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Implementation Perspectives: Status and Reconsideration

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  • VIVE - The Danish Centre for Social Science Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
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... Apesar de úteis para o entendimento de que as duas perspectivas têm papel importante, os debates subsequentes sugeriram uma tentativa de síntese, por meio do mapeamento das estruturas de implementação (Winter, 2003b). Assim, as pesquisas mais recentes na área são caracterizadas pela análise da performance e suas causas e consequências com base em diversas matrizes teóricas, bem como metodologias e padrões de avaliação (Winter, 2003a). ...
... Por sua vez, as análises empíricas sobre implementação tinham um foco muito grande em estudos de caso, elencando problemas, barreiras e falhas de implementação (Barrett, 2004;Winter, 2003b), o que gerou um viés analítico (Lima & D' Ascenzi, 2013). Além de ser irrealista acreditar que um programa será implementado inteiramente de acordo com o desenho e os meios previstos pelos formuladores (Arretche, 2001), pouca informação sobre a performance dessas políticas pode ser obtida com base nessa escolha (Winter, 2003b). ...
... Por sua vez, as análises empíricas sobre implementação tinham um foco muito grande em estudos de caso, elencando problemas, barreiras e falhas de implementação (Barrett, 2004;Winter, 2003b), o que gerou um viés analítico (Lima & D' Ascenzi, 2013). Além de ser irrealista acreditar que um programa será implementado inteiramente de acordo com o desenho e os meios previstos pelos formuladores (Arretche, 2001), pouca informação sobre a performance dessas políticas pode ser obtida com base nessa escolha (Winter, 2003b). ...
Article
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Resumo Municípios partidariamente alinhados com o presidente ofertam mais políticas públicas? A entrega de serviços públicos é uma das atividades centrais dos governos. Uma vez que são os partidos políticos que controlam o Poder Executivo tanto no Governo Federal quanto no governo local, é razoável esperar que seus interesses partidários e eleitorais influenciem o curso da implementação de serviços. Neste artigo, analiso a cobertura da atenção básica à saúde como indicador de oferta. Dado o forte compartilhamento de responsabilidades entre os entes federados, argumento que o Governo Federal implementa políticas públicas de forma estratégica, aumentando a oferta de serviços em municípios partidariamente alinhados. Para testar empiricamente essa relação, estimo o efeito causal do alinhamento por meio de um desenho de regressão descontínua para eleições acirradas. Os resultados indicam que os municípios partidariamente alinhados com a Presidência da República têm cobertura da atenção básica à saúde, em média, 3% maior que outros governados por partidos oposicionistas. Em uma cidade com 10 mil habitantes, por exemplo, isso significaria 300 pessoas a mais sendo adequadamente atendidas por equipes de saúde.
... Objectives Marzotto et al., 2000;Hogwood & Gunn, 1984;Matland, 1995;Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975), Implementation Structure (Winter, 2003;Hjern & Porter, 1981Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975), Resources (O'Brien & Li, 1999;Thomas & Grindle, 1990;Cheema & Rondinelli, 1983;Pressman & Wildavsky, 1979;Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975;Lipsky, 1971), Target Group Behavior (Winter, 2003;Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975;Grindle & Thomas, 1989;Ingram, 1990 andHood, 1986;Howlett & Ramesh, 2003), Political, Social and Economic Condition (Winter, 2003;Van Meter & Van Horn 1975;Sabatier & Mazmanian, 1980), policy oversight Bardach, 1977& Torenvlied, 1996. The following section sheds some light on discussing about how these factors contribute to get policy executed with success. ...
... Objectives Marzotto et al., 2000;Hogwood & Gunn, 1984;Matland, 1995;Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975), Implementation Structure (Winter, 2003;Hjern & Porter, 1981Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975), Resources (O'Brien & Li, 1999;Thomas & Grindle, 1990;Cheema & Rondinelli, 1983;Pressman & Wildavsky, 1979;Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975;Lipsky, 1971), Target Group Behavior (Winter, 2003;Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975;Grindle & Thomas, 1989;Ingram, 1990 andHood, 1986;Howlett & Ramesh, 2003), Political, Social and Economic Condition (Winter, 2003;Van Meter & Van Horn 1975;Sabatier & Mazmanian, 1980), policy oversight Bardach, 1977& Torenvlied, 1996. The following section sheds some light on discussing about how these factors contribute to get policy executed with success. ...
... Objectives Marzotto et al., 2000;Hogwood & Gunn, 1984;Matland, 1995;Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975), Implementation Structure (Winter, 2003;Hjern & Porter, 1981Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975), Resources (O'Brien & Li, 1999;Thomas & Grindle, 1990;Cheema & Rondinelli, 1983;Pressman & Wildavsky, 1979;Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975;Lipsky, 1971), Target Group Behavior (Winter, 2003;Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975;Grindle & Thomas, 1989;Ingram, 1990 andHood, 1986;Howlett & Ramesh, 2003), Political, Social and Economic Condition (Winter, 2003;Van Meter & Van Horn 1975;Sabatier & Mazmanian, 1980), policy oversight Bardach, 1977& Torenvlied, 1996. The following section sheds some light on discussing about how these factors contribute to get policy executed with success. ...
