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TheOriginofDataInformation
KnowledgeWisdom(DIKW)Hierarchy
NikhilSharma
[Updated:February4,2008]
ImageoriginallypublishedintheDecember1982issueofTHEFUTURIST.Usedwithpermission
fromtheWorldFutureSociety,7910WoodmontAvenue,Suite450,Bethesda,Maryland20814.
Telephone:301/6568274;Fax:301/9510394;http://www.wfs.org
TheHierarchy
TheDataInformationKnowledgeandWisdomHierarchy(DIKW)hasbeengainingpopularityinmany
domains.InmostKnowledgeManagementliteraturethehierarchyisoftenreferredtoasthe“Knowledge
Hierarchy”orthe“KnowledgePyramid”,whilethe“InformationScience”domainreferstothesame
hierarchyas“InformationHierarchy”or“InformationPyramid”forobviousreasons.Oftenthechoice
between“Information”and“Knowledge”isbasedonwhattheparticularprofessionbelievestobe
manageable.
Whiletherehasbeenalotofarticulationofthehierarchyitself,theoriginsofthisubiquitousand
frequentlyusedhierarchyarelargelyunexplored.Inthisshortpiecewetracethetrailsofthishierarchy.
Likeanurbanlegend,it’severywhereyetfewknowwhereitcamefrom.
TheDomains
WhilethedomainsofInformationScienceandKnowledgeManagementbothrefertotheDIKWhierarchy,
theydonotcrossreference.Thustherearetwoseparatethreadsthatleadtotheoriginofthehierarchy.
InKnowledgeManagement,RussellAckoffisoftencitedastheinitiatoroftheDIKWhierarchy.His1988
PresidentialAddresstoISGSRisconsideredbymanytobetheearliestmentionofthehierarchy.Ackoff’s
presidentialaddresswasprintedina1989article“FromDatatoWisdom”[1]anditdoesnotciteany
earliersourcesofthehierarchy.
SearchingfortheoriginsofthehierarchyintheKnowledgemanagementdomain,wefindMilanZelenyto
beanearlierproponentofthehierarchy.Inhisarticleon“ManagementSupportSystems”[2],Zeleny
detailsouttheDIKWhierarchyin1987.ZelenybuildstheknowledgehierarchybyequatingData,
Information,KnowledgeandWisdomtovariousknowledgeforms:“knownothing”,“knowwhat”,
“knowhow”and“knowwhy”respectively.Yet,thetrailstopsagain,Zeleny’s1987mentionofthe
hierarchyisearlierthanAckoff’s1989address,buthealsodoesnotciteanyearliersourcesofthe
hierarchy.ItcanthusbearguedthatZelenywasthefirsttomentionthehierarchyinthefieldof
KnowledgeManagement.
ThedomainofdesignhasalsodrawnonandreferredtotheDIKWhierarchy.Almostatthesametimeas
MilanZeleny’sarticle,MichaelCooley’sbookpublishedin1987:“ArchitectureorBee?”[3],buildsthe
DIKWhierarchyduringhisdiscussionoftacitknowledgeandcommonsense.Onceagainnoearlierwork
iscitedorreferredtobyCooleyandtrailoftheoriginhasanabruptending.
ItisinInformationSciencedomainthatthetrailcanbepickedupagain.Herethehierarchyismentioned
asearlyas1982,whenHarlanCleveland[4]wroteaboutitinaFuturistarticle.Cleveland’sarticle
mentionstheInformationKnowledgeWisdomhierarchyindetailgivinganexample.Whatisdifferent
aboutthisarticlefromtheonesmentionedaboveisthatClevelandpointstothesurprisingoriginofthe
hierarchyitself.
TheOrigin
InterestinglythefirstevermentionofthehierarchyisneitherintheKnowledgeManagementfield,northe
InformationSciencedomain,butinanunexpectedplace:poetry.InhisFuturistarticle,Clevelandcites
T.S.Eliotasthepersonwhosuggestedthehierarchyinthefirstplace.Clevelandnamesit“theT.S.Eliot
hierarchy”.ThepoetT.S.Eliotwasthefirsttomentionthe“DIKWhierarchy”withoutevencallingitbythat
name.In1934Eliotwrotein“TheRock”[5]:
WhereistheLifewehavelostinliving?
Whereisthewisdomwehavelostinknowledge?
Whereistheknowledgewehavelostininformation?
ThisisthefirstvaguementionofthehierarchythatwasexpandedbyCleveland.Thoughthisisthefirst
mentionofthehierarchyinthearts,itisnottheonlyone.Beforemanagementandinformationscience
caughton,FrankZappaalludedtothehierarchyin1979[6]:
Informationisnotknowledge,
Knowledgeisnotwisdom,
Wisdomisnottruth,
Truthisnotbeauty,
Beautyisnotlove,
Loveisnotmusic,
andMusicisTHEBEST.
BeyondEliot’shierarchy
InhisFuturistarticle[4],HarlanClevelandconcedesthatinformationscientistsare“stillstrugglingwiththe
definitionsofbasicterms”ofthehierarchy.HeusesElliot’shierarchyasastartingpointtoexplainthe
basicterms.Clevelandalsoagreesthattherearemanywaysinwhichtheelementsofthehierarchymay
bedefined,yetuniversalagreementonthemneednotbeagoalinitself.WhileClevelandhimselfdoesn’t
add‘Data’toEliot’shierarchyhementionsYiFuTuan’sandDanielBell’sversionsofthehierarchyinthe
articlewhichincludes“data”[4].
RussellAckoff’sversionoftheDIKWhierarchyhasanother“layer”of“understanding”builtin.Thus
Ackoff’shierarchyisDataInformationKnowledgeUnderstanding&Wisdom.“Understanding”requires
diagnosisandprescription,whichAckoffconsiderstobebeyond“knowledge”butbelow“wisdom”.
Discussingthetemporaldimensionofhisversionofthehierarchy,Ackoffpointsoutthatwhileinformation
agesrapidly,knowledgehasalongerlifespanandunderstandinghasonlyanauraofpermanence.Itis
wisdomthatheconsiderstobe“permanent”inthetruesense.
ZelenyalsoproposesadditionstotheDIKWhierarchy.Accordingtohim“enlightenment”shouldbeonthe
topofthefamiliarDIKWframework[2].Enlightenment,accordingtoZeleny(personalcommunication,
October29,2004)“isnotonlyansweringorunderstandingwhy(wisdom),butattainingthesenseoftruth,
thesenseofrightandwrong,andhavingitsociallyaccepted,respectedandsanctioned.”
Acknowledgements
GeorgeFurnassuggestedthisessay.MilanZeleny,AdamKeenandPaulLinkprovidedimportant
feedback,pointersandreferences.
References
1. Russell.L.Ackoff,“FromDatatoWisdom,”JournalofAppliedSystemsAnalysis16(1989):
39.
2. MilanZeleny,“ManagementSupportSystems:TowardsIntegratedKnowledgeManagement,”
HumanSystemsManagement7,no1(1987):5970.
3. M.Cooley,ArchitectureorBee?(London:TheHogarthPress,1987).
4. HarlandCleveland,“InformationasResource,”TheFuturist,December1982,3439.
5. T.S.Eliot,TheRock(Faber&Faber1934).
6. FrankZappa,“PackardGoose”inalbumJoe’sGarage:ActII&III(TowerRecords,1979).
Contactinformation
NikhilSharma,UserExperienceResearcher,GoogleInc.(nsharmaATumichDOTedu)