplementation with FC, however, decreased the cecal concentration of spermine by approximately 31% compared with broilers fed diets without FC ( P = 0.002). In conclusion, feeding a coarse diet supplemented with BA improved performance of broilers fed a diet containing a poorly digestible protein source. The negative effects of a poorly digestible protein source can thus be partly counterbalanced by coarse grinding and BA supplementation in the diet.
How well can you answer pet owners' questions about proper diet and feeding? Canine and Feline Nutrition, 3rd Edition describes the role of nutrition and its effects upon health and wellness and the dietary management of various disorders of dogs and cats. By using the book's cutting-edge research and clinical nutrition information, you'll be able to make recommendations of appropriate pet food and proper feeding guidelines. Pet nutrition experts Linda P. Case, MS, Leighann Daristotle, DVM, PhD, Michael G. Hayek, PhD, and Melody Foess Raasch, DVM, provide complete, head-to-tail coverage and a broad scope of knowledge, so you can help dog and cat owners make sound nutrition and feeding choices to promote their pets' health to prolong their lives. Tables and boxes provide quick reference to the most important clinical information. Key points summarize essential information at a glance. A useful Nutritional Myths and Feeding Practices chapter dispels and corrects common food myths.New clinical information covers a wide range of emerging nutrition topics including the role of the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid families in pet health and disease management. Coverage of pet food safety and pet food ingredients includes both commercially and home-prepared foods and provides answers to pet owners' questions on these topics. Completely updated content reflects the latest findings in clinical nutrition research. Information regarding functional ingredients and dietary supplementation provides a scientifically based rationale for recommending or advising against dietary supplements. Guidelines for understanding pet food formulations and health claims differentiate between "market-speak" and actual clinical benefits for patients, with practice advice for evaluating and selecting appropriate foods.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.