Thesis
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This study primarily intends to analyse the state of CC’s implementation in the service delivery system of the Urban-Local Government, especially the City Corporations within Bangladesh. The City Corporations introduced the CC to offer quality of better services to the citizens by achieving an efficient, effective and accountable service delivery system. However, this study reveals that none of the City Corporations that were studied has made any thoughtful attempts to introduce and integrate the CC into their service delivery system. Rather, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), namely SONAK and NAGORIK FORUM in Rajshahi and Khulna, respectively, deserve appreciation for their effort to introduce the CC in both the City Corporations. As a result of the pressure created by CSOs on the City Corporations, they introduced the CC by copying and pasting from the draft developed by CSOs. While doing so, they did not sensitise their officials about the pros and cons of the CC. Although KCC has further developed its CC based on the recommendations of the Civil Service Change Management Programme, RCC is still following the same developed by SONAK more than a decade back. Although it has been evident that since the implementation of the CC refers to just hanging off its display board at different points of cities, none of the City Corporations that were studied played any role in implementing the CC concerning the preparation and hanging of the charter; rather, as far as implementation is concerned, the credit goes to CSOs. However, while assessing the status of implementation of the CC in delivering services of the City Corporation, especially health services, it has been evident that implementation of the CC as a whole has not been successful in the service delivery system of the City Corporation. Of the health services, the City Corporations’ performance in delivering EPI and certificate services are remarkably noticeable, but no role of the CC regarding these services has been found. This study found nobody who has received these services following the procedures stated in the CC. Notably, before introducing the CC, these services have been offered successfully, and have grown in-depth and have continued to this day. Moreover, no role of the CC has also been found in the delivery of other services of the Health Department. However, this study reveals several problems that have made the CC’s implementation in the City Corporations’ delivery of health services difficult. Those problems are lack of awareness about the CC among both the citizens and service providers, lack of willingness among citizens to follow the CC, lack of enthusiasm among the service providers about the CC, lack of publicity, lack of knowledge among citizens about their entitlements, lack of monitoring, lack of orientation of staffs with the CC, the mindset of service provider, lack of visit to service delivering points/centres and lack of linkage among departments/offices.
... Zowel schriftelijke data (wetenschappelijke publicaties, beleidsdocumenten en -rapporten en wettelijke bronnen) als mondelinge data uit 110 semigestructureerde interviews met geselecteerde politici, ambtenaren (dienstverleners en politie) en middenveldorganisaties (niet-gouvernementele en maatschappelijke organisaties (NGO's/CSO's)), werden verzameld opdat data getrianguleerd kon worden om zo geloofwaardige en consistente inzichten te verwerven (Baxter & Jack, 2008;Denzin, 2012;Schwartz-Shea & Yanow, 2012). De inhoud van de juridische, beleidsmatige en andere schriftelijke data werd, per case waarop ze betrekking hebben, als een iteratief proces geanalyseerd om een zo volledig en juridisch correct beeld van de zes lokale contexten te bekomen en om goed voorbereid de mondelinge data te kunnen verzamelen (Denzin, 2012;Schwartz-Shea & Yanow, 2012;Winter, 2014). De semigestructureerde interviews werden in de periode van september 2018 t.e.m. oktober 2019 afgenomen en werden meteen in het Engels getranscribeerd door middel van een de-naturalistische benadering. ...
... There is broad consensus among implementation scholars that the degree of Europeanisation depends on domestic political, policy and polity variables Dimitrakopoulos, 2001;Falkner et al., 2007;Winter, 2014). The rich body of EU implementation literature contains, next to various factors that influence the transposition, roughly seven aspects that may explain the implementation outputs 40 of EU directives: 1) Issue saliency; 2) Party political preferences; 3) Veto-players; 4) Interest groups; 5) Public opinion; 6) Goodness of fit, and 7) Administrative capabilities. ...
... A high salient issue attracts a lot of (political and public) attention, and (more than) sufficient resources are spent to implement and enforce the norm (Thierry & Martinsen, 2018;Versluis, 2003). Contrary, little to no attention is paid to a low salient issue, and little to no resources will be spent to implement and enforce the norm (Versluis, 2003;Winter, 2014). Consequently, a high salient norm will be complied with more closely at the operational level than a low salient norm (Cortell & Davis, 2000;Versluis, 2003). ...
Thesis
Are cities purely normtakers or (also) norm-makers? Through qualitative research it is studied whether and how four factors determine diffusion of European norms up to everyday life: party political preferences of the local government; Local formal competences; Mode of governance that leads to operationalisation; Mode of governance that leads to implementation. Specifically, the Facilitators Package on assistance to irregular migrants was examined in Bonn, Berlin, The Hague, Amsterdam, Stoke-on-Trent and London with regard to irregular migrants' access to housing.
... Implementation research originated in the early 1970s (Pressman and Wildavsky 1973). Its evolution is often described in three generations (see Honig 2006;Winter 2012). The first generation is mostly process models, or exploratory case studies exploring gaps like design-implementation mismatch (Nilsen et al. 2013). ...
... Research from this era also takes a comparative and multi-theoretical approach (Schofield 2001). However, this paradigm can have unrealistic methodological requirements (O'Toole 2000;Winter 2012), which makes it unfeasible for the present purpose. Partial theory testing is especially useful because the implementation-research field is still populated by a multitude of theoretical frameworks and models, none of which has become the gold standard (Nilsen 2015). ...
... Identifying success factors and barriers faces does not specify a model of implementation (Gornitzka, Kyvik, and Stensaker 2005) or account for context (OECD 2009). In practice, there should be 'synergistic effects' (Nilsen 2015, 5) among determinants (Winter 2012). In addition, our goal was to make the determinant framework mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, but there are already signs that we will drop, reorganise, add, or split determinants upon further testing. ...
Article
Vocational education and training (VET) reform is increasingly common, but there is more evidence on designing VET reforms than implementing them. This literature review searches the existing literature on VET reform implementation for key determinants, trends, and gaps using a determinant framework. We review 1,835 sources, coding 177 for 1,538 data points. We find that, like other implementation domains, resource- and stakeholder-related determinants are very important. For VET specifically stakeholders include employment-system actors and the relationships among actors are key. The major determinants are more like necessary than sufficient conditions, and mainly operation in conjunction with others. Europe is more represented than other continents. The findings in the literature are consistent over time, type, continent, and development status, but it is not clear if that is due to consensus or stagnation. The field is growing, however, so future research can develop theory by developing and testing hypotheses.
... For example, the governments of developing countries tend to formulate "broad, sweeping policies" that often lack the capacity to implement such policies (Smith, 1973, p.197). On the other hand, Winter's (1990Winter's ( , 1994Winter's ( , 2003 integrated model claims that in the case of developing countries policy design has its impacts on policy implementation. His argument is that the better the design of a policy, the better its implementation. ...
... In this regard, the concepts of policy design, citizens' trust and policy output give the basis to develop the analytical framework for the current. The 'Integrated implementation model' of Winter (2003) and review of relevant literature on 'trust' work to develop the framework. Because the integrated model gives emphasis on the uses of targeted people's behavior in examining implementation in terms of the extent of satisfaction of the policy targeted people with the implementation and policy performance of the Accord. ...
... One theory/model may not explain reasonably all the required variables of the study. In this regard, considering the context proximity and relevance with the present focus of the study, the significant parts of the Integrated Implementation Model (IIM) of Winter (2003) and the concept of "citizens' trust" are combined together and work as point of departure for developing the theoretical framework for the study. However, such framework helps to explore systematically how these factors affect the extent of satisfaction on the CHTPA implementation and also to find out the unobserved factors that may lead to the variation (if any) of such satisfaction between two most similar areas in the CHT. ...
... Clearly, this interaction is not merely a rational, technocratic process. Yet, the 'human factors' that characterise these processes remain remarkably undertheorised (Winter, 2012;Saetren, 2014). ...
... Arguably, existing frameworks for explaining policy implementation outcomes neglect the behavioural aspects of street-level work. Indeed, street-level bureaucracy research lacks cumulative theory development (Maynard-Moody and Portillo, 2010;Winter, 2012;Saetren, 2014). This limits policy implementation scholarship in deriving lessons with broader utility for policy practitioners (O'Toole, 2004) and our capacity to actually understand the importance of frontline implementation within the broader democratic system. ...
... Next to this multiplicity of explanatory variables, implementation research is also characterised by equifinality of explanatory variables (e.g. Toshkov, 2011;Treib, 2014;Winter, 2012). For this reason, we expect that several explanatory variables together would form a potential explanation for the variance in implementation performance. ...
... As implementation research is characterised by equifinality of explanatory variables (e.g. Toshkov, 2011;Treib, 2014;Winter, 2012), we expected that several explanatory variables together would form a potential explanation for the variance in implementation performance. Therefore, several explanatory variables were expected to survive the elimination round. ...
Article
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As far as local governments are responsible for the practical implementation of many European Union (EU) policies, they codetermine member states’ EU compliance records and the fate of EU legislation. Yet, they do so in remarkably different ways, as exemplified by the variegated implementation of the Ambient Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC by Dutch municipalities. Taking guidance from the literature on EU compliance, in this article we explain the differences in local implementation performance based on the political and managerial approaches. Understanding which of the two approaches drives different local responses to EU policy bears consequences for the appropriate remedy for nonimplementation. Four municipalities were purposefully selected along with the two-by-two implementation performance scoring matrix in the realm of air quality. A comparative within-case analysis specifies how political explanations outweigh managerial explanations in accounting for variation in implementation performance and distils ‘policy saliency’ as the driving causal mechanism.
... No single theory can fully explain what shapes SLBs' decision and actions or the way they exercise their discretion (Hupe & Buffat, 2014;Meyers & Vorsanger, 2003;Winter, 2012). Rather, various theoretical and methodological approaches have produced a rather long list of sources of influence on street-level implementation, which "actually reveal much about the complexity of implementation processes and the influence of multiple, interacting, factors on street-level workers'" (Meyers & Vorsanger, 2003: 245). ...
... We can rather speak of two sides of the implementation coin: challenges in the field (implementation failure), and challenges in designing the implementation (intervention failure). What Saetren and Winter call "integrative and synthesizing" frameworks are relevant illustrations of that metaphor: they would simultaneously address the two sides of the implementation coin (Winter, 2012). Matland's framework (1995) provides a useful analytical lens, but it predominantly features Western-centered characteristics (e.g., public administration culture, democratic institutions, sovereign citizenry, rule of law culture, etc.). ...
... attitudes and perceptions of implementers; and timing, but these were not equally important in every context (Saetren and Hupe, 2018). Scholars have now moved away from producing a general theory of implementation to partial theories that explore implementation in particular contexts (Saetren and Hupe, 2018;Wanna, Butcher and Freyens, 2010;Winter, 2007). ...
Article
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To date the mainstreaming of equality and human rights law into public sector organisations has been underwhelming with the implementation of these norms being ad hoc and inconsistent. Existing research on factors that influence implementation has been either too general or too disjointed. This article has two aims to advance research on the implementation of equality and human rights: (i) to outline factors that influence the implementation of these norms and (ii) provide a more settled foundations for future research on equality and human rights implementation. It does this through interviews, undertaken in 2018–2019, with individuals responsible for leading the implementation of equality and human rights law within public sector organisations (specifically regulators, inspectorates and ombudsmen) in England and Wales. On the basis of this, the article makes suggestions for how the implementation of equality and human rights can be advanced further through changes to the regulatory environment.
... Schneider og Sidney (2009) poengterer at de målgruppene som blir definert som mer ressurssterke, også er de målgruppene politikerne ønsker å nå med sine tiltak, noe som er helt tydelig i dette eksempelet med hurtig sporet. Winter (2003) spesifiserer at kunnskap om målgruppenes motivasjon og ressurser er viktig for å lykkes med tilpassede tiltak, og denne kunnskapen er det ledere og programrådgivere i de lokale NAV-kontorene som besitter i langt større grad enn beslutningstakerne på styringsnivået. ...
... Maturing from the first-generation of implementation theory that regarded implementation as unproblematic-mostly a technical process to carry out decisions (Howlett et al., 2009, p. 163;Pressman, 1984)-the second-generation implementation theories feature the debate between top-down versus bottom-up approaches (Sabatier, 1986;Winter, 2012). Whereas the top-down approach focuses on a model aimed at ensuring the societal compliance of laws, the bottomup approach seismically features the hitherto-ignored roles of the street-level bureaucrats who often improvise and adapt with the ground-reality of resource constraints, thus alienating the implementation from the legislative intentions (Hupe et al., 2015;Lipsky, 1980). ...
Chapter
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... Much of the literature is more evaluative than managerially inclined. Overviews of the trajectory of the literature can be found in numerous sources (Hill and Hupe 2009;Winter 2003;May 2003;O'Toole 2003;Meyers and Vorsanger 2003) and in almost every article. ...
... Luciano D'ascenzi e Luciana Leite LimaNesse contexto, a organização em rede potencializaria sinergicamente as ações das diferentes organizações que trabalham de forma independente, mas cujos objetivos são relacionados. A disseminação dessa conformação geraria eficiência coletiva, uma vez que evitaria duplicidades e otimizaria a utilização dos recursos.Do ponto de vista da gestão de políticas públicas, isso exigiria uma série de novas capacidades estatais: trabalhar em parceria No campo da análise da implementação de políticas públicas, há um debate entre os que defendem o desenvolvimento de pesquisas com desenho comparativo e estatístico; os que preferem os estudos de caso; e aqueles que acham que a diversidade é o melhor caminho para a inovação(Winter, 2014). ...
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Policy implementation is the stage of the policy process that follows a decision on how to solve a problem and is when the relevant authorities set out to put policy into practice. Implementing agents, who are mostly administrative actors, assume an immensely political role as they adapt formal policies to concrete cases and situations. This chapter provides an overview of the study of implementation and then zooms in on the changing political context in which implementation is currently taking place. We argue that the rise of conflictual politics puts public administrations under stress and makes policy implementation more demanding. This chapter charts various possible behavioral adaptations by implementers and the consequences for policy implementation that we expect arise from more conflictual politics.
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Rising and changing citizen expectations, dire fiscal constraints, unfulfilled political aspirations, high professional ambitions, and a growing number of stubborn societal problems have generated an increasing demand for innovation of public policies and services. Drawing on the latest research, this book examines how current systems of public governance can be transformed in order to enhance public innovation. It scrutinizes the need for new roles and public sector reforms, and analyzes how the gradual transition towards New Public Governance can stimulate the exploration and exploitation of new and bold ideas in the public sector. It argues that the key to public innovation lies in combining and balancing elements from Classic Public Administration, New Public Management and New Public Governance, and theorizes how it can be enhanced by multi-actor collaboration for the benefit of public officials, private stakeholders, citizens, and society at large.
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Introduction/Main Objectives: This study aims to find, examine, and describe the implementation of the blended learning pattern of basic training for prospective civil servants from the aspects of communication, resources, and infrastructure, Background Problems: Find factors that become obstacles and supports in the implementation of basic training for prospective civil servants. (CPNS) Blended Learning pattern in Kerinci District in. Research Methods: Using qualitative methods, analyzing the activities of implementing the Basic Civil Servant Training in Kerinci Regency. Data mining is sourced from primary data and secondary data. Primary data in words, attitudes, or actions were obtained through interviews and direct and indirect observations from the primary source, the organizing team, widyaiswara, and Latsar participants. Secondary data is obtained through documents, previous studies, books, meeting agendas, and those related to the problem being researched. Finding/Results: The results showed that implementing blended learning for CPNS basic training in the Kerinci district was running effectively. Communication and coordination in implementing the CPNS latsar in the Kerinci Regency are good. Existing human resources (organizers, teaching staff, and participants) can carry out their respective duties properly. Facilities and infrastructure to support the smooth running of CPNS latsar activities, both when distance learning and classical learning, are exemplary. The output in the Latsar CPNS Kerinci Regency activity, all participants (109 people) successfully passed. Conclusion: There were obstacles to implementation, namely the uneven distribution of the internet network, so distance learning activities were less effective. Meanwhile, supporters of the smooth implementation of the Kerinci CPNS latsar include budget support, competent teaching staff (WI), and excellent cooperation.
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This study investigates the contribution of technology in the public administration discipline by illustrating how and why public administration and technology are connected. A qualitative thematic analysis conducted using a sample of U.S. public affairs schools/colleges sheds light on the main topics of technology-related courses in the United States academia. The findings seem to confirm the positive interest in integrating technology in the public administration discipline. In particular, the top U.S. public affairs/administration colleges provide a variety of technology-related courses. The main topics covered are cybersecurity, big data, and information technology, among others. Nevertheless, the analysis stresses the importance of considering the dark side of technology tools applied to the public sector. Indeed, the critical theoretical review discusses some major concerns regarding accountability, bias decisions, discrimination, and inequality.
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Labour policy can be considered the most crucial means with which to promote the effective integration of migrants. In this policy field, best practices circulate widely among policymakers, above all at the local level, to devise solutions to facilitate the integration of migrants. However, best practices tend to fail when they are transferred to other countries. In the light of the policy analysis literature on the transfer of best practices, the paper discusses three cases of local practices. It describes the network of actors, and it focuses on the reasons for the success of labour-integration policies for migrants during the implementation phase at the local level. The paper tests the following dimensions: the centrality of the users/migrants; the complexity and density of the networks of actors; and the mechanisms triggered. The hypothesis is that the activation of social mechanisms within an actors’ network can achieve a higher level of migrant integration in countries affected by strong migratory flows, and direct more attention to the needs of end-users and their relationship with stakeholders at the local level. The paper analyses the case studies in order to detect the mechanisms that may positively affect implementation of labour policy. Moreover, it is important to determine whether local actors can play a positive role in increasing the effectiveness of migrants’ integration into the labour market. An empirical analysis of the three cases is needed to identify the main success factors and to highlight the main findings of the empirical research.
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Current governance and managerial trends emphasize context-oriented and best-fit approaches, de-standardization and the role of individual discretion in decision making. We discuss the results of a European-wide study on the effectiveness of Conflict of Interest (CoI) policies for Ministers in a de-standardized context. Our results show trends towards individualized and sophisticated policies and approaches in the field of CoI. Policies are also becoming more bureaucratic and complex. The implementation of these policies tends to suffer from shortcomings. These shortcomings generate doubts as to whether ethics policies have become more effective.
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Effective and appropriate provision of mental healthcare has long been a struggle globally, resulting in significant disparity between prevalence of mental illness and access to care. One attempt to address such disparity was the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), 2010, mandate in the United States to integrate physical and mental healthcare in Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs). The notion of integration is attractive, as it has demonstrated the potential to improve both access to mental healthcare and healthcare outcomes. However, while the PPACA mandate set this requirement for FQHCs, no clear process as to how these centers should achieve successful integration was identified. This research employed case study methods to examine the implementation of this policy in two FQHCs in New England. Data were obtained from in-depth interviews with leadership, management, and frontline staff at two case study sites. Study findings include multiple definitions of and approaches for integrating physical and mental healthcare, mental healthcare being subsumed into, rather than integrated with, the medical model and multiple facilitators of and barriers to integration. This study asked questions about what integration means, how it occurs, and what factors facilitate or pose barriers to integration. Integration is facilitated by co-location of providers within the same department, a warm hand-off, collaborative collegial relationships, strong leadership support, and a shared electronic health record. However, interdisciplinary conflict, power differentials, job insecurity, communication challenges, and the subsumption of mental health into the medical model pose barriers to successful integration.
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Ports are unavoidable hubs of anthropogenic emissions owing to the dependence of landside and seaside operations on fossil fuels. Additionally, designing and implementing decarbonisation measures to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in ports and beyond is a difficult issue. Therefore, this study aims to identify and analyse policy instruments and tools – implementation schemes – which ports implement to reduce GHG emissions, ultimately assisting in driving the uptake of technical and operational measures by port polluters, i.e. port, land transport, and shipping operators. This study was conducted by means of a systematic literature review (112 studies), and informed by a four-dimensional conceptual framework, i.e. port policymakers, port polluters, uptake of GHG emission reduction technical and operational measures, and the implementation schemes. The study differentiated between the technical and operational measures on one hand, and implementation schemes on the other. In addition to collating the schemes under five homogenous groups and nine categories; their characteristics, best practices, limitations and key issues, including opportunities, were discussed. Findings indicate that despite there being various challenges and issues in the implementation schemes, port policymakers, either public or port authorities, can utilise a variety of measures to reduce polluters' GHG emissions while at the same time maintaining business integrity. Nevertheless, monitoring of emissions, and identification of best performing combinations of implementation schemes along with inter-port and maritime stakeholders' and port policymakers' collaboration are the suggested way forward to better implement the measures and create a level playing field. While the results of this study contribute to improving the understanding of implementation of port GHG emission reduction, and enable port policymakers to make reliable decisions, it also contributes to academic knowledge and provides aspiring researchers with a fertile future research agenda.
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This study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between the discretion of street-level bureaucrats and their willingness to implement as well as between discretion and client meaningfulness by testing street-level bureaucrat theory in a different context. The effect of discretion on willingness to implement and client meaningfulness may differ due to perceived supervisory support. Data from 241 bureaucrats (labor inspectors) in the Malaysian Ministry of Human Resources indicated that discretion significantly influences bureaucrats’ willingness to implement and client meaningfulness. Critically, the moderating role of perceived supervisory support augmented only the positive impact of discretion on client meaningfulness; for example, this relationship is more significant among bureaucrats who perceive high supervisory support. This study sheds new light on the notable role of supervisory support in ensuring that discretion enhances client meaningfulness and willingness to implement.
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Successful policy implementation advances sustainable development. However, doubt remains about the importance of the policy implementation concept. Meanwhile, the world over, many policies fail to achieve their intended objectives. Efforts of the theoretical perspectives to develop a compressive theory to guide policy implementation are so far futile. This chapter uses select literature to examine the theoretical underpinning and practice of policy implementation concept. Interest in policy implementation should be strengthened and should focus on the realization of the Global Sustainable Development Agenda. Global trends have presented governance and collaboration with issues that require policy implementation attention. We conclude that the adoption of dynamic system modelling will address the complexity and dynamism of policy implementation and benefit policy implementation success.
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The difficulty of implementing mental healthcare reforms owes much to the influence of stakeholders. So far, the endorsement of mental health policy reforms by stakeholder coalitions has received little attention. This study describes stakeholder coalitions formed around common mental health policy goals and highlights their central goals and oppositions. Data were collected on the policy priorities of 469 stakeholders (policymakers, service managers, clinicians, and user representatives) involved in the Belgian mental healthcare reform. Four coalitions of stakeholders endorsing different mental health policy goals were identified using a hierarchical cluster analysis on stakeholders’ policy priorities. A belief network analysis was performed to identify the central and peripheral policy goals within coalitions. Coalitions brought together stakeholders with similar professional functions. Disagreements were observed between service managers and policymakers around policy goals. The two coalitions composed of policymakers supported a comprehensive approach that combines the different goals and also supported the shortening of hospital stays, whereas the two coalitions composed of service managers emphasised the personal recovery of users and continuity of care. Regardless of the coalitions’ differing policy priorities, strengthening community care was a central goal while patient-centred goals were peripheral. The competing policy positions of the coalitions identified may explain the slow and inconsistent pace of the Belgian mental healthcare reform. Strengthening community care may be an essential part of reaching consensus across coalitions. Finally, special care must be taken to ensure that patient-centred policy goals, such as social integration, are not set aside in favour of other goals.
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This article theorises how behavioural public administration can help improve our understanding of frontline policy implementation. The human factors that characterise policy implementation remain undertheorised: individual variation in policy implementation is dismissed as mere "noise" that hinders predictability in policy implementation. This article aims to fill this gap. We provide a model for street level decision-making which outlines the role of heuristics and biases in frontline workers' allocation of resources and sanctions. Based on an analysis of the behavioural and street-level bureaucracy literature, we present 11 testable propositions that point to predictable patterns in the ways that bounded rationality influences policy implementation and outcomes. Heuristics can help hard-pressed frontline public service workers to make decisions but may also produce social inequity or inefficient or ineffective service. Therefore, we need to improve understanding of biases that are common among frontline workers in order to inform the development of appropriate mitigation strategies, such as de-biasing or even 're-biasing' (nudging). Key words behavioural public administration • bounded rationality • street-level bureaucracy • cognitive bias • heuristics • policy implementation • public administration • public services • nudge
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To what extent do public officials feel they have control over their lives in public service? We develop a new measure of perceived control in the bureaucracy based on the locus of control scale. The “bureaucratic locus of control” (BLOC) scale extends standard measures to a bureaucratic context as well as introduces an extension to these measures that focuses on the power of systemic forces in officials' lives. Field tests among a representative sample of Ethiopian public officials suggest that the BLOC scale has good internal reliability and that it is positively associated with promotion opportunities, rewards and motivation. We showcase its use by investigating the extent to which inequality in control impacts the general perception of control. Potential uses of the scale to study bureaucratic dynamics are discussed.
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Ensuring sustainable carnivore populations while simultaneously sustaining active and viable pastoral communities often creates conflicts that are difficult to resolve. This article examines how different knowledge systems meet and interact in large carnivore governance in Norway and Sweden. Drawing on a broad range of sources, including observations in meetings, public documents, reports and interviews, in addition to local and national newspaper clippings and internet sites, we study two processes of regional carnivore management (Nordland, Norway and Jämtland, Sweden). We explore how different forms of knowledge have been mobilized, reproduced, transferred and legitimized in policies and regulations in these two processes. Furthermore, we examine the interplay between scientific and experience-based knowledge at different levels and scales in both countries. In Norway, “clear zoning” has been established as a basic management instrument to achieve national “population goals” for carnivores. We show how the locally situated knowledge – in our account represented through the Regional Large Carnivore Committee (RLCC), which includes political parties’ and Sami Parliament representatives – experiences real barriers by being overruled by the national Ministry of Climate and Environment, 2016 in their process of revising the carnivore management plan (CMP). In Sweden where the management of large carnivores is devolved to regional authorities and stakeholder-based Wildlife Management Delegations (WMDs), attempts to regionally solve conflicts are often overthrown by the national environmental protection agency or through court cases initiated by the environmental movement. Hence, compromises that potentially could solve conflicts are undermined. The analysis shows that while carnivore governance in both countries are founded on decentralized management authority at the regional level, local actors struggle for their views, experiences and knowledge to be acknowledged and counted as valid in the management process. While the decentralized management model opens for inclusion of different knowledge systems, this system has yet to acknowledge the challenges of knowledge being dismissed or marginalized across governance levels and scales.
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The landmark Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898, with its extension of local democracy, presented Irish nationalists with an opportunity to advance the cause of national independence by curbing British influence at the local level. Post-independence local government reforms stressed the consolidation of central government institutions because of the need for regime security and stability. The introduction of the ‘County-Manager’ reforms, centred on the notions of bureaucratic professionalism, efficiency, and coordination of local services, further entrenched centralism. Using historical institutionalism as a framework for analysis, this article argues that in the period under review local government reforms in Ireland exemplify a perpetuation of the legacy of centralization. This legacy has two sources: the exogenous 1898 Act, and the perceived need to subvert its provisions to the greater goal of national independence, and the continuity in post-independence reforms, which left undisturbed the institutional processes of the inherited political order. This article concludes that notwithstanding reform efforts, the impetus for change was neutralized by constitutive features of Irish political culture, conventional practices, and established elite interests. While critical of existing arrangements, politicians found it impossible to accomplish change.
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Despite state actors’ uses of informal practices in urban governance, their prominence in changing policy is little acknowledged by scholars. Their effects are even less examined. Such informal practices inextricably link with and impact on formal ones, and have consequences for the state and citizens, especially at the local level. This article presents three cases of contested urban governance from Johannesburg’s post-apartheid city administration. The cases reveal pivotal informal practices in response to challenges encountered in local urban governance, informed by multiple complex and (sometimes absent) formal practices, contexts, timings and players. Responding to different pressures, local-level state actors deliberately applied different sorts of informal practices. These pressures included the need to cope with immediate problems, conflictual relationships, political agendas, lobbying groups, competing priorities and resource limitations. The effects of informal practices on the local government’s organisational capability and citizens’ social inclusion are evident and varied. Findings imply that the state’s informal practices and their effects shape governance in ways that undermine or uphold democratic ideals, thus warranting more mindful scrutiny than given so far.
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In line with wicked problem literature, we argue that public management based on ordering societal issues to make them controllable and solvable (simplification) can be initially attractive, but in the long-term ineffective. We elaborate on an alternative management mode of increasing the complexity of both the problem and the approach to deal with the problem (complexification). Based on an in-depth case-study about transforming Utrecht Central Station (the Netherlands), we present complexification as a management strategy to revitalize processes that got locked by simplification management. Path-dependency shows up as a weakness of simplification, and path-creation as a strength of complexification.
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The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationship between destandardization and delegation trends; ethical leadership; perceptions of organizational fairness; and justice and workplace behavior. It is argued that current destandardization, delegation, and individualization trends in the field of HRM place additional burdens on managers. In times of de-bureaucratization, more job autonomy and flatter hierarchies, managers change; shape; direct; and alter employeés lives. On the other hand, research has found that justice perceptions of the leader are strongly related to employee outcomes. Still, there is very little evidence on all these trends. In which HR fields can we observe destandardization and delegation trends? What is individualization of HR and how does this relate to ethics? How much discretionary powers have managers in making HR decisions? What forms of leadership behavior impact on what type of organizational justice perceptions? How professional are managers in carrying out these tasks? Are managers aware about the importance of ethical leadership on different forms of justice perceptions? The article concludes that academic discussions about all of these issues are still very rudimentary. Thus, the purpose of this article is to suggest a new important reform agenda in this field.
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Polycentricity in the European Union - edited by Josephine van Zeben April 2019
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Governments are investing considerable time and resources in the field of collaborative governance as it proliferates throughout many sectors, and how public officers choose to respond to these developments therefore becomes an important question. The increased public involvement that collaborative governance brings is often more costly than traditional forms of governance, while the outcomes are highly uncertain. For these reasons, it is important that collaborative governance is only used when really warranted, and the various forms that it can take should be carefully designed. In this study, we apply a typology of collaboration strategies to examine firstly, the circumstances under which leading officers at four county administrative boards in the Swedish mountain region decide to lead collaboration, and secondly what collaboration strategies they then apply. This study is based on 20 interviews with key officers, and 39 interviews with project leaders of public-private collaborations in the area of natural resource management in the region. We find that officers should take trust levels into account when designing collaboration strategies, not least the lack of official trust. Strategies are found to be not mutually exclusive but complementary, and officers employ several at the same time. Interestingly, the results of this study show that-somewhat counter-intuitively-distrust is a driver for officers to initiate collaboration, a conclusion which questions the common view that more trust unequivocally translates into more participation.
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Despite Max Weber’s assertion that bureaucracy is domination on the basis of knowledge, mainstream public administration literature has paid little attention to the role of experts and expertise in bureaucratic organizations. A particular blind spot concerns the academic professions or disciplines that supply the experts and expert knowledge used in government bureaucracies. It is well known that the educational composition of the civil service varies across countries and over time. However, knowledge about what explains the varying position of expert professions within state bureaucracies is scarce. The chapter examines this issue through a comparative-historical investigation of the role in government of a particular expert profession, namely economists. Focusing on a small set of countries – Norway, Denmark, New Zealand and Ireland – over the period from 1930 to 1990, it poses the question: How can we account for the variation in the position of economists within government bureaucracies across countries and over time? To answer this question, the chapter draws on theory from the sociological literature on professions and historical-institutionalist work on the influence of economic ideas.
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Interest in experimental research in public management is on the rise, yet the field still lacks a broad understanding of its role in producing substantive findings and theoretical advances. Written by a team of leading international researchers, this book sets out the advantages of experiments in public management and showcases their rapidly developing contribution to research and practice. The book offers a comprehensive overview of the relationship between experiments and public management theory, and the benefits for examining causal effects. It will appeal to researchers and graduate-level students in public administration, public management, government, politics and policy studies. The key topics addressed are the distinct logic of experimental methods in the laboratory, in the field, and in survey experiments; how leading researchers are using different kinds of experiment to build knowledge about theory and practice across many areas of public management; and the research agendas for experimental work in public management.
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La pregunta que se abre en este artículo es si es la solución a la politización de la alta dirección pública latinoamericana es su total despolitización. La evidencia comparada en la región indica que buscar la erradicación del componente político de la capa directiva de las administraciones públicas latinoamericanas, al menos hasta ahora, mostró ser contraproducente puesto que trabó cualquier nombramiento por otra vía alternativa a la de la confianza. Este argumento se ilustra con el caso argentino a la luz de las experiencias de los casos de Chile y Perú que lograron reformas exitosas de sus servicios civiles, dándole espacio al componente político en el proceso. En Argentina, a pesar de la existencia de normas que obligan a generar un sistema de selección abierto, meritocrático y por concurso para la Alta Dirección Pública -desde su aprobación en 2008-, casi no se procedió de tal forma. Sin embargo, en los últimos nueve años, se continúa insistiendo en implementar esa estrategia y se sigue fracasando. Se sugiere la necesidad de repensar el rol de la política no sólo en sus componentes negativos y se propone que puede formar parte de la selección de cargos directivos, de manera organizada, monitoreada y diseñada como para poder ser evaluada a posteriori, como bien ejemplifican los casos de Perú y Chile.
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